10-Q

20City

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_____________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No. 1-8951

M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	84-0622967
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. employer identification no.)

4350 South Monaco Street, Suite 500	80237
Denver, Colorado	(Zip code)
(Address of principal executive offices)

(303) 773-1100

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value	MDC	New York Stock Exchange
6% Senior Notes due January 2043	MDC 43	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-Accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller Reporting Company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐  No  ☒

As of October 23, 2023, 74,661,479 shares of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. common stock were outstanding.

M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED September 30, 2023

INDEX

		Page No.
Part I. Financial Information:
Item 1.	Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements:
	Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	1
	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	2
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	3
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	5
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	41
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	42
Part II. Other Information:
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	43
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	43
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	43
Item 5.	Other Information	44
Item 6.	Exhibits	44
Signatures		44

(i)

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.    Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(unaudited)
	(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
ASSETS
Homebuilding:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,207,532	$	696,075
Restricted cash	4,300		3,143
Marketable securities	346,351		443,712
Trade and other receivables	81,305		116,364
Inventories:
Housing completed or under construction	1,921,134		1,722,061
Land and land under development	1,315,196		1,793,718
Total inventories	3,236,330		3,515,779
Property and equipment, net	62,403		63,730
Deferred tax asset, net	46,615		49,252
Prepaids and other assets	70,791		70,007
Total homebuilding assets	5,055,627		4,958,062
Financial Services:
Cash and cash equivalents	150,457		17,877
Marketable securities	79,166		117,388
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	164,254		229,513
Other assets	38,499		40,432
Total financial services assets	432,376		405,210
Total Assets	$	5,488,003	$	5,363,272
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Homebuilding:
Accounts payable	$	135,265	$	109,218
Accrued and other liabilities	312,882		383,406
Revolving credit facility	10,000		10,000
Senior notes, net	1,483,193		1,482,576
Total homebuilding liabilities	1,941,340		1,985,200
Financial Services:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	108,650		110,536
Mortgage repurchase facility	145,470		175,752
Total financial services liabilities	254,120		286,288
Total Liabilities	2,195,460		2,271,488
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding	—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 250,000,000 shares authorized; 74,662,468 and 72,585,596 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	747		726
Additional paid-in-capital	1,817,494		1,784,173
Retained earnings	1,474,211		1,306,885
Accumulated other comprehensive income	91		—
Total Stockholders' Equity	3,292,543		3,091,784
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	5,488,003	$	5,363,272

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Homebuilding:
Home sale revenues	$	1,087,050	$	1,407,642	$	3,210,536	$	4,098,985
Home cost of sales	(872,624)		(1,059,996)		(2,622,362)		(3,043,390)
Inventory impairments	(6,200)		(28,415)		(27,500)		(29,075)
Total cost of sales	(878,824)		(1,088,411)		(2,649,862)		(3,072,465)
Gross profit	208,226		319,231		560,674		1,026,520
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(101,311)		(141,435)		(303,032)		(404,598)
Interest and other income	20,414		2,220		51,812		3,797
Other income (expense)	55		(11,800)		987		(28,733)
Homebuilding pretax income	127,384		168,216		310,441		596,986
Financial Services:
Revenues	23,769		34,101		85,874		99,461
Expenses	(15,494)		(18,704)		(46,231)		(54,440)
Other income, net	4,148		2,176		11,742		4,627
Financial services pretax income	12,423		17,573		51,385		49,648
Income before income taxes	139,807		185,789		361,826		646,634
Provision for income taxes	(32,502)		(41,389)		(80,328)		(164,271)
Net income	$	107,305	$	144,400	$	281,498	$	482,363
Other comprehensive income net of tax:
Unrealized gain related to available-for-sale debt securities	$	1	$	—	$	91	$	—
Other comprehensive income	1		—		91		—
Comprehensive income	$	107,306	$	144,400	$	281,589	$	482,363
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	1.44	$	2.03	$	3.82	$	6.78
Diluted	$	1.40	$	1.98	$	3.73	$	6.59
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	74,198,016		70,880,405		73,265,878		70,829,761
Diluted	76,253,178		72,729,453		75,106,356		72,892,635
Dividends declared per share	$	0.55	$	0.50	$	1.55	$	1.50

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	72,585,596	$	726	$	1,784,173	$	1,306,885	$	—	$	3,091,784
Net income	—	—		—		80,700		—		80,700
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—		323		323
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	503,022	5		(11,745)		—		—		(11,740)
Cash dividends declared	—	—		—		(36,543)		—		(36,543)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		5,597		—		—		5,597
Forfeiture of restricted stock	(1,283)	—		—		—		—		—
Balance at March 31, 2023	73,087,335	$	731	$	1,778,025	$	1,351,042	$	323	$	3,130,121
Net Income	—	—		—		93,493		—		93,493
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—		(233)		(233)
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	1,459,256	14		31,318		—		—		31,332
Cash dividends declared	—	—		—		(36,566)		—		(36,566)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		2,956		—		—		2,956
Forfeiture of restricted stock	(2,370)	—		—		—		—		—
Balance at June 30, 2023	74,544,221	$	745	$	1,812,299	$	1,407,969	$	90	$	3,221,103
Net Income	—	—		—		107,305		—		107,305
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—		—		1		1
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	118,247	2		1,218				—		1,220
Cash dividends declared	—	—		—		(41,063)		—		(41,063)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		3,977		—		—		3,977
Balance at September 30, 2023	74,662,468	$	747	$	1,817,494	$	1,474,211	$	91	$	3,292,543

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2021	70,668,093	$	707	$	1,709,276	$	887,163	$	—	$	2,597,146
Net income	—	—		—		148,421		—		148,421
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	498,921	5		(12,633)		—		—		(12,628)
Cash dividends declared	—	—		—		(35,583)		—		(35,583)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		13,726		—		—		13,726
Forfeiture of restricted stock	(4,769)	—		—		—		—		—
Balance at March 31, 2022	71,162,245	$	712	$	1,710,369	$	1,000,001	$	—	$	2,711,082
Net Income	—	—		—		189,542		—		189,542
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	(1,573)	—		(58)		—		—		(58)
Cash dividends declared	—	—		—		(35,580)		—		(35,580)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		9,331		—		—		9,331
Forfeiture of restricted stock	(2,797)	—		—		—		—		—
Balance at June 30, 2022	71,157,875	$	712	$	1,719,642	$	1,153,963	$	—	$	2,874,317

-3-

Net Income	—	—		—		144,400		—		144,400
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	101,269	1		1,140				—		1,141
Cash dividends declared	—	—		—		(35,622)		—		(35,622)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		24,968		—		—		24,968
Forfeiture of restricted stock	(5,001)	—		—		—		—		—
Balance at September 30, 2022	71,254,143	$	713	$	1,745,750	$	1,262,741	$	—	$	3,009,204

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

-4-

M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Operating Activities:
Net income	$	281,498	$	482,363
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense	14,358		50,348
Depreciation and amortization	17,870		20,663
Inventory impairments	27,500		29,075
Project abandonment costs	(963)		28,758
Amortization of discount of marketable debt securities	(24,864)		(1,082)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	2,608		(4,180)
Net changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade and other receivables	44,979		(19,321)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	65,259		91,696
Housing completed or under construction	(202,912)		(319,083)
Land and land under development	456,441		(19,740)
Prepaids and other assets	(3,097)		(8,050)
Accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities	(55,528)		12,506
Net cash provided by operating activities	623,149		343,953
Investing Activities:
Purchases of marketable securities	(1,088,433)		(291,126)
Maturities of marketable securities	1,249,000		—
Purchases of property and equipment	(14,880)		(21,429)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	145,687		(312,555)
Financing Activities:
Payments on mortgage repurchase facility, net	(30,282)		(60,086)
Dividend payments	(114,172)		(106,785)
Issuance of shares under stock-based compensation programs, net	20,812		(11,545)
Net cash used in financing activities	(123,642)		(178,416)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	645,194		(147,018)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Beginning of period	717,095		603,459
End of period	$	1,362,289	$	456,441
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Homebuilding:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,207,532	$	417,298
Restricted cash	4,300		4,657
Financial Services:
Cash and cash equivalents	150,457		34,486
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	1,362,289	$	456,441

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

-5-

1.    Basis of Presentation

The Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. ("MDC," “the Company," “we,” “us,” or “our,” which refer to M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries) have been prepared, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. These statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of MDC at September 30, 2023 and for all periods presented. These statements should be read in conjunction with MDC’s Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in MDC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Included in these footnotes are certain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies and prospects. These forward-looking statements may be identified by terminology such as “likely,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue,” or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained in this section are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. However, any further disclosures made on related subjects in subsequent reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K should be considered.

Where necessary, reclassifications have been made to our prior period financial information to conform to the current year presentation.

2.    Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Adopted New Accounting Standards

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848),” as amended by ASU 2021-01 in January 2021 and ASU 2022-06 in December 2022, directly addressing the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting as a result of the cessation of the publication of certain LIBOR rates beginning December 31, 2021, with complete elimination of the publication of the LIBOR rates by June 30, 2023. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform by virtue of referencing LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. This guidance became effective on March 12, 2020 and can be adopted no later than December 31, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this amendment in the second quarter of 2023. The adoption of ASU 2020-04, as amended by ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06, did not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income.

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3.    Segment Reporting

An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available and is reviewed regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, to evaluate performance and make operating decisions. We have identified our CODM as two key executives—the Executive Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”).

We have identified each homebuilding division as an operating segment. Our homebuilding operating segments have been aggregated into the reportable segments noted below because they are similar in the following regards: (1) economic characteristics; (2) housing products; (3) class of homebuyer; (4) regulatory environments; and (5) methods used to construct and sell homes. Our homebuilding reportable segments conducted ongoing operations in the following states:

•West (Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas and Washington)

•Mountain (Colorado, Idaho and Utah)

•East (Alabama, Florida, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Virginia)

Our financial services business consists of the following operating segments: (1) HomeAmerican Mortgage Corporation (“HomeAmerican”); (2) Allegiant Insurance Company, Inc., A Risk Retention Group (“Allegiant”); (3) StarAmerican Insurance Ltd. (“StarAmerican”); (4) American Home Insurance Agency, Inc.; and (5) American Home Title and Escrow Company. Due to its contributions to consolidated pretax income, we consider HomeAmerican to be a reportable segment (“mortgage operations”). The remaining operating segments have been aggregated into one reportable segment (“other”) because they do not individually exceed 10 percent of: (1) consolidated revenue; (2) the greater of (a) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or (b) the positive value of the combined reported loss of all operating segments that reported losses; or (3) consolidated assets.

Corporate is a non-operating segment that develops and implements strategic initiatives and supports our operating divisions by centralizing key administrative functions such as finance, treasury, information technology, insurance, risk management, litigation and human resources. Corporate also provides the necessary administrative functions to support MDC as a publicly traded company. A portion of the expenses incurred by Corporate are allocated to the homebuilding operating segments based on their respective percentages of assets and, to a lesser degree, a portion of Corporate expenses are allocated to the financial services segments. A majority of Corporate’s personnel and resources are primarily dedicated to activities relating to the homebuilding segments, and, therefore, the balance of any unallocated Corporate expenses is included in the homebuilding operations section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

The following table summarizes revenues for our homebuilding and financial services operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding
West	$	651,472	$	772,356	$	1,845,964	$	2,267,946
Mountain	284,142		424,397		931,367		1,196,526
East	151,436		210,889		433,205		634,513
Total homebuilding revenues	$	1,087,050	$	1,407,642	$	3,210,536	$	4,098,985
Financial Services
Mortgage operations	$	12,098	$	16,933	$	53,275	$	56,611
Other	11,671		17,168		32,599		42,850
Total financial services revenues	$	23,769	$	34,101	$	85,874	$	99,461

-7-

The following table summarizes pretax income (loss) for our homebuilding and financial services operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding
West	$	60,792	$	105,680	$	133,631	$	384,714
Mountain	38,211		68,106		107,923		197,747
East	15,891		28,245		45,349		94,046
Corporate	12,490		(33,815)		23,538		(79,521)
Total homebuilding pretax income	$	127,384	$	168,216	$	310,441	$	596,986
Financial Services
Mortgage operations	$	3,098	$	5,676	$	26,676	$	23,782
Other	9,325		11,897		24,709		25,866
Total financial services pretax income	$	12,423	$	17,573	$	51,385	$	49,648
Total pretax income	$	139,807	$	185,789	$	361,826	$	646,634

The following table summarizes total assets for our homebuilding and financial services operations. The assets in our West, Mountain and East segments consist primarily of inventory while the assets in our Corporate segment primarily include our cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and deferred tax assets. The assets in our financial services segment consist mostly of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and mortgage loans held-for-sale.

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding assets
West	$	2,083,054	$	2,275,144
Mountain	854,877		1,005,622
East	460,413		427,926
Corporate	1,657,283		1,249,370
Total homebuilding assets	$	5,055,627	$	4,958,062
Financial services assets
Mortgage operations	$	203,872	$	267,309
Other	228,504		137,901
Total financial services assets	$	432,376	$	405,210
Total assets	$	5,488,003	$	5,363,272

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4.     Earnings Per Share

Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 260, Earnings per Share ("ASC 260") requires a company that has participating security holders (for example, holders of unvested restricted stock that have non-forfeitable dividend rights) to utilize the two-class method for calculating earnings per share (“EPS”) unless the treasury stock method results in lower EPS. The two-class method is an allocation of earnings/(loss) between the holders of common stock and a company’s participating security holders. Under the two-class method, earnings/(loss) for the reporting period are allocated between common shareholders and other security holders based on their respective rights to receive distributed earnings (i.e., dividends) and undistributed earnings (i.e., net income/(loss)). Our common shares outstanding are comprised of shareholder owned common stock and shares of unvested restricted stock held by participating security holders. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing income or loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, excluding participating shares in accordance with ASC 260. To calculate diluted EPS, basic EPS is adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive stock options outstanding and contingently issuable equity awards. The table below shows our basic and diluted EPS calculations.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator
Net income	$	107,305	$	144,400	$	281,498	$	482,363
Less: distributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(248)		(180)		(651)		(535)
Less: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(378)		(522)		(895)		(1,784)
Net income attributable to common stockholders (numerator for basic earnings per share)	106,679		143,698		279,952		480,044
Add back: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	378		522		895		1,784
Less: undistributed earnings reallocated to participating securities	(372)		(513)		(878)		(1,745)
Numerator for diluted earnings per share under two-class method	$	106,685	$	143,707	$	279,969	$	480,083
Denominator
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	74,198,016		70,880,405		73,265,878		70,829,761
Add: dilutive effect of stock options	1,249,797		1,189,243		1,426,970		1,573,814
Add: dilutive effect of contingently issuable equity awards	805,365		659,805		413,508		489,060
Denominator for diluted earnings per share under two-class method	76,253,178		72,729,453		75,106,356		72,892,635
Basic Earnings Per Common Share	$	1.44	$	2.03	$	3.82	$	6.78
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share	$	1.40	$	1.98	$	3.73	$	6.59

Diluted EPS for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 excluded options to purchase 15,000 shares of common stock, because the effect of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. There were excluded options to purchase 1,861,534 shares of common stock because the effect of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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5.    Fair Value Measurements

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”), defines fair value, establishes guidelines for measuring fair value and expands disclosures regarding fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The following table sets forth the fair values and methods used for measuring the fair values of financial instruments on a recurring basis, except those for which the carrying values approximate fair values:

		Fair Value
Financial Instrument	Hierarchy	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(Dollars in thousands)
Marketable securities
Debt securities (available-for-sale)	Level 1	$	425,517	$	561,100
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	Level 2	$	164,254	$	229,513
Derivative and financial instruments, net (Note 17)
Interest rate lock commitments	Level 2	$	(1,265)	$	(1,678)
Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities	Level 2	$	5,452	$	(5,269)
Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments	Level 2	$	(61)	$	791
Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments	Level 2	$	48	$	1,976

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Debt securities. Our debt securities consist of U.S. government treasury securities with original maturities upon acquisition of less than six months and are treated as available-for-sale investments and, as such, are recorded at fair value with all changes in fair value initially recorded through other comprehensive income. Debt securities are reviewed on a regular basis for impairment. There were no impairments recorded during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The estimated fair value, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses and amortized cost for debt securities by major classification are as follows:

	September 30, 2023								December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Government	$	425,397	$	120	$	—	$	425,517	$	561,100	$	—	$	—	$	561,100
Total Debt Securities	$	425,397	$	120	$	—	$	425,517	$	561,100	$	—	$	—	$	561,100

Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net.  Our mortgage loans held-for-sale, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, include (1) mortgage loans held-for-sale that are under commitments to sell and (2) mortgage loans held-for-sale that are not under commitments to sell. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $54.7 million and $142.9 million, respectively, of mortgage loans held-for-sale at fair value under commitments to sell. The fair value for those loans was based on quoted market prices for those mortgage loans, which are Level 2 fair value inputs. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $109.5 million and $86.6 million, respectively, of mortgage loans held-for-sale that were not under commitments to sell. The fair value for those loans was primarily based upon the estimated market price received from an outside party, which is a Level 2 fair value input.

Gains (losses) on mortgage loans, net, are included as a component of revenues in the financial services section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we

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recorded losses on mortgage loans held-for-sale, net of $2.3 million and $7.9 million, respectively, compared to losses of $4.3 million and $13.6 million for the same periods in the prior year.

Derivative and financial instruments, net. Our derivatives and financial instruments, which include (1) interest rate lock commitments, (2) forward sales of mortgage-backed securities, (3) mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments and (4) best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis based on market prices for similar instruments.

For the financial assets and liabilities that the Company does not reflect at fair value, the following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments.

Cash and cash equivalents (excluding debt securities with an original maturity of three months or less), restricted cash, trade and other receivables, prepaids and other assets, accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities and borrowings on our revolving credit facility. Fair value approximates carrying value.

Mortgage Repurchase Facility. The debt associated with our mortgage repurchase facility (see Note 18 for further discussion) is at floating rates that approximate current market rates and have relatively short-term maturities, generally within 30 days. The fair value approximates carrying value and is based on Level 2 inputs.

Senior Notes. The estimated values of the senior notes in the following table are based on Level 2 inputs, which primarily reflect estimated prices for our senior notes that were provided by multiple sources.

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
$300 million 3.850% Senior Notes due January 2030, net	$	298,141	$	250,922	$	297,949	$	246,236
$350 million 2.500% Senior Notes due January 2031, net	347,633		261,309		347,413		255,374
$500 million 6.000% Senior Notes due January 2043, net	491,292		415,994		491,120		414,017
$350 million 3.966% Senior Notes due August 2061, net	346,127		193,774		346,094		204,014
Total	$	1,483,193	$	1,121,999	$	1,482,576	$	1,119,641

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6.    Inventories

The following table sets forth, by reportable segment, information relating to our homebuilding inventories:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Housing completed or under construction:
West	$	1,191,600	$	1,026,880
Mountain	464,534		511,092
East	265,000		184,089
Subtotal	1,921,134		1,722,061
Land and land under development:
West	793,379		1,145,119
Mountain	356,655		433,893
East	165,162		214,706
Subtotal	1,315,196		1,793,718
Total inventories	$	3,236,330	$	3,515,779

Our inventories are primarily associated with communities where we intend to construct and sell homes, including models and unsold homes. Costs capitalized to land and land under development primarily include: (1) land costs; (2) land development costs; (3) entitlement costs; (4) capitalized interest; (5) engineering fees; and (6) title insurance, real property taxes and closing costs directly related to the purchase of the land parcel. Components of housing completed or under construction primarily include: (1) land costs transferred from land and land under development; (2) direct construction costs associated with a house; (3) real property taxes, engineering fees, permits and other fees; (4) capitalized interest; and (5) indirect construction costs, which include field construction management salaries and benefits, utilities and other construction related costs. Land costs are transferred from land and land under development to housing completed or under construction at the point in time that construction of a home on an owned lot begins.

In accordance with ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment (“ASC 360”), homebuilding inventories, excluding those classified as held for sale, are carried at cost unless events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the underlying subdivision may not be recoverable.  We evaluate inventories for impairment at each quarter end on a subdivision level basis as each such subdivision represents the lowest level of identifiable cash flows. In making this determination, we review, among other things, the following for each subdivision:

•actual and trending “Operating Margin” (which is defined as home sale revenues less home cost of sales and all incremental costs associated directly with the subdivision, including sales commissions and marketing costs);

•forecasted Operating Margin for homes in backlog;

•actual and trending net home orders;

•homes available for sale;

•market information for each sub-market, including competition levels, home foreclosure levels, the size and style of homes currently being offered for sale and lot size; and

•known or probable events indicating that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our inventory may not be recoverable, assets are reviewed for impairment by comparing the undiscounted estimated future cash flows from an individual subdivision (including capitalized interest) to its carrying value. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the subdivision’s carrying value, the carrying value of the subdivision is written down to its then estimated fair value. We generally determine the estimated fair value of each subdivision by determining the present value of the estimated future cash flows at discount rates, which are Level 3 inputs, that are commensurate with the risk of the subdivision under evaluation. The evaluation for the recoverability of the carrying value of the assets for each individual subdivision can be impacted significantly by our estimates of future home sale revenues, home construction costs, and development costs per home, all of which are Level 3 inputs.

