UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549Form

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

Commission File No. 001-11241

CATERPILLAR FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATION

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	37-1105865
(State of incorporation)	(IRS Employer I.D. No.)
2120 West End Ave., Nashville, Tennessee	37203-0001
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (615) 341-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
	Title of each class	Trading  Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange   on which registered
	Medium-Term Notes, Series H, 3.300% Notes Due 2024	CAT/24	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 3, 2023, one share of common stock of the registrant was outstanding, which is owned by Caterpillar Inc.

The registrant is a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. and meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction (H)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-Q, and is therefore filing this form with the reduced disclosure format.

Table of Contents

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	*
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32
Part II. Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	*
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	*
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	*
Item 5.	Other Information	*
Item 6.	Exhibits	33
* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

2

UNAUDITED

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

In addition to the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements for Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Cat Financial,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”), we suggest that you read our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 15, 2023. The Company files electronically with the SEC required reports on Form 8-K, Form 10-Q, Form 10-K; registration statements on Form S-3; and other forms or reports as required. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to these reports filed or furnished with the SEC are available free of charge through Caterpillar’s website (www.caterpillar.com/secfilings) as soon as reasonably practicable after filing with the SEC. In addition, the public may obtain more detailed information about our parent company, Caterpillar, by visiting its website (www.caterpillar.com). None of the information contained at any time on our website or Caterpillar’s website is incorporated by reference into this document.

3

UNAUDITED

Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PROFIT

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in Millions)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenues:
Retail finance	$	340	$	290
Operating lease	218		225
Wholesale finance	151		84
Other, net	59		53
Total revenues	768		652
Expenses:
Interest	217		106
Depreciation on equipment leased to others	174		184
General, operating and administrative	133		131
Provision for credit losses	9		27
Other	6		7
Total expenses	539		455
Other income (expense)	(25)		(4)
Profit before income taxes	204		193
Provision for income taxes	53		49
Profit of consolidated companies	151		144
Less: Profit attributable to noncontrolling interests	2		1
Profit attributable to Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation	$	149	$	143

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

4

UNAUDITED

Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in Millions)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Profit of consolidated companies	$	151	$	144
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 5):
Foreign currency translation	44		10
Derivative financial instruments	1		16
Total Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	45		26
Comprehensive income (loss)	196		170
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	4		3
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation	$	192	$	167

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

5

UNAUDITED

Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in Millions, except share data)

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	675	$	868
Finance receivables, net of Allowance for credit losses of $348 and $346	26,988		26,441
Notes receivable from Caterpillar	521		482
Equipment on operating leases, net	2,890		2,911
Other assets	1,132		1,255
Total assets	$	32,206	$	31,957
Liabilities and shareholder’s equity:
Payable to dealers and others	$	174	$	163
Payable to Caterpillar - borrowings and other	143		124
Accrued expenses	406		380
Short-term borrowings	5,841		5,954
Current maturities of long-term debt	6,287		5,202
Long-term debt	15,315		16,216
Other liabilities	956		955
Total liabilities	29,122		28,994
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 7)
Common stock - $1 par value
Authorized: 2,000 shares; Issued and
outstanding: one share (at paid-in amount)	745		745
Additional paid-in capital	2		2
Retained earnings	3,131		3,057
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,004)		(1,047)
Noncontrolling interests	210		206
Total shareholder’s equity	3,084		2,963
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity	$	32,206	$	31,957

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

6

UNAUDITED

Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in Millions)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Noncontrolling interests		Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	745	$	2	$	2,797	$	(774)	$	211	$	2,981
Profit of consolidated companies					143				1		144
Foreign currency translation, net of tax							8		2		10
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax							16				16
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	745	$	2	$	2,940	$	(750)	$	214	$	3,151
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	745	$	2	$	3,057	$	(1,047)	$	206	$	2,963
Profit of consolidated companies					149				2		151
Dividend paid to Caterpillar					(75)						(75)
Foreign currency translation, net of tax							42		2		44
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax							1				1
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	745	$	2	$	3,131	$	(1,004)	$	210	$	3,084

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

7

UNAUDITED

Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in Millions)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated companies	$	151	$	144
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	178		187
Accretion of Caterpillar purchased receivable revenue	(140)		(81)
Provision for credit losses	9		27
Other, net	(22)		(27)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Other assets	56		1
Payable to dealers and others	17		27
Accrued expenses	(14)		3
Other payables with Caterpillar	13		19
Other liabilities	5		22
Net cash provided by operating activities	253		322
Cash flows from investing activities:
Expenditures for equipment on operating leases	(270)		(238)
Capital expenditures - excluding equipment on operating leases	(8)		(3)
Proceeds from disposals of equipment	177		239
Additions to finance receivables	(3,462)		(3,139)
Collections of finance receivables	3,439		3,160
Net changes in Caterpillar purchased receivables	(258)		(42)
Proceeds from sales of receivables	24		9
Net change in variable lending to Caterpillar	(51)		(5)
Additions to other notes receivable from Caterpillar	—		(91)
Collections of other notes receivable from Caterpillar	13		10
Settlements of undesignated derivatives	(1)		(33)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(397)		(133)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	1,517		2,131
Payments on debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	(1,385)		(1,381)
Short-term borrowings, net (original maturities three months or less)	(100)		(892)
Dividend paid to Caterpillar	(75)		—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(43)		(142)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(6)		5
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(193)		52
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year(1)	870		614
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period(1)	$	677	$	666

