Business Description And Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
BUSINESS DESCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES [Abstract]
BUSINESS DESCRIPTION AND SIGNICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES	NOTE 1 – BUSINESS DESCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business We are a leading global developer and manufacturer of high precision sensing technology solutions. Our products are used in surface mount technology (SMT), semiconductor and metrology markets to significantly improve yields and productivity. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CyberOptics Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. In these notes to the consolidated financial statements, these companies are collectively referred to as “CyberOptics,” “we,” “us,” or “our.” All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Segment Reporting We operate in a single reportable segment that includes the design, development and manufacture of high precision sensing technology solutions. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of funds maintained in demand deposit accounts, money market accounts, corporate debt instruments and U.S. government backed obligations. Cash and cash equivalent balances, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. Marketable Securities All marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale and consist of U.S. government and agency backed obligations, certificates of deposit, corporate debt instruments, asset backed securities or equity securities. Marketable securities are classified as short-term or long-term in the consolidated balance sheet based on their maturity date and expectations regarding sales. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses for marketable debt securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity until realized. Unrealized gains and losses for marketable equity securities are recognized in net income. Fair values are primarily determined using quoted market prices. The carrying amounts of securities, for purposes of computing unrealized gains and losses, are determined by specific identification. The cost of securities sold is also determined by specific identification. We monitor the carrying value of our marketable debt securities compared to their fair value to determine whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is other-than-temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than the cost basis, credit quality and our ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. If a decline in fair value of our marketable debt securities is determined to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge related to that specific investment is recorded in net income. See Recent Accounting Developments for additional information related to our adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (ASU 2016-01). Cash and marketable securities held by foreign subsidiaries totaled $362,000 at December 31, 2018 and $187,000 at December 31, 2017. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Appropriate consideration is given to deterioration, obsolescence, and other factors in evaluating net realizable value. Demonstration inventories are stated at cost less accumulated amortization, generally based on a 36 month useful life. Accumulated amortization for demonstration inventories totaled $1.9 million at December 31, 2018 and $1.5 million at December 31, 2017. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts We extend unsecured credit to our customers in the normal course of business. Allowances for doubtful accounts are maintained for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. In making the determination of the appropriate allowance for doubtful accounts, we consider specific accounts, historical write-offs, changes in customer relationships and credit worthiness and concentrations of credit risk. Specific accounts receivable are written-off once a determination is made that the account is uncollectible. Equipment and Leasehold Improvements Equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost. Significant additions or improvements extending asset lives are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. In-progress costs are capitalized with depreciation beginning when assets are placed in service. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the equipment, ranging from one to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the asset useful life or the underlying lease term, ranging from one to eight years. Gains or losses on dispositions are included in current operations. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. We have determined that we have one reporting unit. We evaluate the carrying value of goodwill annually on December 31st and more frequently if management believes indicators of impairment exist. Such indicators could include, but are not limited to (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that our fair value is greater than carrying value (i.e. net book value). If we conclude that it is more likely than not that our fair value is greater than carrying value, no further testing is required. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that our fair value is less than carrying value, we conduct a two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. The first step of the impairment test involves comparing our fair value to carrying value. We estimate our fair value using the income approach. The income approach is a valuation technique under which we estimate future cash flows using financial forecasts. Future estimated cash flows are discounted to their present value to calculate fair value. When considering fair value, we also give consideration to the control premium in excess of our current market capitalization that might be obtained from a third party acquirer. If we determine that our carrying value exceeds fair value, the amount of impairment loss must be measured. The second step of the goodwill impairment test involves comparing the implied fair value of our goodwill with the carrying value of that goodwill. The amount by which the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied value, if any, is recognized as an impairment loss. On December 31, 2018 and 2017, we performed a qualitative assessment to determine if there was any indication that our goodwill might be impaired. After considering all available evidence, including our financial performance, financial outlook and current market capitalization, we concluded that it is more likely than not that our fair value is greater than carrying value. As a result, no further testing was deemed necessary, and we determined that our goodwill was not impaired. No amounts were recorded for goodwill impairment in 2018 or 2017. Patents Patents consist of legal and