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If land is classified as held for sale, we measure it in accordance with ASC 360 at the lower of the carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell. In determining fair value, we primarily rely upon the most recent negotiated price, which is a Level 2 input. If a negotiated price is not available, we will consider several factors including, but not limited to, current market conditions, recent comparable sales transactions and market analysis studies, which are considered Level 3 inputs. If the fair value less estimated costs to sell is lower than the current carrying value, the land is impaired down to its estimated fair value less costs to sell.

Inventory impairments recognized by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are shown in the table below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)				(Dollars in thousands)
Housing Completed or Under Construction:
West	$	1,106	$	2,538	$	2,893	$	3,198
Mountain	700		—		1,364		—
East	—		—		—		—
Subtotal	1,806		2,538		4,257		3,198
Land and Land Under Development:
West	2,994		23,362		14,707		23,362
Mountain	1,400		2,515		8,536		2,515
East	—		—		—		—
Subtotal	4,394		25,877		23,243		25,877
Total Inventory Impairments	$	6,200	$	28,415	$	27,500	$	29,075

The table below provides quantitative data, for the periods presented, where applicable, used in determining the fair value of the impaired inventory.

	Impairment Data					Quantitative Data
Three Months Ended	Number of Subdivisions Impaired	Inventory Impairments		Fair Value of Inventory After Impairments		Discount Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2023	2	$	6,200	$	17,116	15%	—	18%
June 30, 2023	1	13,500		17,886		18%
March 31, 2023	1	7,800		13,016		18%
Total		$	27,500
September 30, 2022	9	$	28,415	$	44,615	15%	—	18%
March 31, 2022	1	660		1,728			N/A
Total		$	29,075

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7.    Capitalization of Interest

We capitalize interest to inventories during the period of development in accordance with ASC Topic 835, Interest (“ASC 835”). Homebuilding interest capitalized as a cost of inventories is included in cost of sales during the period that related units or lots are delivered. To the extent our homebuilding debt exceeds our qualified assets as defined in ASC 835, we expense a portion of the interest incurred. Qualified homebuilding assets consist of all lots and homes, excluding finished unsold homes or finished models, within projects that are actively selling or under development. The table set forth below summarizes homebuilding interest activity. For all periods presented below, our qualified assets exceeded our homebuilding debt and as such, all interest incurred has been capitalized.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding interest incurred	$	17,482	$	17,391	$	52,386	$	52,031
Less: Interest capitalized	(17,482)		(17,391)		(52,386)		(52,031)
Homebuilding interest expensed	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest capitalized, beginning of period	$	61,953	$	62,169	$	59,921	$	58,054
Plus: Interest capitalized during period	17,482		17,391		52,386		52,031
Less: Previously capitalized interest included in home cost of sales	(14,007)		(15,977)		(46,879)		(46,502)
Interest capitalized, end of period	$	65,428	$	63,583	$	65,428	$	63,583

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8.    Leases

We lease certain property, land and equipment, the majority of which comprise property related leases to provide office space where we operate our business. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Our property related leases typically have terms of between three and five years, with the exception of the lease governing the Company’s headquarters. All of our property related leases are classified as operating leases. These leases do not contain any residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants and do not include variable lease payments, except for the payment of common area maintenance and real estate taxes. Many of our property related leases give us the option to extend the lease term for a period of time, generally consistent with the initial lease term. These options are excluded from our calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability until such time as we determine it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised.

The property related lease for the Company’s headquarters in Denver, Colorado is ten years in length with an expiration date of October 31, 2026 and contains a ten year option to extend the term of the lease through 2036. This option has been excluded from our calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability as it is not currently considered reasonably certain that the option will be exercised.

Operating lease expense is included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in the homebuilding section and expenses in the financial services section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Components of operating lease expense were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Operating lease cost 1	$	2,011	$	2,180	$	6,387	$	6,418
Less: Sublease income	(148)		(141)		(440)		(366)
Net lease cost	$	1,863	$	2,039	$	5,947	$	6,052

1Includes variable lease costs, which are immaterial.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	1,955	$	2,038	$	6,251	$	6,059
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	1,344	$	1,689	$	3,238	$	5,984

Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for operating leases were as follows:

	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	3.5		4.3
Weighted-average discount rate	5.5	%	5.5	%

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Maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	(Dollars in thousands)
2023 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2023)	$	1,358
2024	8,240
2025	8,168
2026	6,923
2027	1,722
Thereafter	938
Total operating lease payments	$	27,349
Less: Effects of discounting	2,514
Present value of operating lease liabilities 1	$	24,835

_______________________________________________________________

1Homebuilding and financial services operating lease liabilities of $24.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively, are included as a component of accrued and other liabilities and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, respectively, in the homebuilding and financial services sections of our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2023.

9.    Homebuilding Prepaids and Other Assets

The following table sets forth the components of homebuilding prepaids and other assets:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Land option deposits	$	23,831	$	19,539
Operating lease right-of-use asset (Note 8)	23,453		25,636
Prepaids	13,128		13,333
Goodwill	6,008		6,008
Deferred debt issuance costs on revolving credit facility, net	3,816		5,241
Other	555		250
Total prepaids and other assets	$	70,791	$	70,007

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10.    Homebuilding Accrued and Other Liabilities and Financial Services Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following table sets forth information relating to homebuilding accrued and other liabilities:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Accrued compensation and related expenses	$	76,219	$	100,653
Customer and escrow deposits	51,181		42,296
Warranty accrual (Note 11)	45,592		46,857
Lease liability (Note 8)	24,625		26,574
Land development and home construction accruals	18,192		20,028
Accrued interest	14,889		30,934
Income taxes payable	—		23,880
Construction defect claim reserves (Note 12)	10,387		10,466
Retentions payable	16,730		21,519
Other accrued liabilities	55,067		60,199
Total accrued and other liabilities	$	312,882	$	383,406

A reclassification was made to our prior period financial information, where $21.5 million was reclassed from other accrued liabilities to retentions payable to conform to the current year presentation.

The following table sets forth information relating to financial services accounts payable and accrued liabilities:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Insurance reserves (Note 12)	$	86,072	$	84,108
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	22,578		26,428
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	108,650	$	110,536

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11.    Warranty Accrual

Our homes are sold with limited third-party warranties and, under our agreement with the issuer of the third-party warranties, we are responsible for performing all of the work for the first two years of the warranty coverage, and paying for certain work required to be performed subsequent to year two. We record accruals for general and structural warranty claims, as well as accruals for known, unusual warranty-related expenditures. Our warranty accrual is recorded based upon historical payment experience in an amount estimated to be adequate to cover expected costs of materials and outside labor during warranty periods. The determination of the warranty accrual rate for closed homes and the evaluation of our warranty accrual balance at period end are based on an internally developed analysis that includes known facts and interpretations of circumstances, including, among other things, our trends in historical warranty payment levels and warranty payments for claims not considered to be normal and recurring.

Our warranty accrual is included in accrued and other liabilities in the homebuilding section of our consolidated balance sheets and adjustments to our warranty accrual are recorded as an increase or reduction to home cost of sales in the homebuilding section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

The table set forth below summarizes accrual, adjustment and payment activity related to our warranty accrual for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The warranty accrual during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased due to a decrease in home closings year-over-year. The warranty accrual during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included a $3.0 million adjustment to increase our warranty accrual. This adjustment was due to higher general warranty related expenditures.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	47,209	$	42,711	$	46,857	$	37,491
Expense provisions	5,629		6,856		17,566		19,475
Cash payments	(7,246)		(4,929)		(18,831)		(14,768)
Adjustments	—		523		—		2,963
Balance at end of period	$	45,592	$	45,161	$	45,592	$	45,161

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12.    Insurance and Construction Defect Claim Reserves

The establishment of reserves for estimated losses associated with insurance policies issued by Allegiant and re-insurance agreements issued by StarAmerican are based on actuarial studies that include known facts and interpretations of circumstances, including our experience with similar cases and historical trends involving claim payment patterns, pending levels of unpaid claims, product mix or concentration, claim severity, frequency patterns, and changing regulatory and legal environments. It is possible that changes in the insurance payment experience used in estimating our ultimate insurance losses could have a material impact on our insurance reserves.

The establishment of reserves for estimated losses to be incurred by our homebuilding subsidiaries associated with: (1) the self-insured retention (“SIR”) portion of construction defect claims that are expected to be covered under insurance policies with Allegiant and (2) the entire cost of any construction defect claims that are not expected to be covered by insurance policies with Allegiant, are based on third party actuarial studies that include known facts similar to those for our insurance reserves. It is possible that changes in the payment experience used in estimating our ultimate losses for construction defect claims could have a material impact on our reserves.

The table set forth below summarizes our insurance and construction defect claim reserves activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. These reserves are included as a component of accounts payable and accrued liabilities and accrued and other liabilities in the financial services and homebuilding sections, respectively, of the consolidated balance sheets.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	95,125	$	87,924	$	94,574	$	82,187
Expense provisions	4,024		4,879		11,913		14,331
Cash payments, net of recoveries	(2,690)		(1,363)		(10,028)		(5,078)
Balance at end of period	$	96,459	$	91,440	$	96,459	$	91,440

In the ordinary course of business, we make payments from our insurance and construction defect claim reserves to settle litigation claims arising from our homebuilding activities. These payments are irregular in both their timing and their magnitude. As a result, the cash payments, net of recoveries shown for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are not necessarily indicative of what future cash payments will be for subsequent periods.

13.    Income Taxes

Our overall effective income tax rates were 23.2% and 22.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 22.3% and 25.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. The rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 resulted in income tax expense of $32.5 million and $80.3 million, respectively, compared to the income tax expense of $41.4 million and $164.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The year-over-year increase in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due to a decrease in energy tax credits in 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act retroactively extended the energy tax credit for the period January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 during the quarter. The year-over-year decrease in the effective rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily related to a decrease in non-deductible executive compensation and an increase in the windfall on non-qualifying stock options exercised and lapsed restricted stock during the period.

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14.    Senior Notes

The carrying values of our senior notes as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net of any unamortized debt issuance costs or discount, were as follows:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
3.850% Senior Notes due January 2030, net	$	298,141	$	297,949
2.500% Senior Notes due January 2031, net	347,633		347,413
6.000% Senior Notes due January 2043, net	491,292		491,120
3.966% Senior Notes due August 2061, net	346,127		346,094
Total	$	1,483,193	$	1,482,576

Our senior notes are not secured and, while the senior note indentures contain some restrictions on secured debt and other transactions, they do not contain financial covenants. Our senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by most of our homebuilding segment subsidiaries.

15.    Stock-Based Compensation

The following table sets forth share-based award expense activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, which is included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses and expenses in the homebuilding and financial services sections, respectively, of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Stock option grants expense	$	—	$	16,914	$	202	$	18,094
Restricted stock awards expense	2,293		1,364		8,818		5,992
Performance share units expense	1,780		7,277		5,338		26,262
Total stock-based compensation	$	4,073	$	25,555	$	14,358	$	50,348

Additional detail on the performance share units ("PSUs") expense is included below:

2020 PSU Grants. The 2020 PSU awards vested on February 3, 2023. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded share-based award expense of $2.5 million and $7.4 million, respectively, related to these awards.

2021 PSU Grants. As of September 30, 2023, the Company recorded share-based award expense related to the awards of $1.8 million and $5.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, based on its assessment of the probability for achievement of the performance targets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded share-based award expense of $4.8 million and $18.9 million, respectively, related to these awards.

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16.    Commitments and Contingencies

Surety Bonds and Letters of Credit. We are required to obtain surety bonds and letters of credit in support of our obligations for land development and subdivision improvements, homeowner association dues, warranty work, contractor license fees and earnest money deposits. At September 30, 2023, we had outstanding surety bonds and letters of credit totaling $331.7 million and $109.1 million, respectively, including $62.1 million in letters of credit issued by HomeAmerican. The estimated cost to complete obligations related to these bonds and letters of credit were approximately $156.7 million and $47.1 million, respectively. All letters of credit as of September 30, 2023, excluding those issued by HomeAmerican, were issued under our unsecured revolving credit facility (see Note 18 for further discussion of the revolving credit facility). We expect that the obligations secured by these performance bonds and letters of credit generally will be performed in the ordinary course of business and in accordance with the applicable contractual terms. To the extent that the obligations are performed, the related performance bonds and letters of credit should be released and we should not have any continuing obligations. However, in the event any such performance bonds or letters of credit are called, our indemnity obligations could require us to reimburse the issuer of the performance bond or letter of credit.

We have made no material guarantees with respect to third-party obligations.

Litigation. Due to the nature of the homebuilding business, we have been named as defendants in various claims, complaints and other legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, including product liability claims and claims associated with the sale and financing of homes. In the opinion of management, the outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Lot Option Contracts. In the ordinary course of business, we enter into lot option purchase contracts (“Option Contracts”), generally through a deposit of cash or a letter of credit, for the right to purchase land or lots at a future point in time with predetermined terms. The use of such land option and other contracts generally allow us to reduce the risks associated with direct land ownership and development, reduces our capital and financial commitments, and minimizes the amount of land inventories on our consolidated balance sheets. In certain cases, these contracts will be settled shortly following the end of the period. Our obligation with respect to Option Contracts is generally limited to forfeiture of the related deposits. At September 30, 2023, we had cash deposits, capitalized costs and letters of credit totaling $22.6 million, $3.9 million and $7.2 million, respectively, at risk associated with options to purchase 4,587 lots.

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17.    Derivative and Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, we enter into interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") with borrowers who have applied for loan funding and meet defined credit and underwriting criteria. Since we can terminate IRLCs if the borrower does not comply with the terms of the contract, and some IRLCs may expire without being utilized, these IRLCs do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

Market risk arises if interest rates move adversely between the time we originate a mortgage loan or we enter into an IRLC and the date the loan is committed or sold to an investor. We mitigate our exposure to interest rate market risk relating to mortgage loans held-for-sale and IRLCs using: (1) forward sales of mortgage-backed securities, which are commitments to sell a specified financial instrument at a specified future date for a specified price, (2) mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments, which are obligations of an investor to buy loans at a specified price within a specified time period, and (3) best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments, which are obligations of an investor to buy loans at a specified price subject to the underlying mortgage loans being funded and closed. The best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments do not meet the definition of a derivative financial instrument in accordance with ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). We have elected the fair value option for the best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments in accordance with ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments ("ASC 825").

Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities are the predominant derivative and financial instruments we use to minimize market risk during the period from the time we extend an interest rate lock to a loan applicant until the time the loan is committed under a best-effort or mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitment.

The following table sets forth the notional amounts and fair value measurement of our derivative and financial instruments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023								December 31, 2022
	Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Derivatives, Net		Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Derivatives, Net
	(Dollars in thousands)								(Dollars in thousands)
Interest rate lock commitments	$	274,211	$	1,485	$	2,750	$	(1,265)	$	394,004	$	1,566	$	3,244	$	(1,678)
Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities	366,000		5,452		—		5,452		323,000		580		5,849		(5,269)
Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments	50,597		229		290		(61)		105,060		794		3		791
Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments	5,870		49		1		48		139,972		2,161		185		1,976

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded net gains on these derivative and financial instruments measured on a recurring basis of $4.1 million and $5.6 million, respectively, in revenues in the financial services section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, compared to net gains of $7.3 million and $44.6 million for the same periods in 2022. There are no credit-risk-related contingent features within our derivative agreements, and counterparty risk is considered minimal.

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18.    Lines of Credit

Revolving Credit Facility. We have an unsecured revolving credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Facility”) with a group of lenders which may be used for general corporate purposes. This agreement was amended on December 28, 2020 to (1) increase the aggregate commitment from $1.0 billion to $1.2 billion (the “Commitment”), (2) extend the Revolving Credit Facility maturity of $1.125 billion of the Commitments to December 18, 2025 with the remaining Commitment continuing to terminate on December 18, 2023 and (3) provide that the aggregate amount of the commitments may increase to an amount not to exceed $1.7 billion upon our request, subject to receipt of additional commitments from existing or additional lenders and, in the case of additional lenders, the consent of the co-administrative agents.

Effective April 11, 2023, the Revolving Credit Facility was amended to transition from a eurocurrency based interest rate to an interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). As defined in the Revolving Credit Facility, interest rates on base rate borrowings are equal to the highest of (1) 0.0%, (2) a prime rate, (3) a federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and (4) the one month term SOFR screen rate plus the SOFR adjustment plus 1.00% and, in each case, plus a margin that is determined based on our credit ratings and leverage ratio. Interest rates on SOFR borrowings are equal to the greater of (1) 0.0% and (2) the sum of the term SOFR screen rate for such interest period plus the SOFR adjustment, plus a margin that is determined based on our credit ratings and leverage ratio. At any time at which our leverage ratio, as of the last day of the most recent calendar quarter, exceeds 55%, the aggregate principal amount of all consolidated senior debt borrowings outstanding may not exceed the borrowing base. There is no borrowing base requirement if our leverage ratio, as of the last day of the most recent calendar quarter, is 55% or less.

The Revolving Credit Facility is fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by most of our homebuilding segment subsidiaries. The facility contains various representations, warranties and covenants that we believe are customary for agreements of this type. The financial covenants include a consolidated tangible net worth test and a leverage test, along with a consolidated tangible net worth covenant, all as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility. A failure to satisfy the foregoing tests does not constitute an event of default, but can trigger a “term-out” of the facility. A breach of the consolidated tangible net worth covenant (but not the consolidated tangible net worth test) or a violation of anti-corruption or sanctions laws would result in an event of default.

The Revolving Credit Facility is subject to acceleration upon certain specified events of default, including breach of the consolidated tangible net worth covenant, a violation of anti-corruption or sanctions laws, failure to make timely payments, breaches of certain representations or covenants, failure to pay other material indebtedness, or another person becoming beneficial owner of 50% or more of our outstanding common stock. We believe we were in compliance with the representations, warranties and covenants included in the Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2023.

We incur costs associated with unused commitment fees pursuant to the terms of the Revolving Credit Facility. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $47.0 million and $48.3 million, respectively, in letters of credit outstanding, which reduced the amounts available to be borrowed under the Revolving Credit Facility. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $10.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively, outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2023, availability under the Revolving Credit Facility was approximately $1.14 billion.

Mortgage Repurchase Facility. HomeAmerican has a Master Repurchase Agreement (the “Mortgage Repurchase Facility”) with U.S. Bank National Association (“USBNA”). The Mortgage Repurchase Facility provides liquidity to HomeAmerican by providing for the sale of up to an aggregate of $75 million (subject to increase by up to $75 million under certain conditions) of eligible mortgage loans to USBNA with an agreement by HomeAmerican to repurchase the mortgage loans at a future date. Until such mortgage loans are transferred back to HomeAmerican, the documents relating to such loans are held by USBNA, as custodian, pursuant to the Custody Agreement (“Custody Agreement”), dated as of November 12, 2008, by and between HomeAmerican and USBNA. In the event that an eligible mortgage loan becomes ineligible, as defined under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility, HomeAmerican may be required to repurchase the ineligible mortgage loan immediately. The Mortgage Repurchase Facility was amended on May 20, 2021, December 21, 2021, May 19, 2022 and May 18, 2023 to adjust the commitments to purchase for specific time periods. The total capacity of the facility at September 30, 2023 was $150 million. The May 18, 2023 amendment extended the termination date of the Repurchase Agreement to May 16, 2024.

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, HomeAmerican had $145.5 million and $175.8 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that HomeAmerican was obligated to repurchase under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility. Mortgage loans that HomeAmerican is obligated to repurchase under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility are accounted for as a debt financing arrangement and are reported as mortgage repurchase facility in the consolidated balance sheets. Pricing under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility is based on SOFR.

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The Mortgage Repurchase Facility contains various representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants that we believe are customary for agreements of this type. The negative covenants include, among others, (i) a minimum Adjusted Tangible Net Worth requirement, (ii) a maximum Adjusted Tangible Net Worth ratio, (iii) a minimum adjusted net income requirement, and (iv) a minimum Liquidity requirement. The foregoing capitalized terms are defined in the Mortgage Repurchase Facility. We believe HomeAmerican was in compliance with the representations, warranties and covenants included in the Mortgage Repurchase Facility as of September 30, 2023.

19.    Related Party Transactions

The Company has a sublease agreement with CVentures, Inc. Larry A. Mizel, the Executive Chairman of the Company, is the President of CVentures, Inc. The sublease is for office space that CVentures, Inc. has continuously leased from the Company as disclosed in the Form 8-K filed July 27, 2005 and the Form 8-K filed March 28, 2006. The current sublease term commenced November 1, 2016 and will continue through October 31, 2026. The sublease agreement is for approximately 5,437 rentable square feet at a base rent that increases over the term from $26.50 to $31.67 per rentable square foot per year. The sublease rent is an allocation of the rent under the master lease agreement based on the sublease square footage.

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20.    Supplemental Guarantor Information

Our senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by the following subsidiaries (collectively, the "Guarantor Subsidiaries"), which are 100%-owned subsidiaries of the Company:

•M.D.C. Land Corporation

•RAH of Florida, Inc.

