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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Income from continuing operations by region
Income from continuing operations before taxes
Years Ended December 31,
201520142013
U.S.$3,361$3,340$3,002
Non-U.S.3,2252,4782,410
$6,586$5,818$5,412
Tax Expense Continuing Operations Current and Deferred
Tax expense (benefit)
Years Ended December 31,
201520142013
Tax expense (benefit) consists of
Current:
U.S. Federal$786$746$663
U.S. State783997
Non-U.S.560572428
$1,424$1,357$1,188
Deferred:
U.S. Federal$196$114$160
U.S. State496372
Non-U.S.70(45)30
315132262
$1,739$1,489$1,450
Effective income tax rate reconciliation
Years Ended December 31,
201520142013
The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to our effective income tax rate as follows:
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate 35.0%35.0%35.0%
Taxes on non-U.S. earnings below U.S. tax rate(1)(8.0)(7.0)(7.2)
U.S. state income taxes(1)1.21.21.8
Manufacturing incentives(1.5)(1.0)(0.9)
ESOP dividend tax benefit(0.4)(0.4)(0.5)
Tax credits(1.0)(1.0)(1.8)
Reserves for tax contingencies0.7(0.2)0.6
All other items—net0.4(1.0)(0.2)
26.4%25.6%26.8%
(1) Net of changes in valuation allowance
Deferred Tax Assets, Liabilities
December 31,
Deferred tax assets:20152014
Pension$500$573
Postretirement benefits other than pensions292441
Asbestos and environmental473477
Employee compensation and benefits387387
Other accruals and reserves626672
Net operating and capital losses620639
Tax credit carryforwards198199
Gross deferred tax assets3,0963,388
Valuation allowance(589)(560)
Total deferred tax assets$2,507$2,828
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment$(661)$(612)
Intangibles(1,797)(1,060)
Other asset basis differences(293)(286)
Other(31)(7)
Total deferred tax liabilities(2,782)(1,965)
Net deferred tax (liability) asset$(275)$863
Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards
Net Operating
Expirationand Capital LossTax Credit
JurisdictionPeriodCarryforwardsCarryforwards
U.S. Federal2032$2$45
U.S. State20341,31525
Non-U.S. 2035517131
Non-U.S. Indefinite2,339-
$4,173$201
Change in unrecognized tax benefits
201520142013
Change in unrecognized tax benefits:
Balance at beginning of year $659$729$722
Gross increases related to current period tax positions566541
Gross increases related to prior periods tax positions175204118
Gross decreases related to prior periods tax positions(72)(277)(21)
Decrease related to resolutions of audits with tax authorities(11)(32)(92)
Expiration of the statute of limitations for the assessment of taxes(13)(10)(30)
Foreign currency translation(29)(20)(9)
Balance at end of year$765$659$729
Summary of Income Tax Examinations
Open Tax Years
Based on Originally Filed Returns
JurisdictionExamination inExamination not yet
progressinitiated
U.S. Federal2010 - 20122013 - 2015
U.S. State2008 - 20142011 - 2015
United Kingdom N/A2013 - 2015
Canada(1)2010 - 20132014 - 2015
Germany(1)2008 - 20122013 - 2015
France 2012 - 20142005 - 2011, 2015
Netherlands 20092011 - 2015
Australia N/A2010 - 2015
China 2003 - 20142015
India 1999 - 20132014 - 2015
Italy2008 - 20122014 - 2015
(1) Includes provincial or similar local jurisdictions, as applicable.