patent registration costs for protection of our proprietary technology. We amortize patent costs on a straight-line basis, based upon their estimated life. Long Lived Assets Intangible assets subject to amortization and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized when future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from use of the asset and eventual disposition are less than the carrying amount. Revenue Recognition Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-9, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and the related amendments (also referred to as Topic 606) using the modified retrospective method. Topic 606 was applied to all uncompleted contracts by recognizing the cumulative effect of initially applying Topic 606 as an adjustment to the opening balance of equity at January 1, 2018. Therefore, the comparative financial information for 2017 has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605). See Recent Accounting Developments and Note 2 for additional information related to our adoption of Topic 606. *Revenue Accounting - Topic 606* Under Topic 606, revenue is measured based on consideration specified in the contract with a customer. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in Topic 606. Revenue from all customers, including distributors, is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of a product or service to a customer. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are included in revenue. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue on the net basis of accounting. Accounts receivable are due under normal trade terms, typically 90 days or less. Sales involving multiple performance obligations typically include the sale of an inspection system or metrology product, installation and training, and in some cases, an extended warranty. When a sale involves multiple performance obligations, we account for individual products and services separately if the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer and the product or service are separately identifiable from other promises in the arrangement. The consideration is allocated between separate performance obligations in proportion to their estimated stand-alone selling price. If the stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, we use the cost plus margin approach to estimate stand-alone selling price. Costs related to products delivered are recognized in the period revenue is recognized; including product warranties for periods ranging from 1 to 3 years (see Note 7). Our performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time or over time as work progresses. Revenue for products and services transferred to customers at a point in time is recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract with our customer are satisfied; generally with the transfer of control upon shipment. Sales of some products may require customer acceptance due to performance or other acceptance criteria that is considered more than a formality. For these product sales, revenue is recognized upon notification of customer acceptance. Periodically, sensor product arrangements with our original equipment manufacturers (OEM's) will create an asset with no alternative use and include an enforceable right to payment. For these arrangements, control is transferred over the manufacturing process; therefore, revenue is recognized over time utilizing an input method based on actual costs incurred in the manufacturing process to date relative to total expected production costs. For certain longer duration 3D scanning service projects, we progress bill as the services are performed. These arrangements create an asset with no alternative use and include an enforceable right to payment. For these arrangements, control is transferred over the hours incurred to complete the scanning project; therefore, revenue is recognized over time utilizing an input method based on actual hours incurred relative to total projected project hours. For maintenance and extended warranty contracts, revenue is recognized over time on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the coverage. Accounting for contracts recognized over time under Topic 606 involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that may span multiple years. We review and update our contract-related estimates regularly, and record adjustments as needed. *Practical Expedients - Topic 606* We generally expense the incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred because the amortization period for these costs would be less than one year. These costs primarily relate to sales commissions and are recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations. We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, primarily consisting of product installation and training. We do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if we expect, at contract inception, that the period between when we transfer a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. *Revenue Accounting - Topic 605* Prior to January 1, 2018, revenue from all customers, including distributors, is recognized when all significant contractual obligations have been satisfied, pricing is fixed and determinable and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Generally, product revenues are recognized upon shipment under Ex-works terms, and include shipping and handling costs. Revenue from services is recognized as work is performed. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue on the net basis of accounting. Estimated returns and warranty costs are recorded at the time of sale. Sales of some inspection system products may require customer acceptance due to performance or other acceptance criteria included in the terms of sale. For these inspection system product sales, revenue is recognized at the time of customer acceptance. Our multiple deliverable arrangements typically include the sale of an inspection system or metrology product, related installation and training and, in some cases, an extended warranty. Revenue from installation and training are recognized as the services are provided. Revenue from extended warranties is recognized ratably over the warranty period. When a sale involves multiple elements, revenue is allocated to each respective element at inception of an arrangement using the relative selling price method. Selling price is determined based on a selling price hierarchy, consisting of vendor specific objective evidence (VSOE), third party evidence or estimated selling price. Management’s best estimate of the selling price of an inspection system and metrology products is based on the cost of the product and a reasonable margin based on geographic location and competitive market conditions. We use VSOE to establish fair value for extended warranty, installation and