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Investments (Tables)
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Investments [Abstract]  
Fixed Maturities, Available-for-sale Securities
The following tables set forth the composition of fixed maturity securities (excluding investments classified as trading), as of the dates indicated:
 June 30, 2024
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$1,198,985 $13,506 $91,356 $$1,121,135 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions637,572 1,961 27,051 612,482 
Foreign government bonds326,497 855 61,028 266,324 
U.S. public corporate securities12,357,109 43,886 987,257 1,616 11,412,122 
U.S. private corporate securities5,540,730 11,550 329,287 1,588 5,221,405 
Foreign public corporate securities3,020,621 9,803 133,192 139 2,897,093 
Foreign private corporate securities5,357,655 48,506 485,061 4,921,100 
Asset-backed securities(1)3,403,884 31,590 8,205 3,427,269 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities922,301 3,193 66,432 859,062 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(2)384,608 606 12,438 372,771 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$33,149,962 $165,456 $2,201,307 $3,348 $31,110,763 
(1)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans and home equity.
(2)Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

 December 31, 2023
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$1,009,937 $38,858 $73,508 $$975,287 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions789,856 5,288 18,517 776,627 
Foreign government bonds330,830 1,840 50,684 281,986 
U.S. public corporate securities10,159,089 98,047 760,274 950 9,495,912 
U.S. private corporate securities5,207,699 37,435 254,828 812 4,989,494 
Foreign public corporate securities1,809,347 12,658 115,673 238 1,706,094 
Foreign private corporate securities4,902,391 109,806 381,215 4,630,982 
Asset-backed securities(1)2,016,028 23,035 11,512 2,027,550 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities913,347 4,776 66,345 851,778 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(2)399,542 4,016 7,481 396,070 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$27,538,066 $335,759 $1,740,037 $2,008 $26,131,780 
(1)Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans and home equity.
(2)Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.
Duration Of Gross Unrealized Losses On Fixed Maturity Securities
The following tables set forth the fair value and gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity, available-for-sale securities without an allowance for credit losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of the dates indicated:
 June 30, 2024
 Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or MoreTotal
 Fair Value  Gross
  Unrealized  Losses
Fair Value  Gross
  Unrealized  Losses
Fair Value  Gross
  Unrealized  Losses
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$230,068 $2,572 $294,783 $88,784 $524,851 $91,356 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions223,788 3,957 234,192 23,094 457,980 27,051 
Foreign government bonds22,104 674 226,215 60,354 248,319 61,028 
U.S. public corporate securities2,763,982 57,470 5,644,459 929,754 8,408,441 987,224 
U.S. private corporate securities1,257,925 29,254 3,114,266 300,033 4,372,191 329,287 
Foreign public corporate securities891,965 5,472 988,534 127,696 1,880,499 133,168 
Foreign private corporate securities1,238,396 29,092 2,526,982 455,969 3,765,378 485,061 
Asset-backed securities476,496 1,994 193,910 6,211 670,406 8,205 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities69,386 301 568,747 66,131 638,133 66,432 
Residential mortgage-backed securities129,727 1,264 151,836 11,174 281,563 12,438 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$7,303,837 $132,050 $13,943,924 $2,069,200 $21,247,761 $2,201,250 