(1) As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, restricted cash, which is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, was $2 million. Restricted cash primarily includes cash related to syndication activities.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

8

UNAUDITED

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1.Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated profit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, (c) the consolidated financial position at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholder’s equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and (e) the consolidated cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts. Significant estimates include residual values for leased assets, allowance for credit losses and income taxes. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2022 Form 10-K). The December 31, 2022 financial position data included herein was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2022 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by generally accepted accounting principles.

We consolidate all variable interest entities (VIEs) where we are the primary beneficiary. For VIEs, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary as prescribed by the accounting guidance on the consolidation of VIEs. Please refer to Note 7 for more information.

We have customers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. Credit risk was evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses.

2.New Accounting Pronouncements

A.Adoption of New Accounting Standards

We consider the applicability and impact of all Accounting Standards Updates (ASUs). Effective January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures prospectively. The ASU eliminates accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (TDRs), enhances disclosures for certain receivable modifications related to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, and requires disclosure of current period gross write-offs by year of origination. See Note 3 for additional information.

B.Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We have assessed the ASUs and determined that they either were not applicable or were not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

9

UNAUDITED

3.Finance Receivables

A summary of finance receivables included in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Retail loans, net(1)	$	15,013	$	14,973
Retail leases, net	6,826		6,965
Caterpillar purchased receivables, net	4,731		4,297
Wholesale loans, net(1)	759		545
Wholesale leases, net	7		7
Total finance receivables	27,336		26,787
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(348)		(346)
Total finance receivables, net	$	26,988	$	26,441

(1) Includes failed sale leasebacks.

Finance leases

Revenues from finance leases were $104 million and $112 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included in retail and wholesale finance revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Profit. The residual values for finance leases are included in Finance receivables, net in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Residual value adjustments are recognized through a reduction of finance revenue over the remaining lease term.

Allowance for credit losses 

Portfolio segments

A portfolio segment is the level at which we develop a systematic methodology for determining our allowance for credit losses. Our portfolio segments and related methods for estimating expected credit losses are as follows:

Customer

We provide loans and finance leases to end-user customers primarily for the purpose of financing new and used Caterpillar machinery, engines and equipment for commercial use. We also provide financing for power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. The average original term of our customer finance receivable portfolio was approximately 51 months with an average remaining term of approximately 28 months as of March 31, 2023.

We typically maintain a security interest in financed equipment and we require physical damage insurance coverage on the financed equipment, both of which provide us with certain rights and protections. If our collection efforts fail to bring a defaulted account current, we generally can repossess the financed equipment, after satisfying local legal requirements, and sell it within the Caterpillar dealer network or through third-party auctions.

We estimate the allowance for credit losses related to our customer finance receivables based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default and our estimated loss given default based on past loss experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts capturing country and industry-specific economic factors.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, our forecasts for the markets in which we operate reflected a continuation of the trend of relatively low unemployment rates and delinquencies. However, delinquencies show an increasing trend as persistently high inflation rates and consequent central bank actions are weakening global economic growth. We believe the economic forecasts employed represent reasonable and supportable forecasts, followed by a reversion to long-term trends.

Dealer

We provide financing to Caterpillar dealers in the form of wholesale financing plans. Our wholesale financing plans provide assistance to dealers by financing their mostly new Caterpillar equipment inventory and rental fleets on a secured and unsecured basis. In addition, we provide a variety of secured and unsecured loans to Caterpillar dealers.

We estimate the allowance for credit losses for dealer finance receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

10

UNAUDITED

In general, our Dealer portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to our close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, we made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Caterpillar Purchased Receivables

We purchase receivables from Caterpillar, primarily related to the sale of equipment and parts to dealers. Caterpillar purchased receivables are non-interest-bearing short-term trade receivables that are purchased at a discount.

We estimate the allowance for credit losses for Caterpillar purchased receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

In general, our Caterpillar Purchased Receivables portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to the short-term maturities of the receivables, our close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, we made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Classes of finance receivables

We further evaluate our portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Our classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

•North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada.

•EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

•Asia/Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.

•Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.

•Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico and Central and South American countries.

•Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023								Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer		Dealer		Caterpillar Purchased Receivables		Total		Customer		Dealer		Caterpillar Purchased Receivables		Total
Beginning Balance	$	277	$	65	$	4	$	346	$	251	$	82	$	4	$	337
Write-offs	(20)		—		—		(20)		(20)		—		—		(20)
Recoveries	10		—		—		10		12		—		—		12
Provision for credit losses(1)	10		—		1		11		26		(1)		1		26
Other	1		—		—		1		2		—		—		2
Ending Balance	$	278	$	65	$	5	$	348	$	271	$	81	$	5	$	357
Finance Receivables	$	20,117	$	2,488	$	4,731	$	27,336	$	20,953	$	2,112	$	4,647	$	27,712

(1) Excludes provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments and other miscellaneous receivables.

