11. Income Taxes

Interim income tax expense or benefit is recorded by applying a projected full-year effective income tax rate to the quarterly Income before income taxes for results that are deemed to be reliably estimable. Certain results dependent on fair value adjustments of the Mortgage Production and Mortgage Servicing segments are considered not to be reliably estimable, and therefore, discrete year-to-date income tax provisions are recorded on those results.

The following table and discussion summarizes items that significantly impacted Income tax expense or benefit and increased (decreased) the effective tax rate:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2013		2012		2013		2012
	(In millions)
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits	$	(2)	$	(4)	$	8	$	(3)
Changes in rate and apportionment factors	—		—		(2)		(6)
Changes in valuation allowance	2		(1)		2		(1)
Noncontrolling interest	(2)		(8)		(11)		(17)

State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits. Represents the impact to the effective tax rate from the pre-tax income or loss as well as the mix of income and loss from the operations by entity and state income tax jurisdiction. The effective state tax rate was higher for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 as compared to 2012.

Changes in rate and apportionment factors. Represents the impact to the effective tax rate from deferred tax items for changes in apportionment factors and tax rate. For the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, the amount represents the impact of applying statutory changes to apportionment weight, apportionment sourcing and corporate income tax rates that were enacted by various states, primarily New Jersey.

Changes in valuation allowance. Represents the impact to the effective tax rate from state loss carryforwards generated during the year for which the Company believes it is more likely than not that the amounts will not be realized. For the nine months ended September 30, 2013, the change was primarily driven by state tax losses generated by our mortgage business.

Noncontrolling interest. Represents the impact to the effective tax rate from Realogy Corporation’s portion of income taxes related to the income or loss attributable to PHH Home Loans. The impact is driven by PHH Home Loans’ election to report as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes, whereby, the tax expense is reported by the individual LLC members. Accordingly, the Company’s Income tax expense includes only its proportionate share of the income tax related to the income generated by PHH Home Loans.