•Richmond American Construction, Inc.

•Richmond American Construction NM, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Arizona, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Colorado, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Florida, LP

•Richmond American Homes of Idaho, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Maryland, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Nevada, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of New Mexico, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Oregon, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Pennsylvania, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Tennessee, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Texas, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Utah, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Virginia, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Washington, Inc.

The senior note indentures do not provide for a suspension of the guarantees. Other than for the senior notes due 2061, the senior note indentures, provide that any Guarantor may be released from its guarantee so long as (1) no default or event of default exists or would result from release of such guarantee, (2) the Guarantor being released has consolidated net worth of less than 5% of the Company’s consolidated net worth as of the end of the most recent fiscal quarter, (3) the Guarantors released from their guarantees in any year-end period comprise in the aggregate less than 10% (or 15% if and to the extent necessary to permit the cure of a default) of the Company’s consolidated net worth as of the end of the most recent fiscal quarter, (4) such release would not have a material adverse effect on the homebuilding business of the Company and its subsidiaries and (5) the Guarantor is released from its guarantee(s) under all Specified Indebtedness (other than by reason of payment under its guarantee of Specified Indebtedness). The indenture for the senior notes due 2061 provides that, if a Guarantor is released under its guarantees of our credit facilities or other publicly traded debt securities, the Guarantor will also be released under its guarantee of the senior notes due 2061. Upon delivery of an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel stating that all conditions precedent provided for in the indenture relating to such transactions have been complied with and the release is authorized, the guarantee will be automatically and unconditionally released. “Specified Indebtedness” means indebtedness under the senior notes, the Company’s Indenture dated as of December 3, 2002, the Revolving Credit Facility, and any refinancing, extension, renewal or replacement of any of the foregoing.

As the combined assets, liabilities and results of operations of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. and the Guarantor Subsidiaries (the “Obligor Group”) are not materially different from those in the homebuilding section of our consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, separate summarized financial information of the Obligor Group has not been included. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, amounts due to (due from) non-guarantor subsidiaries from the Obligor Group totaled $(20.6) million and $29.7 million, respectively.

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Item 2.        Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This item contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are based upon management’s experiences, observations, and analyses. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated in such forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Homebuilding:
Home sale revenues	$	1,087,050		$	1,407,642		$	3,210,536		$	4,098,985
Home cost of sales	(872,624)			(1,059,996)			(2,622,362)			(3,043,390)
Inventory impairments	(6,200)			(28,415)			(27,500)			(29,075)
Total cost of sales	(878,824)			(1,088,411)			(2,649,862)			(3,072,465)
Gross profit	208,226			319,231			560,674			1,026,520
Gross margin	19.2		%	22.7		%	17.5		%	25.0		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(101,311)			(141,435)			(303,032)			(404,598)
Interest and other income	20,414			2,220			51,812			3,797
Other income (expense)	55			(11,800)			987			(28,733)
Homebuilding pretax income	127,384			168,216			310,441			596,986
Financial Services:
Revenues	23,769			34,101			85,874			99,461
Expenses	(15,494)			(18,704)			(46,231)			(54,440)
Other income, net	4,148			2,176			11,742			4,627
Financial services pretax income	12,423			17,573			51,385			49,648
Income before income taxes	139,807			185,789			361,826			646,634
Provision for income taxes	(32,502)			(41,389)			(80,328)			(164,271)
Net income	$	107,305		$	144,400		$	281,498		$	482,363
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	1.44		$	2.03		$	3.82		$	6.78
Diluted	$	1.40		$	1.98		$	3.73		$	6.59
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	74,198,016			70,880,405			73,265,878			70,829,761
Diluted	76,253,178			72,729,453			75,106,356			72,892,635
Dividends declared per share	$	0.55		$	0.50		$	1.55		$	1.50
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating Activities	$	(28,780)		$	172,893		$	623,149		$	343,953
Investing Activities	$	252,727		$	(298,857)		$	145,687		$	(312,555)
Financing Activities	$	(17,524)		$	(13,832)		$	(123,642)		$	(178,416)

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Overview

Industry Conditions and Outlook for MDC*

Although 30-year mortgage interest rates reached their highest level since 2000 during the third quarter of 2023, housing market conditions remained relatively stable compared to the rapidly deteriorating housing market conditions that were present during much of 2022. The improvement for 2023 relative to 2022 is due in large part to a much more modest pace of interest rate increases during 2023, which has allowed consumers to adjust somewhat to higher interest rates. Concurrently, the housing market continues to see inventory levels that remain undersupplied relative to demand due to (1) the underproduction of new homes over the past decade, and (2) near record low levels of existing home resale inventory as the majority of homeowners with a mortgage have an interest rate below 4%. The stabilization of the market in 2023 has led to an increase in gross orders and decreased cancellation levels compared to the second half of 2022. As a result, our net orders increased 467% in the third quarter of 2023 as compared to the prior year quarter. However, the use of incentives such as interest rate buy-downs continued to be prominent for new orders during the quarter as interest rates moved higher.

We ended the quarter with 11.4 unsold homes under construction, excluding model homes, ("speculative homes" or "spec homes") per active community and just 1.0 completed spec home per active community. The demand for our quick move-in homes remained strong during the third quarter of 2023, with spec homes representing 78% of our gross orders. Our timely pivot to building more spec homes has helped drive order volume, minimize cancellation activity and cater to the needs of first-time homebuyers.

We remain confident in the long-term growth prospects for the industry given the underproduction of new homes over the past decade and the constrained supply of existing home inventory. Further, the Federal Reserve has made more measured adjustments to combat inflation versus the aggressive measures taken in 2022. With that said, the current demand for new homes is subject to continued uncertainty due to many factors, including ongoing inflation concerns, the Federal Reserve's efforts to reduce capital in the market and the resulting impact on mortgage interest rates, consumer confidence, the current geopolitical environment and other factors. The potential effect of these factors is highly uncertain and could adversely and materially impact our operations and financial results in future periods.

We believe that we are uniquely equipped to navigate these uncertainties and any continued market volatility given our seasoned leadership team, strong financial position and distinct operating strategy. We remain focused on maximizing risk-adjusted returns while minimizing the risks of excess leverage and land ownership. We ended the quarter with total cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $1.78 billion, total liquidity of $2.93 billion, a debt-to-capital ratio of 31.2% and no senior note maturities until 2030.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, our net income was $107.3 million, or $1.40 per diluted share, a 26% decrease compared to net income of $144.4 million, or $1.98 per diluted share, for the same period in the prior year. Our homebuilding business was the primary driver of the decrease, as pretax income decreased $40.8 million, or 24% year-over-year. This decrease was also due to our financial services business, as its pretax income decreased $5.2 million, or 29%, compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease in homebuilding pretax income was primarily due to a 23% decrease in home sale revenues and a 350 basis point decrease in gross margin from home sales. The decrease in gross margin from home sales was driven largely by an increase in incentives year-over-year, changes in base pricing and to a lesser extent higher construction costs year-over-year. These decreases in gross margin were partially offset by inventory impairments of $28.4 million during the prior year quarter compared to $6.2 million in the current quarter. The decrease in homebuilding pretax income was partially offset by project abandonment expense of $11.8 million during the prior year quarter. The decrease in financial services pretax income was due to our mortgage operations and other financial services operations. The decrease in pretax income for our mortgage operations was due to a decrease in mortgage servicing related income due to lower additions to the servicing portfolio during the quarter, as well as special financing programs offered during the quarter. This was partially offset by a decrease in salary related expenses driven by lower headcount, and an increase in capture rate. The decrease in other financial services was driven by our insurance operations which saw a decrease in revenue due to a decrease in homes closed. Our other financial services operations and homebuilding business each saw an increase in interest income due to increases in both interest rates and our cash and short-term investments year-over-year.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net income was $281.5 million, or $3.73 per diluted share, a 42% decrease compared to net income of $482.4 million, or $6.59 per diluted share, for the same period in the prior year. Our homebuilding business was the driver of the decrease, as pretax income from our homebuilding operations decreased $286.5 million, or 48%. The main drivers of the decrease in homebuilding pretax income are consistent with the third quarter commentary discussed above.

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* See "Forward-Looking Statements" below.

Homebuilding

Pretax Income (Loss):

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				Change				September 30,				Change
	2023		2022		Amount		%		2023		2022		Amount		%
	(Dollars in thousands)
West	$	60,792	$	105,680	$	(44,888)	(42)	%	$	133,631	$	384,714	$	(251,083)	(65)	%
Mountain	38,211		68,106		(29,895)		(44)	%	107,923		197,747		(89,824)		(45)	%
East	15,891		28,245		(12,354)		(44)	%	45,349		94,046		(48,697)		(52)	%
Corporate	12,490		(33,815)		46,305		137	%	23,538		(79,521)		103,059		130	%
Total Homebuilding pretax income	$	127,384	$	168,216	$	(40,832)	(24)	%	$	310,441	$	596,986	$	(286,545)	(48)	%

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded homebuilding pretax income of $127.4 million, a decrease of 24% from $168.2 million for the same period in the prior year. The decrease was due to a 23% decline in home sale revenues and a 350 basis point decrease in gross margin from home sales. These decreases were partially offset by a decrease in project abandonment expense, a 70 basis point improvement in our selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sale revenues and an increase in interest income year-over-year.

Our West segment experienced a $44.9 million year-over-year decrease in pretax income, due to a decrease in gross margin from home sales and a 16% decrease in home sale revenues. Our Mountain segment experienced a $29.9 million decrease in pretax income from the prior year, as a result of a 33% decrease in home sale revenues and a decrease in gross margin from home sales. Our East segment experienced a $12.4 million decrease in pretax income from the prior year, due primarily to a 28% decrease in home sale revenues and a decrease in gross margin from home sales. In addition, the West, Mountain and East homebuilding segments each experienced an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sale revenues. This was partially offset by a decrease of project abandonment costs year-over-year in each of our homebuilding segments. Our Corporate segment experienced a $46.3 million increase in pretax income due to increased interest income, decreased stock-based and deferred compensation expenses and decreased bonus expense.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded homebuilding pretax income of $310.4 million, a decrease of 48% from $597.0 million for the same period in the prior year. The decrease was due to a 22% decline in home sale revenues, a 750 basis point decrease in our gross margin from home sales, slightly offset by a 50 basis point improvement in our selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sale revenues. Commentary on the drivers of the decrease in pretax income in our West, Mountain and East homebuilding segments and the increase in our Corporate segment is consistent with the 2023 third quarter discussion above.

Assets:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		Change
					Amount		%
	(Dollars in thousands)
West	$	2,083,054	$	2,275,144	$	(192,090)	(8)	%
Mountain	854,877		1,005,622		(150,745)		(15)	%
East	460,413		427,926		32,487		8	%
Corporate	1,657,283		1,249,370		407,913		33	%
Total homebuilding assets	$	5,055,627	$	4,958,062	$	97,565	2	%

Total homebuilding assets increased from December 31, 2022 to September 30, 2023. The increase in the Corporate segment was driven by an increase in cash and cash equivalents offset partially by a decrease in marketable securities. Changes in assets within our homebuilding segments were primarily due to changes in land and land under development and housing completed or under construction. Land and land under development decreased within each of our homebuilding segments due to lower levels of land acquisition during the current year. Housing completed or under construction increased in the West and East

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segments due to an increase in the number of homes under construction, while it decreased in the Mountain segment due a slight decrease in the number of homes under construction as well as a decrease in the number of completed homes in inventory.

New Home Deliveries & Home Sale Revenues:

Changes in home sale revenues are impacted by changes in the number of new homes delivered and the average selling price of those delivered homes. Commentary for each of our segments on significant changes in these two metrics is provided below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023					2022					% Change
	Homes	Home Sale Revenues		Average Price		Homes	Home Sale Revenues		Average Price		Homes		Home Sale Revenues		Average Price
	(Dollars in thousands)
West	1,198	$	651,472	$	543.8	1,312	$	772,356	$	588.7	(9)	%	(16)	%	(8)	%
Mountain	441	284,142		644.3		647	424,397		655.9		(32)	%	(33)	%	(2)	%
East	329	151,436		460.3		428	210,889		492.7		(23)	%	(28)	%	(7)	%
Total	1,968	$	1,087,050	$	552.4	2,387	$	1,407,642	$	589.7	(18)	%	(23)	%	(6)	%

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023					2022					% Change
	Homes	Home Sale Revenues		Average Price		Homes	Home Sale Revenues		Average Price		Homes		Home Sale Revenues		Average Price
	(Dollars in thousands)
West	3,424	$	1,845,964	$	539.1	3,926	$	2,267,946	$	577.7	(13)	%	(19)	%	(7)	%
Mountain	1,467	931,367		634.9		1,860	1,196,526		643.3		(21)	%	(22)	%	(1)	%
East	937	433,205		462.3		1,370	634,513		463.1		(32)	%	(32)	%	—	%
Total	5,828	$	3,210,536	$	550.9	7,156	$	4,098,985	$	572.8	(19)	%	(22)	%	(4)	%

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the decrease in the number of new homes delivered in each of our segments was the result of a decrease in the number of homes in backlog to begin the periods. This decrease was partially offset within each segment by an increase in backlog conversion rates due to an increase in the number of homes both sold and closed during the periods. Backlog conversion rates also benefited during the three months ended September 30, 2023 from a decrease in construction cycle times year-over-year. The increase in the number of homes both sold and closed during the periods was a result of our recent pivot to build more spec homes. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the increase in the number of homes both sold and closed was also due an increase in the number of unsold started homes to begin the period due to the above average cancellation rates experienced in the second half of 2022. The average selling price of homes delivered was negatively impacted by increased incentives during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

West Segment Commentary

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the decrease in new home deliveries was driven by the factors discussed above. The average selling price of homes delivered decreased as a result of a shift in mix to our Arizona divisions as well as a change in mix to more affordable product and the increased incentives discussed above.

Mountain Segment Commentary

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the decrease in new home deliveries was driven by the factors discussed above. The average selling price of homes delivered decreased as a result of a change in mix to more affordable product as well as the increased incentives discussed above.

East Segment Commentary

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the decrease in new home deliveries was driven by the factors discussed above. In addition, backlog conversion rates during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 also benefited from a decrease in construction cycle times year-over-year. The average selling price of homes delivered decreased during the three months ended September 30, 2023 as a result of a change in mix to more affordable product as well as the increased incentives discussed above.

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Gross Margin from Home Sales:

Our gross margin from home sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 decreased 350 basis points year-over-year from 22.7% to 19.2%. The decrease in gross margin from home sales was driven largely by increases in incentives year-over-year, changes in base pricing and to a lesser extent higher construction costs year-over-year. This was partially offset by $6.2 million of inventory impairments recognized during the current year period compared to $28.4 million in the prior year period.

Our gross margin from home sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased 750 basis points year-over-year from 25.0% to 17.5%. The decrease in gross margin from home sales was driven largely by increases in both incentives and construction costs year-over-year.

Inventory Impairments:

Inventory impairments recognized by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are shown in the table below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)				(Dollars in thousands)
Housing Completed or Under Construction:
West	$	1,106	$	2,538	$	2,893	$	3,198
Mountain	700		—		1,364		—
East	—		—		—		—
Subtotal	1,806		2,538		4,257		3,198
Land and Land Under Development:
West	2,994		23,362		14,707		23,362
Mountain	1,400		2,515		8,536		2,515
East	—		—		—		—
Subtotal	4,394		25,877		23,243		25,877
Total Inventory Impairments	$	6,200	$	28,415	$	27,500	$	29,075

The table below provides quantitative data, for the periods presented, where applicable, used in determining the fair value of the impaired inventory.

	Impairment Data					Quantitative Data
Three Months Ended	Number of Subdivisions Impaired	Inventory Impairments		Fair Value of Inventory After Impairments		Discount Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2023	2	$	6,200	$	17,116	15%	—	18%
June 30, 2023	1	13,500		17,886			18%
March 31, 2023	1	7,800		13,016		18%
Total		$	27,500
September 30, 2022	9	$	28,415	$	44,615	15%	—	18%
March 31, 2022	1	660		1,728			N/A
Total		$	29,075

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses:

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			Change		2023			2022			Change
	(Dollars in thousands)
General and administrative expenses	$	46,232		$	80,858		$	(34,626)	$	141,213		$	225,735		$	(84,522)
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sale revenues	4.3		%	5.7		%	-140 bps		4.4		%	5.5		%	-110 bps
Marketing expenses	$	24,875		$	26,355		$	(1,480)	$	70,608		$	78,022		$	(7,414)
Marketing expenses as a percentage of home sale revenues	2.3		%	1.9		%	40 bps		2.2		%	1.9		%	30 bps
Commissions expenses	$	30,204		$	34,222		$	(4,018)	$	91,211		$	100,841		$	(9,630)
Commissions expenses as a percentage of home sale revenues	2.8		%	2.4		%	40 bps		2.8		%	2.5		%	30 bps
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	101,311		$	141,435		$	(40,124)	$	303,032		$	404,598		$	(101,566)
Total selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sale revenues	9.3		%	10.0		%	-70 bps		9.4		%	9.9		%	-50 bps

General and administrative expenses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 due to lower stock-based and deferred compensation expenses, as well as decreased compensation related costs associated with a decline in headcount.

Marketing expenses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the previous period due to decreased master marketing fees, amortization of deferred selling cost, and model home expenses.

Commissions expenses decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 due to decreases in home sale revenues, partially offset by changes in our commission structure.

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Other Homebuilding Operating Data

Net New Orders and Active Subdivisions:

Changes in the dollar value of net new orders are impacted by changes in the number of net new orders and the average selling price of those homes. Commentary for each of our segments on significant changes in these two metrics is provided below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023						2022						% Change
	Homes	Dollar Value		Average Price		Monthly Absorption Rate *	Homes	Dollar Value		Average Price		Monthly Absorption Rate *	Homes		Dollar Value		Average Price		Monthly Absorption Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
West	1,022	$	590,558	$	577.8	2.38	193	$	93,481	$	484.4	0.51	430	%	532	%	19	%	371	%
Mountain	401	250,285		624.2		2.39	(3)	2,838		N/A		(0.02)	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
East	272	124,655		458.3		2.45	109	56,514		518.5		1.01	150	%	121	%	(12)	%	143	%
Total	1,695	$	965,498	$	569.6	2.39	299	$	152,833	$	511.1	0.46	467	%	532	%	11	%	416	%

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023						2022						% Change
	Homes	Dollar Value		Average Price		Monthly Absorption Rate *	Homes	Dollar Value		Average Price		Monthly Absorption Rate *	Homes		Dollar Value		Average Price		Monthly Absorption Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
West	3,375	$	1,939,875	$	574.8	2.68	2,754	$	1,677,039	$	608.9	2.66	23	%	16	%	(6)	%	1	%
Mountain	1,285	781,530		608.2		2.55	1,194	811,860		679.9		2.52	8	%	(4)	%	(11)	%	1	%
East	969	439,187		453.2		2.91	906	457,919		505.4		2.80	7	%	(4)	%	(10)	%	4	%
Total	5,629	$	3,160,592	$	561.5	2.68	4,854	$	2,946,818	$	607.1	2.64	16	%	7	%	(8)	%	2	%

*Calculated as total net new orders (gross orders less cancellations) in period ÷ average active communities during period ÷ number of months in period.

					Average Active Subdivisions				Average Active Subdivisions
	Active Subdivisions				Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		%		September 30,		%		September 30,		%
	2023	2022	Change		2023	2022	Change		2023	2022	Change
West	141	132	7	%	143	127	13	%	140	115	22	%
Mountain	55	51	8	%	56	52	8	%	56	53	6	%
East	39	37	5	%	37	36	3	%	37	36	3	%
Total	235	220	7	%	236	215	10	%	233	204	14	%

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the increase in the number of net new orders in each of our segments was primarily the result of an increase in the monthly sales absorption pace as well as an increase in average active subdivisions. The increase in the monthly sales absorption pace was driven by a higher pace of gross orders (before cancellations) as well as a decrease in cancellations as a percentage of gross sales during the respective periods. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the number of net new orders in each of our segments was negatively impacted by a decrease in the monthly sales absorption pace. This was driven by a lower pace of gross orders (before cancellations) as well as an increase in cancellations as a percentage of homes in beginning backlog to start the quarter. The lower pace of gross orders and increased cancellations experienced during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was the result of the sharp rise in mortgage interest rates and homebuyer concerns about purchasing in an uncertain housing market.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the decrease in the average selling price in each of our segments was due to decreases in base pricing and increased incentives.