training services. If VSOE is not available to establish fair value for extended warranty, installation and training services, we estimate a selling price based on the cost-build-up for the particular service and a reasonable gross margin. Costs related to products delivered are recognized in the period revenue is recognized. Cost of revenues consists primarily of direct labor, manufacturing overhead, materials and components and excludes amortization of intangible assets. Foreign Currency Translation Financial position and results of operations of our international subsidiaries are measured using local currency as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated at the exchange rates in effect at each fiscal year-end. Statements of operations accounts are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. Translation adjustments arising from the use of differing exchange rates from period to period are included as a cumulative translation adjustment in stockholders’ equity. Foreign Currency Transactions Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in interest income and other income (expense), net in the statement of operations. We recognized a foreign currency transaction gain of $72,000 in 2018 and a foreign currency transaction loss of $177,000 in 2017. Research and Development Research and development (R&D) costs, including software development, are expensed when incurred. Software development costs are required to be expensed until the point that technological feasibility and proven marketability of the product are established; costs otherwise capitalizable after such point also are expensed because they are insignificant. All other R&D costs are expensed as incurred. R&D expenses consist primarily of salaries, project materials, contract labor and other costs associated with ongoing product development and enhancement efforts. Advertising Costs We expense all advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense incurred was $314,000 in 2018 and $400,000 in 2017. Warranty Costs We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties, which cover products for periods ranging from one to three years at the time revenue is recognized. Income Taxes We evaluate uncertain tax positions using the “more likely than not” threshold (i.e., a likelihood of occurrence greater than fifty percent). The recognition threshold is met when an entity concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority. Those tax positions failing to qualify for initial recognition are classified as a gross unrecognized tax benefit until the first interim period in which they meet the more likely than not standard, or are resolved through negotiation or litigation with the taxing authority, or upon expiration of the statute of limitations. De-recognition of a tax position that was previously recognized occurs when an entity subsequently determines that a tax position no longer meets the more likely than not threshold of being sustained. Only the portion of the unrecognized tax benefit that is expected to be paid within one year is classified as a current liability. As a result, liabilities expected to be resolved without the payment of cash (e.g., resolution due to the expiration of the statute of limitations) or are not expected to be paid within one year are not classified as current. It is our policy to record estimated interest and penalties as income tax expense and tax credits as a reduction in income tax expense. Deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the tax consequences in future years of differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Income tax expense is the sum of the tax currently payable and the change in the deferred tax assets and liabilities during the period, excluding changes in deferred tax assets recorded to goodwill. Valuation allowances are established when, in the opinion of management, there is uncertainty that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets and the need for a valuation allowance based on all positive and negative evidence. Net Income Per Share Basic net income per basic share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Net income per diluted share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Common equivalent shares consist of common shares to be issued upon exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units, vesting of restricted shares and from purchases of shares under our employee stock purchase plan, as calculated using the treasury stock method. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the calculation of net income per diluted share if their effect is anti-dilutive. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of financial instruments such as cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their related fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Share-Based Compensation All share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, are required to be recognized as an expense in our consolidated statements of operations based on the grant date fair value of the award. We utilize the straight-line method of expense recognition over the award’s service period for our graded vesting options. The fair value of stock options has been determined using the Black-Scholes model. We account for the impact of forfeitures related to employee share-based payment arrangements when the forfeitures occur. We have classified employee share based compensation within our consolidated statement of operations in the same manner as our cash based employee compensation costs. See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to employee share-based compensation. See Recent Accounting Developments for additional information related to our adoption of ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2016-09). Related Party Transactions One of our board members serves as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Key Tronic Corporation, and our President and Chief Executive Officer serves on the board of Key Tronic Corporation. Our sales to Key Tronic Corporation totaled $13,000 in 2018 and $133,000 in 2017. Amounts due from Key Tronic Corporation at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were inconsequential. Recent Accounting Developments In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued Topic 606, which provided guidance on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. Revenue recognition depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Topic 606 also requires disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. We performed a review of the requirements of the new guidance and identified which of our revenue streams are within the scope of Topic 606. We applied the five-step model of the new standard to a selection of contracts within each of our revenue streams, and compared the results