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Share-Based Compensation (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Share-Based Compensation Cost Table
The following summarizes share-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31:
millions
2018

 
2017

 
2016

Restricted stock (1)
$
147

 
$
145

 
$
175

Stock options (1)
21

 
17

 
20

Other equity-classified awards
1

 
1

 
2

Performance-based unit awards (1)
19

 
(13
)
 
38

Pretax share-based compensation expense
$
188

 
$
150

 
$
235

Income tax benefit
$
43

 
$
35

 
$
86


(1) 
Includes restructuring charges of $(7) million for performance-based unit awards in 2017 and $31 million for restricted stock, $1 million for stock options, and $7 million for performance-based unit awards in 2016. See Note 19—Restructuring Charges for additional information.
Restricted Stock Activity Table
The following summarizes the Company’s restricted stock activity:
 
Shares
(millions)

Weighted-Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
(per share)
 
Non-vested at January 1, 2018
4.69

 
$
59.24

Granted
2.72

 
$
58.30

Vested
(2.30
)
 
$
61.19

Forfeited
(0.42
)
 
$
58.07

Non-vested at December 31, 2018
4.69

 
$
57.88
Stock Option Valuation Assumptions Table
The Company used the following weighted-average assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted:
 
2018

 
2017

 
2016

Weighted-average grant-date fair value
$
15.36

 
$
14.77

 
$
15.92

Assumptions
 
 
 
 
 
Expected option life—years
4.8

 
4.8

 
4.1

Volatility
33.5
%
 
33.6
%
 
38.2
%
Risk-free interest rate
2.9
%
 
2.0
%
 
1.3
%
Dividend yield
1.9
%
 
0.4
%
 
0.6
%
Stock Option Activity Table
The following summarizes the Company’s stock option activity:
 
Shares
(millions)

Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
(per share)
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(millions)
 
Outstanding at January 1, 2018
6.57

 
$
71.44

 
 
 
Granted
1.19

 
$
55.47

 
 
 
Exercised (1)
(0.10
)
 
$
65.03

 
 
 
Forfeited or expired
(1.30
)
 
$
79.55

 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2018
6.36

 
$
67.00

3.92
 
$
—

Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2018
6.36

 
$
67.00

3.92
 
$
—

Exercisable at December 31, 2018
4.12

 
$
74.19

2.66
 
$
—


(1) 
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $1 million during 2018, zero during 2017, and $7 million during 2016, based on the difference between the market price at the exercise date and the exercise price.