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Investments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Investments [Abstract]  
Fixed Maturities, Available-for-sale Securities
Fixed Maturity Securities
The following tables set forth the composition of fixed maturity securities (excluding investments classified as trading), as of the dates indicated:
 December 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$354,348 $300 $72,856 $$281,792 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions654,884 4,275 30,959 628,200 
Foreign government bonds330,967 1,140 58,640 273,462 
U.S. public corporate securities7,414,790 21,299 992,145 6,443,944 
U.S. private corporate securities4,140,734 13,071 335,205 1,871 3,816,729 
Foreign public corporate securities1,539,172 2,455 163,384 21 1,378,222 
Foreign private corporate securities4,338,585 19,761 589,153 2,863 3,766,330 
Asset-backed securities(1)1,467,955 6,976 32,577 1,442,354 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities727,159 94 69,101 658,152 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(2)342,493 3,211 9,479 336,216 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$21,311,087 $72,582 $2,353,499 $4,769 $19,025,401 
(1)    Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans and home equity.
(2)    Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

 December 31, 2021
 Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Allowance for Credit LossesFair
Value
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$303,040 $31,011 $111 $$333,940 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions584,244 46,978 701 630,521 
Foreign government bonds324,454 29,299 3,271 11 350,471 
U.S. public corporate securities4,794,878 366,764 29,770 5,131,872 
U.S. private corporate securities1,964,767 59,037 16,880 2,049 2,004,875 
Foreign public corporate securities906,031 34,234 10,363 929,902 
Foreign private corporate securities2,741,449 62,932 48,381 2,089 2,753,911 
Asset-backed securities(1)547,549 860 1,099 547,310 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities552,653 25,928 3,397 575,184 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(2)18,684 1,501 20,180 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$12,737,749 $658,544 $113,978 $4,149 $13,278,166 

(1)    Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, education loans, auto loans and other asset types.
(2)    Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.
Duration Of Gross Unrealized Losses On Fixed Maturity Securities
The following tables set forth the fair value and gross unrealized losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities without an allowance for credit losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of the dates indicated:
 December 31, 2022
 Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or MoreTotal
 Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$212,991 $46,928 $62,630 $25,928 $275,621 $72,856 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions307,734 16,851 61,915 14,108 369,649 30,959 
Foreign government bonds139,577 19,435 111,371 39,205 250,948 58,640 
U.S. public corporate securities3,873,275 389,937 1,979,725 602,208 5,853,000 992,145 
U.S. private corporate securities2,506,932 157,853 948,686 177,352 3,455,618 335,205 
Foreign public corporate securities548,083 40,508 596,437 122,856 1,144,520 163,364 
Foreign private corporate securities1,772,413 199,124 1,479,608 390,029 3,252,021 589,153 
Asset-backed securities625,710 15,146 289,581 17,431 915,291 32,577 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities459,186 30,408 176,349 38,693 635,535 69,101 
Residential mortgage-backed securities129,721 9,220 1,294 259 131,015 9,479 
  Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$10,575,622 $925,410 $5,707,596 $1,428,069 $16,283,218 $2,353,479 

 December 31, 2021
 Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or MoreTotal
 Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueGross
Unrealized
Losses
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies$$$2,119 $111 $2,119 $111 
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions104,621 701 104,621 701 
Foreign government bonds59,550 2,826 6,473 371 66,023 3,197 
U.S. public corporate securities1,681,201 23,160 180,249 6,610 1,861,450 29,770 
U.S. private corporate securities972,796 14,036 16,409 2,844 989,205 16,880 
Foreign public corporate securities532,445 8,255 29,718 2,108 562,163 10,363 
Foreign private corporate securities1,253,739 42,392 57,637 5,616 1,311,376 48,008 
Asset-backed securities288,971 1,099 288,971 1,099 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities157,355 1,622 40,689 1,775 198,044 3,397 
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,393 1,393 
  Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$5,052,071 $94,096 $333,294 $19,435 $5,385,365 $113,531 
Fixed Maturities Classified by Contractual Maturity Date
The following table sets forth the amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities by contractual maturities, as of the date indicated:
 December 31, 2022
 Amortized CostFair Value
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less$357,166 $347,772 
Due after one year through five years4,981,177 4,654,387 
Due after five years through ten years6,798,927 6,120,970 
Due after ten years6,636,210 5,465,550 
Asset-backed securities1,467,955 1,442,354 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities727,159 658,152 
Residential mortgage-backed securities342,493 336,216 
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale$21,311,087 $19,025,401 
Sources of Fixed Maturity Proceeds and Related Investment Gains (Losses), and Losses on Impairments
The following table sets forth the sources of fixed maturity proceeds and related investment gains (losses), as well as losses on write-downs and the allowance for credit losses of fixed maturities, for the periods indicated:
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
  (in thousands) 
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Proceeds from sales(1)$1,117,293 $790,331 $81,766 
Proceeds from maturities/prepayments624,640 465,347 305,859 
Gross investment gains from sales and maturities5,647 14,972 1,293 
Gross investment losses from sales and maturities(58,432)(16,674)(1,878)
Write-downs recognized in earnings(2)(20,600)(2)(4,312)
(Addition to) release of allowance for credit losses(620)(1,810)(2,339)