11

UNAUDITED

Gross write-offs by origination year for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows:

(Millions of Dollars)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total
North America	$	—	$	3	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	10
EAME	—		1		—		1		—		—		—		2
Asia/Pacific	—		—		2		1		1		—		—		4
Latin America	—		—		1		2		1		—		—		4
Total	$	—	$	4	$	6	$	4	$	2	$	—	$	4	$	20

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, we evaluate credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios, probabilities of default, industry trends, macroeconomic factors and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, we monitor credit quality based on past-due status as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, we consider the entire finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due.

12

UNAUDITED

Customer

The tables below summarize the aging category of our amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year.

(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2023
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	886	$	3,585	$	2,931	$	1,308	$	525	$	168	$	255	$	9,658
31-60 days past due	3		29		30		18		8		2		3		93
61-90 days past due	—		11		8		5		2		1		2		29
91+ days past due	—		12		19		12		5		5		3		56
EAME
Current	310		1,198		864		423		234		189		—		3,218
31-60 days past due	2		15		12		4		2		1		—		36
61-90 days past due	—		7		5		3		2		—		—		17
91+ days past due	—		8		23		14		3		2		—		50
Asia/Pacific
Current	282		1,028		676		300		93		30		46		2,455
31-60 days past due	—		9		12		9		2		—		—		32
61-90 days past due	—		4		4		3		1		—		—		12
91+ days past due	—		4		6		5		3		1		—		19
Mining
Current	319		848		550		192		158		99		56		2,222
31-60 days past due	—		5		—		4		1		—		—		10
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		—		1		—		—		—		—		1
Latin America
Current	182		716		339		124		51		28		—		1,440
31-60 days past due	—		17		32		4		9		9		—		71
61-90 days past due	—		4		4		1		—		3		—		12
91+ days past due	—		5		14		8		2		1		—		30
Power Finance
Current	12		80		80		140		49		159		133		653
31-60 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
91+ days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Totals by Aging Category
Current	1,991		7,455		5,440		2,487		1,110		673		490		19,646
31-60 days past due	5		75		86		39		22		14		3		244
61-90 days past due	—		26		21		12		5		5		2		71
91+ days past due	—		29		63		39		13		9		3		156
Total	$	1,996	$	7,585	$	5,610	$	2,577	$	1,150	$	701	$	498	$	20,117

13

UNAUDITED

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2022
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	3,915	$	3,276	$	1,525	$	653	$	206	$	34	$	240	$	9,849
31-60 days past due	25		26		18		12		4		1		4		90
61-90 days past due	9		15		7		3		1		—		3		38
91+ days past due	11		16		12		6		4		3		4		56
EAME
Current	1,270		953		477		280		155		68		—		3,203
31-60 days past due	10		12		7		1		1		—		—		31
61-90 days past due	8		4		3		1		—		—		—		16
91+ days past due	6		25		16		4		1		1		—		53
Asia/Pacific
Current	1,174		805		393		124		37		5		40		2,578
31-60 days past due	10		12		8		1		1		—		—		32
61-90 days past due	2		5		4		2		—		—		—		13
91+ days past due	2		6		6		4		—		—		—		18
Mining
Current	875		627		227		193		94		108		80		2,204
31-60 days past due	—		1		—		—		—		—		—		1
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Latin America
Current	770		400		150		69		26		20		—		1,435
31-60 days past due	7		8		4		2		—		1		—		22
61-90 days past due	2		5		1		1		—		—		—		9
91+ days past due	2		13		11		2		1		—		—		29
Power Finance
Current	82		87		146		51		18		161		125		670
31-60 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		—		—		—		—		5		—		5
Totals by Aging Category
Current	8,086		6,148		2,918		1,370		536		396		485		19,939
31-60 days past due	52		59		37		16		6		2		4		176
61-90 days past due	21		29		15		7		1		—		3		76
91+ days past due	21		60		45		16		6		10		4		162
Total	$	8,180	$	6,296	$	3,015	$	1,409	$	549	$	408	$	496	$	20,353

Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment are substantially secured by collateral, primarily in the form of Caterpillar and other equipment. For those contracts where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, repayment of the outstanding amounts is generally expected to be provided through the operation or repossession and sale of the equipment.

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Dealer

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $62 million that was 91+ days past due in Latin America, all of which was originated in 2017.

Caterpillar Purchased Receivables

The tables below summarize the aging category of our amortized cost of finance receivables in the Caterpillar Purchased Receivables portfolio segment.