to our current accounting practices. We also performed detailed contract reviews to complete necessary adjustments to our existing accounting policies, and implemented changes to our processes and internal controls to capture new data and address changes in financial reporting. We expanded our consolidated financial statement disclosures to comply with the requirements of Topic 606. We adopted the new standard using the modified retrospective method, with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application. Our adoption of Topic 606 on January 1, 2018 resulted in a $218,000 decrease in retained earnings to record the cumulative effect adjustment. Adoption of Topic 606 increased our revenues in the year ended December 31, 2018 by $81,000, when compared to revenue recognition under Topic 605. Adoption of Topic 606 increased our net income in the year ended December 31, 2018 by $64,000, or approximately $0.01 per share. On January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU 2016-09, which impacted the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification in the consolidated statement of cash flows. At January 1, 2017, we had excess tax benefits from employee share-based payments that were not recognized because current taxes payable had not been reduced. Under the new standard, we are required to recognize the excess tax benefits regardless of whether or not they reduce income taxes payable in the current period. The new standard also requires all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies to be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in our statement of operations. Prior to our adoption of ASU 2016-09, share-based compensation expense was based on the number of awards that were expected to vest in the future. Under the new standard, we are allowed to account for the impact of forfeitures related to share-based payment arrangements when the forfeitures occur. Recognition of the deferred tax assets for previously unrecognized excess tax benefits and the impact of additional share-based compensation expense resulting from the change in the accounting for stock option forfeitures were required to be applied using a modified retrospective approach. At January 1, 2017, we recorded a $278,000 credit to retained earnings and a corresponding debit to deferred tax assets for previously unrecognized excess tax benefits. We also recorded a $23,000 credit to common stock, a $16,000 debit to retained earnings and a $7,000 debit to deferred tax assets for additional share-based compensation expense related to the change in accounting for stock option forfeitures. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-01, which revises the accounting related to (1) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and (2) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. The new standard also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 requires the fair value measurement of investments in equity securities and other ownership interests in an entity that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method. Entities will need to measure these investments and recognize changes in fair value in net income. Entities will no longer be able to recognize unrealized holding gains and losses on equity securities they classify under current guidance as available-for-sale in other comprehensive income. ASU 2016-01 was effective beginning January 1, 2018 and resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings, except for guidance relative to equity securities without readily determinable fair values, which is applied prospectively. Our adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 resulted in a $44,000 increase in retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive loss. In February 2016, the FASB issued new lease accounting guidance, ASU 2016-02, Leases (also referred to as Topic 842). Under the new standard, at the commencement date, lessees will be required (a) to recognize a lease liability, which is a lessee's obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis, and (b) to record a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. We are required to adopt ASU 2016-02 for our year beginning January 1, 2019, including interim periods within that year. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements (ASU 2018-11), which gives companies the option of applying the new standard at the adoption date, rather than retrospectively to the earliest period presented in the financial statements, with recognition of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. We have chosen the option to apply the new standard at the adoption date and therefore we are not required to restate the financial statements of prior periods, nor will we be required to provide the disclosures required by Topic 842 for those prior periods. Upon adoption, we recognized an approximate $2.6 million right-of-use asset, and an approximate $3.2 million lease liability. Our previously recognized liability for lease incentives recorded under prior accounting standards was eliminated. The cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings related to our adoption of ASU 2016-02 was inconsequential. We do not believe that ASU 2016-02 will have a material impact on our results of operations. The impact of ASU 2016-02 is non-cash in nature and will not affect our cash flows. We will expand our financial statement disclosures in future periods. In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance on simplifying the test for goodwill impairment, ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (ASU 2017-04). Under the new standard, goodwill impairment would be measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, but not in an amount in excess of the carrying value of goodwill. The new standard eliminates the requirement to determine goodwill impairment by calculating the implied fair value of goodwill by hypothetically assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. ASU 2017-04 is to be applied prospectively to impairment tests beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating when we will adopt ASU 2017-04 and do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02), which allows an entity to elect an option to reclassify the stranded tax effects related to the application of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings. The guidance also requires new disclosures regardless of an entity's election. The new standard is effective January 1, 2019 with early adoption permitted, and can be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to all applicable periods. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2018-02 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Business Description And Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES [Abstract]