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The increased cancellation rate during the three months ended September 30, 2022 affected the dollar value of net new orders and as a result the average selling price of those net orders. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the average selling price of our gross orders decreased approximately 4% as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in average selling price from the three months ended September 30, 2022 was due to increased incentives and decreases in base pricing during the three months ended December 31, 2022 and the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Cancellation Rate:

	Cancellations as a Percentage of Homes in Beginning Backlog
	Three Months Ended
	2023						2022
	September 30,		June 30,		March 31,		September 30,		June 30,		March 31,
West	16	%	19	%	26	%	17	%	10	%	8	%
Mountain	22	%	21	%	25	%	17	%	9	%	8	%
East	21	%	16	%	24	%	17	%	11	%	9	%
Total	17	%	19	%	25	%	17	%	10	%	8	%

	Cancellations as a Percentage of Gross Sales
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
West	24	%	79	%	25	%	36	%
Mountain	24	%	103	%	26	%	39	%
East	26	%	63	%	21	%	33	%
Total	24	%	81	%	25	%	36	%

In light of our recent pivot to build more spec homes, we believe it is appropriate to view our cancellations as a product of both our beginning backlog as well as our gross sales during the period. Our cancellation rate as a percentage of homes in beginning backlog was flat year-over-year for the three months ended September 30 2023 and 2022, due to a decrease in beginning backlog to start the period offset by an increase in cancellations during the three months ended September 30, 2022. However, our cancellation rate as a percentage of gross sales decreased year-over-year during the three months ended September 30, 2023 as a result of improved demand as well as the impact the sharp increase in mortgage interest rates in the prior year period had on our homebuyers in backlog who where unable to lock their interest rate prior to these increases.

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Backlog:

	September 30,
	2023					2022					% Change
	Homes	Dollar Value		Average Price		Homes	Dollar Value		Average Price		Homes		Dollar Value		Average Price
	(Dollars in thousands)
West	1,842	$	1,113,867	$	604.7	3,044	$	1,762,858	$	579.1	(39)	%	(37)	%	4	%
Mountain	533	355,759		667.5		1,508	1,038,037		688.4		(65)	%	(66)	%	(3)	%
East	400	188,972		472.4		786	396,406		504.3		(49)	%	(52)	%	(6)	%
Total	2,775	$	1,658,598	$	597.7	5,338	$	3,197,301	$	599.0	(48)	%	(48)	%	—	%

At September 30, 2023, we had 2,775 homes in backlog with a total value of $1.66 billion. This represented a 48% decrease in the number of homes in backlog and the dollar value of those homes in backlog from September 30, 2022. The decrease in the number of homes in backlog was primarily a result of a decrease in the level of net new orders during the second half of 2022, which continued to a lesser degree into the first quarter of 2023, as well as a shift in consumer preference to quick move-in homes and our associated pivot to build more spec homes. The decrease in average selling price in our Mountain and East segments was driven by decreases in base pricing during the second half of 2022 in most communities and to a lesser extent increased incentives. The increase in average selling price in the West segment was driven by a change in mix from our Arizona communities to our California communities, partially offset by a decrease in base pricing during the second half of 2022 and to a lesser extent increased incentives. Our ability to convert backlog into closings could be negatively impacted in future periods by ongoing inflation concerns, the Federal Reserve's quantitative tightening and the resulting impact on mortgage interest rates, consumer confidence, the current geopolitical environment and other factors, the extent to which is highly uncertain and depends on future developments.

Homes Completed or Under Construction (WIP lots):

	September 30,		%
	2023	2022	Change
Unsold:
Completed	236	187	26	%
Under construction	2,445	895	173	%
Total unsold started homes	2,681	1,082	148	%
Sold homes under construction or completed	2,585	5,094	(49)	%
Model homes under construction or completed	552	532	4	%
Total homes completed or under construction	5,818	6,708	(13)	%

The increase in total unsold started homes and decrease in sold homes under construction or completed is due to our recent pivot to build more spec homes.

Lots Owned and Optioned (including homes completed or under construction):

	September 30, 2023			September 30, 2022
	Lots Owned	Lots Optioned	Total	Lots Owned	Lots Optioned	Total	Total % Change
West	10,128	1,092	11,220	13,893	914	14,807	(24)	%
Mountain	4,420	1,793	6,213	6,151	2,458	8,609	(28)	%
East	3,218	1,702	4,920	3,848	1,992	5,840	(16)	%
Total	17,766	4,587	22,353	23,892	5,364	29,256	(24)	%

Our total owned and optioned lots at September 30, 2023 were 22,353, which represented a 24% decrease year-over-year. This decrease is a result of our intentional slowdown in land acquisition and approval activity in the second half of 2022 into the first quarter of 2023 due to the market uncertainty during those periods. We believe that our total lot supply is sufficient to meet our operating needs, consistent with our philosophy of maintaining a two to three year supply of land. See "Forward-Looking Statements" below.

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Financial Services

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				Change				September 30,				Change
	2023		2022		Amount		%		2023		2022		Amount		%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Financial services revenues
Mortgage operations	$	12,098	$	16,933	$	(4,835)	(29)	%	$	53,275	$	56,611	$	(3,337)	(6)	%
Other	11,671		17,168		(5,497)		(32)	%	32,599		42,850		(10,250)		(24)	%
Total financial services revenues	$	23,769	$	34,101	$	(10,332)	(30)	%	$	85,874	$	99,461	$	(13,587)	(14)	%
Financial services pretax income
Mortgage operations	$	3,098	$	5,676	$	(2,578)	(45)	%	$	26,676	$	23,782	$	2,894	12	%
Other	9,325		11,897		(2,571)		(22)	%	24,709		25,866		$	(1,156)	(4)	%
Total financial services pretax income	$	12,423	$	17,573	$	(5,150)	(29)	%	$	51,385	$	49,648	$	1,737	3	%

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, our financial services pretax income decreased to $12.4 million compared to $17.6 million in the third quarter of 2022. The decrease in financial services pretax income was driven by both our mortgage operations and other financial services segments. The decrease in mortgage operations pretax income was due to a decrease in mortgage servicing related income due to lower additions to the servicing portfolio during the quarter, as well as special financing programs offered during the quarter. This was partially offset by a decrease in salary related expenses driven by lower headcount and an increase in capture rate. The decrease in other financial services was driven by our insurance operations which saw a decrease in revenue due to a decrease in homes closed, partially offset by an increase in interest income due to increases in both interest rates and our cash and short-term investments year-over-year.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our financial services pretax income increased to $51.4 million compared to $49.6 million in the prior year period. The increase in financial services pretax income was due to our mortgage operations, partially offset by a decrease in other financial services. The main drivers of the increase in mortgage operations is due to a decrease in salary related expenses driven by lower headcount, an increase in capture rate. The main drivers of the decrease in other financial services is consistent with the third quarter commentary discussed above.

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The following table sets forth information for our mortgage operations segment relating to mortgage loans originated and capture rate.

	Three Months Ended						% or Percentage		Nine Months Ended						% or Percentage Change
	September 30,								September 30,
	2023			2022			Change		2023			2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Total Originations (including transfer loans):
Loans	1,225			1,447			(15)	%	3,766			4,278			(12)	%
Principal	$	544,428		$	688,983		(21)	%	$	1,696,923		$	1,998,086		(15)	%
Capture Rate Data:
Capture rate as % of all homes delivered	62		%	61		%	1	%	65		%	60		%	5	%
Capture rate as % of all homes delivered (excludes cash sales)	69		%	64		%	5	%	71		%	63		%	8	%
Mortgage Loan Origination Product Mix:
FHA loans	28		%	12		%	16	%	23		%	13		%	10	%
Other government loans (VA & USDA)	18		%	23		%	(5)	%	19		%	21		%	(2)	%
Total government loans	46		%	35		%	11	%	42		%	34		%	8	%
Conventional loans	54		%	65		%	(11)	%	58		%	66		%	(8)	%
	100		%	100		%	—	%	100		%	100		%	—	%
Loan Type:
Fixed rate	100		%	98		%	2	%	100		%	98		%	2	%
ARM	—		%	2		%	(2)	%	—		%	2		%	(2)	%
Credit Quality:
Average FICO Score	744			744			—	%	741			744			—	%
Other Data:	`			`
Average Combined LTV ratio	82		%	81		%	1	%	82		%	82		%	—	%
Full documentation loans	100		%	100		%	—	%	100		%	100		%	—	%
Loans Sold to Third Parties:
Loans	1,201			1,435			(16)	%	3,890			4,465			(13)	%
Principal	$	532,315		$	676,451		(21)	%	$	1,758,383		$	2,068,243		(15)	%

Income Taxes

Our overall effective income tax rates were 23.2% and 22.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 22.3% and 25.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. The rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 resulted in income tax expense of $32.5 million and $80.3 million, respectively, compared to the income tax expense of $41.4 million and $164.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The year-over-year increase in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due to a decrease in energy tax credits in 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act retroactively extended the energy tax credit for the period January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 during the quarter. The year-over-year decrease in the effective rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily related to a decrease in non-deductible executive compensation and an increase in the windfall on non-qualifying stock options exercised and lapsed restricted stock during the period.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND POLICIES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Management evaluates such estimates and judgments on an on-going basis and makes adjustments as deemed necessary. Actual results could differ from these estimates if conditions are significantly different in the future. See "Forward-Looking Statements" below.

Our critical accounting estimates and policies have not changed from those reported in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We use our liquidity and capital resources to (1) support our operations, including the purchase of land, land development and construction of homes; (2) provide working capital; and (3) provide mortgage loans for our homebuyers. Our liquidity includes our cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) and Mortgage Repurchase Facility (as defined below). Additionally, we have an existing effective shelf registration statement that allows us to issue equity, debt or hybrid securities up to $5.0 billion, of which $5.0 billion remains.

Material Cash Requirements

We are a party to many contractual obligations involving commitments to make payments to third parties. These obligations impact our short-term and long-term liquidity and capital resource needs. Certain contractual obligations are reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2023, while others are considered future commitments. Our contractual obligations primarily consist of long-term debt and related interest payments, payments due on our Mortgage Repurchase Facility, purchase obligations related to expected acquisition of land under purchase agreements and land development agreements (many of which are secured by letters of credit or surety bonds) and operating leases. Other material cash requirements include land acquisition and development costs not yet contracted for, home construction costs, operating expenses, including our selling, general and administrative expenses, investments and funding of capital improvements and dividend payments.

At September 30, 2023, we had outstanding senior notes with varying maturities totaling an aggregate principal amount of $1.50 billion, with none payable within 12 months. Future interest payments associated with the notes total $1.25 billion, with $64.2 million payable within 12 months. As of September 30, 2023, we had $27.3 million of required operating lease future minimum payments.

At September 30, 2023, we had deposits of $23.8 million in the form of cash and $7.9 million in the form of letters of credit that secured option contracts to purchase 4,587 lots for a total estimated purchase price of $479.8 million.

At September 30, 2023, we had outstanding surety bonds and letters of credit totaling $331.7 million and $109.1 million, respectively, including $62.1 million in letters of credit issued by HomeAmerican. The estimated cost to complete obligations related to these bonds and letters of credit was approximately $156.7 million and $47.1 million, respectively. We expect that the obligations secured by these performance bonds and letters of credit generally will be performed in the ordinary course of business and in accordance with the applicable contractual terms. To the extent that the obligations are performed, the related performance bonds and letters of credit should be released and we should not have any continuing obligations. However, in the event any such performance bonds or letters of credit are called, our indemnity obligations could require us to reimburse the issuer of the performance bond or letter of credit. We have made no material guarantees with respect to third-party obligations.

Capital Resources

Our capital structure is primarily a combination of (1) permanent financing, represented by stockholders’ equity; (2) long-term financing, represented by our 3.850% senior notes due 2030, 2.500% senior notes due 2031, 6.000% senior notes due 2043, and 3.966% senior notes due 2061; (3) our Revolving Credit Facility and (4) our Mortgage Repurchase Facility. Because of our current balance of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, ability to access the capital markets, and available capacity under both our Revolving Credit Facility and Mortgage Repurchase Facility, we believe that our capital resources are

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adequate to satisfy our short and long-term capital requirements, including meeting future payments on our senior notes as they become due. See “Forward-Looking Statements” below.

We may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding senior notes through cash purchases, whether through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. The amounts involved may be material.

Senior Notes, Revolving Credit Facility and Mortgage Repurchase Facility

Senior Notes. Our senior notes are not secured and, while the senior note indentures contain some restrictions on secured debt and other transactions, they do not contain financial covenants. Our senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by most of our homebuilding segment subsidiaries. We believe that we are in compliance with the representations, warranties and covenants in the senior note indentures.

Revolving Credit Facility. We have an unsecured revolving credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Facility”) with a group of lenders, which may be used for general corporate purposes. This agreement was amended on December 28, 2020 to (1) increase the aggregate commitment from $1.0 billion to $1.2 billion (the "Commitment"), (2) extend the Revolving Credit Facility maturity of $1.125 billion of the Commitments to December 18, 2025 with the remaining Commitment continuing to terminate on December 18, 2023 and (3) provide that the aggregate amount of the commitments may increase to an amount not to exceed $1.7 billion upon our request, subject to receipt of additional commitments from existing or additional lenders and, in the case of additional lenders, the consent of the co-administrative agents.

Effective April 11, 2023, the Revolving Credit Facility was amended to transition from a eurocurrency based interest rate to an interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). As defined in the Revolving Credit Facility, interest rates on base rate borrowings are equal to the highest of (1) 0.0%, (2) a prime rate, (3) a federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and (4) the one month term SOFR screen rate plus the SOFR adjustment plus 1.00% and, in each case, plus a margin that is determined based on our credit ratings and leverage ratio. Interest rates on SOFR borrowings are equal to the greater of (1) 0.0% and (2) the sum of the term SOFR screen rate for such interest period plus the SOFR adjustment, plus a margin that is determined based on our credit ratings and leverage ratio. At any time at which our leverage ratio, as of the last day of the most recent calendar quarter, exceeds 55%, the aggregate principal amount of all consolidated senior debt borrowings outstanding may not exceed the borrowing base. There is no borrowing base requirement if our leverage ratio, as of the last day of the most recent calendar quarter, is 55% or less.

The Revolving Credit Facility is fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by most of our homebuilding segment subsidiaries. The facility contains various representations, warranties and covenants that we believe are customary for agreements of this type. The financial covenants include a consolidated tangible net worth test and a leverage test, along with a consolidated tangible net worth covenant, all as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility. A failure to satisfy the foregoing tests does not constitute an event of default, but can trigger a “term-out” of the facility. A breach of the consolidated tangible net worth covenant (but not the consolidated tangible net worth test) or a violation of anti-corruption or sanctions laws would result in an event of default.

The Revolving Credit Facility is subject to acceleration upon certain specified events of default, including breach of the consolidated tangible net worth covenant, a violation of anti-corruption or sanctions laws, failure to make timely payments, breaches of certain representations or covenants, failure to pay other material indebtedness, or another person becoming beneficial owner of 50% or more of our outstanding common stock. We believe we were in compliance with the representations, warranties and covenants included in the Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2023.

We incur costs associated with unused commitment fees pursuant to the terms of the Revolving Credit Facility. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $47.0 million and $48.3 million, respectively, in letters of credit outstanding, which reduced the amounts available to be borrowed under the Revolving Credit Facility. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $10.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively, outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2023, availability under the Revolving Credit Facility was approximately $1.14 billion.

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Mortgage Repurchase Facility. HomeAmerican has a Master Repurchase Agreement (the “Mortgage Repurchase Facility”) with U.S. Bank National Association (“USBNA”). The Mortgage Repurchase Facility provides liquidity to HomeAmerican by providing for the sale of up to an aggregate of $75 million (subject to increase by up to $75 million under certain conditions) of eligible mortgage loans to USBNA with an agreement by HomeAmerican to repurchase the mortgage loans at a future date. Until such mortgage loans are transferred back to HomeAmerican, the documents relating to such loans are held by USBNA, as custodian, pursuant to the Custody Agreement (“Custody Agreement”), dated as of November 12, 2008, by and between HomeAmerican and USBNA. In the event that an eligible mortgage loan becomes ineligible, as defined under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility, HomeAmerican may be required to repurchase the ineligible mortgage loan immediately. The Mortgage Repurchase Facility was amended on May 20, 2021, December 21, 2021, May 19, 2022 and May 18, 2023 to adjust the commitments to purchase for specific time periods. The total capacity of the facility at September 30, 2023 was $150 million. The May 18, 2023 amendment extended the termination date of the Repurchase Agreement to May 16, 2024.

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, HomeAmerican had $145.5 million and $175.8 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that HomeAmerican was obligated to repurchase under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility. Mortgage loans that HomeAmerican is obligated to repurchase under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility are accounted for as a debt financing arrangement and are reported as mortgage repurchase facility in the consolidated balance sheets. Pricing under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility is based on SOFR.

The Mortgage Repurchase Facility contains various representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants that we believe are customary for agreements of this type. The negative covenants include, among others, (i) a minimum Adjusted Tangible Net Worth requirement, (ii) a maximum Adjusted Tangible Net Worth ratio, (iii) a minimum adjusted net income requirement, and (iv) a minimum Liquidity requirement. The foregoing capitalized terms are defined in the Mortgage Repurchase Facility. We believe HomeAmerican was in compliance with the representations, warranties and covenants included in the Mortgage Repurchase Facility as of September 30, 2023.

Dividends

During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we paid cash dividends of $0.55 per share and $0.50 per share, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 we paid cash dividends of $1.55 per share, compared to $1.50 in the same period of 2022.

MDC Common Stock Repurchase Program

At September 30, 2023, we were authorized to repurchase up to 4.0 million shares of our common stock. We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

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Consolidated Cash Flow

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $623.1 million compared with net cash provided by operating activities of $344.0 million in the prior year period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, one of the most significant sources of cash provided by operating activities was net income of $281.5 million and $482.4 million, respectively. Another significant source of cash provided by operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was cash provided by the decrease in land and land under development of $456.4 million, compared to cash used of $19.7 million by the increase in land and land under development in the same period in the prior year. This decrease in 2023 was the result of home starts outnumbering lot acquisitions during the period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, cash used by housing completed or under construction was $202.9 million and $319.1 million, respectively. Cash used in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was impacted by an increase in land and land under development balance per home under construction as a result of increased construction costs and the construction status of those homes under construction at the beginning and end of the period. Cash used in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was impacted by an increase in the number of homes under construction during the period. Cash provided by the decrease in trade and other receivables for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $45.0 million compared to cash used to increase trade and other receivables for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 of $19.3 million. This change was due to a year-over-year decrease in home deliveries during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Cash used by the change in accounts payable and accrued liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $55.5 million compared to cash provided of $12.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The change in accounts payable and accrued liabilities was due to decreased construction spend during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash provided in investing activities was $145.7 million compared to cash used of $312.6 million in the same period in the prior year. The increase in net cash provided in investing activities was driven by $1.25 billion of cash provided by the maturities of marketable securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This was partially offset by cash used in the purchase of marketable securities of $1.09 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, net cash used in financing activities was $123.6 million and $178.4 million respectively. The primary driver of this decrease in net cash used in financing activities was the increase in cash provided on the issuance of shares under stock based compensation programs. The nine months ended September 30, 2023 saw cash provided of $20.8 million compared to cash used of $11.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 resulting from an increase in cash received from the exercise of stock options driven by an increase in the number of stock options exercised year-over-year.

-40-

OTHER

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as statements made by us in periodic press releases, oral statements made by our officials in the course of presentations about the Company and conference calls in connection with quarterly earnings releases, constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies and prospects. These forward-looking statements may be identified by terminology such as “likely,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue,” or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained in this Report are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. However, any further disclosures made on related subjects in subsequent reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K should be considered. Additionally, information about issues that could lead to material changes in performance and risk factors that have the potential to affect us are contained under the caption “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and Item 1A of Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3.         Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We have a cash and investment policy that enables us to achieve an appropriate investment return while preserving principal and managing risk. Under this policy, cash and cash equivalents may include U.S. government securities, commercial bank deposits, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, money market funds, and time deposits, with maturities of three months or less. Marketable securities under this policy may include holdings in U.S. government securities with a maturity of more than three months, equity securities and corporate debt securities.

As of September 30, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents included commercial bank deposits, money market funds and time deposits and our marketable securities included U.S. government treasury securities with original maturities upon acquisition of less than six months.

We are exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates on mortgage loans held-for-sale, mortgage interest rate lock commitments, marketable securities and debt. Financial instruments utilized in the normal course of business by HomeAmerican include forward sales of mortgage-backed securities, which are commitments to sell a specified financial instrument at a specified future date for a specified price, mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments, which are obligations of an investor to buy loans at a specified price within a specified time period, and best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments, which are obligations of an investor to buy loans at a specified price subject to the underlying mortgage loans being funded and closed. Such contracts are the only significant financial and derivative instruments utilized by MDC. HomeAmerican’s mortgage loans in process for which an interest rate lock commitment had been made to a borrower that had not closed at September 30, 2023 had an aggregate principal balance of $274.2 million, of which $273.7 million had not yet been committed to a mortgage purchaser. In addition, HomeAmerican had mortgage loans held-for-sale with an aggregate principal balance of $166.9 million at September 30, 2023, of which $111.0 million had not yet been committed to a mortgage purchaser. In order to hedge the changes in fair value of interest rate lock commitments and mortgage loans held-for-sale that had not yet been committed to a mortgage purchaser, HomeAmerican had forward sales of securities totaling $366.0 million and $323.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

-41-

HomeAmerican provides mortgage loans that generally are sold forward on a best-efforts or mandatory commitment basis and subsequently delivered to a third-party purchaser between 5 and 35 days after closing. Forward sale commitments and forward sales of mortgage-backed securities are used for non-trading purposes to sell mortgage loans and economically hedge price risk due to fluctuations in interest rates on rate-locked mortgage loans in process that have not closed and mortgage loans held-for-sale. Due to this economic hedging philosophy, the market risk associated with these mortgages is limited. For forward sales commitments, forward sales of mortgage-backed securities and commitments to originate mortgage loans that are still outstanding at the end of a reporting period, we record the changes in fair value of these financial instruments in revenues in the financial services section of the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income with an offset to either other assets or accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the financial services section of our consolidated balance sheets, depending on the nature of the change.