 December 31, 2023
 Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or MoreTotal
 Fair ValueGross
  Unrealized  Losses
Fair ValueGross
  Unrealized  Losses
Fair ValueGross
  Unrealized  Losses
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of
U.S. government authorities and agencies
$98,174 $945 $214,889 $72,563 $313,063 $73,508 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions83,729 293 218,375 18,224 302,104 18,517 
Foreign government bonds10,226 116 233,757 50,568 243,983 50,684 
U.S. public corporate securities782,904 10,009 5,201,353 750,265 5,984,257 760,274 
U.S. private corporate securities707,674 16,613 2,794,697 238,181 3,502,371 254,794 
Foreign public corporate securities92,955 1,063 948,963 114,169 1,041,918 115,232 
Foreign private corporate securities429,212 8,035 2,461,367 373,180 2,890,579 381,215 
Asset-backed securities208,970 1,761 532,814 9,750 741,784 11,511 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities42,621 298 580,931 66,047 623,552 66,345 
Residential mortgage-backed securities35,904 435 124,956 7,046 160,860 7,481 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$2,492,369 $39,568 $13,312,102 $1,699,993 $15,804,471 $1,739,561 
Fixed Maturities Classified by Contractual Maturity Date
The following table sets forth the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities, available-for-sale by contractual maturities, as of the date indicated:
June 30, 2024
 Amortized CostFair Value
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less$1,585,826 $1,549,703 
Due after one year through five years10,560,134 10,212,123 
Due after five years through ten years8,207,957 7,798,270 
Due after ten years8,085,252 6,891,565 
Asset-backed securities3,403,884 3,427,269 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities922,301 859,062 
Residential mortgage-backed securities384,608 372,771 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$33,149,962 $31,110,763 
Sources of Fixed Maturity Proceeds, Realized Investment Gains (Losses), and Losses on Impairments
The following table sets forth the sources of fixed maturity proceeds and related investment gains (losses), as well as losses on write-downs and the allowance for credit losses of fixed maturities, available-for-sale, for the periods indicated:

 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2024202320242023
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Proceeds from sales(1)$321,870 $68,308 $428,025 $128,681 
Proceeds from maturities/prepayments698,470 193,205 1,135,913 488,333 
Gross investment gains from sales and maturities9,407 6,777 10,344 9,449 
Gross investment losses from sales and maturities(16,340)(5,587)(24,472)(17,525)
Write-downs recognized in earnings(2)
(Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses(1,698)(1,196)(1,340)(154)
(1)Excludes activity from non-cash related proceeds due to the timing of trade settlements of $(55.0) million and $51.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2)Amounts represent write-downs of credit adverse securities and securities actively marketed for sale.
Allowance for Credit Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities
The following tables set forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, as of the dates indicated:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$1,650 $$$$1,650 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded339 344 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(1)(1)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance1,355 1,355 
Assets transferred to parent and affiliates
Balance, end of period$$$3,343 $$$$3,348 

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$3,720 $$$$3,727 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded242 242 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(41)(41)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance996 (1)995 
Balance, end of period$$$4,917 $$$$4,923 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$2,000 $$$$2,008 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded396 401 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(42)(42)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance510 (1)(7)502 
Assets transferred to parent and affiliates 479 479 
Balance, end of period$$$3,343 $$$$3,348 

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$4,755 $$$$4,769 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded3,165 3,165 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(1)(3,774)(3,775)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance(4)771 (3)764 
Balance, end of period$$$4,917 $$$$4,923 
Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans
The following table sets forth the composition of “Commercial mortgage and other loans”, as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
 Amount
(in thousands)
% of
Total
Amount
(in thousands)
% of
Total
Commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans by property type:
Apartments/Multi-Family$1,776,234 26.3 %$1,578,785 25.7 %
Hospitality99,596 1.5 102,952 1.7 
Industrial2,701,470 40.0 2,486,230 40.4 
Office587,978 8.6 604,611 9.8 
Other666,349 9.9 456,720 7.4 
Retail349,157 5.2 363,706 5.9 
Total commercial mortgage loans6,180,784 91.5 5,593,004 90.9 
Agricultural property loans571,962 8.5 562,046 9.1 
Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans6,752,746 100.0 %6,155,050 100.0 %
Allowance for credit losses(41,572)(37,689)
Total net commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans6,711,174 6,117,361 
Other loans:
Other collateralized loans7,212 5,360 
Total other loans7,212 5,360 
Total net commercial mortgage and other loans$6,718,386 $6,122,721 
The affiliated commercial mortgage loan included in "Commercial mortgage and other loans" at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:
Maturity DateInterest RateJune 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Affiliated Commercial Mortgage Loan20259.83 %$70,445 $71,038 
Allowance for Credit Losses
The following tables set forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage and other loans, as of the dates indicated:

Three Months Ended June 30,
20242023
Commercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotalCommercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotal
(in thousands)
Allowance, beginning of period$41,769 $913 $42,682 $20,427 $983 $21,410 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses(1,077)(33)(1,110)706 (23)683 
Allowance, end of period$40,692 $880 $41,572 $21,133 $960 $22,093 