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION AND SIGNICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE 1 – BUSINESS DESCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Description of Business

We are a leading global developer and manufacturer of high precision sensing technology solutions. Our products are used in surface mount technology (SMT), semiconductor and metrology markets to significantly improve yields and productivity.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CyberOptics Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. In these notes to the consolidated financial statements, these companies are collectively referred to as “CyberOptics,” “we,” “us,” or “our.” All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Segment Reporting

We operate in a single reportable segment that includes the design, development and manufacture of high precision sensing technology solutions.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of funds maintained in demand deposit accounts, money market accounts, corporate debt instruments and U.S. government backed obligations. Cash and cash equivalent balances, at times, may exceed federally insured limits.

Marketable Securities

All marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale and consist of U.S. government and agency backed obligations, certificates of deposit, corporate debt instruments, asset backed securities or equity securities. Marketable securities are classified as short-term or long-term in the consolidated balance sheet based on their maturity date and expectations regarding sales.

Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses for marketable debt securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity until realized. Unrealized gains and losses for marketable equity securities are recognized in net income. Fair values are primarily determined using quoted market prices. The carrying amounts of securities, for purposes of computing unrealized gains and losses, are determined by specific identification. The cost of securities sold is also determined by specific identification.

We monitor the carrying value of our marketable debt securities compared to their fair value to determine whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is other-than-temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than the cost basis, credit quality and our ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. If a decline in fair value of our marketable debt securities is determined to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge related to that specific investment is recorded in net income.

See Recent Accounting Developments for additional information related to our adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (ASU 2016-01).

Cash and marketable securities held by foreign subsidiaries totaled $362,000 at December 31, 2018 and $187,000 at December 31, 2017.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Appropriate consideration is given to deterioration, obsolescence, and other factors in evaluating net realizable value. Demonstration inventories are stated at cost less accumulated amortization, generally based on a 36 month useful life.

Accumulated amortization for demonstration inventories totaled $1.9 million at December 31, 2018 and $1.5 million at December 31, 2017.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We extend unsecured credit to our customers in the normal course of business. Allowances for doubtful accounts are maintained for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. In making the determination of the appropriate allowance for doubtful accounts, we consider specific accounts, historical write-offs, changes in customer relationships and credit worthiness and concentrations of credit risk. Specific accounts receivable are written-off once a determination is made that the account is uncollectible.

Equipment and Leasehold Improvements

Equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost. Significant additions or improvements extending asset lives are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. In-progress costs are capitalized with depreciation beginning when assets are placed in service. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the equipment, ranging from one to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the asset useful life or the underlying lease term, ranging from one to eight years. Gains or losses on dispositions are included in current operations.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. We have determined that we have one reporting unit. We evaluate the carrying value of goodwill annually on December 31st and more frequently if management believes indicators of impairment exist. Such indicators could include, but are not limited to (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that our fair value is greater than carrying value (i.e. net book value). If we conclude that it is more likely than not that our fair value is greater than carrying value, no further testing is required. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that our fair value is less than carrying value, we conduct a two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. The first step of the impairment test involves comparing our fair value to carrying value. We estimate our fair value using the income approach. The income approach is a valuation technique under which we estimate future cash flows using financial forecasts. Future estimated cash flows are discounted to their present value to calculate fair value. When considering fair value, we also give consideration to the control premium in excess of our current market capitalization that might be obtained from a third party acquirer. If we determine that our carrying value exceeds fair value, the amount of impairment loss must be measured. The second step of the goodwill impairment test involves comparing the implied fair value of our goodwill with the carrying value of that goodwill. The amount by which the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied value, if any, is recognized as an impairment loss.

On December 31, 2018 and 2017, we performed a qualitative assessment to determine if there was any indication that our goodwill might be impaired. After considering all available evidence, including our financial performance, financial outlook and current market capitalization, we concluded that it is more likely than not that our fair value is greater than carrying value. As a result, no further testing was deemed necessary, and we determined that our goodwill was not impaired. No amounts were recorded for goodwill impairment in 2018 or 2017.

Patents

Patents consist of legal and patent registration costs for protection of our proprietary technology. We amortize patent costs on a straight-line basis, based upon their estimated life.