We utilize our Revolving Credit Facility, our Mortgage Repurchase Facility and senior notes in our financing strategy. For fixed rate debt, changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of the debt instrument, but do not affect our earnings or cash flows. We do not have an obligation to prepay our senior notes prior to maturity and, as a result, interest rate risk and changes in fair value do not have an impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. For variable rate debt such as our Revolving Credit Facility and Mortgage Repurchase Facility, changes in interest rates generally do not affect the fair value of the outstanding borrowing on the debt facilities, but do affect our earnings and cash flows. See “Forward-Looking Statements” above.

Item 4.        Controls and Procedures

(a)Conclusion regarding the effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures - An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures was performed under the supervision, and with the participation, of our management, including the Executive Chairman (principal executive officer) and the Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer).  Based on that evaluation, our management, including the Executive Chairman and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(b)Changes in internal control over financial reporting - There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

-42-

M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.        Legal Proceedings

Because of the nature of the homebuilding business, we and certain of our subsidiaries and affiliates have been named as defendants in various claims, complaints and other legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, including product liability claims and claims associated with the sale and financing of our homes. In the opinion of management, the outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 1A.     Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risk factors that appeared under Item 1A. Risk Factors in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors included within the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Financial industry turmoil could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and consolidated financial statements.

The banking industry has experienced certain bank failures and other turmoil in 2023. The failure of other banks or financial institutions, if it occurs, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity or consolidated financial statements if we have placed cash or other deposits at such banks or financial institutions, or if such banks or financial institutions, or any substitute or additional banks or financial institutions, participate in our Revolving Credit Facility. Under our Revolving Credit Facility, non-defaulting lenders are not obligated to cover or acquire a defaulting lender’s respective commitment to fund loans or to issue letters of credit and may be unwilling to issue additional letters of credit if we do not enter into arrangements to address the risk with respect to the defaulting lender (which may include cash collateral). If the non-defaulting lenders are unable or unwilling to cover or acquire a defaulting lender’s respective commitment, we may not be able to access the Revolving Credit Facility’s full borrowing or letter of credit capacity to support our business needs. In addition, if a buyer under our Mortgage Repurchase Facility, which is used to fund mortgage originations, fails or is unable or unwilling to fulfill its obligations, HomeAmerican may be limited in its ability to provide mortgage loans to our homebuyers, which may prevent them from closing on their homes at the time expected or at all.

Item 2.        Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The following table provides information about our repurchase of common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2023:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid Per Share	Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program (2)	Maximum Number of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Plan or Program (2)
July 1 to July 31, 2023	—	N/A	—	4,000,000
August 1 to August 31, 2023	—	N/A	—	4,000,000
September 1 to September 30, 2023	—	N/A	—	4,000,000

(1) Represents shares of common stock withheld by us to cover withholding taxes due upon the vesting of restricted stock award shares, at the election of certain holders of nonvested shares, with market value approximating the amount of withholding taxes due.

(2) We are authorized to repurchase up to 4,000,000 shares of our common stock. There were no shares of MDC common stock repurchased under this repurchase program during the three month period ended September 30, 2023. This repurchase authorization was announced on October 25, 2005 and has no expiration.

-43-

Item 5.        Other Information

On July 31, 2023, the Company's Chief Accounting Officer, Derek R. Kimmerle, entered into an irrevocable tax withholding election intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of SEC Rule 10b5-1(c). The elections provides that shares of stock subject to restricted stock awards that vest in calendar year 2024 will be withheld by the Company in an amount to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations.

Item 6.        Exhibits

10.1	Form of 2023 Senior Executive Officer Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement (2021 Equity Incentive Plan) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed August 25, 2023). *
10.2	Form of 2023 Executive Officer Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement (2021 Equity Incentive Plan) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 25, 2023).*
22	Subsidiary Guarantors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 22 to the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021). *
31.1	Certification of principal executive officer required by 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a), pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of principal financial officer required by 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a), pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification of principal executive officer required by 17 CFR 240.13a-14(b), pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certification of principal financial officer required by 17 CFR 240.13a-14(b), pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101	The following financial statements, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022; and (v) Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

____________________

*Incorporated by reference.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.
	(Registrant)
Date: October 26, 2023	By: /s/ Robert N. Martin
	Robert N. Martin Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and duly authorized officer)
Date: October 26, 2023	By: /s/ Derek R. Kimmerle
	Derek R. Kimmerle
	Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (chief accounting officer and duly authorized officer)

-44-

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Larry A. Mizel, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this report on Form 10-Q of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 26, 2023	/s/ Larry A. Mizel
	Larry A. Mizel Executive Chairman (principal executive officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Robert N. Martin, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this report on Form 10-Q of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 26, 2023	/s/ Robert N. Martin
	Robert N. Martin Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned principal executive officer of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") hereby certifies that the Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the period ended September 30, 2023 accompanying this certification, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in the periodic report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: October 26, 2023	/s/ Larry A. Mizel
	Larry A. Mizel Executive Chairman (principal executive officer)

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 1350 of Title 18, United States Code, and is not being filed as part of the report or as a separate disclosure document.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned principal financial officer of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. (the "Company") hereby certifies that the Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the period ended September 30, 2023 accompanying this certification, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in the periodic report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: October 26, 2023	/s/ Robert N. Martin
	Robert N. Martin Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer)

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 1350 of Title 18, United States Code, and is not being filed as part of the report or as a separate disclosure document.

XML

Cover Page - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Oct. 23, 2023
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-8951
Entity Registrant Name	M.D.C. HOLDINGS, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	84-0622967
Entity Address, Address Line One	4350 South Monaco Street, Suite 500
Entity Address, City or Town	Denver
Entity Address, State or Province	CO
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	80237
City Area Code	303
Local Phone Number	773-1100
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		74,661,479
Entity Central Index Key	0000773141
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $.01 par value
Trading Symbol	MDC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Senior Notes 6.000 % Due January 2043
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6% Senior Notes due January 2043
Trading Symbol	MDC 43
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventories:
Housing completed or under construction	$ 1,921,134	$ 1,722,061
Land and land under development	1,315,196	1,793,718
Total inventories	3,236,330	3,515,779
Total Assets	5,488,003	5,363,272
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Total Liabilities	2,195,460	2,271,488
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding	0	0
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 250,000,000 shares authorized; 74,662,468 and 72,585,596 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	747	726
Additional paid-in-capital	1,817,494	1,784,173
Retained earnings	1,474,211	1,306,885
Accumulated other comprehensive income	91	0
Total Stockholders' Equity	3,292,543	3,091,784
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	5,488,003	5,363,272
Homebuilding:
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	1,207,532	696,075
Restricted cash	4,300	3,143
Marketable securities	346,351	443,712
Trade and other receivables	81,305	116,364
Inventories:
Housing completed or under construction	1,921,134	1,722,061
Land and land under development	1,315,196	1,793,718
Total inventories	3,236,330	3,515,779
Property and equipment, net	62,403	63,730
Deferred tax asset, net	46,615	49,252
Prepaids and other assets	70,791	70,007
Total Assets	5,055,627	4,958,062
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accounts payable	135,265	109,218
Accrued and other liabilities	312,882	383,406
Revolving credit facility	10,000	10,000
Senior notes, net	1,483,193	1,482,576
Total Liabilities	1,941,340	1,985,200
Financial Services:
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	150,457	17,877
Marketable securities	79,166	117,388
Inventories:
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	164,254	229,513
Other assets	38,499	40,432
Total Assets	432,376	405,210
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	108,650	110,536
Mortgage repurchase facility	145,470	175,752
Total Liabilities	$ 254,120	$ 286,288

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	25,000,000	25,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	250,000,000	250,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	74,662,468	72,585,596
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	74,662,468	72,585,596

XML

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Inventory impairments	$ (6,200)	$ (28,415)	$ (27,500)	$ (29,075)
Total pretax income	139,807	185,789	361,826	646,634
Provision for income taxes	(32,502)	(41,389)	(80,328)	(164,271)
Net income	107,305	144,400	281,498	482,363
Other comprehensive income net of tax:
Unrealized gain related to available-for-sale debt securities	1	0	91	0
Other comprehensive income	1	0	91	0
Comprehensive income	$ 107,306	$ 144,400	$ 281,589	$ 482,363
Earnings per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 1.44	$ 2.03	$ 3.82	$ 6.78
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 1.40	$ 1.98	$ 3.73	$ 6.59
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	74,198,016	70,880,405	73,265,878	70,829,761
Diluted (in shares)	76,253,178	72,729,453	75,106,356	72,892,635
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.55	$ 0.50	$ 1.55	$ 1.50
Homebuilding:
Revenues	$ 1,087,050	$ 1,407,642	$ 3,210,536	$ 4,098,985
Home cost of sales	(872,624)	(1,059,996)	(2,622,362)	(3,043,390)
Inventory impairments	(6,200)	(28,415)	(27,500)	(29,075)
Total cost of sales	(878,824)	(1,088,411)	(2,649,862)	(3,072,465)
Gross profit	208,226	319,231	560,674	1,026,520
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(101,311)	(141,435)	(303,032)	(404,598)
Interest and other income	20,414	2,220	51,812	3,797
Other income (expense)	55	(11,800)	987	(28,733)
Total pretax income	127,384	168,216	310,441	596,986
Financial Services:
Revenues	23,769	34,101	85,874	99,461
Expenses	(15,494)	(18,704)	(46,231)	(54,440)
Other income, net	4,148	2,176	11,742	4,627
Total pretax income	$ 12,423	$ 17,573	$ 51,385	$ 49,648

XML

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		70,668,093
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 2,597,146	$ 707	$ 1,709,276	$ 887,163	$ 0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	148,421			148,421
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net (in shares)		498,921
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	(12,628)	$ 5	(12,633)
Cash dividends declared	(35,583)			(35,583)
Stock-based compensation expense	13,726		13,726
Forfeiture of restricted stock (in shares)		(4,769)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		71,162,245
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022	2,711,082	$ 712	1,710,369	1,000,001	0
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		70,668,093
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	2,597,146	$ 707	1,709,276	887,163	0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	482,363
Other comprehensive income (loss)	0
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022		71,254,143
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022	3,009,204	$ 713	1,745,750	1,262,741	0
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		71,162,245
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2022	2,711,082	$ 712	1,710,369	1,000,001	0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	189,542			189,542
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net (in shares)		(1,573)
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	(58)		(58)
Cash dividends declared	(35,580)			(35,580)
Stock-based compensation expense	9,331		9,331
Forfeiture of restricted stock (in shares)		(2,797)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		71,157,875
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022	2,874,317	$ 712	1,719,642	1,153,963	0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	144,400			144,400
Other comprehensive income (loss)	0
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net (in shares)		101,269
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	1,141	$ 1	1,140
Cash dividends declared	(35,622)			(35,622)
Stock-based compensation expense	24,968		24,968
Forfeiture of restricted stock (in shares)		(5,001)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022		71,254,143
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 3,009,204	$ 713	1,745,750	1,262,741	0
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	72,585,596	72,585,596
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 3,091,784	$ 726	1,784,173	1,306,885	0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	80,700			80,700
Other comprehensive income (loss)	323				323
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net (in shares)		503,022
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	(11,740)	$ 5	(11,745)
Cash dividends declared	(36,543)			(36,543)
Stock-based compensation expense	5,597		5,597
Forfeiture of restricted stock (in shares)		(1,283)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		73,087,335
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 3,130,121	$ 731	1,778,025	1,351,042	323
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	72,585,596	72,585,596
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 3,091,784	$ 726	1,784,173	1,306,885	0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	281,498
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$ 91
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	74,662,468	74,662,468
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 3,292,543	$ 747	1,817,494	1,474,211	91
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		73,087,335
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023	3,130,121	$ 731	1,778,025	1,351,042	323
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	93,493			93,493
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(233)				(233)
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net (in shares)		1,459,256
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	31,332	$ 14	31,318
Cash dividends declared	(36,566)			(36,566)
Stock-based compensation expense	2,956		2,956
Forfeiture of restricted stock (in shares)		(2,370)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		74,544,221
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	3,221,103	$ 745	1,812,299	1,407,969	90
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	107,305			107,305	0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	1				1
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net (in shares)		118,247
Shares issued under stock-based compensation programs, net	1,220	$ 2	1,218
Cash dividends declared	(41,063)			(41,063)
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 3,977		3,977
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	74,662,468	74,662,468
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 3,292,543	$ 747	$ 1,817,494	$ 1,474,211	$ 91

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Operating Activities:
Net income	$ 107,305	$ 144,400	$ 281,498	$ 482,363
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense			14,358	50,348
Depreciation and amortization			17,870	20,663
Inventory impairments	6,200	28,415	27,500	29,075
Project abandonment costs			(963)	28,758
Amortization of discount of marketable debt securities			(24,864)	(1,082)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)			2,608	(4,180)
Net changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade and other receivables			44,979	(19,321)
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net			65,259	91,696
Prepaids and other assets			(3,097)	(8,050)
Accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities			(55,528)	12,506
Net cash provided by operating activities			623,149	343,953
Investing Activities:
Purchases of marketable securities			(1,088,433)	(291,126)
Maturities of marketable securities			1,249,000	0
Purchases of property and equipment			(14,880)	(21,429)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities			145,687	(312,555)
Financing Activities:
Payments on mortgage repurchase facility, net			(30,282)	(60,086)
Dividend payments			(114,172)	(106,785)
Issuance of shares under stock-based compensation programs, net			20,812	(11,545)
Net cash used in financing activities			(123,642)	(178,416)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash			645,194	(147,018)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Beginning of period			717,095	603,459
End of period	1,362,289	456,441	1,362,289	456,441
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	1,362,289	456,441	1,362,289	456,441
Homebuilding:
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Inventory impairments	6,200	28,415	27,500	29,075
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents	1,207,532	417,298	1,207,532	417,298
Restricted cash	4,300	4,657	4,300	4,657
Financial Services:
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 150,457	$ 34,486	150,457	34,486
Housing completed or under construction
Net changes in assets and liabilities:
Housing completed or under construction and land under development			(202,912)	(319,083)
Land and land under development
Net changes in assets and liabilities:
Housing completed or under construction and land under development			$ 456,441	$ (19,740)

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Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. ("MDC," “the Company," “we,” “us,” or “our,” which refer to M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries) have been prepared, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. These statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of MDC at September 30, 2023 and for all periods presented. These statements should be read in conjunction with MDC’s Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in MDC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Included in these footnotes are certain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies and prospects. These forward-looking statements may be identified by terminology such as “likely,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue,” or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained in this section are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. However, any further disclosures made on related subjects in subsequent reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K should be considered.

Where necessary, reclassifications have been made to our prior period financial information to conform to the current year presentation.

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Recently Issued Accounting Standards

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Adopted New Accounting Standards

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848),” as amended by ASU 2021-01 in January 2021 and ASU 2022-06 in December 2022, directly addressing the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting as a result of the cessation of the publication of certain LIBOR rates beginning December 31, 2021, with complete elimination of the publication of the LIBOR rates by June 30, 2023. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform by virtue of referencing LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. This guidance became effective on March 12, 2020 and can be adopted no later than December 31, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this amendment in the second quarter of 2023. The adoption of ASU 2020-04, as amended by ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06, did not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income.

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Segment Reporting

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting, Disclosure of Entity's Reportable Segments [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available and is reviewed regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, to evaluate performance and make operating decisions. We have identified our CODM as two key executives—the Executive Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”).

We have identified each homebuilding division as an operating segment. Our homebuilding operating segments have been aggregated into the reportable segments noted below because they are similar in the following regards: (1) economic characteristics; (2) housing products; (3) class of homebuyer; (4) regulatory environments; and (5) methods used to construct and sell homes. Our homebuilding reportable segments conducted ongoing operations in the following states:

•West (Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas and Washington)

•Mountain (Colorado, Idaho and Utah)

•East (Alabama, Florida, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Virginia)

Our financial services business consists of the following operating segments: (1) HomeAmerican Mortgage Corporation (“HomeAmerican”); (2) Allegiant Insurance Company, Inc., A Risk Retention Group (“Allegiant”); (3) StarAmerican Insurance Ltd. (“StarAmerican”); (4) American Home Insurance Agency, Inc.; and (5) American Home Title and Escrow Company. Due to its contributions to consolidated pretax income, we consider HomeAmerican to be a reportable segment (“mortgage operations”). The remaining operating segments have been aggregated into one reportable segment (“other”) because they do not individually exceed 10 percent of: (1) consolidated revenue; (2) the greater of (a) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or (b) the positive value of the combined reported loss of all operating segments that reported losses; or (3) consolidated assets.

Corporate is a non-operating segment that develops and implements strategic initiatives and supports our operating divisions by centralizing key administrative functions such as finance, treasury, information technology, insurance, risk management, litigation and human resources. Corporate also provides the necessary administrative functions to support MDC as a publicly traded company. A portion of the expenses incurred by Corporate are allocated to the homebuilding operating segments based on their respective percentages of assets and, to a lesser degree, a portion of Corporate expenses are allocated to the financial services segments. A majority of Corporate’s personnel and resources are primarily dedicated to activities relating to the homebuilding segments, and, therefore, the balance of any unallocated Corporate expenses is included in the homebuilding operations section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

The following table summarizes revenues for our homebuilding and financial services operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding
West	$	651,472	$	772,356	$	1,845,964	$	2,267,946
Mountain	284,142		424,397		931,367		1,196,526
East	151,436		210,889		433,205		634,513
Total homebuilding revenues	$	1,087,050	$	1,407,642	$	3,210,536	$	4,098,985
Financial Services
Mortgage operations	$	12,098	$	16,933	$	53,275	$	56,611
Other	11,671		17,168		32,599		42,850
Total financial services revenues	$	23,769	$	34,101	$	85,874	$	99,461

The following table summarizes pretax income (loss) for our homebuilding and financial services operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding
West	$	60,792	$	105,680	$	133,631	$	384,714
Mountain	38,211		68,106		107,923		197,747
East	15,891		28,245		45,349		94,046
Corporate	12,490		(33,815)		23,538		(79,521)
Total homebuilding pretax income	$	127,384	$	168,216	$	310,441	$	596,986
Financial Services
Mortgage operations	$	3,098	$	5,676	$	26,676	$	23,782
Other	9,325		11,897		24,709		25,866
Total financial services pretax income	$	12,423	$	17,573	$	51,385	$	49,648
Total pretax income	$	139,807	$	185,789	$	361,826	$	646,634

The following table summarizes total assets for our homebuilding and financial services operations. The assets in our West, Mountain and East segments consist primarily of inventory while the assets in our Corporate segment primarily include our cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and deferred tax assets. The assets in our financial services segment consist mostly of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and mortgage loans held-for-sale.

