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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income by region
Income before taxes
 
Years Ended December 31,
2019
 
2018
 
2017
U.S.
$
4,178

 
$
2,919

 
$
2,873

Non-U.S.
3,381

 
4,568

 
4,077

 
$
7,559

 
$
7,487

 
$
6,950


Tax Expense Current and Deferred
 
Years Ended December 31,
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Tax expense (benefit) consists of
 
 
 
 
 
Current:
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Federal
$
8

 
$
(21
)
 
$
2,061

U.S. State
43

 
89

 
62

Non-U.S.
1,099

 
1,177

 
787

 
$
1,150

 
$
1,245

 
$
2,910

Deferred:
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Federal
$
332

 
$
396

 
$
190

U.S. State
63

 
8

 
139

Non-U.S.
(216
)
 
(990
)
 
2,123

 
179

 
(586
)
 
2,452

 
$
1,329

 
$
659

 
$
5,362



Effective income tax rate reconciliation
 
Years Ended December 31,
2019
 
2018
 
2017
The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to our effective income tax rate as follows:
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate
21.0
 %
 
21.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
Taxes on non-U.S. earnings(1)(2)
(0.5
)
 
0.2

 
(12.8
)
U.S. state income taxes(1)
1.1

 
1.6

 
1.4

Reserves for tax contingencies
2.0

 
0.3

 
1.6

Employee share-based payments
(1.2
)
 
(0.7
)
 
(2.9
)
U.S. Tax Reform
(3.6
)
 
(5.8
)
 
56.0

Reduction of taxes on unremitted earnings

 
(14.2
)
 

Separation tax costs

 
5.5

 

All other items—net
(1.2
)
 
0.9

 
(1.1
)
 
17.6
 %
 
8.8
 %
 
77.2
 %
(1)
Net of changes in valuation allowance
(2)
Includes U.S. taxes on non-U.S. earnings
Deferred Tax Assets, Liabilities
Deferred tax assets (liabilities)
The tax effects of temporary differences and tax carryforwards which give rise to future income tax benefits and payables are as follows:
Deferred tax assets:
December 31,
2019
 
2018
Postretirement benefits other than pensions
$
111

 
$
120

Asbestos and environmental
531

 
589

Employee compensation and benefits
205

 
262

Other accruals and reserves
279

 
336

Net operating and capital losses
652

 
688

Tax credit carryforwards
246

 
154

Gross deferred tax assets
2,024

 
2,149

Valuation allowance
(656
)
 
(689
)
Total deferred tax assets
$
1,368

 
$
1,460

Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Pension
$
(469
)
 
$
(40
)
Property, plant and equipment
(469
)
 
(422
)
Intangibles
(1,296
)
 
(1,553
)
Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries
(419
)
 
(616
)
Other asset basis differences
(136
)
 
(110
)
Other
(163
)
 
(50
)
Total deferred tax liabilities
(2,952
)
 
(2,791
)
Net deferred tax liability
$
(1,584
)
 
$
(1,331
)

Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards
Jurisdiction
Expiration
Period
 
Net Operating
and Capital Loss
Carryforwards
 
Tax Credit
Carryforwards
U.S. Federal
2039
 
$
16

 
$
89

U.S. State
2039
 
389

 
20

Non-U.S.
2039
 
277

 
142

Non-U.S.
Indefinite
 
2,324

 

 
 
 
$
3,006

 
$
251



Change in unrecognized tax benefits
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Change in unrecognized tax benefits:
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of year
$
1,089

 
$
947

 
$
877

Gross increases related to current period tax positions
51

 
370

 
94

Gross increases related to prior periods tax positions
83

 
82

 
153

Gross decreases related to prior periods tax positions
(34
)
 
(201
)
 
(91
)
Decrease related to resolutions of audits with tax authorities
(3
)
 
(40
)
 
(76
)
Expiration of the statute of limitations for the assessment of taxes
(13
)
 
(50
)
 
(54
)
Foreign currency translation
(9
)
 
(19
)
 
44

Balance at end of year
$
1,164

 
$
1,089

 
$
947


Summary of Income Tax Examinations
Jurisdiction
Open Tax Years
Based on Originally Filed Returns
Examination in
progress
 
Examination not yet
initiated
U.S. Federal
2015 - 2016
 
2017-2019
U.S. State
2011 - 2017
 
2012-2018
Australia
N/A
 
2016-2019
Canada(1)
2015-2017
 
2018-2019
China
2009-2018
 
2019
France
N/A
 
2017-2019
Germany(1)
2008-2017
 
2018-2019
India
1999-2017
 
2018-2019
Italy
2012-2017
 
2018-2019
Netherlands
2016-2017
 
2018-2019
Switzerland(1)
2012-2018
 
2019
United Kingdom
2013-2017
 
2018-2019