Intangible assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

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Summary of Intangible Assets

Net book value	Goodwill			VOBA			Future     servicing rights			Software			Other			Total
At January 1, 2017		294			1,399			64			50			12			1,820
At December 31, 2017		293			1,153			99			51			36			1,633
At December 31, 2018		384			1,123			91			64			64			1,727
Cost
At January 1, 2018		462			6,565			359			294			128			7,808
Additions		-			-			-			45			2			47
Acquisitions through business combinations		85			-			-			7			33			126
Capitalized subsequent expenditure		-			-			-			5			-			5
Disposals		-			-			-			(19	)		-			(19	)
Net exchange differences		6			293			2			(6	)		2			298
At December 31, 2018		554			6,858			361			327			166			8,265
Accumulated amortization, depreciation and impairment losses
At January 1, 2018		169			5,412			260			243			92			6,176
Amortization through income statement		-			135			8			16			6			165
Shadow accounting adjustments		-			(56	)		-			-			-			(56	)
Disposals		-			-			-			(6	)		-			(6	)
Impairment losses		-			-			-			15			-			15
Net exchange differences		-			244			2			(5	)		3			243
At December 31, 2018		169			5,735			270			263			101			6,538
Cost
At January 1, 2017		503			7,576			327			362			109			8,876
Additions		-			6			-			29			2			37
Acquisitions through business combinations		56			-			47			9			29			140
Capitalized subsequent expenditure		-			-			-			3			-			3
Disposals		(55	)		(175	)		-			(98	)		-			(328	)
Net exchange differences		(42	)		(841	)		(15	)		(9	)		(11	)		(919	)
Transfers to disposal groups		-			-			-			(2	)		-			(2	)
At December 31, 2017		462			6,565			359			294			128			7,808
Accumulated amortization, depreciation and impairment losses
At January 1, 2017		209			6,177			263			311			97			7,056
Amortization through income statement		-			63			7			28			6			104
Shadow accounting adjustments		-			26			-			-			-			26
Disposals		(28	)		(165	)		-			(95	)		-			(288	)
Impairment losses		-			-			-			8			-			8
Net exchange differences		(11	)		(689	)		(9	)		(8	)		(11	)		(728	)
Transfers to disposal groups		-			-			-			(2	)		-			(2	)
At December 31, 2017		169			5,412			260			243			92			6,176

Summary of Geographically Cash-generating Units to Goodwill

A geographical summary of the cash-generating units to which the goodwill is allocated is as follows:

Goodwill	2018		2017
Americas		182		174
Central & Eastern Europe		30		34
Asset Management		33		31
United Kingdom		54		54
The Netherlands		85		-
At December 31		384		293

Summary of Movement in VOBA

The movement in VOBA over 2018 can be summarized and compared to 2017 as follows:

	2018			2017
At January 1		1,153			1,399
Additions		-			6
Disposals		-			(11	)
Amortization/depreciation through income statement		(135	)		(63	)
Shadow accounting adjustments		56			(26	)
Net exchange differences		49			(153	)
At December 31		1,123			1,153