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding assets
West	$	2,083,054	$	2,275,144
Mountain	854,877		1,005,622
East	460,413		427,926
Corporate	1,657,283		1,249,370
Total homebuilding assets	$	5,055,627	$	4,958,062
Financial services assets
Mortgage operations	$	203,872	$	267,309
Other	228,504		137,901
Total financial services assets	$	432,376	$	405,210
Total assets	$	5,488,003	$	5,363,272

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Earnings Per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share

Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 260, Earnings per Share ("ASC 260") requires a company that has participating security holders (for example, holders of unvested restricted stock that have non-forfeitable dividend rights) to utilize the two-class method for calculating earnings per share (“EPS”) unless the treasury stock method results in lower EPS. The two-class method is an allocation of earnings/(loss) between the holders of common stock and a company’s participating security holders. Under the two-class method, earnings/(loss) for the reporting period are allocated between common shareholders and other security holders based on their respective rights to receive distributed earnings (i.e., dividends) and undistributed earnings (i.e., net income/(loss)). Our common shares outstanding are comprised of shareholder owned common stock and shares of unvested restricted stock held by participating security holders. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing income or loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, excluding participating shares in accordance with ASC 260. To calculate diluted EPS, basic EPS is adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive stock options outstanding and contingently issuable equity awards. The table below shows our basic and diluted EPS calculations.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator
Net income	$	107,305	$	144,400	$	281,498	$	482,363
Less: distributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(248)		(180)		(651)		(535)
Less: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(378)		(522)		(895)		(1,784)
Net income attributable to common stockholders (numerator for basic earnings per share)	106,679		143,698		279,952		480,044
Add back: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	378		522		895		1,784
Less: undistributed earnings reallocated to participating securities	(372)		(513)		(878)		(1,745)
Numerator for diluted earnings per share under two-class method	$	106,685	$	143,707	$	279,969	$	480,083
Denominator
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	74,198,016		70,880,405		73,265,878		70,829,761
Add: dilutive effect of stock options	1,249,797		1,189,243		1,426,970		1,573,814
Add: dilutive effect of contingently issuable equity awards	805,365		659,805		413,508		489,060
Denominator for diluted earnings per share under two-class method	76,253,178		72,729,453		75,106,356		72,892,635
Basic Earnings Per Common Share	$	1.44	$	2.03	$	3.82	$	6.78
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share	$	1.40	$	1.98	$	3.73	$	6.59

Diluted EPS for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 excluded options to purchase 15,000 shares of common stock, because the effect of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. There were excluded options to purchase 1,861,534 shares of common stock because the effect of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”), defines fair value, establishes guidelines for measuring fair value and expands disclosures regarding fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The following table sets forth the fair values and methods used for measuring the fair values of financial instruments on a recurring basis, except those for which the carrying values approximate fair values:

		Fair Value
Financial Instrument	Hierarchy	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(Dollars in thousands)
Marketable securities
Debt securities (available-for-sale)	Level 1	$	425,517	$	561,100
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	Level 2	$	164,254	$	229,513
Derivative and financial instruments, net (Note 17)
Interest rate lock commitments	Level 2	$	(1,265)	$	(1,678)
Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities	Level 2	$	5,452	$	(5,269)
Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments	Level 2	$	(61)	$	791
Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments	Level 2	$	48	$	1,976

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Debt securities. Our debt securities consist of U.S. government treasury securities with original maturities upon acquisition of less than six months and are treated as available-for-sale investments and, as such, are recorded at fair value with all changes in fair value initially recorded through other comprehensive income. Debt securities are reviewed on a regular basis for impairment. There were no impairments recorded during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The estimated fair value, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses and amortized cost for debt securities by major classification are as follows:

	September 30, 2023								December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Government	$	425,397	$	120	$	—	$	425,517	$	561,100	$	—	$	—	$	561,100
Total Debt Securities	$	425,397	$	120	$	—	$	425,517	$	561,100	$	—	$	—	$	561,100

Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net.  Our mortgage loans held-for-sale, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, include (1) mortgage loans held-for-sale that are under commitments to sell and (2) mortgage loans held-for-sale that are not under commitments to sell. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $54.7 million and $142.9 million, respectively, of mortgage loans held-for-sale at fair value under commitments to sell. The fair value for those loans was based on quoted market prices for those mortgage loans, which are Level 2 fair value inputs. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $109.5 million and $86.6 million, respectively, of mortgage loans held-for-sale that were not under commitments to sell. The fair value for those loans was primarily based upon the estimated market price received from an outside party, which is a Level 2 fair value input.

Gains (losses) on mortgage loans, net, are included as a component of revenues in the financial services section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we

recorded losses on mortgage loans held-for-sale, net of $2.3 million and $7.9 million, respectively, compared to losses of $4.3 million and $13.6 million for the same periods in the prior year.

Derivative and financial instruments, net. Our derivatives and financial instruments, which include (1) interest rate lock commitments, (2) forward sales of mortgage-backed securities, (3) mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments and (4) best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis based on market prices for similar instruments.

For the financial assets and liabilities that the Company does not reflect at fair value, the following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments.

Cash and cash equivalents (excluding debt securities with an original maturity of three months or less), restricted cash, trade and other receivables, prepaids and other assets, accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities and borrowings on our revolving credit facility. Fair value approximates carrying value.

Mortgage Repurchase Facility. The debt associated with our mortgage repurchase facility (see Note 18 for further discussion) is at floating rates that approximate current market rates and have relatively short-term maturities, generally within 30 days. The fair value approximates carrying value and is based on Level 2 inputs.

Senior Notes. The estimated values of the senior notes in the following table are based on Level 2 inputs, which primarily reflect estimated prices for our senior notes that were provided by multiple sources.

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
$300 million 3.850% Senior Notes due January 2030, net	$	298,141	$	250,922	$	297,949	$	246,236
$350 million 2.500% Senior Notes due January 2031, net	347,633		261,309		347,413		255,374
$500 million 6.000% Senior Notes due January 2043, net	491,292		415,994		491,120		414,017
$350 million 3.966% Senior Notes due August 2061, net	346,127		193,774		346,094		204,014
Total	$	1,483,193	$	1,121,999	$	1,482,576	$	1,119,641

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Inventories

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

Inventories

The following table sets forth, by reportable segment, information relating to our homebuilding inventories:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Housing completed or under construction:
West	$	1,191,600	$	1,026,880
Mountain	464,534		511,092
East	265,000		184,089
Subtotal	1,921,134		1,722,061
Land and land under development:
West	793,379		1,145,119
Mountain	356,655		433,893
East	165,162		214,706
Subtotal	1,315,196		1,793,718
Total inventories	$	3,236,330	$	3,515,779

Our inventories are primarily associated with communities where we intend to construct and sell homes, including models and unsold homes. Costs capitalized to land and land under development primarily include: (1) land costs; (2) land development costs; (3) entitlement costs; (4) capitalized interest; (5) engineering fees; and (6) title insurance, real property taxes and closing costs directly related to the purchase of the land parcel. Components of housing completed or under construction primarily include: (1) land costs transferred from land and land under development; (2) direct construction costs associated with a house; (3) real property taxes, engineering fees, permits and other fees; (4) capitalized interest; and (5) indirect construction costs, which include field construction management salaries and benefits, utilities and other construction related costs. Land costs are transferred from land and land under development to housing completed or under construction at the point in time that construction of a home on an owned lot begins.

In accordance with ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment (“ASC 360”), homebuilding inventories, excluding those classified as held for sale, are carried at cost unless events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the underlying subdivision may not be recoverable.  We evaluate inventories for impairment at each quarter end on a subdivision level basis as each such subdivision represents the lowest level of identifiable cash flows. In making this determination, we review, among other things, the following for each subdivision:

•actual and trending “Operating Margin” (which is defined as home sale revenues less home cost of sales and all incremental costs associated directly with the subdivision, including sales commissions and marketing costs);

•forecasted Operating Margin for homes in backlog;

•actual and trending net home orders;

•homes available for sale;

•market information for each sub-market, including competition levels, home foreclosure levels, the size and style of homes currently being offered for sale and lot size; and

•known or probable events indicating that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our inventory may not be recoverable, assets are reviewed for impairment by comparing the undiscounted estimated future cash flows from an individual subdivision (including capitalized interest) to its carrying value. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the subdivision’s carrying value, the carrying value of the subdivision is written down to its then estimated fair value. We generally determine the estimated fair value of each subdivision by determining the present value of the estimated future cash flows at discount rates, which are Level 3 inputs, that are commensurate with the risk of the subdivision under evaluation. The evaluation for the recoverability of the carrying value of the assets for each individual subdivision can be impacted significantly by our estimates of future home sale revenues, home construction costs, and development costs per home, all of which are Level 3 inputs.

If land is classified as held for sale, we measure it in accordance with ASC 360 at the lower of the carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell. In determining fair value, we primarily rely upon the most recent negotiated price, which is a Level 2 input. If a negotiated price is not available, we will consider several factors including, but not limited to, current market conditions, recent comparable sales transactions and market analysis studies, which are considered Level 3 inputs. If the fair value less estimated costs to sell is lower than the current carrying value, the land is impaired down to its estimated fair value less costs to sell.

Inventory impairments recognized by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are shown in the table below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)				(Dollars in thousands)
Housing Completed or Under Construction:
West	$	1,106	$	2,538	$	2,893	$	3,198
Mountain	700		—		1,364		—
East	—		—		—		—
Subtotal	1,806		2,538		4,257		3,198
Land and Land Under Development:
West	2,994		23,362		14,707		23,362
Mountain	1,400		2,515		8,536		2,515
East	—		—		—		—
Subtotal	4,394		25,877		23,243		25,877
Total Inventory Impairments	$	6,200	$	28,415	$	27,500	$	29,075

The table below provides quantitative data, for the periods presented, where applicable, used in determining the fair value of the impaired inventory.

	Impairment Data					Quantitative Data
Three Months Ended	Number of Subdivisions Impaired	Inventory Impairments		Fair Value of Inventory After Impairments		Discount Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2023	2	$	6,200	$	17,116	15%	—	18%
June 30, 2023	1	13,500		17,886		18%
March 31, 2023	1	7,800		13,016		18%
Total		$	27,500
September 30, 2022	9	$	28,415	$	44,615	15%	—	18%
March 31, 2022	1	660		1,728			N/A
Total		$	29,075

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Capitalization of Interest

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Capitalization of Interest

Capitalization of Interest

We capitalize interest to inventories during the period of development in accordance with ASC Topic 835, Interest (“ASC 835”). Homebuilding interest capitalized as a cost of inventories is included in cost of sales during the period that related units or lots are delivered. To the extent our homebuilding debt exceeds our qualified assets as defined in ASC 835, we expense a portion of the interest incurred. Qualified homebuilding assets consist of all lots and homes, excluding finished unsold homes or finished models, within projects that are actively selling or under development. The table set forth below summarizes homebuilding interest activity. For all periods presented below, our qualified assets exceeded our homebuilding debt and as such, all interest incurred has been capitalized.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding interest incurred	$	17,482	$	17,391	$	52,386	$	52,031
Less: Interest capitalized	(17,482)		(17,391)		(52,386)		(52,031)
Homebuilding interest expensed	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest capitalized, beginning of period	$	61,953	$	62,169	$	59,921	$	58,054
Plus: Interest capitalized during period	17,482		17,391		52,386		52,031
Less: Previously capitalized interest included in home cost of sales	(14,007)		(15,977)		(46,879)		(46,502)
Interest capitalized, end of period	$	65,428	$	63,583	$	65,428	$	63,583

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Leases

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Leases

We lease certain property, land and equipment, the majority of which comprise property related leases to provide office space where we operate our business. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Our property related leases typically have terms of between three and five years, with the exception of the lease governing the Company’s headquarters. All of our property related leases are classified as operating leases. These leases do not contain any residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants and do not include variable lease payments, except for the payment of common area maintenance and real estate taxes. Many of our property related leases give us the option to extend the lease term for a period of time, generally consistent with the initial lease term. These options are excluded from our calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability until such time as we determine it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised.

The property related lease for the Company’s headquarters in Denver, Colorado is ten years in length with an expiration date of October 31, 2026 and contains a ten year option to extend the term of the lease through 2036. This option has been excluded from our calculation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability as it is not currently considered reasonably certain that the option will be exercised.

Operating lease expense is included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in the homebuilding section and expenses in the financial services section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Components of operating lease expense were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Operating lease cost 1	$	2,011	$	2,180	$	6,387	$	6,418
Less: Sublease income	(148)		(141)		(440)		(366)
Net lease cost	$	1,863	$	2,039	$	5,947	$	6,052

1Includes variable lease costs, which are immaterial.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	1,955	$	2,038	$	6,251	$	6,059
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	1,344	$	1,689	$	3,238	$	5,984

Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for operating leases were as follows:

	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	3.5		4.3
Weighted-average discount rate	5.5	%	5.5	%

Maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	(Dollars in thousands)
2023 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2023)	$	1,358
2024	8,240
2025	8,168
2026	6,923
2027	1,722
Thereafter	938
Total operating lease payments	$	27,349
Less: Effects of discounting	2,514
Present value of operating lease liabilities 1	$	24,835

_______________________________________________________________

1Homebuilding and financial services operating lease liabilities of $24.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively, are included as a component of accrued and other liabilities and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, respectively, in the homebuilding and financial services sections of our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2023.

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Homebuilding Prepaids and Other Assets

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Prepaid Expense and Other Assets [Abstract]

Homebuilding Prepaids and Other Assets

Homebuilding Prepaids and Other Assets

The following table sets forth the components of homebuilding prepaids and other assets:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Land option deposits	$	23,831	$	19,539
Operating lease right-of-use asset (Note 8)	23,453		25,636
Prepaids	13,128		13,333
Goodwill	6,008		6,008
Deferred debt issuance costs on revolving credit facility, net	3,816		5,241
Other	555		250
Total prepaids and other assets	$	70,791	$	70,007

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Homebuilding Accrued and Other Liabilities and Financial Services Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Homebuilding Accrued and Other Liabilities and Financial Services Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Homebuilding Accrued and Other Liabilities and Financial Services Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following table sets forth information relating to homebuilding accrued and other liabilities:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Accrued compensation and related expenses	$	76,219	$	100,653
Customer and escrow deposits	51,181		42,296
Warranty accrual (Note 11)	45,592		46,857
Lease liability (Note 8)	24,625		26,574
Land development and home construction accruals	18,192		20,028
Accrued interest	14,889		30,934
Income taxes payable	—		23,880
Construction defect claim reserves (Note 12)	10,387		10,466
Retentions payable	16,730		21,519
Other accrued liabilities	55,067		60,199
Total accrued and other liabilities	$	312,882	$	383,406

A reclassification was made to our prior period financial information, where $21.5 million was reclassed from other accrued liabilities to retentions payable to conform to the current year presentation.

The following table sets forth information relating to financial services accounts payable and accrued liabilities:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Insurance reserves (Note 12)	$	86,072	$	84,108
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	22,578		26,428
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	108,650	$	110,536

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Warranty Accrual

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Product Warranties Disclosures [Abstract]

Warranty Accrual

Warranty Accrual

Our homes are sold with limited third-party warranties and, under our agreement with the issuer of the third-party warranties, we are responsible for performing all of the work for the first two years of the warranty coverage, and paying for certain work required to be performed subsequent to year two. We record accruals for general and structural warranty claims, as well as accruals for known, unusual warranty-related expenditures. Our warranty accrual is recorded based upon historical payment experience in an amount estimated to be adequate to cover expected costs of materials and outside labor during warranty periods. The determination of the warranty accrual rate for closed homes and the evaluation of our warranty accrual balance at period end are based on an internally developed analysis that includes known facts and interpretations of circumstances, including, among other things, our trends in historical warranty payment levels and warranty payments for claims not considered to be normal and recurring.

Our warranty accrual is included in accrued and other liabilities in the homebuilding section of our consolidated balance sheets and adjustments to our warranty accrual are recorded as an increase or reduction to home cost of sales in the homebuilding section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

The table set forth below summarizes accrual, adjustment and payment activity related to our warranty accrual for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The warranty accrual during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased due to a decrease in home closings year-over-year. The warranty accrual during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included a $3.0 million adjustment to increase our warranty accrual. This adjustment was due to higher general warranty related expenditures.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	47,209	$	42,711	$	46,857	$	37,491
Expense provisions	5,629		6,856		17,566		19,475
Cash payments	(7,246)		(4,929)		(18,831)		(14,768)
Adjustments	—		523		—		2,963
Balance at end of period	$	45,592	$	45,161	$	45,592	$	45,161

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Insurance and Construction Defect Claim Reserves

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Insurance [Abstract]

Insurance and Construction Defect Claim Reserves

Insurance and Construction Defect Claim Reserves

The establishment of reserves for estimated losses associated with insurance policies issued by Allegiant and re-insurance agreements issued by StarAmerican are based on actuarial studies that include known facts and interpretations of circumstances, including our experience with similar cases and historical trends involving claim payment patterns, pending levels of unpaid claims, product mix or concentration, claim severity, frequency patterns, and changing regulatory and legal environments. It is possible that changes in the insurance payment experience used in estimating our ultimate insurance losses could have a material impact on our insurance reserves.

The establishment of reserves for estimated losses to be incurred by our homebuilding subsidiaries associated with: (1) the self-insured retention (“SIR”) portion of construction defect claims that are expected to be covered under insurance policies with Allegiant and (2) the entire cost of any construction defect claims that are not expected to be covered by insurance policies with Allegiant, are based on third party actuarial studies that include known facts similar to those for our insurance reserves. It is possible that changes in the payment experience used in estimating our ultimate losses for construction defect claims could have a material impact on our reserves.

The table set forth below summarizes our insurance and construction defect claim reserves activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. These reserves are included as a component of accounts payable and accrued liabilities and accrued and other liabilities in the financial services and homebuilding sections, respectively, of the consolidated balance sheets.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	95,125	$	87,924	$	94,574	$	82,187
Expense provisions	4,024		4,879		11,913		14,331
Cash payments, net of recoveries	(2,690)		(1,363)		(10,028)		(5,078)
Balance at end of period	$	96,459	$	91,440	$	96,459	$	91,440

In the ordinary course of business, we make payments from our insurance and construction defect claim reserves to settle litigation claims arising from our homebuilding activities. These payments are irregular in both their timing and their magnitude. As a result, the cash payments, net of recoveries shown for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are not necessarily indicative of what future cash payments will be for subsequent periods.

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Income Taxes	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	Income TaxesOur overall effective income tax rates were 23.2% and 22.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 22.3% and 25.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. The rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 resulted in income tax expense of $32.5 million and $80.3 million, respectively, compared to the income tax expense of $41.4 million and $164.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The year-over-year increase in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due to a decrease in energy tax credits in 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act retroactively extended the energy tax credit for the period January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022 during the quarter. The year-over-year decrease in the effective rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily related to a decrease in non-deductible executive compensation and an increase in the windfall on non-qualifying stock options exercised and lapsed restricted stock during the period.

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Senior Notes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Senior Notes

Senior Notes

The carrying values of our senior notes as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net of any unamortized debt issuance costs or discount, were as follows:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
3.850% Senior Notes due January 2030, net	$	298,141	$	297,949
2.500% Senior Notes due January 2031, net	347,633		347,413
6.000% Senior Notes due January 2043, net	491,292		491,120
3.966% Senior Notes due August 2061, net	346,127		346,094
Total	$	1,483,193	$	1,482,576

Our senior notes are not secured and, while the senior note indentures contain some restrictions on secured debt and other transactions, they do not contain financial covenants. Our senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by most of our homebuilding segment subsidiaries.

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Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table sets forth share-based award expense activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, which is included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses and expenses in the homebuilding and financial services sections, respectively, of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Stock option grants expense	$	—	$	16,914	$	202	$	18,094
Restricted stock awards expense	2,293		1,364		8,818		5,992
Performance share units expense	1,780		7,277		5,338		26,262
Total stock-based compensation	$	4,073	$	25,555	$	14,358	$	50,348

Additional detail on the performance share units ("PSUs") expense is included below:

2020 PSU Grants. The 2020 PSU awards vested on February 3, 2023. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded share-based award expense of $2.5 million and $7.4 million, respectively, related to these awards.

2021 PSU Grants. As of September 30, 2023, the Company recorded share-based award expense related to the awards of $1.8 million and $5.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, based on its assessment of the probability for achievement of the performance targets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded share-based award expense of $4.8 million and $18.9 million, respectively, related to these awards.

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Surety Bonds and Letters of Credit. We are required to obtain surety bonds and letters of credit in support of our obligations for land development and subdivision improvements, homeowner association dues, warranty work, contractor license fees and earnest money deposits. At September 30, 2023, we had outstanding surety bonds and letters of credit totaling $331.7 million and $109.1 million, respectively, including $62.1 million in letters of credit issued by HomeAmerican. The estimated cost to complete obligations related to these bonds and letters of credit were approximately $156.7 million and $47.1 million, respectively. All letters of credit as of September 30, 2023, excluding those issued by HomeAmerican, were issued under our unsecured revolving credit facility (see Note 18 for further discussion of the revolving credit facility). We expect that the obligations secured by these performance bonds and letters of credit generally will be performed in the ordinary course of business and in accordance with the applicable contractual terms. To the extent that the obligations are performed, the related performance bonds and letters of credit should be released and we should not have any continuing obligations. However, in the event any such performance bonds or letters of credit are called, our indemnity obligations could require us to reimburse the issuer of the performance bond or letter of credit.

We have made no material guarantees with respect to third-party obligations.

Litigation. Due to the nature of the homebuilding business, we have been named as defendants in various claims, complaints and other legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, including product liability claims and claims associated with the sale and financing of homes. In the opinion of management, the outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Lot Option Contracts. In the ordinary course of business, we enter into lot option purchase contracts (“Option Contracts”), generally through a deposit of cash or a letter of credit, for the right to purchase land or lots at a future point in time with predetermined terms. The use of such land option and other contracts generally allow us to reduce the risks associated with direct land ownership and development, reduces our capital and financial commitments, and minimizes the amount of land inventories on our consolidated balance sheets. In certain cases, these contracts will be settled shortly following the end of the period. Our obligation with respect to Option Contracts is generally limited to forfeiture of the related deposits. At September 30, 2023, we had cash deposits, capitalized costs and letters of credit totaling $22.6 million, $3.9 million and $7.2 million, respectively, at risk associated with options to purchase 4,587 lots.