(Millions of dollars)
	March 31, 2023
	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Finance Receivables
North America	$	6	$	4	$	3	$	13	$	2,679	$	2,692
EAME	—		1		2		3		883		886
Asia/Pacific	1		1		1		3		706		709
Latin America	7		2		14		23		409		432
Power Finance	3		—		1		4		8		12
Total	$	17	$	8	$	21	$	46	$	4,685	$	4,731

(Millions of dollars)
	December 31, 2022
	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Finance Receivables
North America	$	11	$	7	$	4	$	22	$	2,458	$	2,480
EAME	1		—		2		3		812		815
Asia/Pacific	6		2		2		10		555		565
Latin America	9		2		14		25		406		431
Power Finance	1		—		—		1		5		6
Total	$	28	$	11	$	22	$	61	$	4,236	$	4,297

Non-accrual finance receivables

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. Contracts on non-accrual status are generally more than 120 days past due. Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when collection is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivable being placed on non-accrual status is written off through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, it is considered uncollectible.

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In our Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost						Amortized Cost
	Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing		Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing
North America	$	48	$	—	$	12	$	52	$	4	$	11
EAME	44		—		6		43		—		10
Asia/Pacific	12		—		7		11		—		7
Mining	2		—		—		—		1		—
Latin America	77		—		—		45		—		—
Power Finance	8		—		—		5		11		—
Total	$	191	$	—	$	25	$	156	$	16	$	28

Interest income recognized for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status was not material during each of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

There were $62 million in finance receivables in our Dealer portfolio segment on non-accrual status as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, all of which was in Latin America.

Modifications

We periodically modify loan terms in response to borrowers’ financial difficulty. Typically, the types of modifications granted are payment deferrals, interest only payment periods and/or term extensions. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, loan modifications granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty were not material.

The effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses based on the methodologies used to estimate the allowance; therefore, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. On rare occasions when principal forgiveness is provided, the amount forgiven is written off against the allowance for credit losses.

Troubled debt restructurings

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, a modification constituted a TDR when the lender granted a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may have included extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, payment deferrals and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest.

There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2022 for the Dealer or Caterpillar Purchased Receivables portfolio segments. Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
EAME	1		1
Power Finance	6		6
Total	$	7	$	7

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Post-TDR amortized cost of TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date was $5 million, all of which was in Mining.

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4.Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts and interest rate contracts. Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers. We present at least annually to our Board of Directors and the Audit Committee of the Caterpillar Inc. Board of Directors on our risk management practices, including our use of financial derivative instruments.

All derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at their fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, the derivative instrument is (1) designated as a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) designated as a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows (cash flow hedge) or (3) undesignated. We record in current earnings changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk. We record in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge, to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position until we reclassify them to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. We report changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments in current earnings. We classify cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. We include cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments in the investing category on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flow of hedged items. When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.

Foreign currency exchange rate risk

We have balance sheet positions and expected future transactions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates. In managing foreign currency risk, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

We have a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of our debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our finance receivable portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the finance receivable portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

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Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Assets1		Liabilities2		Assets1		Liabilities2
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts	$	244	$	(53)	$	305	$	(44)
Interest rate contracts	73		(94)		87		(113)
	$	317	$	(147)	$	392	$	(157)
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts	$	10	$	(62)	$	25	$	(42)
	$	10	$	(62)	$	25	$	(42)

(1) Assets are classified on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as Other assets.

(2) Liabilities are classified on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as Accrued expenses.

The total notional amount of our derivative instruments was $12.92 billion and $13.18 billion as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The notional amounts of derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. We calculate the amounts exchanged by the parties by referencing the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates.

Gains (Losses) on derivative instruments are categorized as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Fair Value / Undesignated Hedges				Cash Flow Hedges
	Gains (Losses) Recognized1				Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI				Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI2
	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(34)	$	(79)	$	(33)	$	(27)	$	(50)	$	16
Interest rate contracts	(15)		6		(2)		56		14		(6)
	$	(49)	$	(73)	$	(35)	$	29	$	(36)	$	10

(1) Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily from undesignated forward contracts and are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are from designated fair value hedges and are included in Interest expense.

(2) Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are included in Interest expense.

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The following amounts were recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Millions of dollars)
	Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	194	$	—	$	(6)	$	—
Long-term debt	1,977		2,091		(77)		(112)
Total	$	2,171	$	2,091	$	(83)	$	(112)

As of March 31, 2023, $39 million of deferred net gains, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position), related to our cash flow hedges, are expected to be reclassified to earnings over the next twelve months. The actual amount recorded in earnings will vary based on interest rates and exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings.

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association master netting agreements that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits us or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements may also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is typically not required of the counterparties or us under the master netting agreements. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

The effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or a termination event was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Gross amounts recognized	$	327	$	(209)	$	417	$	(199)
Financial instruments not offset	(91)		91		(108)		108
Net amount	$	236	$	(118)	$	309	$	(91)

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5.Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

We present Comprehensive income (loss) and its components in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) included in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholder’s Equity consisted of the following:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Foreign currency translation
Balance at beginning of period	$	(1,068)	$	(762)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	33		19
Less: Tax provision/(benefit)	(9)		11
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	42		8
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	42		8
Balance at end of period	$	(1,026)	$	(754)
Derivative financial instruments
Balance at beginning of period	$	21	$	(12)
Gains (losses) deferred	(35)		29
Less: Tax provision/(benefit)	(9)		6
Net gains (losses) deferred	(26)		23
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	36		(10)
Less: Tax (provision)/benefit	9		(3)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	27		(7)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	1		16
Balance at end of period	$	22	$	4
Total Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at end of period	$	(1,004)	$	(750)

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6.Segment Information

A.     Basis for Segment Information

The Chief Operating Decision Maker (the CEO) allocates resources and manages performance for our six operating segments described as follows. Our operating segments provide financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services and power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, retail loans, working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers and wholesale financing plans within each of the operating segments. Certain operating segments also purchase short-term trade receivables from Caterpillar.