Long Lived Assets

Intangible assets subject to amortization and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized when future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from use of the asset and eventual disposition are less than the carrying amount.

Revenue Recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-9, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and the related amendments (also referred to as Topic 606) using the modified retrospective method. Topic 606 was applied to all uncompleted contracts by recognizing the cumulative effect of initially applying Topic 606 as an adjustment to the opening balance of equity at January 1, 2018. Therefore, the comparative financial information for 2017 has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605). See Recent Accounting Developments and Note 2 for additional information related to our adoption of Topic 606.

Revenue Accounting - Topic 606

Under Topic 606, revenue is measured based on consideration specified in the contract with a customer. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in Topic 606. Revenue from all customers, including distributors, is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of a product or service to a customer. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are included in revenue. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue on the net basis of accounting. Accounts receivable are due under normal trade terms, typically 90 days or less.

Sales involving multiple performance obligations typically include the sale of an inspection system or metrology product, installation and training, and in some cases, an extended warranty. When a sale involves multiple performance obligations, we account for individual products and services separately if the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer and the product or service are separately identifiable from other promises in the arrangement. The consideration is allocated between separate performance obligations in proportion to their estimated stand-alone selling price. If the stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, we use the cost plus margin approach to estimate stand-alone selling price. Costs related to products delivered are recognized in the period revenue is recognized; including product warranties for periods ranging from 1 to 3 years (see Note 7).

Our performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time or over time as work progresses. Revenue for products and services transferred to customers at a point in time is recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract with our customer are satisfied; generally with the transfer of control upon shipment. Sales of some products may require customer acceptance due to performance or other acceptance criteria that is considered more than a formality. For these product sales, revenue is recognized upon notification of customer acceptance.

Periodically, sensor product arrangements with our original equipment manufacturers (OEM's) will create an asset with no alternative use and include an enforceable right to payment. For these arrangements, control is transferred over the manufacturing process; therefore, revenue is recognized over time utilizing an input method based on actual costs incurred in the manufacturing process to date relative to total expected production costs. For certain longer duration 3D scanning service projects, we progress bill as the services are performed. These arrangements create an asset with no alternative use and include an enforceable right to payment. For these arrangements, control is transferred over the hours incurred to complete the scanning project; therefore, revenue is recognized over time utilizing an input method based on actual hours incurred relative to total projected project hours. For maintenance and extended warranty contracts, revenue is recognized over time on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the coverage.

Accounting for contracts recognized over time under Topic 606 involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that may span multiple years. We review and update our contract-related estimates regularly, and record adjustments as needed.

Practical Expedients - Topic 606

We generally expense the incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred because the amortization period for these costs would be less than one year. These costs primarily relate to sales commissions and are recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, primarily consisting of product installation and training. We do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if we expect, at contract inception, that the period between when we transfer a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

Revenue Accounting - Topic 605

Prior to January 1, 2018, revenue from all customers, including distributors, is recognized when all significant contractual obligations have been satisfied, pricing is fixed and determinable and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Generally, product revenues are recognized upon shipment under Ex-works terms, and include shipping and handling costs. Revenue from services is recognized as work is performed. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue on the net basis of accounting. Estimated returns and warranty costs are recorded at the time of sale. Sales of some inspection system products may require customer acceptance due to performance or other acceptance criteria included in the terms of sale. For these inspection system product sales, revenue is recognized at the time of customer acceptance. Our multiple deliverable arrangements typically include the sale of an inspection system or metrology product, related installation and training and, in some cases, an extended warranty. Revenue from installation and training are recognized as the services are provided. Revenue from extended warranties is recognized ratably over the warranty period.

When a sale involves multiple elements, revenue is allocated to each respective element at inception of an arrangement using the relative selling price method. Selling price is determined based on a selling price hierarchy, consisting of vendor specific objective evidence (VSOE), third party evidence or estimated selling price. Management’s best estimate of the selling price of an inspection system and metrology products is based on the cost of the product and a reasonable margin based on geographic location and competitive market conditions. We use VSOE to establish fair value for extended warranty, installation and training services. If VSOE is not available to establish fair value for extended warranty, installation and training services, we estimate a selling price based on the cost-build-up for the particular service and a reasonable gross margin. Costs related to products delivered are recognized in the period revenue is recognized. Cost of revenues consists primarily of direct labor, manufacturing overhead, materials and components and excludes amortization of intangible assets.