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Derivative and Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative and Financial Instruments

Derivative and Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, we enter into interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") with borrowers who have applied for loan funding and meet defined credit and underwriting criteria. Since we can terminate IRLCs if the borrower does not comply with the terms of the contract, and some IRLCs may expire without being utilized, these IRLCs do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

Market risk arises if interest rates move adversely between the time we originate a mortgage loan or we enter into an IRLC and the date the loan is committed or sold to an investor. We mitigate our exposure to interest rate market risk relating to mortgage loans held-for-sale and IRLCs using: (1) forward sales of mortgage-backed securities, which are commitments to sell a specified financial instrument at a specified future date for a specified price, (2) mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments, which are obligations of an investor to buy loans at a specified price within a specified time period, and (3) best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments, which are obligations of an investor to buy loans at a specified price subject to the underlying mortgage loans being funded and closed. The best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments do not meet the definition of a derivative financial instrument in accordance with ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). We have elected the fair value option for the best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments in accordance with ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments ("ASC 825").

Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities are the predominant derivative and financial instruments we use to minimize market risk during the period from the time we extend an interest rate lock to a loan applicant until the time the loan is committed under a best-effort or mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitment.

The following table sets forth the notional amounts and fair value measurement of our derivative and financial instruments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023								December 31, 2022
	Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Derivatives, Net		Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Derivatives, Net
	(Dollars in thousands)								(Dollars in thousands)
Interest rate lock commitments	$	274,211	$	1,485	$	2,750	$	(1,265)	$	394,004	$	1,566	$	3,244	$	(1,678)
Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities	366,000		5,452		—		5,452		323,000		580		5,849		(5,269)
Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments	50,597		229		290		(61)		105,060		794		3		791
Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments	5,870		49		1		48		139,972		2,161		185		1,976

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded net gains on these derivative and financial instruments measured on a recurring basis of $4.1 million and $5.6 million, respectively, in revenues in the financial services section of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, compared to net gains of $7.3 million and $44.6 million for the same periods in 2022. There are no credit-risk-related contingent features within our derivative agreements, and counterparty risk is considered minimal.

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Lines of Credit

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Lines of Credit

Lines of Credit

Revolving Credit Facility. We have an unsecured revolving credit agreement (“Revolving Credit Facility”) with a group of lenders which may be used for general corporate purposes. This agreement was amended on December 28, 2020 to (1) increase the aggregate commitment from $1.0 billion to $1.2 billion (the “Commitment”), (2) extend the Revolving Credit Facility maturity of $1.125 billion of the Commitments to December 18, 2025 with the remaining Commitment continuing to terminate on December 18, 2023 and (3) provide that the aggregate amount of the commitments may increase to an amount not to exceed $1.7 billion upon our request, subject to receipt of additional commitments from existing or additional lenders and, in the case of additional lenders, the consent of the co-administrative agents.

Effective April 11, 2023, the Revolving Credit Facility was amended to transition from a eurocurrency based interest rate to an interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). As defined in the Revolving Credit Facility, interest rates on base rate borrowings are equal to the highest of (1) 0.0%, (2) a prime rate, (3) a federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and (4) the one month term SOFR screen rate plus the SOFR adjustment plus 1.00% and, in each case, plus a margin that is determined based on our credit ratings and leverage ratio. Interest rates on SOFR borrowings are equal to the greater of (1) 0.0% and (2) the sum of the term SOFR screen rate for such interest period plus the SOFR adjustment, plus a margin that is determined based on our credit ratings and leverage ratio. At any time at which our leverage ratio, as of the last day of the most recent calendar quarter, exceeds 55%, the aggregate principal amount of all consolidated senior debt borrowings outstanding may not exceed the borrowing base. There is no borrowing base requirement if our leverage ratio, as of the last day of the most recent calendar quarter, is 55% or less.

The Revolving Credit Facility is fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, by most of our homebuilding segment subsidiaries. The facility contains various representations, warranties and covenants that we believe are customary for agreements of this type. The financial covenants include a consolidated tangible net worth test and a leverage test, along with a consolidated tangible net worth covenant, all as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility. A failure to satisfy the foregoing tests does not constitute an event of default, but can trigger a “term-out” of the facility. A breach of the consolidated tangible net worth covenant (but not the consolidated tangible net worth test) or a violation of anti-corruption or sanctions laws would result in an event of default.

The Revolving Credit Facility is subject to acceleration upon certain specified events of default, including breach of the consolidated tangible net worth covenant, a violation of anti-corruption or sanctions laws, failure to make timely payments, breaches of certain representations or covenants, failure to pay other material indebtedness, or another person becoming beneficial owner of 50% or more of our outstanding common stock. We believe we were in compliance with the representations, warranties and covenants included in the Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2023.

We incur costs associated with unused commitment fees pursuant to the terms of the Revolving Credit Facility. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $47.0 million and $48.3 million, respectively, in letters of credit outstanding, which reduced the amounts available to be borrowed under the Revolving Credit Facility. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $10.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively, outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2023, availability under the Revolving Credit Facility was approximately $1.14 billion.

Mortgage Repurchase Facility. HomeAmerican has a Master Repurchase Agreement (the “Mortgage Repurchase Facility”) with U.S. Bank National Association (“USBNA”). The Mortgage Repurchase Facility provides liquidity to HomeAmerican by providing for the sale of up to an aggregate of $75 million (subject to increase by up to $75 million under certain conditions) of eligible mortgage loans to USBNA with an agreement by HomeAmerican to repurchase the mortgage loans at a future date. Until such mortgage loans are transferred back to HomeAmerican, the documents relating to such loans are held by USBNA, as custodian, pursuant to the Custody Agreement (“Custody Agreement”), dated as of November 12, 2008, by and between HomeAmerican and USBNA. In the event that an eligible mortgage loan becomes ineligible, as defined under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility, HomeAmerican may be required to repurchase the ineligible mortgage loan immediately. The Mortgage Repurchase Facility was amended on May 20, 2021, December 21, 2021, May 19, 2022 and May 18, 2023 to adjust the commitments to purchase for specific time periods. The total capacity of the facility at September 30, 2023 was $150 million. The May 18, 2023 amendment extended the termination date of the Repurchase Agreement to May 16, 2024.

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, HomeAmerican had $145.5 million and $175.8 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that HomeAmerican was obligated to repurchase under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility. Mortgage loans that HomeAmerican is obligated to repurchase under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility are accounted for as a debt financing arrangement and are reported as mortgage repurchase facility in the consolidated balance sheets. Pricing under the Mortgage Repurchase Facility is based on SOFR.

The Mortgage Repurchase Facility contains various representations, warranties and affirmative and negative covenants that we believe are customary for agreements of this type. The negative covenants include, among others, (i) a minimum Adjusted Tangible Net Worth requirement, (ii) a maximum Adjusted Tangible Net Worth ratio, (iii) a minimum adjusted net income requirement, and (iv) a minimum Liquidity requirement. The foregoing capitalized terms are defined in the Mortgage Repurchase Facility. We believe HomeAmerican was in compliance with the representations, warranties and covenants included in the Mortgage Repurchase Facility as of September 30, 2023.

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Related Party Transactions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related Party Transactions	Related Party TransactionsThe Company has a sublease agreement with CVentures, Inc. Larry A. Mizel, the Executive Chairman of the Company, is the President of CVentures, Inc. The sublease is for office space that CVentures, Inc. has continuously leased from the Company as disclosed in the Form 8-K filed July 27, 2005 and the Form 8-K filed March 28, 2006. The current sublease term commenced November 1, 2016 and will continue through October 31, 2026. The sublease agreement is for approximately 5,437 rentable square feet at a base rent that increases over the term from $26.50 to $31.67 per rentable square foot per year. The sublease rent is an allocation of the rent under the master lease agreement based on the sublease square footage.

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Supplemental Guarantor Information

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Supplemental Guarantor Information

Supplemental Guarantor Information

Our senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by the following subsidiaries (collectively, the "Guarantor Subsidiaries"), which are 100%-owned subsidiaries of the Company:

•M.D.C. Land Corporation

•RAH of Florida, Inc.

•Richmond American Construction, Inc.

•Richmond American Construction NM, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Arizona, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Colorado, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Florida, LP

•Richmond American Homes of Idaho, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Maryland, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Nevada, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of New Mexico, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Oregon, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Pennsylvania, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Tennessee, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Texas, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Utah, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Virginia, Inc.

•Richmond American Homes of Washington, Inc.

The senior note indentures do not provide for a suspension of the guarantees. Other than for the senior notes due 2061, the senior note indentures, provide that any Guarantor may be released from its guarantee so long as (1) no default or event of default exists or would result from release of such guarantee, (2) the Guarantor being released has consolidated net worth of less than 5% of the Company’s consolidated net worth as of the end of the most recent fiscal quarter, (3) the Guarantors released from their guarantees in any year-end period comprise in the aggregate less than 10% (or 15% if and to the extent necessary to permit the cure of a default) of the Company’s consolidated net worth as of the end of the most recent fiscal quarter, (4) such release would not have a material adverse effect on the homebuilding business of the Company and its subsidiaries and (5) the Guarantor is released from its guarantee(s) under all Specified Indebtedness (other than by reason of payment under its guarantee of Specified Indebtedness). The indenture for the senior notes due 2061 provides that, if a Guarantor is released under its guarantees of our credit facilities or other publicly traded debt securities, the Guarantor will also be released under its guarantee of the senior notes due 2061. Upon delivery of an officers’ certificate and an opinion of counsel stating that all conditions precedent provided for in the indenture relating to such transactions have been complied with and the release is authorized, the guarantee will be automatically and unconditionally released. “Specified Indebtedness” means indebtedness under the senior notes, the Company’s Indenture dated as of December 3, 2002, the Revolving Credit Facility, and any refinancing, extension, renewal or replacement of any of the foregoing.

As the combined assets, liabilities and results of operations of M.D.C. Holdings, Inc. and the Guarantor Subsidiaries (the “Obligor Group”) are not materially different from those in the homebuilding section of our consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, separate summarized financial information of the Obligor Group has not been included. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, amounts due to (due from) non-guarantor subsidiaries from the Obligor Group totaled $(20.6) million and $29.7 million, respectively.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income	$ 107,305	$ 93,493	$ 80,700	$ 144,400	$ 189,542	$ 148,421	$ 281,498	$ 482,363

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Derek R Kimmerle [Member]
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Name	Derek R. Kimmerle
Title	Chief Accounting Officer
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	true
Adoption Date	July 31, 2023

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Recently Issued Accounting Standards (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Adopted New Accounting Standards

Adopted New Accounting Standards

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848),” as amended by ASU 2021-01 in January 2021 and ASU 2022-06 in December 2022, directly addressing the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting as a result of the cessation of the publication of certain LIBOR rates beginning December 31, 2021, with complete elimination of the publication of the LIBOR rates by June 30, 2023. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform by virtue of referencing LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. This guidance became effective on March 12, 2020 and can be adopted no later than December 31, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this amendment in the second quarter of 2023. The adoption of ASU 2020-04, as amended by ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06, did not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income.

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Segment Reporting (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting, Disclosure of Entity's Reportable Segments [Abstract]

Schedule of Reconciliation of Revenue from Segments to Consolidated

The following table summarizes revenues for our homebuilding and financial services operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding
West	$	651,472	$	772,356	$	1,845,964	$	2,267,946
Mountain	284,142		424,397		931,367		1,196,526
East	151,436		210,889		433,205		634,513
Total homebuilding revenues	$	1,087,050	$	1,407,642	$	3,210,536	$	4,098,985
Financial Services
Mortgage operations	$	12,098	$	16,933	$	53,275	$	56,611
Other	11,671		17,168		32,599		42,850
Total financial services revenues	$	23,769	$	34,101	$	85,874	$	99,461

Schedule of Reconciliation of Operating Profit (Loss) from Segments to Consolidated

The following table summarizes pretax income (loss) for our homebuilding and financial services operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding
West	$	60,792	$	105,680	$	133,631	$	384,714
Mountain	38,211		68,106		107,923		197,747
East	15,891		28,245		45,349		94,046
Corporate	12,490		(33,815)		23,538		(79,521)
Total homebuilding pretax income	$	127,384	$	168,216	$	310,441	$	596,986
Financial Services
Mortgage operations	$	3,098	$	5,676	$	26,676	$	23,782
Other	9,325		11,897		24,709		25,866
Total financial services pretax income	$	12,423	$	17,573	$	51,385	$	49,648
Total pretax income	$	139,807	$	185,789	$	361,826	$	646,634

Schedule of Reconciliation of Assets from Segment to Consolidated

The following table summarizes total assets for our homebuilding and financial services operations. The assets in our West, Mountain and East segments consist primarily of inventory while the assets in our Corporate segment primarily include our cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and deferred tax assets. The assets in our financial services segment consist mostly of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and mortgage loans held-for-sale.

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding assets
West	$	2,083,054	$	2,275,144
Mountain	854,877		1,005,622
East	460,413		427,926
Corporate	1,657,283		1,249,370
Total homebuilding assets	$	5,055,627	$	4,958,062
Financial services assets
Mortgage operations	$	203,872	$	267,309
Other	228,504		137,901
Total financial services assets	$	432,376	$	405,210
Total assets	$	5,488,003	$	5,363,272

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted

To calculate diluted EPS, basic EPS is adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive stock options outstanding and contingently issuable equity awards. The table below shows our basic and diluted EPS calculations.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator
Net income	$	107,305	$	144,400	$	281,498	$	482,363
Less: distributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(248)		(180)		(651)		(535)
Less: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(378)		(522)		(895)		(1,784)
Net income attributable to common stockholders (numerator for basic earnings per share)	106,679		143,698		279,952		480,044
Add back: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	378		522		895		1,784
Less: undistributed earnings reallocated to participating securities	(372)		(513)		(878)		(1,745)
Numerator for diluted earnings per share under two-class method	$	106,685	$	143,707	$	279,969	$	480,083
Denominator
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	74,198,016		70,880,405		73,265,878		70,829,761
Add: dilutive effect of stock options	1,249,797		1,189,243		1,426,970		1,573,814
Add: dilutive effect of contingently issuable equity awards	805,365		659,805		413,508		489,060
Denominator for diluted earnings per share under two-class method	76,253,178		72,729,453		75,106,356		72,892,635
Basic Earnings Per Common Share	$	1.44	$	2.03	$	3.82	$	6.78
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share	$	1.40	$	1.98	$	3.73	$	6.59

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis

The following table sets forth the fair values and methods used for measuring the fair values of financial instruments on a recurring basis, except those for which the carrying values approximate fair values:

		Fair Value
Financial Instrument	Hierarchy	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(Dollars in thousands)
Marketable securities
Debt securities (available-for-sale)	Level 1	$	425,517	$	561,100
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	Level 2	$	164,254	$	229,513
Derivative and financial instruments, net (Note 17)
Interest rate lock commitments	Level 2	$	(1,265)	$	(1,678)
Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities	Level 2	$	5,452	$	(5,269)
Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments	Level 2	$	(61)	$	791
Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments	Level 2	$	48	$	1,976

Schedule of Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale

The estimated fair value, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses and amortized cost for debt securities by major classification are as follows:

	September 30, 2023								December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Government	$	425,397	$	120	$	—	$	425,517	$	561,100	$	—	$	—	$	561,100
Total Debt Securities	$	425,397	$	120	$	—	$	425,517	$	561,100	$	—	$	—	$	561,100

Schedule of Fair Value of Senior Notes

The estimated values of the senior notes in the following table are based on Level 2 inputs, which primarily reflect estimated prices for our senior notes that were provided by multiple sources.

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
$300 million 3.850% Senior Notes due January 2030, net	$	298,141	$	250,922	$	297,949	$	246,236
$350 million 2.500% Senior Notes due January 2031, net	347,633		261,309		347,413		255,374
$500 million 6.000% Senior Notes due January 2043, net	491,292		415,994		491,120		414,017
$350 million 3.966% Senior Notes due August 2061, net	346,127		193,774		346,094		204,014
Total	$	1,483,193	$	1,121,999	$	1,482,576	$	1,119,641

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Inventories (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Inventory

The following table sets forth, by reportable segment, information relating to our homebuilding inventories:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Housing completed or under construction:
West	$	1,191,600	$	1,026,880
Mountain	464,534		511,092
East	265,000		184,089
Subtotal	1,921,134		1,722,061
Land and land under development:
West	793,379		1,145,119
Mountain	356,655		433,893
East	165,162		214,706
Subtotal	1,315,196		1,793,718
Total inventories	$	3,236,330	$	3,515,779

Schedule of Inventory Impairments

Inventory impairments recognized by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are shown in the table below.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)				(Dollars in thousands)
Housing Completed or Under Construction:
West	$	1,106	$	2,538	$	2,893	$	3,198
Mountain	700		—		1,364		—
East	—		—		—		—
Subtotal	1,806		2,538		4,257		3,198
Land and Land Under Development:
West	2,994		23,362		14,707		23,362
Mountain	1,400		2,515		8,536		2,515
East	—		—		—		—
Subtotal	4,394		25,877		23,243		25,877
Total Inventory Impairments	$	6,200	$	28,415	$	27,500	$	29,075

Schedule of Quantitative Data for Fair Value of the Impaired Inventory

The table below provides quantitative data, for the periods presented, where applicable, used in determining the fair value of the impaired inventory.

	Impairment Data					Quantitative Data
Three Months Ended	Number of Subdivisions Impaired	Inventory Impairments		Fair Value of Inventory After Impairments		Discount Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2023	2	$	6,200	$	17,116	15%	—	18%
June 30, 2023	1	13,500		17,886		18%
March 31, 2023	1	7,800		13,016		18%
Total		$	27,500
September 30, 2022	9	$	28,415	$	44,615	15%	—	18%
March 31, 2022	1	660		1,728			N/A
Total		$	29,075

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Capitalization of Interest (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Capitalization of Interest

For all periods presented below, our qualified assets exceeded our homebuilding debt and as such, all interest incurred has been capitalized.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Homebuilding interest incurred	$	17,482	$	17,391	$	52,386	$	52,031
Less: Interest capitalized	(17,482)		(17,391)		(52,386)		(52,031)
Homebuilding interest expensed	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest capitalized, beginning of period	$	61,953	$	62,169	$	59,921	$	58,054
Plus: Interest capitalized during period	17,482		17,391		52,386		52,031
Less: Previously capitalized interest included in home cost of sales	(14,007)		(15,977)		(46,879)		(46,502)
Interest capitalized, end of period	$	65,428	$	63,583	$	65,428	$	63,583

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Leases (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease, Cost

Components of operating lease expense were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Operating lease cost 1	$	2,011	$	2,180	$	6,387	$	6,418
Less: Sublease income	(148)		(141)		(440)		(366)
Net lease cost	$	1,863	$	2,039	$	5,947	$	6,052

1Includes variable lease costs, which are immaterial.

Schedule of Lease Cash Flow Information

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	1,955	$	2,038	$	6,251	$	6,059
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	1,344	$	1,689	$	3,238	$	5,984

Schedule of Lease Terms and Discount Rates

Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for operating leases were as follows:

	September 30, 2023		September 30, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	3.5		4.3
Weighted-average discount rate	5.5	%	5.5	%

Schedule of Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, Maturity

Maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	(Dollars in thousands)
2023 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2023)	$	1,358
2024	8,240
2025	8,168
2026	6,923
2027	1,722
Thereafter	938
Total operating lease payments	$	27,349
Less: Effects of discounting	2,514
Present value of operating lease liabilities 1	$	24,835

_______________________________________________________________

1Homebuilding and financial services operating lease liabilities of $24.6 million and $0.2 million, respectively, are included as a component of accrued and other liabilities and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, respectively, in the homebuilding and financial services sections of our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2023.