B.    Description of Segments

We have six operating segments that offer financing services. Following is a brief description of our segments:

•North America - Includes our operations in the United States and Canada.

•EAME - Includes our operations in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

•Asia/Pacific - Includes our operations in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.

•Latin America - Includes our operations in Mexico and Central and South American countries.

•Mining - Provides financing for large mining customers worldwide.

•Power Finance - Provides financing worldwide for Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

C.     Segment Measurement and Reconciliations

Cash, debt and other expenses are allocated to our segments based on their respective portfolios. The related Interest expense is calculated based on the amount of allocated debt and the rates associated with that debt. The performance of each segment is assessed based on a consistent leverage ratio. The Provision for credit losses is based on each segment’s respective finance receivable portfolio. Capital expenditures include expenditures for equipment on operating leases and other miscellaneous capital expenditures.

Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For the reconciliation of Profit before income taxes, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:

•Unallocated - This item is related to corporate requirements and strategies that are considered to be for the benefit of the entire organization. Also included are the consolidated results of the special purpose corporation (see Note 7 for additional information) and other miscellaneous items.

•Timing - Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

•Methodology - Methodology differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting are as follows:

◦Segment assets include off-balance sheet managed assets for which we maintain servicing responsibilities.

◦The impact of differences between the actual leverage and the segment leverage ratios.

◦Interest expense includes realized forward points on foreign currency forward contracts.

◦The net gain or loss from interest rate derivatives is excluded from segment reporting.

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Supplemental segment data and reconciliations to consolidated external reporting for the three months ended March 31 was as follows:

(Millions of dollars) 2023	External Revenues		Profit before income taxes		Interest Expense		Depreciation on equipment leased to others		Provision for credit losses		Assets at March 31, 2023		Capital expenditures
North America	$	418	$	149	$	95	$	123	$	5	$	15,208	$	222
EAME	84		26		21		14		—		5,194		24
Asia/Pacific	70		34		23		1		(1)		3,851		1
Latin America	82		19		40		3		6		2,719		3
Mining	88		34		15		32		(1)		2,685		23
Power Finance	14		5		6		1		—		684		—
Total Segments	756		267		200		174		9		30,341		273
Unallocated	15		(110)		76		—		—		1,816		5
Timing	(3)		—		—		—		—		19		—
Methodology	—		47		(59)		—		—		192		—
Inter-segment Eliminations (1)	—		—		—		—		—		(162)		—
Total	$	768	$	204	$	217	$	174	$	9	$	32,206	$	278
2022	External Revenues		Profit before income taxes		Interest Expense		Depreciation on equipment leased to others		Provision for credit losses		Assets at December 31, 2022		Capital expenditures
North America	$	359	$	127	$	54	$	128	$	6	$	15,229	$	199
EAME	67		—		7		14		26		5,067		14
Asia/Pacific	75		37		17		1		1		3,921		2
Latin America	58		19		26		2		(1)		2,636		2
Mining	72		20		8		38		(2)		2,700		22
Power Finance	19		15		3		1		(3)		704		—
Total Segments	650		218		115		184		27		30,257		239
Unallocated	5		(72)		42		—		—		1,628		2
Timing	(3)		1		—		—		—		18		—
Methodology	—		46		(51)		—		—		278		—
Inter-segment Eliminations (1)	—		—		—		—		—		(224)		—
Total	$	652	$	193	$	106	$	184	$	27	$	31,957	$	241

 (1) Elimination is primarily related to intercompany loans

7.Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Guarantees

We provide credit guarantees and residual value guarantees to third parties for financing and leasing associated with Caterpillar machinery. In addition, we provide standby letters of credit issued to third parties on behalf of our customers. These guarantees and standby letters of credit have varying terms and beneficiaries and are generally secured by customer assets.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the related recorded liability was less than $1 million. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees was $24 million and $26 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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We provide guarantees to purchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a VIE. The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers. This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program. We receive a fee for providing this guarantee. We are the primary beneficiary of the SPC as our guarantees result in us having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses and therefore we have consolidated the financial statements of the SPC. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the SPC’s assets of $1.13 billion and $971 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, which are included in Finance receivables, net in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1.13 billion and $970 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper, which is included in Short-term borrowings in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The assets of the SPC are not available to pay our creditors. We may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

Litigation and claims

We are involved in unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of our unresolved legal actions, we believe that these unresolved legal actions will neither individually nor in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

8.Fair Value Measurements

A.Fair Value Measurements

The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

•Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value and we classify such measurements within Level 1. In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market-based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates. These measurements are classified within Level 3.

