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Common Stock
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2015
Equity [Abstract]  
Disclosure of Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award
COMMON STOCK

Sale of Equity Securities

In March 2015, we completed a public offering of 4,002,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a price to us of $50.73 per share. Net proceeds of the offering were $202.9 million, after deducting offering expenses and underwriting discounts, of which $40,020 is included in common shares-par value and $202.8 million is included in additional paid-in capital on the March 31, 2015 condensed consolidated balance sheet. The shares were issued pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC in March 2015.

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

The following table provides a summary of the impact of our outstanding stock-based compensation plans on the results of operations for the periods presented:

 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2015
 
2014
 
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
Stock-based compensation expense
 
$
4,368

 
$
3,847

Income tax benefit
 
(1,659
)
 
(1,462
)
Net stock-based compensation expense
 
$
2,709

 
$
2,385

 
 
 
 
 


Stock Appreciation Rights ("SARs")

The SARs vest ratably over a three-year period and may be exercised at any point after vesting through ten years from the date of issuance. Pursuant to the terms of the awards, upon exercise, the executive officers will receive, in shares of common stock, the excess of the market price of the award on the date of exercise over the market price of the award on the date of issuance.

In January 2015, the Compensation Committee awarded 68,274 SARs to our executive officers. The fair value of each SAR award was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes pricing model using the following assumptions:

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2015
 
2014
 
 
 
 
Expected term of award
6 years

 
6 years

Risk-free interest rate
1.6
%
 
2.1
%
Expected volatility
59.4
%
 
65.6
%
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
$
21.99

 
$
29.96



The expected term of the award was estimated using historical stock option exercise behavior data. The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yields approximating the expected life of the award in effect at the time of grant. Expected volatilities were based on our historical volatility. We do not expect to pay or declare dividends in the foreseeable future.
    
The following table presents the changes in our SARs:
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2015
 
2014
 
Number of
SARs
 
Weighted-Average
Exercise
Price
 
Average Remaining Contractual
Term (in years)
 
Aggregate Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
 
Number of
SARs
 
Weighted-Average
Exercise
Price
 
Average Remaining Contractual
Term
(in years)
 
Aggregate Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding beginning of year, January 1,
279,011

 
$
38.77

 
 
 
 
 
190,763

 
$
33.77

 
 
 
 
Awarded
68,274

 
39.63

 
 
 
 
 
88,248

 
49.57

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at March 31,
347,285

 
38.94

 
8.0
 
$
5,245

 
279,011

 
38.76

 
8.6
 
$
6,555

Vested and expected to vest at March 31,
338,570

 
38.86

 
8.0
 
5,138

 
266,369

 
38.50

 
8.5
 
6,329

Exercisable at March 31,
191,149

 
35.68

 
7.1
 
3,509

 
109,920

 
32.71

 
7.6
 
3,248



Total compensation cost related to SARs granted, net of estimated forfeitures, and not yet recognized in our condensed consolidated statement of operations as of March 31, 2015 was $3.3 million. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.
    
Restricted Stock Awards

Time-Based Awards. The fair value of the time-based restricted shares is amortized ratably over the requisite service period, primarily three years. The time-based shares vest ratably on each anniversary following the grant date that a participant is continuously employed.

In January 2015, the Compensation Committee awarded a total of 80,707 time-based restricted shares to our executive officers that vest ratably over a three-year period ending in January 2018.

The following table presents the changes in non-vested time-based awards to all employees, including executive officers, for the three months ended March 31, 2015:
 
Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
 
 
 
 
Non-vested at December 31, 2014
564,332

 
$
46.02

Granted
112,085

 
39.73

Vested
(83,600
)
 
35.85

Forfeited
(5,062
)
 
57.69

Non-vested at March 31, 2015
587,755

 
46.16

 
 
 
 

The following table presents the weighted-average grant date fair value per share and related information as of/for the periods presented:

 
As of/for the Three Months Ended March 31,

 
2015
 
2014
 
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
 
 
 
Total intrinsic value of time-based awards vested
$
3,682

 
$
4,317

Total intrinsic value of time-based awards non-vested
31,762

 
42,224

Market price per common share as of March 31,
54.04

 
62.26

Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
39.73

 
49.62


Total compensation cost related to non-vested time-based awards, net of estimated forfeitures, and not yet recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of operations as of March 31, 2015 was $18.1 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

Market-Based Awards. The fair value of the market-based restricted shares is amortized ratably over the requisite service period, primarily three years. The market-based shares vest if the participant is continuously employed throughout the performance period and the market-based performance measure is achieved, with a maximum vesting period of three years. All compensation cost related to the market-based awards will be recognized if the requisite service period is fulfilled, even if the market condition is not achieved.
In January 2015, the Compensation Committee awarded a total of 29,398 market-based restricted shares to our executive officers. In addition to continuous employment, the vesting of these shares is contingent on the Company's total shareholder return ("TSR"), which is essentially the Company’s stock price change including any dividends, as compared to the TSR of a set group of 15 peer companies. The shares are measured over a three-year period ending on December 31, 2017 and can result in a payout between 0% and 200% of the total shares awarded. The weighted-average grant date fair value per market-based share for these awards granted was computed using the Monte Carlo pricing model using the following assumptions:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2015
 
2014
 
 
 
 
 
Expected term of award
 
3 years

 
3 years

Risk-free interest rate
 
0.9
%
 
0.8
%
Expected volatility
 
53.0
%
 
55.2
%
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
 
$
57.35

 
$
56.87



The expected term of the awards was based on the requisite service period. The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant and extrapolated to approximate the life of the award. The expected volatility was based on our historical volatility.
    
The following table presents the change in non-vested market-based awards during three months ended March 31, 2015:

 
 
Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value per Share
 
 
 
 
 
Non-vested at December 31, 2014
 
83,721

 
$
52.98

Granted
 
29,398

 
57.35

Non-vested at March 31, 2015
 
113,119

 
54.12

 
 
 
 
 

The following table presents the weighted-average grant date fair value per share and related information as of/for the periods presented:

 
As of/for the Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2015
 
2014
 
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
 
 
 
Total intrinsic value of market-based awards non-vested
$
6,113

 
$
7,114

Market price per common share as of March 31,
54.04

 
62.26

Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
57.35

 
56.87



Total compensation cost related to non-vested market-based awards, net of estimated forfeitures, and not yet recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of operations as of March 31, 2015 was $3.4 million. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.