(1)Excludes activity from non-cash related proceeds due to the timing of trade settlements of $(53.9) million, $(4.4) million and $(2.4) million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2)Amounts represent write-downs of credit adverse securities and securities actively marketed for sale. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2020, amount also includes write-downs on securities approaching maturities related to foreign exchange movements.
Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings on Fixed Maturity Securities Held by the Company for which a Portion of the OTTI Loss was Recognized in OCI
The following tables set forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities, as of the dates indicated:

Year Ended December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$11 $4,138 $$$$4,149 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded329 12,700 13,036 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(96)(1,702)(1,798)
Reductions for securities with intent to sell(324)(16,666)(16,990)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance85 6,285 6,372 
Balance, end of period$$$4,755 $$$$4,769 

Year Ended December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$2,339 $$$$2,339 
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded11 2,664 2,675 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(28)(28)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance(837)(837)
Balance, end of period$$11 $4,138 $$$$4,149 
Year Ended December 31, 2020
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. StatesForeign Government BondsU.S. and Foreign Corporate SecuritiesAsset-Backed SecuritiesCommercial Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesResidential Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesTotal
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
Balance, beginning of period$$$$$$$
Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded5,672 5,672 
Reductions for securities sold during the period(3,147)(3,147)
Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance(186)(186)
Balance, end of period$$$2,339 $$$$2,339 
Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans
The following table sets forth the composition of “Commercial mortgage and other loans,” as of the dates indicated:
 December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 Amount
(in thousands)
% of
Total
Amount
(in thousands)
% of
Total
Commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans by property type:
Apartments/Multi-Family$1,289,026 26.0 %$748,414 26.4 %
Hospitality104,177 2.1 48,141 1.7 
Industrial1,766,247 35.8 916,398 32.2 
Office590,897 11.9 445,055 15.7 
Other380,121 7.7 252,590 8.9 
Retail351,457 7.1 255,577 9.0 
Total commercial mortgage loans4,481,925 90.6 2,666,175 93.9 
Agricultural property loans467,018 9.4 172,336 6.1 
Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans4,948,943 100.0 %2,838,511 100.0 %
Allowance for credit losses(20,263)(5,951)
Total net commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans$4,928,680 $2,832,560 
The affiliated commercial mortgage loan included in "Commercial mortgage and other loans" at December 31, was as follows:
Maturity DateInterest Rate20222021
(in thousands)
Affiliated Commercial Mortgage Loan20258.67%$72,225 $73,412 
Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table sets forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage and other loans, as of the dates indicated: 
Commercial Mortgage LoansAgricultural Property LoansTotal
 (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2019$1,743 $25 $1,768 
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-132,495 (8)2,487 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses308 (11)297 
Balance at December 31, 20204,546 4,552 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses1,301 98 1,399 
Balance at December 31, 20215,847 104 5,951 
Addition to (release of) allowance for expected losses13,818 494 14,312 
Balance at December 31, 2022$19,665 $598 $20,263 
Financing Receivable Credit Quality Indicators
The following tables set forth key credit quality indicators based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2022
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20222021202020192018PriorTotal
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$266,453 $262,095 $63,558 $222,638 $201,087 $894,646 $1,910,477 
60%-69.99%344,110 681,996 243,800 219,593 61,757 305,175 1,856,431 
70%-79.99%166,629 304,386 47,388 66,148 2,409 53,336 640,296 
80% or greater3,249 71,472 74,721 
Total$777,192 $1,248,477 $354,746 $511,628 $265,253 $1,324,629 $4,481,925 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$744,301 $1,248,477 $243,325 $452,626 $258,617 $1,203,807 $4,151,153 
1.0 - 1.2x32,891 83,655 26,558 6,636 45,742 195,482 
Less than 1.0x27,766 32,444 75,080 135,290 
Total$777,192 $1,248,477 $354,746 $511,628 $265,253 $1,324,629 $4,481,925 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$208,708 $133,126 $25,894 $16,053 $6,327 $20,700 $410,808 
60%-69.99%56,210 56,210 
70%-79.99%
80% or greater
Total$264,918 $133,126 $25,894 $16,053 $6,327 $20,700 $467,018 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$262,918 $133,126 $25,894 $16,053 $6,327 $20,700 $465,018 
1.0 - 1.2x2,000 2,000 
Less than 1.0x
Total$264,918 $133,126 $25,894 $16,053 $6,327 $20,700 $467,018 
December 31, 2021
Amortized Cost by Origination Year
20212020201920182017PriorTotal
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$47,161 $$179,682 $76,656 $126,934 $553,022 $983,455 
60%-69.99%307,999 225,330 289,322 170,444 126,159 116,654 1,235,908 
70%-79.99%163,451 86,083 75,185 13,728 55,032 51,203 444,682 
80% or greater958 1,172 2,130 
Total$518,611 $311,413 $544,189 $260,828 $309,083 $722,051 $2,666,175 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$501,456 $195,164 $481,289 $253,938 $289,443 $638,092 $2,359,382 
1.0 - 1.2x17,155 109,862 39,577 6,890 7,100 39,213 219,797 
Less than 1.0x6,387 23,323 12,540 44,746 86,996 
Total$518,611 $311,413 $544,189 $260,828 $309,083 $722,051 $2,666,175 
Agricultural property loans
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
0%-59.99%$98,579 $26,581 $16,226 $6,463 $8,372 $16,115 $172,336 
60%-69.99%
70%-79.99%
80% or greater
Total$98,579 $26,581 $16,226 $6,463 $8,372 $16,115 $172,336 
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
Greater or Equal to 1.2x$98,579 $26,581 $16,226 $6,463 $8,372 $15,300 $171,521 
1.0 - 1.2x
Less than 1.0x815 815 
Total$98,579 $26,581 $16,226 $6,463 $8,372 $16,115 $172,336 
Aging of Past Due Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans and Nonaccrual Status
The following tables set forth an aging of past due commercial mortgage and other loans based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, as well as the amount of commercial mortgage and other loans on non-accrual status, as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2022
Current30-59 Days Past Due60-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total LoansNon-Accrual Status(2)
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$4,481,925 $$$$4,481,925 $
Agricultural property loans465,689 1,329 467,018 
Total $4,947,614 $$1,329 $$4,948,943 $