We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation. We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk. Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or us) will not be fulfilled. For financial assets traded in an active market, the nonperformance risk is included in the market price. For certain other financial assets and liabilities, our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

Derivative financial instruments

The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows. The fair value of foreign currency forward and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

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Derivative financial instruments are measured on a recurring basis at fair value and are classified as Level 2 measurements. We had derivative financial instruments included in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position in a net asset position of $118 million and $218 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

See Note 4 for additional information.

Loans measured at fair value

Certain loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is measured at fair value when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable and the loan is individually evaluated. In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable. In determining collateral value, we estimate the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. We had loans carried at fair value of $61 million and $68 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

B.Fair Values of Financial Instruments

Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents (included in Other Assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position) and Short-term borrowings are classified as Level 1 measurements and carrying amount approximates fair value. We use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value:

Finance receivables, net – we estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities. 

Long-term debt – we estimate fair value for fixed and floating-rate debt based on quoted market prices.

Financial instruments not carried at fair value were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Finance receivables, net (excluding finance leases(1))	$	19,760	$	19,181	$	19,085	$	18,448	3	Note 3
Liabilities
Long-term debt	$	21,602	$	21,066	$	21,418	$	20,686	2

(1) Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $7.23 billion and $7.36 billion as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

9.Income Taxes 

The provision for income taxes reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent in the first quarter of 2023, compared with 25 percent in the first quarter of 2022.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report and our discussion of significant risks to the company’s business under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2022 Form 10-K.

OVERVIEW

We reported first-quarter 2023 revenues of $768 million, an increase of $116 million, or 18 percent, compared with $652 million in the first quarter of 2022. First-quarter 2023 profit was $149 million, an increase of $6 million, or 4 percent, compared with $143 million in the first quarter of 2022. The increase in revenues was primarily due to a $123 million favorable impact from higher average financing rates.

First-quarter 2023 profit before income taxes was $204 million, an increase of $11 million, or 6 percent, compared with $193 million in the first quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to a $20 million increase in net yield on average earning assets and an $18 million favorable impact from a lower provision for credit losses. These favorable impacts were partially offset by a $13 million unfavorable impact from currency exchange losses and a $9 million unfavorable impact from mark-to-market adjustments on derivative contracts.

The provision for income taxes reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent in the first quarter of 2023, compared with 25 percent in the first quarter of 2022.

During the first quarter of 2023, retail new business volume was $2.46 billion, a decrease of $315 million, or 11 percent, compared with $2.78 billion in the first quarter of 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by lower volume in North America and Asia/Pacific, partially offset by increases in Power Finance and Mining.

At the end of the first quarter of 2023, past dues were 2.00 percent, compared with 2.05 percent at the end of the first quarter of 2022. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $10 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared with $8 million for the first quarter of 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses totaled $348 million, or 1.27 percent of finance receivables, compared with $346 million, or 1.29 percent of finance receivables at December 31, 2022.

Global Business Conditions

Caterpillar continues to monitor a variety of external factors around the world, such as supply chain disruptions, inflationary cost and labor pressures. We are monitoring the potential downstream impacts from these factors on our business, while remaining focused on portfolio health and continuing to provide qualified customers and dealers with new loans and leases to support their current and future business needs.

We continue to closely monitor the events in Russia and Ukraine and have evaluated our exposure in these countries.

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FIRST QUARTER 2023 COMPARED WITH FIRST QUARTER 2022

Consolidated Total Revenues

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated total revenues between first quarter 2022 (at left) and first quarter 2023 (at right). Items favorably impacting total revenues appear as upward stair steps with corresponding dollar amounts above each bar, while items negatively impacting total revenues appear as downward stair steps with dollar amounts reflected in parentheses above each bar. Management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate results.

Retail revenue for the first quarter of 2023 was $340 million, an increase of $50 million from the same period in 2022. The increase was due to a $60 million favorable impact from higher interest rates on retail finance receivables, partially offset by a $10 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets. For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, retail average earning assets were $21.79 billion, a decrease of $758 million from the same period in 2022. The annualized average yield was 6.24 percent for the first quarter of 2023, compared with 5.14 percent for the first quarter of 2022.

Operating lease revenue for the first quarter of 2023 was $218 million, a decrease of $7 million from the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a $13 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets, partially offset by a $6 million favorable impact from higher rental rates on operating leases.

Wholesale revenue for the first quarter of 2023 was $151 million, an increase of $67 million from the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $61 million favorable impact from higher interest rates on wholesale finance receivables and a $6 million favorable impact from higher average earning assets. For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, wholesale average earning assets were $4.94 billion, an increase of $312 million from the same period in 2022. The annualized average yield was 12.21 percent for the first quarter of 2023, compared with 7.25 percent for the first quarter of 2022.

