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Investments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Investments [Abstract]  
Fixed Maturities, Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed Maturity Securities
The following tables set forth the composition of fixed maturity securities (excluding investments classified as trading), as of the dates indicated:
 December 31, 2024
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$1,199,628 $8,357 $108,744 $$1,099,241 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions570,253 1,156 30,343 541,066 
Foreign government securities362,154 646 52,466 310,334 
U.S. public corporate securities14,134,828 60,917 957,316 13,238,428 
U.S. private corporate securities6,030,898 35,828 301,451 11,178 5,754,097 
Foreign public corporate securities3,804,503 21,136 126,767 21 3,698,851 
Foreign private corporate securities5,838,939 43,334 511,426 29,214 5,341,633 
Asset-backed securities(1)3,728,073 31,431 8,841 3,750,663 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities944,652 4,567 53,444 895,775 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(2)367,005 861 11,794 356,072 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$36,980,933 $208,233 $2,162,592 $40,414 $34,986,160 
(1)    Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, home equity loans, auto loans and education loans.
(2)    Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

 December 31, 2023
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$1,009,937 $38,858 $73,508 $$975,287 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions789,856 5,288 18,517 776,627 
Foreign government securities330,830 1,840 50,684 281,986 
U.S. public corporate securities10,159,089 98,047 760,274 950 9,495,912 
U.S. private corporate securities5,207,699 37,435 254,828 812 4,989,494 
Foreign public corporate securities1,809,347 12,658 115,673 238 1,706,094 
Foreign private corporate securities4,902,391 109,806 381,215 4,630,982 
Asset-backed securities(1)2,016,028 23,035 11,512 2,027,550 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities913,347 4,776 66,345 851,778 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(2)399,542 4,016 7,481 396,070 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$27,538,066 $335,759 $1,740,037 $2,008 $26,131,780 

(1)    Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, auto loans, education loans and home equity loans.
(2)    Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.
Duration Of Gross Unrealized Losses On Fixed Maturity Securities
The following tables set forth the fair value and gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity, available-for-sale securities without an allowance for credit losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of the dates indicated:
 December 31, 2024
 Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or MoreTotal
 Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$377,531 $13,829 $238,723 $94,915 $616,254 $108,744 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions226,731 5,019 212,060 25,324 438,791 30,343 
Foreign government securities118,168 2,615 171,166 49,851 289,334 52,466 
U.S. public corporate securities4,320,552 105,145 4,677,336 852,171 8,997,888 957,316 
U.S. private corporate securities1,999,008 41,931 2,379,755 259,489 4,378,763 301,420 
Foreign public corporate securities1,088,644 20,465 716,172 106,294 1,804,816 126,759 
Foreign private corporate securities1,977,169 69,399 2,107,705 440,330 4,084,874 509,729 
Asset-backed securities363,744 5,510 140,090 3,331 503,834 8,841 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities101,821 1,356 489,490 52,088 591,311 53,444 
Residential mortgage-backed securities142,961 1,946 123,853 9,848 266,814 11,794 
  Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$10,716,329 $267,215 $11,256,350 $1,893,641 $21,972,679 $2,160,856 

 December 31, 2023
 Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or MoreTotal
 Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$98,174 $945 $214,889 $72,563 $313,063 $73,508 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions83,729 293 218,375 18,224 302,104 18,517 
Foreign government securities10,226 116 233,757 50,568 243,983 50,684 
U.S. public corporate securities782,904 10,009 5,201,353 750,265 5,984,257 760,274 
U.S. private corporate securities707,674 16,613 2,794,697 238,181 3,502,371 254,794 
Foreign public corporate securities92,955 1,063 948,963 114,169 1,041,918 115,232 
Foreign private corporate securities429,212 8,035 2,461,367 373,180 2,890,579 381,215 
Asset-backed securities208,970 1,761 532,814 9,750 741,784 11,511 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities42,621 298 580,931 66,047 623,552 66,345 
Residential mortgage-backed securities35,904 435 124,956 7,046 160,860 7,481 
  Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$2,492,369 $39,568 $13,312,102 $1,699,993 $15,804,471 $1,739,561 
Fixed Maturities Classified by Contractual Maturity Date
The following table sets forth the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities by contractual maturities, as of the date indicated:
 December 31, 2024
 Amortized CostFair Value
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less$1,139,538 $1,118,484 
Due after one year through five years11,753,438 11,477,710 
Due after five years through ten years10,291,196 9,883,263 
Due after ten years8,757,031 7,504,193 
Asset-backed securities3,728,073 3,750,663 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities944,652 895,775 
Residential mortgage-backed securities367,005 356,072 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$36,980,933 $34,986,160 
Sources of Fixed Maturity Proceeds and Related Investment Gains (Losses), and Losses on Impairments
The following table sets forth the sources of fixed maturity proceeds and related investment gains (losses), as well as losses on write-downs and the allowance for credit losses of fixed maturities, for the periods indicated:
Years Ended December 31
202420232022
  (in thousands) 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Proceeds from sales(1)$2,097,519 $460,596 $1,117,293 
Proceeds from maturities/prepayments2,300,919 1,218,844 624,640 
Gross investment gains from sales and maturities23,978 11,482 5,647 
Gross investment losses from sales and maturities(143,432)(43,078)(58,432)
Write-downs recognized in earnings(2)(9,534)(2,358)(20,600)
(Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses(38,406)2,761 (620)