Six Months Ended June 30,
20242023
Commercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotalCommercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotal
(in thousands)
Allowance, beginning of period$36,758 $931 $37,689 $19,665 $598 $20,263 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses3,934 (51)3,883 1,468 362 1,830 
Allowance, end of period$40,692 $880 $41,572 $21,133 $960 $22,093 
Financing Receivable Credit Quality Indicators
The following tables set forth key credit quality indicators based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20242023202220212020PriorRevolving LoansTotal
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$89,035 $254,068 $230,308 $480,391 $94,393 $1,197,399 $$2,345,594 
60%-69.99%541,378 690,428 362,596 445,103 170,063 405,172 2,614,740 
70%-79.99%126,919 210,883 121,583 257,377 77,219 57,912 851,893 
80% or greater2,130 57,764 84,140 3,850 220,673 368,557 
Total$759,462 $1,155,379 $772,251 $1,267,011 $345,525 $1,881,156 $$6,180,784 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater than 1.2x$713,612 $1,039,629 $768,777 $1,267,011 $275,080 $1,755,968 $$5,820,077 
1.0 - 1.2x45,850 115,750 3,474 49,352 214,426 
Less than 1.0x70,445 75,836 146,281 
Total$759,462 $1,155,379 $772,251 $1,267,011 $345,525 $1,881,156 $$6,180,784 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$19,587 $89,733 $168,400 $131,887 $23,775 $43,900 $13,789 $491,071 
60%-69.99%19,452 37,889 57,341 
70%-79.99%7,000 14,815 21,815 
80% or greater1,735 1,735 
Total$19,587 $109,185 $213,289 $131,887 $25,510 $43,900 $28,604 $571,962 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater than 1.2x$18,587 $95,419 $211,289 $130,184 $23,775 $43,900 $28,604 $551,758 
1.0 - 1.2x1,000 13,766 2,000 1,735 18,501 
Less than 1.0x1,703 1,703 
Total$19,587 $109,185 $213,289 $131,887 $25,510 $43,900 $28,604 $571,962 
December 31, 2023
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20232022202120202019PriorTotal
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$249,037 $245,914 $482,718 $109,249 $265,053 $1,068,763 $2,420,734 
60%-69.99%675,153 355,984 449,878 172,721 225,803 206,237 2,085,776 
70%-79.99%218,015 133,343 255,299 77,812 20,924 86,806 792,199 
80% or greater47,555 73,702 3,817 16,508 152,713 294,295 
Total$1,142,205 $782,796 $1,261,597 $363,599 $528,288 $1,514,519 $5,593,004 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater than 1.2x$1,038,315 $779,282 $1,261,597 $292,561 $497,407 $1,402,831 $5,271,993 
1.0 - 1.2x103,890 3,514 15,632 40,521 163,557 
Less than 1.0x71,038 15,249 71,167 157,454 
Total$1,142,205 $782,796 $1,261,597 $363,599 $528,288 $1,514,519 $5,593,004 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$73,774 $179,375 $132,042 $25,875 $15,824 $25,771 $452,661 
60%-69.99%47,489 56,210 103,699 
70%-79.99%5,686 5,686 
80% or greater
Total$126,949 $235,585 $132,042 $25,875 $15,824 $25,771 $562,046 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater than 1.2x$126,949 $233,585 $130,353 $24,063 $15,824 $25,771 $556,545 
1.0 - 1.2x2,000 1,812 3,812 
Less than 1.0x1,689 1,689 
Total$126,949 $235,585 $132,042 $25,875 $15,824 $25,771 $562,046 
Aging of Past Due Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans and Nonaccrual Status
The following tables set forth an aging of past due commercial mortgage and other loans based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as well as the amount of commercial mortgage and other loans on non-accrual status as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024
Current30-59 Days Past Due60-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total LoansNon-Accrual Status(2)
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$6,167,492 $$$13,292 $6,180,784 $15,422 
Agricultural property loans571,962 571,962 3,322 
Other collateralized loans7,212 7,212 
Total$6,746,666 $$$13,292 $6,759,958 $18,744 
(1)As of June 30, 2024, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