Foreign Currency Translation

Financial position and results of operations of our international subsidiaries are measured using local currency as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated at the exchange rates in effect at each fiscal year-end. Statements of operations accounts are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. Translation adjustments arising from the use of differing exchange rates from period to period are included as a cumulative translation adjustment in stockholders’ equity.

Foreign Currency Transactions

Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in interest income and other income (expense), net in the statement of operations. We recognized a foreign currency transaction gain of $72,000 in 2018 and a foreign currency transaction loss of $177,000 in 2017.

Research and Development

Research and development (R&D) costs, including software development, are expensed when incurred. Software development costs are required to be expensed until the point that technological feasibility and proven marketability of the product are established; costs otherwise capitalizable after such point also are expensed because they are insignificant. All other R&D costs are expensed as incurred. R&D expenses consist primarily of salaries, project materials, contract labor and other costs associated with ongoing product development and enhancement efforts.

Advertising Costs

We expense all advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense incurred was $314,000 in 2018 and $400,000 in 2017.

Warranty Costs

We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties, which cover products for periods ranging from one to three years at the time revenue is recognized.

Income Taxes

We evaluate uncertain tax positions using the “more likely than not” threshold (i.e., a likelihood of occurrence greater than fifty percent). The recognition threshold is met when an entity concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority. Those tax positions failing to qualify for initial recognition are classified as a gross unrecognized tax benefit until the first interim period in which they meet the more likely than not standard, or are resolved through negotiation or litigation with the taxing authority, or upon expiration of the statute of limitations. De-recognition of a tax position that was previously recognized occurs when an entity subsequently determines that a tax position no longer meets the more likely than not threshold of being sustained.

Only the portion of the unrecognized tax benefit that is expected to be paid within one year is classified as a current liability. As a result, liabilities expected to be resolved without the payment of cash (e.g., resolution due to the expiration of the statute of limitations) or are not expected to be paid within one year are not classified as current. It is our policy to record estimated interest and penalties as income tax expense and tax credits as a reduction in income tax expense.

Deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the tax consequences in future years of differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Income tax expense is the sum of the tax currently payable and the change in the deferred tax assets and liabilities during the period, excluding changes in deferred tax assets recorded to goodwill. Valuation allowances are established when, in the opinion of management, there is uncertainty that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets and the need for a valuation allowance based on all positive and negative evidence.

Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per basic share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Net income per diluted share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Common equivalent shares consist of common shares to be issued upon exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units, vesting of restricted shares and from purchases of shares under our employee stock purchase plan, as calculated using the treasury stock method. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the calculation of net income per diluted share if their effect is anti-dilutive.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of financial instruments such as cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their related fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Share-Based Compensation

All share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, are required to be recognized as an expense in our consolidated statements of operations based on the grant date fair value of the award. We utilize the straight-line method of expense recognition over the award’s service period for our graded vesting options. The fair value of stock options has been determined using the Black-Scholes model. We account for the impact of forfeitures related to employee share-based payment arrangements when the forfeitures occur. We have classified employee share based compensation within our consolidated statement of operations in the same manner as our cash based employee compensation costs.

See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to employee share-based compensation. See Recent Accounting Developments for additional information related to our adoption of ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2016-09).

Related Party Transactions

One of our board members serves as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Key Tronic Corporation, and our President and Chief Executive Officer serves on the board of Key Tronic Corporation. Our sales to Key Tronic Corporation totaled $13,000 in 2018 and $133,000 in 2017. Amounts due from Key Tronic Corporation at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were inconsequential.