(1)Excludes activity from non-cash related proceeds due to the timing of trade settlements of $(158.4) million, $57.4 million and $(53.9) million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2)Amounts represent write-downs of credit adverse securities and securities actively marketed for sale.
Allowance for Credit Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities
The following tables set forth the balance of and changes in the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities, as of and for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2024
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government SecuritiesU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$2,000 $$$$2,008 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded39,600 39,605 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(2,002)(2,002)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance337 (1)(12)324 
Assets transferred (to) from parent and affiliates479 479 
Balance, end of period$$$40,414 $$$$40,414 

Year Ended December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government SecuritiesU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$4,755 $$$$4,769 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded4,267 4,268 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(1)(5,118)(1)(5,120)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance(4)436 (1)431 
Write-downs charged against the allowance(2,340)(2,340)
Balance, end of period$$$2,000 $$$$2,008 
Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans
The following table sets forth the composition of “Commercial mortgage and other loans”, as of the dates indicated:
 December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
 Amount
(in thousands)
% of
Total
Amount
(in thousands)
% of
Total
Commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans by property type:
Apartments/Multi-Family$1,949,926 25.0 %$1,578,785 25.7 %
Hospitality97,603 1.3 102,952 1.7 
Industrial2,906,413 37.3 2,486,230 40.4 
Office556,586 7.1 604,611 9.8 
Other750,541 9.6 456,720 7.4 
Retail693,949 9.0 363,706 5.9 
Total commercial mortgage loans6,955,018 89.3 5,593,004 90.9 
Agricultural property loans830,041 10.7 562,046 9.1 
Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans7,785,059 100.0 %6,155,050 100.0 %
Allowance for credit losses(37,715)(37,689)
Total net commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans7,747,344 6,117,361 
Other loans:
Other collateralized loans11,979 5,360 
Total other loans 11,979 5,360 
Total net commercial mortgage and other loans$7,759,323 $6,122,721 
The affiliated commercial mortgage loan included in "Commercial mortgage and other loans" at December 31, was as follows:
Maturity DateInterest Rate20242023
(in thousands)
Affiliated Commercial Mortgage Loan20259.67%$$71,038 
Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table sets forth the balance of and changes in the allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage and other loans, as of and for the periods ended:
Commercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotal
 (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2021$5,847 $104 $5,951 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses13,818 494 14,312 
Balance at December 31, 202219,665 598 20,263 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses17,093 333 17,426 
Balance at December 31, 202336,758 931 37,689 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses5,613 3,780 9,393 
Write-downs charged against allowance(9,367)(9,367)
Balance at December 31, 2024$33,004 $4,711 $37,715 
Financing Receivable Credit Quality Indicators
The following tables set forth key credit quality indicators based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2024
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20242023202220212020PriorRevolving LoansTotal
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$452,940 $232,276 $306,684 $482,596 $134,403 $1,138,394 $6,479 $2,753,772 
60%-69.99%972,161 541,849 273,258 360,457 110,515 303,107 2,561,347 
70%-79.99%362,701 365,111 134,208 330,355 6,774 77,399 1,276,548 
80% or greater1,196 56,204 84,761 3,870 217,320 363,351 
Total$1,788,998 $1,139,236 $770,354 $1,258,169 $255,562 $1,736,220 $6,479 $6,955,018 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater than 1.2x$1,728,895 $962,290 $755,350 $1,256,699 $255,562 $1,616,904 $$6,575,700 
1.0 - 1.2x60,103 176,946 15,004 59,871 6,479 318,403 
Less than 1.0x1,470 59,445 60,915 
Total$1,788,998 $1,139,236 $770,354 $1,258,169 $255,562 $1,736,220 $6,479 $6,955,018 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$241,715 $89,569 $163,820 $126,368 $23,488 $38,478 $18,834 $702,272 
60%-69.99%29,560 19,396 49,210 98,166 
70%-79.99%5,213 5,213 
80% or greater7,295 1,657 15,438 24,390 
Total$271,275 $108,965 $220,325 $131,581 $25,145 $38,478 $34,272 $830,041 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater than 1.2x$259,647 $95,087 $211,030 $129,865 $23,488 $38,478 $18,834 $776,429 
1.0 - 1.2x11,628 13,878 9,295 15,438 50,239 
Less than 1.0x1,716 1,657 3,373 
Total$271,275 $108,965 $220,325 $131,581 $25,145 $38,478 $34,272 $830,041 
December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20232022202120202019PriorTotal
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$249,037 $245,914 $482,718 $109,249 $265,053 $1,068,763 $2,420,734 
60%-69.99%675,153 355,984 449,878 172,721 225,803 206,237 2,085,776 
70%-79.99%218,015 133,343 255,299 77,812 20,924 86,806 792,199 
80% or greater47,555 73,702 3,817 16,508 152,713 294,295 
Total$1,142,205 $782,796 $1,261,597 $363,599 $528,288 $1,514,519 $5,593,004 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater than 1.2x$1,038,315 $779,282 $1,261,597 $292,561 $497,407 $1,402,831 $5,271,993 
1.0 - 1.2x103,890 3,514 15,632 40,521 163,557 
Less than 1.0x71,038 15,249 71,167 157,454 
Total$1,142,205 $782,796 $1,261,597 $363,599 $528,288 $1,514,519 $5,593,004 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$73,774 $179,375 $132,042 $25,875 $15,824 $25,771 $452,661 
60%-69.99%47,489 56,210 103,699 
70%-79.99%5,686 5,686 
80% or greater
Total$126,949 $235,585 $132,042 $25,875 $15,824 $25,771 $562,046 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater than 1.2x$126,949 $233,585 $130,353 $24,063 $15,824 $25,771 $556,545 
1.0 - 1.2x2,000 1,812 3,812 
Less than 1.0x1,689 1,689 
Total$126,949 $235,585 $132,042 $25,875 $15,824 $25,771 $562,046 
Amortized Cost Basis of Loan Modifications made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties
The following table sets forth the amortized cost basis of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties for the date indicated:
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Term
Extension
% of
Amortized Cost
Other Than Insignificant Delay in Payment% of
Amortized Cost
($ in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$14,546 0.2 %$4,570 0.1 %
Aging of Past Due Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans and Nonaccrual Status
The following tables set forth an aging of past due commercial mortgage and other loans based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as well as the amount of commercial mortgage and other loans on non-accrual status, as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2024
Current30-59 Days Past Due60-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total LoansNon-Accrual Status(2)
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$6,951,093 $$$3,925 $6,955,018 $5,120 
Agricultural property loans804,804 2,505 22,732 830,041 24,765 
Other collateralized loans11,979 11,979 0
Total $7,767,876 $$2,505 $26,657 $7,797,038 $29,885 