December 31, 2023
Current30-59 Days Past Due60-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total LoansNon-Accrual Status(2)
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$5,593,004 $$$$5,593,004 $
Agricultural property loans562,046 562,046 1,301 
Other collateralized loans5,360 5,360 
Total$6,160,410 $$$$6,160,410 $1,301 
(1)As of December 31, 2023, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Other Invested Assets
The following table sets forth the composition of “Other invested assets,” as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
 (in thousands)
LPs/LLCs:
Equity method:
Private equity$358,116 $333,863 
Hedge funds869,690 720,360 
Real estate-related97,597 83,339 
Subtotal equity method1,325,403 1,137,562 
Fair value:
Private equity33,140 48,483 
Hedge funds25 137 
Real estate-related17,153 18,687 
Subtotal fair value50,318 67,307 
Total LPs/LLCs1,375,721 1,204,869 
Derivative instruments27,244 17,718 
Other (1)440 398 
Total other invested assets$1,403,405 $1,222,985 
(1)Assets consist of investments in separate account funds.
Accrued Investment Income
The following table sets forth the composition of “Accrued investment income,” as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities$343,332 $272,031 
Equity securities220 220 
Commercial mortgage and other loans23,906 21,070 
Policy loans52,057 35,210 
Other invested assets43 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents6,787 5,264 
Total accrued investment income$426,302 $333,838 
Net Investment Income
The following table sets forth “Net investment income” by investment type, for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2024202320242023
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$393,930 $275,718 $732,739 $510,528 
Fixed maturities, trading38,957 21,761 70,626 39,635 
Equity securities6,458 2,543 10,205 5,320 
Commercial mortgage and other loans77,920 56,317 151,678 104,973 
Policy loans16,588 10,622 31,033 15,618 
Other invested assets28,747 15,624 52,067 41,723 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents41,007 29,582 87,322 60,758 
Gross investment income603,607 412,167 1,135,670 778,555 
Less: investment expenses(23,614)(19,092)(50,357)(36,030)
Net investment income$579,993 $393,075 $1,085,313 $742,525 
Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net
The following table sets forth “Realized investment gains (losses), net” by investment type, for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2024202320242023
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities(1)$(8,631)$(2)$(15,468)$(8,223)
Commercial mortgage and other loans1,162 (806)(4,619)(2,084)
Other invested assets17,635 7,569 33,146 13,196 
Derivatives828,449 600 848,903 (117,670)
Short-term investments and cash equivalents267 333 (80)1,796 
Realized investment gains (losses), net$838,882 $7,694 $861,882 $(112,985)
(1)Includes fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale and excludes fixed maturity securities classified as trading.
Net Unrealized Gains and (Losses) on Investments
The following table sets forth net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale with an allowance$491 $1,987 
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale without an allowance(2,036,342)(1,406,265)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges(1)75,293 11,934 
Affiliated notes(6,791)(8,760)
Other investments(2)(203)(1,089)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments$(1,967,552)$(1,402,193)
(1)For more information on cash flow hedges, see Note 4.
(2)Includes net unrealized gains (losses) on certain joint ventures that are strategic in nature and are included in "Other assets".
Repurchase Agreements and Securities Lending
The following table sets forth the composition of “Cash collateral for loaned securities,” which represents the liability to return cash collateral received for the following types of securities loaned, as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Remaining Contractual Maturities of the AgreementsRemaining Contractual Maturities of the Agreements
Overnight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotalOvernight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotal
(in thousands)
Foreign government bonds$$$$486 $$486 
U.S. public corporate securities7,712 1,900 9,612 27,247 27,247 
U.S. private corporate securities17 17 
Foreign public corporate securities9,768 9,768 13,101 13,101 
Equity securities177,476 177,476 
Total cash collateral for loaned securities(1)$17,497 $1,900 $19,397 $218,310 $$218,310 
(1)The Company did not have any agreements with remaining contractual maturities greater than thirty days, as of the dates indicated.