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Homebuilding Prepaids and Other Assets (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Prepaid Expense and Other Assets [Abstract]

Schedule of Other Assets

The following table sets forth the components of homebuilding prepaids and other assets:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Land option deposits	$	23,831	$	19,539
Operating lease right-of-use asset (Note 8)	23,453		25,636
Prepaids	13,128		13,333
Goodwill	6,008		6,008
Deferred debt issuance costs on revolving credit facility, net	3,816		5,241
Other	555		250
Total prepaids and other assets	$	70,791	$	70,007

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Homebuilding Accrued and Other Liabilities and Financial Services Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Liabilities

The following table sets forth information relating to homebuilding accrued and other liabilities:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Accrued compensation and related expenses	$	76,219	$	100,653
Customer and escrow deposits	51,181		42,296
Warranty accrual (Note 11)	45,592		46,857
Lease liability (Note 8)	24,625		26,574
Land development and home construction accruals	18,192		20,028
Accrued interest	14,889		30,934
Income taxes payable	—		23,880
Construction defect claim reserves (Note 12)	10,387		10,466
Retentions payable	16,730		21,519
Other accrued liabilities	55,067		60,199
Total accrued and other liabilities	$	312,882	$	383,406

Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

The following table sets forth information relating to financial services accounts payable and accrued liabilities:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Insurance reserves (Note 12)	$	86,072	$	84,108
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	22,578		26,428
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	108,650	$	110,536

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Warranty Accrual (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Product Warranties Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Product Warranty Liability

The table set forth below summarizes accrual, adjustment and payment activity related to our warranty accrual for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The warranty accrual during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased due to a decrease in home closings year-over-year. The warranty accrual during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included a $3.0 million adjustment to increase our warranty accrual. This adjustment was due to higher general warranty related expenditures.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	47,209	$	42,711	$	46,857	$	37,491
Expense provisions	5,629		6,856		17,566		19,475
Cash payments	(7,246)		(4,929)		(18,831)		(14,768)
Adjustments	—		523		—		2,963
Balance at end of period	$	45,592	$	45,161	$	45,592	$	45,161

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Insurance and Construction Defect Claim Reserves (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Insurance [Abstract]

Schedule of Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense

The table set forth below summarizes our insurance and construction defect claim reserves activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. These reserves are included as a component of accounts payable and accrued liabilities and accrued and other liabilities in the financial services and homebuilding sections, respectively, of the consolidated balance sheets.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	95,125	$	87,924	$	94,574	$	82,187
Expense provisions	4,024		4,879		11,913		14,331
Cash payments, net of recoveries	(2,690)		(1,363)		(10,028)		(5,078)
Balance at end of period	$	96,459	$	91,440	$	96,459	$	91,440

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Senior Notes (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

The carrying values of our senior notes as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net of any unamortized debt issuance costs or discount, were as follows:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
3.850% Senior Notes due January 2030, net	$	298,141	$	297,949
2.500% Senior Notes due January 2031, net	347,633		347,413
6.000% Senior Notes due January 2043, net	491,292		491,120
3.966% Senior Notes due August 2061, net	346,127		346,094
Total	$	1,483,193	$	1,482,576

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Share-based Payment Arrangement, Activity

The following table sets forth share-based award expense activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, which is included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses and expenses in the homebuilding and financial services sections, respectively, of our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Stock option grants expense	$	—	$	16,914	$	202	$	18,094
Restricted stock awards expense	2,293		1,364		8,818		5,992
Performance share units expense	1,780		7,277		5,338		26,262
Total stock-based compensation	$	4,073	$	25,555	$	14,358	$	50,348

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Derivative and Financial Instruments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Gain (Loss) on Derivative and Financial Instruments

The following table sets forth the notional amounts and fair value measurement of our derivative and financial instruments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023								December 31, 2022
	Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Derivatives, Net		Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Derivatives, Net
	(Dollars in thousands)								(Dollars in thousands)
Interest rate lock commitments	$	274,211	$	1,485	$	2,750	$	(1,265)	$	394,004	$	1,566	$	3,244	$	(1,678)
Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities	366,000		5,452		—		5,452		323,000		580		5,849		(5,269)
Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments	50,597		229		290		(61)		105,060		794		3		791
Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments	5,870		49		1		48		139,972		2,161		185		1,976

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Segment Reporting - Narrative (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 segment
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments	1

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Segment Reporting - Schedule of Reconciliation of Revenue From Segments to Consolidated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Homebuilding
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total financial services revenues	$ 1,087,050	$ 1,407,642	$ 3,210,536	$ 4,098,985
Homebuilding | West
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total financial services revenues	651,472	772,356	1,845,964	2,267,946
Homebuilding | Mountain
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total financial services revenues	284,142	424,397	931,367	1,196,526
Homebuilding | East
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total financial services revenues	151,436	210,889	433,205	634,513
Financial Services
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total financial services revenues	23,769	34,101	85,874	99,461
Financial Services | West
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total financial services revenues	23,769	34,101	85,874	99,461
Financial Services | Mortgage operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total financial services revenues	12,098	16,933	53,275	56,611
Financial Services | Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total financial services revenues	$ 11,671	$ 17,168	$ 32,599	$ 42,850

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Segment Reporting - Schedule of Reconciliation of Operating Profit (Loss) from Segments to Consolidated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	$ 139,807	$ 185,789	$ 361,826	$ 646,634
Homebuilding
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	127,384	168,216	310,441	596,986
Financial Services
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	12,423	17,573	51,385	49,648
Operating Segments | Homebuilding | West
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	60,792	105,680	133,631	384,714
Operating Segments | Homebuilding | Mountain
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	38,211	68,106	107,923	197,747
Operating Segments | Homebuilding | East
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	15,891	28,245	45,349	94,046
Operating Segments | Financial Services | Mortgage operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	3,098	5,676	26,676	23,782
Operating Segments | Financial Services | Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	9,325	11,897	24,709	25,866
Corporate | Homebuilding
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total pretax income	$ 12,490	$ (33,815)	$ 23,538	$ (79,521)

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Segment Reporting - Total Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	$ 5,488,003	$ 5,363,272
Homebuilding assets
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	5,055,627	4,958,062
Financial services assets
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	432,376	405,210
Operating Segments | Homebuilding assets | West
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	2,083,054	2,275,144
Operating Segments | Homebuilding assets | Mountain
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	854,877	1,005,622
Operating Segments | Homebuilding assets | East
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	460,413	427,926
Operating Segments | Financial services assets | Mortgage operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	203,872	267,309
Operating Segments | Financial services assets | Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	228,504	137,901
Corporate | Homebuilding assets
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total Assets	$ 1,657,283	$ 1,249,370

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Earnings Per Share - Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Earnings Per Share, Basic, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Net income	$ 107,305	$ 93,493	$ 80,700	$ 144,400	$ 189,542	$ 148,421	$ 281,498	$ 482,363
Less: distributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(248)			(180)			(651)	(535)
Less: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(378)			(522)			(895)	(1,784)
Net income attributable to common stockholders (numerator for basic earnings per share)	106,679			143,698			279,952	480,044
Add back: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	378			522			895	1,784
Less: undistributed earnings reallocated to participating securities	(372)			(513)			(878)	(1,745)
Numerator for diluted earnings per share under two-class method	$ 106,685			$ 143,707			$ 279,969	$ 480,083
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (in shares)	74,198,016			70,880,405			73,265,878	70,829,761
Denominator for diluted earnings per share under two-class method	76,253,178			72,729,453			75,106,356	72,892,635
Basic Earnings Per Common Share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.44			$ 2.03			$ 3.82	$ 6.78
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.40			$ 1.98			$ 3.73	$ 6.59
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option
Earnings Per Share, Basic, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, dilutive effect of stock options and contingently issuable equity awards (in shares)	1,249,797			1,189,243			1,426,970	1,573,814
Performance Shares
Earnings Per Share, Basic, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, dilutive effect of stock options and contingently issuable equity awards (in shares)	805,365			659,805			413,508	489,060

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Earnings Per Share - Narrative (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share, amount (in shares)	15,000	1,861,534	15,000	1,861,534

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Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Interest rate lock commitments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative and financial instruments, net	$ (1,265)	$ (1,678)
Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative and financial instruments, net	5,452	(5,269)
Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative and financial instruments, net	(61)	791
Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative and financial instruments, net	48	1,976
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 | Fair Value, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt securities (available-for-sale)	425,517	561,100
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	164,254	229,513
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Interest rate lock commitments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative and financial instruments, net	(1,265)	(1,678)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative and financial instruments, net	5,452	(5,269)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative and financial instruments, net	(61)	791
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Fair Value, Recurring | Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative and financial instruments, net	$ 48	$ 1,976

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Fair Value Measurements - Debt Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 425,397	$ 561,100
Gross Unrealized Gains	120	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	0
Estimated Fair Value	425,517	561,100
U.S. Government
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	425,397	561,100
Gross Unrealized Gains	120	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	0
Estimated Fair Value	$ 425,517	$ 561,100

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Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loss on sale of mortgage loans	$ 2.3	$ 4.3	$ 7.9	$ 13.6
Minimum
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Short term borrowings maturity period			30 days
Under Commitment to Sell | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	54.7		$ 54.7		$ 142.9
Not Under Commitment to Sell | Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mortgage loans held-for-sale, net	$ 109.5		$ 109.5		$ 86.6

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Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Fair Value of Senior Notes (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Amount	$ 1,483,193,000	$ 1,482,576,000
Carrying Amount
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Amount	1,483,193,000	1,482,576,000
Fair Value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	1,121,999,000	1,119,641,000
Senior Notes 3.850% Due January 2030
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 300,000,000
Interest rate, stated percentage	3.85%
Carrying Amount	$ 298,141,000	297,949,000
Senior Notes 3.850% Due January 2030 | Carrying Amount
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Amount	298,141,000	297,949,000
Senior Notes 3.850% Due January 2030 | Fair Value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	250,922,000	246,236,000
Senior Notes 2.500% Due January 2031
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 350,000,000
Interest rate, stated percentage	2.50%
Carrying Amount	$ 347,633,000	347,413,000
Senior Notes 2.500% Due January 2031 | Carrying Amount
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Amount	347,633,000	347,413,000
Senior Notes 2.500% Due January 2031 | Fair Value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	261,309,000	255,374,000
Senior Notes 6.000 % Due January 2043
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 500,000,000
Interest rate, stated percentage	6.00%
Carrying Amount	$ 491,292,000	491,120,000
Senior Notes 6.000 % Due January 2043 | Carrying Amount
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Amount	491,292,000	491,120,000
Senior Notes 6.000 % Due January 2043 | Fair Value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	415,994,000	414,017,000
Senior Notes 3.966% Due August 2061
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 350,000,000
Interest rate, stated percentage	3.966%
Carrying Amount	$ 346,127,000	346,094,000
Senior Notes 3.966% Due August 2061 | Carrying Amount
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Amount	346,127,000	346,094,000
Senior Notes 3.966% Due August 2061 | Fair Value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 193,774,000	$ 204,014,000

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Inventories - Schedule of Inventory (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventory [Line Items]
Housing completed or under construction	$ 1,921,134	$ 1,722,061
Land and land under development	1,315,196	1,793,718
Total inventories	3,236,330	3,515,779
Homebuilding:
Inventory [Line Items]
Housing completed or under construction	1,921,134	1,722,061
Land and land under development	1,315,196	1,793,718
Total inventories	3,236,330	3,515,779
Homebuilding: | West
Inventory [Line Items]
Housing completed or under construction	1,191,600	1,026,880
Land and land under development	793,379	1,145,119
Homebuilding: | Mountain
Inventory [Line Items]
Housing completed or under construction	464,534	511,092
Land and land under development	356,655	433,893
Homebuilding: | East
Inventory [Line Items]
Housing completed or under construction	265,000	184,089
Land and land under development	$ 165,162	$ 214,706

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Inventories - Schedule of Inventory Impairments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended					9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	$ 6,200	$ 13,500	$ 7,800	$ 28,415	$ 660	$ 27,500	$ 29,075
Homebuilding:
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	6,200			28,415		27,500	29,075
Housing completed or under construction | Homebuilding:
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	1,806			2,538		4,257	3,198
Housing completed or under construction | Homebuilding: | West
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	1,106			2,538		2,893	3,198
Housing completed or under construction | Homebuilding: | Mountain
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	700			0		1,364	0
Housing completed or under construction | Homebuilding: | East
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	0			0		0	0
Land and land under development | Homebuilding:
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	4,394			25,877		23,243	25,877
Land and land under development | Homebuilding: | West
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	2,994			23,362		14,707	23,362
Land and land under development | Homebuilding: | Mountain
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	1,400			2,515		8,536	2,515
Land and land under development | Homebuilding: | East
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory Impairments	$ 0			$ 0		$ 0	$ 0

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Inventories - Fair Value of Impaired Inventory (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended					9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) lot	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) lot	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) lot	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($) subdivision	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) subdivision	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Inventory [Line Items]
Number of Subdivisions Impaired	2	1	1	9	1
Inventory Impairments	$ 6,200	$ 13,500	$ 7,800	$ 28,415	$ 660	$ 27,500	$ 29,075
Fair Value of Inventory After Impairments	$ 17,116	$ 17,886	$ 13,016	$ 44,615	$ 1,728
Discount Rate		18.00%	18.00%
Minimum
Inventory [Line Items]
Discount Rate	15.00%			15.00%
Maximum
Inventory [Line Items]
Discount Rate	18.00%			18.00%

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Capitalization of Interest - Schedule of Capitalization of Interest (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Homebuilding interest incurred	$ 17,482	$ 17,391	$ 52,386	$ 52,031
Less: Interest capitalized	(17,482)	(17,391)	(52,386)	(52,031)
Homebuilding interest expensed	0	0	0	0
Real Estate Inventory, Capitalized Interest Costs [Roll Forward]
Interest capitalized, beginning of period	61,953	62,169	59,921	58,054
Plus: Interest capitalized during period	17,482	17,391	52,386	52,031
Less: Previously capitalized interest included in home cost of sales	(14,007)	(15,977)	(46,879)	(46,502)
Interest capitalized, end of period	$ 65,428	$ 63,583	$ 65,428	$ 63,583

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Leases - Narrative (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023
Company Headquarters
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Term of contract	10 years
Renewal term	10 years
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Term of contract	3 years
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Term of contract	5 years

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Leases - Schedule of Lease, Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 2,011	$ 2,180	$ 6,387	$ 6,418
Less: Sublease income	(148)	(141)	(440)	(366)
Net lease cost	$ 1,863	$ 2,039	$ 5,947	$ 6,052

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Leases - Schedule of Lease Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 1,955	$ 2,038	$ 6,251	$ 6,059
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$ 1,344	$ 1,689	$ 3,238	$ 5,984

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Leases - Schedule of Lease Terms and Discount Rates (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	3 years 6 months	4 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted-average discount rate	5.50%	5.50%

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Leases - Schedule of Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
2023 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2023)		$ 1,358
2024		8,240
2025		8,168
2026		6,923
2027		1,722
Thereafter		938
Total operating lease payments		27,349
Less: Effects of discounting		2,514
Present value of operating lease liabilities		24,835
Homebuilding:
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$ 24,625	$ 26,574
Financial Services:
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$ 200

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Homebuilding Prepaids and Other Assets - Schedule of Other Assets (Details) - Homebuilding: - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets [Line Items]
Land option deposits	$ 23,831	$ 19,539
Operating lease right-of-use asset	23,453	25,636
Prepaids	13,128	13,333
Goodwill	6,008	6,008
Deferred debt issuance costs on revolving credit facility, net	3,816	5,241
Other	555	250
Total prepaids and other assets	$ 70,791	$ 70,007

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Homebuilding Accrued and Other Liabilities and Financial Services Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities - Schedule of Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Warranty accrual	$ 45,592	$ 47,209	$ 46,857	$ 45,161	$ 42,711	$ 37,491
Lease liability			24,835
Retentions payable	21,500
Homebuilding:
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Accrued compensation and related expenses	76,219		100,653
Customer and escrow deposits	51,181		42,296
Warranty accrual	45,592		46,857
Lease liability	24,625		26,574
Land development and home construction accruals	18,192		20,028
Accrued interest	14,889		30,934
Income taxes payable	0		23,880
Construction defect claim reserves	10,387		10,466
Retentions payable	16,730		21,519
Other accrued liabilities	55,067		60,199
Total accrued and other liabilities	$ 312,882		$ 383,406

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Homebuilding Accrued and Other Liabilities and Financial Services Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities - Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Insurance reserves	$ 96,459	$ 95,125	$ 94,574	$ 91,440	$ 87,924	$ 82,187
Financial Services:
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Insurance reserves	86,072		84,108
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities	22,578		26,428
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$ 108,650		$ 110,536

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Warranty Accrual - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Product Warranty Liability [Line Items]
Period responsible for performing all warranty work (in years)			2 years
Adjustment to increase warranty accrual	$ 0	$ 523	$ 0	$ 2,963
Minimum
Product Warranty Liability [Line Items]
Period responsible for paying for substantially all warranty work required (in years)			2 years

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Warranty Accrual - Schedule of Product Warranty Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Movement in Standard and Extended Product Warranty Accrual, Increase (Decrease) [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 47,209	$ 42,711	$ 46,857	$ 37,491
Expense provisions	5,629	6,856	17,566	19,475
Cash payments	(7,246)	(4,929)	(18,831)	(14,768)
Adjustments	0	523	0	2,963
Balance at end of period	$ 45,592	$ 45,161	$ 45,592	$ 45,161

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Insurance and Construction Defect Claim Reserves - Schedule of Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Movement in Liability for Future Policy Benefits [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 95,125	$ 87,924	$ 94,574	$ 82,187
Expense provisions	4,024	4,879	11,913	14,331
Cash payments, net of recoveries	(2,690)	(1,363)	(10,028)	(5,078)
Balance at end of period	$ 96,459	$ 91,440	$ 96,459	$ 91,440

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Effective income tax rate	23.20%	22.30%	22.20%	25.40%
Income tax expense	$ 32,502	$ 41,389	$ 80,328	$ 164,271

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Senior Notes - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying Amount	$ 1,483,193	$ 1,482,576
Senior Notes 3.850% Due January 2030
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate, stated percentage	3.85%
Carrying Amount	$ 298,141	297,949
Senior Notes 2.500% Due January 2031
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate, stated percentage	2.50%
Carrying Amount	$ 347,633	347,413
Senior Notes 6.000 % Due January 2043
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate, stated percentage	6.00%
Carrying Amount	$ 491,292	491,120
Senior Notes 3.966% Due August 2061
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest rate, stated percentage	3.966%
Carrying Amount	$ 346,127	$ 346,094

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Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Share-based Payment Arrangement, Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	$ 4,073	$ 25,555	$ 14,358	$ 50,348
Stock option grants expense
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	0	16,914	202	18,094
Restricted stock awards expense
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	2,293	1,364	8,818	5,992
Performance share units expense
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	$ 1,780	$ 7,277	$ 5,338	$ 26,262

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Stock-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	$ 4,073	$ 25,555	$ 14,358	$ 50,348
Performance share units expense
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	1,780	7,277	5,338	26,262
Granted in 2020 | Performance share units expense | Equity Incentive Plan 2011
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense		2,500		7,400
Granted in 2021 | Performance share units expense | Equity Incentive Plan 2011
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	$ 1,800	$ 4,800	$ 5,300	$ 18,900

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) lot
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Surety bonds, outstanding, amount	$ 331.7
Letters of credit outstanding, amount	109.1
Estimated cost related to letters of credit	156.7
Estimated cost related to bonds	$ 47.1
Number of lots | lot	4,587
Option Contracts
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Letters of credit outstanding, amount	$ 7.2
Deposits	22.6
Capitalized costs	3.9
HomeAmerican
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Surety bonds, outstanding, amount	$ 62.1

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Derivative and Financial Instruments - Schedule of Gain (Loss) on Derivative and Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Interest rate lock commitments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Value	$ 274,211,000	$ 394,004,000
Derivative Assets	1,485,000	1,566,000
Derivative Liabilities	2,750,000	3,244,000
Derivatives, Net	(1,265,000)	(1,678,000)
Forward sales of mortgage-backed securities
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Value	366,000,000	323,000,000
Derivative Assets	5,452,000	580,000
Derivative Liabilities	0	5,849,000
Derivatives, Net	5,452,000	(5,269,000)
Mandatory delivery forward loan sale commitments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Value	50,597,000	105,060,000
Derivative Assets	229,000	794,000
Derivative Liabilities	290,000	3,000
Derivatives, Net	(61,000)	791,000
Best-effort delivery forward loan sale commitments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Value	5,870,000	139,972,000
Derivative Assets	49,000	2,161,000
Derivative Liabilities	1,000	185,000
Derivatives, Net	$ 48,000	$ 1,976,000

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Derivative and Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Net gains on derivative and financial instruments	$ 4.1	$ 7.3	$ 5.6	$ 44.6

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Lines of Credit (Details) - USD ($)	Apr. 11, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	May 19, 2022	Dec. 28, 2020	Dec. 27, 2020
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Letters of credit outstanding, amount		$ 109,100,000
Financial Services:
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Warehouse agreement borrowings		$ 145,470,000	$ 175,752,000
Maximum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Borrowing base required leverage ratio	55.00%
Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity					$ 1,200,000,000	$ 1,000,000,000
Line of credit facility, outstanding, extended maturity amount					1,125,000,000
Potential maximum borrowing capacity, subject to additional commitments					$ 1,700,000,000
Stated interest rate (percent)	0.00%
Maximum leverage ratio	55.00%
Minimum common stock outstanding ownership, percentage		50.00%
Letters of credit outstanding, amount		$ 47,000,000	48,300,000
Revolving credit facility		10,000,000	$ 10,000,000
Remaining borrowing capacity		1,140,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility | Fed Funds Effective Rate Overnight Index Swap Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	0.50%
Revolving Credit Facility | Specified Eurocurrency Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	1.00%
Mortgage Repurchase Facility | Warehouse Agreement Borrowings
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity				$ 75,000,000
Maximum increase to borrowing capacity		$ 150,000,000		$ 75,000,000

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Related Party Transactions (Details) - Sublease Agreement - Related Party	Oct. 31, 2026 $ / ft²	Nov. 01, 2016 ft² $ / ft²
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Area of real estate property | ft²		5,437
Minimum
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Yearly rental rate per rentable square foot		26.50
Maximum | Forecast
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Yearly rental rate per rentable square foot	31.67

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Supplemental Guarantor Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Maximum percentage of consolidated net worth of guarantor for suspension of guarantee	5.00%
Maximum aggregate percentage of consolidated net worth of all guarantors for suspension of guarantee	10.00%
Maximum aggregate percentage of consolidated net worth of all guarantors for suspension of guarantee to permit cure of default	15.00%
Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries | Related Party
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Due from non-guarantor subsidiaries	$ (20.6)
Due to non-guarantor subsidiaries		$ 29.7
All Guarantor Subsidiaries
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Ownership interest	100.00%