(1)As of December 31, 2024, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2.

December 31, 2023
Current30-59 Days Past Due60-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total LoansNon-Accrual Status(2)
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$5,593,004 $$$$5,593,004 $
Agricultural property loans562,046 562,046 1,301 
Other collateralized loans5,360 5,360 
Total $6,160,410 $$$$6,160,410 $1,301 

(1)As of December 31, 2023, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2.
Other Invested Assets
The following table sets forth the composition of “Other invested assets,” as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20242023
 (in thousands)
LPs/LLCs:
Equity method:
Private equity$388,822 $333,863 
Hedge funds1,024,534 720,360 
Real estate-related(1)75,730 70,278 
Subtotal equity method1,489,086 1,124,501 
Fair value:
Private equity28,094 48,483 
Hedge funds14 137 
Real estate-related16,016 18,687 
Subtotal fair value44,124 67,307 
Total LPs/LLCs1,533,210 1,191,808 
Derivative instruments24,499 17,718 
Other(1)(2)24,385 13,459 
Total other invested assets$1,582,094 $1,222,985 

(1)Prior period amounts have been updated to conform to current period presentation.
(2)Includes tax advantaged investments and investments in separate account funds.
Equity Method Investments
The following tables set forth summarized combined financial information for significant LP/LLC interests accounted for under the equity method, including the Company’s investments in operating joint ventures. Changes between periods in the tables below reflect changes in the activities within the operating joint ventures and LPs/LLCs, as well as changes in the Company’s level of investment in such entities:
 December 31,
 20242023
 (in thousands)
STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
Total assets(1)$66,477,439 $44,591,082 
Total liabilities(2)$1,894,242 $2,802,022 
Partners’ capital64,583,197 41,789,060 
Total liabilities and partners’ capital$66,477,439 $44,591,082 
Equity in LP/LLC interests included above$1,338,056 $979,271 
Equity in LP/LLC interests not included above230,687 216,205 
Carrying value$1,568,743 $1,195,476 
(1)Amount represents gross assets of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These assets consist primarily of investments in real estate, investments in securities and other miscellaneous assets.
(2)Amount represents gross liabilities of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These liabilities consist primarily of third-party borrowed funds and other miscellaneous liabilities.
 Years Ended December 31,
 202420232022
 (in thousands)
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Total revenue(1)$1,678,772 $3,465,807 $11,062,060 
Total expenses(2)(473,445)(979,287)(1,655,673)
Net earnings (losses)$1,205,327 $2,486,520 $9,406,387 
Equity in net earnings (losses) included above$57,119 $17,795 $(36,513)
Equity in net earnings (losses) of LP/LLC interests not included above18,193 11,792 7,320 
Total equity in net earnings (losses)$75,312 $29,587 $(29,193)
(1)Amount represents gross revenue of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. This revenue consists of income from investments in real estate, investments in securities and other income.
(2)Amount represents gross expenses of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These expenses consist primarily of interest expense, investment management fees, salary expenses and other expenses.
Accrued Investment Income
The following table sets forth the composition of “Accrued investment income,” as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20242023
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities$396,173 $272,031 
Equity securities436 220 
Commercial mortgage and other loans29,437 21,070 
Policy loans30,820 35,210 
Other invested assets43 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents9,528 5,264 
Total accrued investment income$466,394 $333,838 
Net Investment Income
The following table sets forth “Net investment income” by investment type, for the periods indicated: 
Years Ended December 31,
202420232022
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$1,622,898 $1,139,581 $589,248 
Fixed maturities, trading156,407 96,128 55,790 