(1)As of December 31, 2022, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2.
December 31, 2021
Current30-59 Days Past Due60-89 Days Past Due90 Days or More Past Due(1)Total LoansNon-Accrual Status(2)
(in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans$2,666,175 $$$$2,666,175 $
Agricultural property loans172,336 172,336 
Total $2,838,511 $$$$2,838,511 $

(1)As of December 31, 2021, there were no loans in this category accruing interest.
(2)For additional information regarding the Company’s policies for accruing interest on loans, see Note 2.
Other Invested Assets
The following table sets forth the composition of “Other invested assets,” as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20222021
 (in thousands)
Company's investment in separate accounts(1)$510 $53,694 
LPs/LLCs:
Equity method:
Private equity287,969 286,141 
Hedge funds576,595 432,749 
Real estate-related107,429 89,337 
Subtotal equity method971,993 808,227 
Fair value:
Private equity59,146 69,137 
Hedge funds396 481 
Real estate-related9,457 9,861 
Subtotal fair value68,999 79,479 
Total LPs/LLCs1,040,992 887,706 
Derivative instruments47,111 268,525 
Total other invested assets$1,088,613 $1,209,925 
Equity Method Investments The following tables set forth summarized combined financial information for significant LP/LLC interests accounted for under the equity method, including the Company’s investments in operating joint ventures. Changes between periods in the tables below reflect changes in the activities within the operating joint ventures and LPs/LLCs, as well as changes in the Company’s level of investment in such entities.
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in thousands)
STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
Total assets(1)$67,721,613 $72,416,906 
Total liabilities(2)$12,174,133 $12,120,390 
Partners’ capital55,547,480 60,296,516 
Total liabilities and partners’ capital$67,721,613 $72,416,906 
Total liabilities and partners’ capital included above$815,783 $746,870 
Equity in LP/LLC interests not included above214,442 201,541 
Carrying value$1,030,225 $948,411 