Other revenue, net items were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
Net gain on returned or repossessed equipment	$	32	$	30	$	2
Finance receivable and operating lease fees (including late charges)	16		15		1
Interest income on Notes receivable from Caterpillar	5		4		1
Miscellaneous other revenue, net	6		4		2
Total Other revenue, net	$	59	$	53	$	6

There was an $11 million unfavorable impact from currency on revenues in the first quarter of 2023. Currency represents the net translation impact resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar and is included in all financial statement line items and each of the items included in the above analysis.

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Consolidated Profit Before Income Taxes

(1) Analysis excludes $3 million and $4 million in offsetting revenues and expenses for property taxes on operating leases for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022.

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated profit before income taxes between first quarter 2022 (at left) and first quarter 2023 (at right). Items favorably impacting profit before income taxes appear as upward stair steps with corresponding dollar amounts above each bar, while items negatively impacting profit before income taxes appear as downward stair steps with dollar amounts reflected in parentheses above each bar. Management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate results.

First-quarter 2023 profit before income taxes was $204 million, an increase of $11 million, or 6 percent, compared with $193 million for the first quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to a $20 million increase in net yield on average earning assets and an $18 million favorable impact from a lower provision for credit losses. These favorable impacts were partially offset by a $13 million unfavorable impact from currency exchange losses and a $9 million unfavorable impact from mark-to-market adjustments on derivative contracts.

There was a $5 million unfavorable impact from currency on profit before income taxes in the first quarter of 2023. Currency represents the net translation impact resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar and is included in all financial statement line items and each of the items included in the above analysis.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent in the first quarter of 2023, compared with 25 percent in the first quarter of 2022.

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Finance Receivables and Equipment on Operating Leases

New Business Volume

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
New retail financing	$	2,190	$	2,536	$	(346)
New operating lease activity	274		243		31
New wholesale financing	13,306		10,743		2,563
Total	$	15,770	$	13,522	$	2,248

New retail financing decreased primarily due to lower volume in North America and Asia/Pacific, partially offset with increases in Power Finance and Mining. New operating lease activity increased due to higher rentals of Cat equipment. New wholesale financing increased primarily due to higher purchases of trade receivables from Caterpillar.

Total Managed Portfolio

We define total portfolio as Finance receivables, net plus Equipment on operating leases, net. We also manage and service receivables and leases that have been sold by us to third parties with limited or no recourse in order to mitigate our concentration of credit risk with certain customers. These assets are not available to pay our creditors. Total managed portfolio was as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		Change
Finance receivables, net	$	26,988	$	26,441	$	547
Equipment on operating leases, net	2,890		2,911		(21)
Total portfolio	$	29,878	$	29,352	$	526
Retail loans, net	$	82	$	68	$	14
Retail leases, net	21		23		(2)
Operating leases	20		21		(1)
Total off-balance sheet managed assets	$	123	$	112	$	11
Total managed portfolio	$	30,001	$	29,464	$	537

Total Portfolio Metrics

At the end of the first quarter of 2023, past dues were 2.00 percent, compared with 2.05 percent at the end of the first quarter of 2022. Total non-performing finance receivables, which represent finance receivables currently on non-accrual status, were $253 million and $234 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Total non-performing finance receivables as a percentage of our finance receivables were less than 1 percent at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Our allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2023 was $348 million, or 1.27 percent of finance receivables, compared with $346 million, or 1.29 percent, as of December 31, 2022. The allowance is subject to an ongoing evaluation based on many quantitative and qualitative factors, including past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and economic forecasts. We believe our allowance is sufficient to provide for losses over the remaining life of our finance receivable portfolio as of March 31, 2023.

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CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY

Maintaining and managing adequate capital and liquidity resources includes management of funding sources and their utilization based on current, future and contingent needs. Throughout the first quarter of 2023, we experienced favorable liquidity conditions. We ended the first quarter of 2023 with $675 million of cash, a decrease of $193 million from year-end 2022. Our cash balances are held in numerous locations throughout the world with approximately $634 million held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries, including $169 million in Russia which is currently subject to local government restrictions that substantially limit transfer outside of the country. We expect to meet our U.S. funding needs without repatriating undistributed profits that are indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S.

BORROWINGS

Borrowings consist primarily of medium-term notes and commercial paper, the combination of which is used to manage interest rate risk and funding requirements.

We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. Moody’s, Fitch and S&P maintain a “mid-A” debt rating. A downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies could result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, we would rely on cash flows from our existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our committed credit facilities and other credit line facilities, and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, Caterpillar maintains a support agreement with us, which requires Caterpillar to remain our sole owner and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to us should we fail to maintain certain financial ratios.