Equity securities30,698 14,772 8,226 
Commercial mortgage and other loans328,853 231,994 119,358 
Policy loans65,825 48,118 21,189 
Other invested assets140,376 98,369 101,289 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents182,094 123,857 44,182 
Gross investment income2,527,151 1,752,819 939,282 
Less: investment expenses(105,134)(77,297)(55,281)
Net investment income$2,422,017 $1,675,522 $884,001 
Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net
The following table sets forth “Realized investment gains (losses), net” by investment type, for the periods indicated:
Years Ended December 31,
202420232022
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities(1)$(167,394)$(31,193)$(74,005)
Commercial mortgage and other loans(11,113)(17,854)(18,201)
LPs/LLCs(2)576 (272)(11,351)
Derivatives(4)713,403 (1,136,331)460,859 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents974 2,033 (54)
Other(2)(3)(4)(85,029)36,518 (67,319)
Realized investment gains (losses), net$451,417 $(1,147,099)$289,929 
(1)Includes fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale and excludes fixed maturity securities classified as trading.
(2)Prior period amounts have been updated to conform to current period presentation.
(3)Includes changes in the value of reinsurance payables and funds withheld payables, primarily reflecting the impact of net investment income on withheld assets that are ceded to certain reinsurance counterparties.
(4)Amounts reflect revision to prior period Financial Statements. See Note 17 for additional information.
Net Unrealized Gains and (Losses) on Investments
The following table sets forth net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, as of the dates indicated: 
December 31,
202420232022
(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale with an allowance$893 $1,987 $4,371 
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale without an allowance(1,955,252)(1,406,265)(2,285,288)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges(1)110,565 11,934 138,627 
Affiliated notes(3,276)(8,760)(13,189)
Other investments(2)785 (1,089)(1,176)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments$(1,846,285)$(1,402,193)$(2,156,655)
(1)For additional information regarding cash flow hedges, see Note 4.
(2)Includes net unrealized gains (losses) on certain joint ventures that are strategic in nature and are included in “Other assets.”
Repurchase Agreements and Securities Lending
The following table sets forth the composition of “Cash collateral for loaned securities,” which represents the liability to return cash collateral received for the following types of securities loaned, as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Remaining Contractual Maturities of the AgreementsRemaining Contractual Maturities of the Agreements
Overnight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotalOvernight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotal
(in thousands)
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions$1,139 $$1,139 $$$
Foreign government securities486 486 
U.S. public corporate securities6,949 6,949 27,247 27,247 
U.S. private corporate securities18 18 
Foreign public corporate securities10,100 10,100 13,101 13,101 
Equity securities103,166 103,166 177,476 177,476 
Total cash collateral for loaned securities(1)$121,372 $$121,372 $218,310 $$218,310 
(1)The Company did not have any agreements with remaining contractual maturities greater than thirty days, as of the dates indicated.
Securities Pledged The following table sets forth the carrying value of investments pledged to third-parties and the carrying amount of the associated liabilities supported by the pledged collateral, as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20242023
 (in thousands)
Securities pledged:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale(1)$3,856,216 $4,081,391 
Fixed maturities, trading17 
Equity securities100,601 172,995 
Total securities pledged$3,956,834 $4,254,386 
Liabilities supported by the pledged collateral:
Cash collateral for loaned securities$121,372 $218,310 
Other liabilities(1)3,622,596 2,651,347 
Total liabilities supported by the pledged collateral(1)$3,743,968 $2,869,657