(1)Amount represents gross assets of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These assets consist primarily of investments in real estate, investments in securities and other miscellaneous assets.
(2)Amount represents gross liabilities of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These liabilities consist primarily of third-party-borrowed funds and other miscellaneous liabilities.
 Years Ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in thousands)
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Total revenue(1)$11,062,060 $11,031,051 $565,409 
Total expenses(2)(1,655,673)(2,044,942)(201,644)
Net earnings (losses)$9,406,387 $8,986,109 $363,765 
Equity in net earnings (losses) included above$(36,513)$62,173 $8,644 
Equity in net earnings (losses) of LP/LLC interests not included above7,320 28,765 25,859 
Total equity in net earnings (losses)$(29,193)$90,938 $34,503 

(1)Amount represents gross revenue of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. This revenue consists of income from investments in real estate, investments in securities and other income.
(2)Amount represents gross expenses of each fund where the Company has a significant investment. These expenses consist primarily of interest expense, investment management fees, salary expenses and other expenses.
Accrued Investment Income
The following table sets forth the composition of “Accrued investment income,” as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20222021
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities$187,628 $117,216 
Equity securities349 
Commercial mortgage and other loans13,335 7,025 
Policy loans14,525 35,153 
Other invested assets48 254 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents3,750 377 
Total accrued investment income$219,635 $160,027 
Net Investment Income
The following table sets forth “Net investment income” by investment type, for the periods indicated: 
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
 (in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale$589,248 $299,607 $224,262 
Fixed maturities, trading55,790 38,778 1,768 
Equity securities8,226 530 410 
Commercial mortgage and other loans119,358 63,548 50,534 
Policy loans21,189 69,602 70,363 
Other invested assets101,289 104,375 36,684 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents44,182 712 3,219 
Gross investment income939,282 577,152 387,240 
Less: investment expenses(55,281)(26,917)(19,890)
Net investment income$884,001 $550,235 $367,350 
Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net
The following table sets forth “Realized investment gains (losses), net” by investment type, for the periods indicated:
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
(in thousands)
Fixed maturities(1)$(74,005)$(3,514)$(7,236)
Commercial mortgage and other loans(18,201)1,535 (226)
Other invested assets(78,671)(2,737)(287)
Derivatives(2)1,212,366 (5,291,043)(55,003)
Short-term investments and cash equivalents(54)353 (224)
Realized investment gains (losses), net$1,041,435 $(5,295,406)$(62,976)

(1)Includes fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale and excludes fixed maturity securities classified as trading.
(2)Includes the impact of the 2021 Variable Annuities Recapture. See Note 1 for additional information.
Net Unrealized Gains and (Losses) on Investments
The following table sets forth net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, as of the dates indicated: 
December 31,
202220212020
(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale with an allowance$4,371 $3,685 $
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale without an allowance(2,285,288)540,881 857,599 
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges(1)138,627 39,896 (8,112)
Affiliated notes(13,189)73 4,024 
Other investments(2)(274)1,854 (4,162)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments$(2,155,753)$586,389 $849,349 
(1)For more information on cash flow hedges, see Note 4.
(2)Includes net unrealized gains (losses) on certain joint ventures that are strategic in nature and are included in “Other assets.”
Repurchase Agreements and Securities Lending
The following table sets forth the composition of “Cash collateral for loaned securities,” which represents the liability to return cash collateral received for the following types of securities loaned, as of the dates indicated:
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Remaining Contractual Maturities of the AgreementsRemaining Contractual Maturities of the Agreements
Overnight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotalOvernight & ContinuousUp to 30 DaysTotal
(in thousands)
Foreign government bonds$506 $$506 $$$
U.S. public corporate securities7,903 7,903 3,004 3,004 
Foreign public corporate securities12,873 12,873 
Equity securities65,468 65,468 
Total cash collateral for loaned securities(1)$86,750 $$86,750 $3,004 $$3,004 

(1)The Company did not have any agreements with remaining contractual maturities greater than thirty days, as of the dates indicated.
Securities Pledged The following table sets forth the carrying value of investments pledged to third parties and the carrying amount of the associated liabilities supported by the pledged collateral, as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
20222021
 (in thousands)
Pledged collateral:
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale$20,553 $2,871 
Equity securities63,895 
Total securities pledged$84,448 $2,871 
Liabilities supported by the pledged collateral:
Cash collateral for loaned securities$86,750 $3,004 
Total liabilities supported by the pledged collateral$86,750 $3,004