Recent Accounting Developments

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued Topic 606, which provided guidance on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. Revenue recognition depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Topic 606 also requires disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. We performed a review of the requirements of the new guidance and identified which of our revenue streams are within the scope of Topic 606. We applied the five-step model of the new standard to a selection of contracts within each of our revenue streams, and compared the results to our current accounting practices. We also performed detailed contract reviews to complete necessary adjustments to our existing accounting policies, and implemented changes to our processes and internal controls to capture new data and address changes in financial reporting. We expanded our consolidated financial statement disclosures to comply with the requirements of Topic 606. We adopted the new standard using the modified retrospective method, with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application. Our adoption of Topic 606 on January 1, 2018 resulted in a $218,000 decrease in retained earnings to record the cumulative effect adjustment. Adoption of Topic 606 increased our revenues in the year ended December 31, 2018 by $81,000, when compared to revenue recognition under Topic 605. Adoption of Topic 606 increased our net income in the year ended December 31, 2018 by $64,000, or approximately $0.01 per share.

On January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU 2016-09, which impacted the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification in the consolidated statement of cash flows. At January 1, 2017, we had excess tax benefits from employee share-based payments that were not recognized because current taxes payable had not been reduced. Under the new standard, we are required to recognize the excess tax benefits regardless of whether or not they reduce income taxes payable in the current period. The new standard also requires all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies to be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in our statement of operations. Prior to our adoption of ASU 2016-09, share-based compensation expense was based on the number of awards that were expected to vest in the future. Under the new standard, we are allowed to account for the impact of forfeitures related to share-based payment arrangements when the forfeitures occur. Recognition of the deferred tax assets for previously unrecognized excess tax benefits and the impact of additional share-based compensation expense resulting from the change in the accounting for stock option forfeitures were required to be applied using a modified retrospective approach. At January 1, 2017, we recorded a $278,000 credit to retained earnings and a corresponding debit to deferred tax assets for previously unrecognized excess tax benefits. We also recorded a $23,000 credit to common stock, a $16,000 debit to retained earnings and a $7,000 debit to deferred tax assets for additional share-based compensation expense related to the change in accounting for stock option forfeitures.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-01, which revises the accounting related to (1) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and (2) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. The new standard also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 requires the fair value measurement of investments in equity securities and other ownership interests in an entity that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method. Entities will need to measure these investments and recognize changes in fair value in net income. Entities will no longer be able to recognize unrealized holding gains and losses on equity securities they classify under current guidance as available-for-sale in other comprehensive income. ASU 2016-01 was effective beginning January 1, 2018 and resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings, except for guidance relative to equity securities without readily determinable fair values, which is applied prospectively. Our adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 resulted in a $44,000 increase in retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive loss.

In February 2016, the FASB issued new lease accounting guidance, ASU 2016-02, Leases (also referred to as Topic 842). Under the new standard, at the commencement date, lessees will be required (a) to recognize a lease liability, which is a lessee's obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis, and (b) to record a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. We are required to adopt ASU 2016-02 for our year beginning January 1, 2019, including interim periods within that year. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements (ASU 2018-11), which gives companies the option of applying the new standard at the adoption date, rather than retrospectively to the earliest period presented in the financial statements, with recognition of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. We have chosen the option to apply the new standard at the adoption date and therefore we are not required to restate the financial statements of prior periods, nor will we be required to provide the disclosures required by Topic 842 for those prior periods. Upon adoption, we recognized an approximate $2.6 million right-of-use asset, and an approximate $3.2 million lease liability. Our previously recognized liability for lease incentives recorded under prior accounting standards was eliminated. The cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings related to our adoption of ASU 2016-02 was inconsequential. We do not believe that ASU 2016-02 will have a material impact on our results of operations. The impact of ASU 2016-02 is non-cash in nature and will not affect our cash flows. We will expand our financial statement disclosures in future periods.

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance on simplifying the test for goodwill impairment, ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (ASU 2017-04). Under the new standard, goodwill impairment would be measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, but not in an amount in excess of the carrying value of goodwill. The new standard eliminates the requirement to determine goodwill impairment by calculating the implied fair value of goodwill by hypothetically assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. ASU 2017-04 is to be applied prospectively to impairment tests beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating when we will adopt ASU 2017-04 and do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02), which allows an entity to elect an option to reclassify the stranded tax effects related to the application of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings. The guidance also requires new disclosures regardless of an entity's election. The new standard is effective January 1, 2019 with early adoption permitted, and can be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to all applicable periods. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2018-02 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.