Total borrowings outstanding as of March 31, 2023 were $27.47 billion, an increase of $71 million from December 31, 2022. Outstanding borrowings were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Medium-term notes, net	$	20,852	$	20,672
Commercial paper, net of unamortized discount	5,289		5,455
Bank borrowings and other – long-term	750		746
Bank borrowings and other – short-term	301		234
Variable denomination floating rate demand notes	251		265
Notes payable to Caterpillar	23		23
Total outstanding borrowings	$	27,466	$	27,395

Medium-term notes

We issue medium-term unsecured notes through securities dealers or underwriters in the U.S., Europe, and other international capital markets. These notes are offered in several currencies and with a variety of maturities. These notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. Medium-term notes issued totaled $1.50 billion and redeemed totaled $1.35 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Medium-term notes, net outstanding as of March 31, 2023 mature as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)
2023	$	4,280
2024	7,250
2025	5,008
2026	2,450
2027	1,946
Thereafter	1
Fair value adjustments	(83)
Total	$	20,852

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Commercial paper

We issue unsecured commercial paper in the U.S., Europe and other international capital markets. These short-term promissory notes are issued on a discounted basis and are payable at maturity. As of March 31, 2023, there was $5.29 billion outstanding in commercial paper.

Revolving credit facilities

As of March 31, 2023, we had three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and us for general liquidity purposes. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to us as of March 31, 2023 was $7.75 billion. Information on our Credit Facility is as follows:

•The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $2.33 billion is available to us) expires in August 2023.

•The three-year facility, as amended and restated in September 2022, of $2.73 billion (of which $2.01 billion is available to us) expires in August 2025.

•The five-year facility, as amended and restated in September 2022, of $4.62 billion (of which $3.41 billion is available to us) expires in September 2027.

At March 31, 2023, Caterpillar’s consolidated net worth was $18.21 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined in the Credit Facility as the consolidated shareholders’ equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

At March 31, 2023, our covenant interest coverage ratio was 2.15 to 1. This was above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio, calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain (loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense, calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.

In addition, at March 31, 2023, our six-month covenant leverage ratio was 7.16 to 1. This was below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.

In the event that either Caterpillar or we do not meet one or more of our respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of our other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable, may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At March 31, 2023, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.

Bank borrowings

Available credit lines with banks as of March 31, 2023 totaled $3.57 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our non-U.S. subsidiaries for local funding requirements. We may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines. As of March 31, 2023, we had $1.05 billion outstanding against these credit lines and were in compliance with all debt covenants under these credit lines.

Variable denomination floating rate demand notes

We obtain funding from the sale of variable denomination floating rate demand notes, which may be redeemed at any time at the option of the holder without any material restriction. We do not hold reserves to fund the payment of the demand notes. The notes are offered on a continuous basis. As of March 31, 2023, there were $251 million of variable denomination floating rate demand notes outstanding. The maximum amount of variable denomination floating rate demand notes that we may have outstanding at any time may not exceed $1.25 billion.

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Notes receivable from/payable to Caterpillar

Under our variable amount and term lending agreements and other notes receivable with Caterpillar, we may borrow up to $2.38 billion from Caterpillar and Caterpillar may borrow up to $1.75 billion from us. The variable amount lending agreements are in effect for indefinite periods of time and may be changed or terminated by either party with 30 days notice. The term lending agreements have remaining maturities ranging up to ten years. We had notes payable of $23 million and notes receivable of $521 million outstanding under these agreements as of March 31, 2023.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

We are a party to certain off-balance sheet arrangements, primarily in the form of guarantees. Please refer to Note 7 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

CASH FLOWS

Operating cash flow was $253 million in the first three months of 2023, compared with $322 million for the same period in 2022. Net cash used for investing activities was $397 million in the first three months of 2023, compared with $133 million for the same period in 2022. The change was primarily due to portfolio related activity. Net cash used for financing activities was $43 million in the first three months of 2023, compared with $142 million for the same period in 2022. The change was primarily due to higher portfolio funding requirements related to Caterpillar purchased receivables.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Part I, Item 1. Note 2 - New Accounting Pronouncements.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

For a discussion of the Company’s critical accounting estimates, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2022 Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates since our 2022 Form 10-K.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts, trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance and speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Cat Financial’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (ii) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (iii) changes in interest rates, currency fluctuations or market liquidity conditions; (iv) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of our customers; (v) residual values of leased equipment; (vi) our compliance with financial and other restrictive covenants in debt agreements; (vii) government monetary or fiscal policies; (viii) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (ix) demand for Caterpillar products; (x) marketing, operational or administrative support received from Caterpillar; (xi) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (xii) information technology security threats and computer crime; (xiii) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xiv) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xv) additional tax expense or exposure; (xvi) changes in accounting guidance; (xvii) the ongoing global coronavirus pandemic; and (xviii) other factors described in more detail under the section entitled “Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors” of Cat Financial's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as such factors may be updated from time to time in Cat Financial's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and our Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of our unresolved legal actions, we believe that these unresolved legal actions will neither individually nor in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
31.1	Certification of President, Director and Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32	Certification of President, Director and Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation, as required pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)
The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation
Date:	May 3, 2023	/s/ David T. Walton
		David T. Walton, President, Director and Chief Executive Officer

Date:	May 3, 2023	/s/ Kristen R. Covey
		Kristen R. Covey, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Date:	May 3, 2023	/s/ James M. Rooney
		James M. Rooney, Secretary

Date:	May 3, 2023	/s/ Sumeet Puri
		Sumeet Puri, Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)

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