Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation was organized in 1981 in the State of Delaware (together with its subsidiaries, “Cat Financial,” “the Company,” “we” or “our”). We are a wholly-owned finance subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. (together with its other subsidiaries, “Caterpillar” or “Cat”).

We provide retail and wholesale financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for vehicles and power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Retail financing is primarily comprised of installment sale contracts and other equipment-related loans, working capital loans, finance leases and operating leases. Wholesale financing to Caterpillar dealers consists primarily of inventory and rental fleet financing. In addition, we purchase short-term wholesale trade receivables from Caterpillar. The various financing plans offered by Cat Financial are designed to support sales of Caterpillar products and generate financing income for Cat Financial. We conduct a significant portion of our activities in North America with additional offices and subsidiaries in Latin America, Asia/Pacific, Europe and Africa.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cat Financial and consolidated variable interest entities (VIEs) in which Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary. We consolidate all VIEs where we are the primary beneficiary. For VIEs, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary as prescribed by the accounting guidance on the consolidation of VIEs. Please refer to Note 10 for more information.

We have customers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. Credit risk was evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses.

Finance receivables are generally classified as held for investment and recorded at amortized cost given that we have the intent and ability to hold them for the foreseeable future. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding plus accrued interest less write-downs, net of unamortized purchase discounts and deferred fees and costs.

We record finance revenue over the life of the related finance receivables using the interest method, including the accretion of purchased receivables discount and related fee revenue, upfront fees and certain direct origination costs that are deferred. We recognize revenue from rental payments received on operating leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

We suspend recognition of finance revenue and operating lease revenue and place the account on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). We resume recognition of revenue and recognize previously suspended income when we consider collection of remaining amounts to be probable. We write off interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivables being placed on non-accrual status through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, we consider it to be uncollectible.

We participate in certain marketing programs offered in conjunction with Caterpillar and/or Caterpillar dealers that allow us to periodically offer financing to customers at interest rates that are below market rates. Under these marketing programs, Caterpillar and/or the dealer funds an amount at the outset of the transaction, which we then recognize as finance revenue over the term of the financing. The funds we receive from Caterpillar and/or the dealer equal an amount that when combined with the customer’s contractual interest provides us with a market interest rate.

Other revenue includes: (1) late charges, (2) fee revenue, primarily commitment fees and fees on committed lines of credit or letters of credit, (3) gains and losses on sales of returned or repossessed equipment, (4) impairments on returned or repossessed equipment held for sale, (5) gains and losses on loan and lease sales and (6) other miscellaneous revenues. Other revenue items are recognized in accordance with relevant authoritative pronouncements.

We typically pay property taxes on operating leases directly to the taxing authorities and invoice the lessee for reimbursement. These property tax reimbursements are accounted for as variable lease payments and are included in Operating lease revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Profit. We individually assess our operating lease receivables for impairment. If collectability of a recorded operating lease receivable is not considered probable, we recognize a current-period adjustment against operating lease revenue.

We recognize depreciation for equipment on operating leases using the straight-line method over the lease term, typically one to seven years. The depreciable basis is the original cost of the equipment less the estimated residual value of the equipment at the end of the lease term.

The residual values for operating leases are included in Equipment on operating leases, net in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The residual values for finance leases are included in Finance receivables, net in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

During the term of our leases, we monitor residual values. For operating leases, we record adjustments to depreciation expense reflecting changes in residual value estimates prospectively on a straight-line basis. For finance leases, we recognize residual value adjustments through a reduction of finance revenue over the remaining lease term.

We evaluate the carrying value of equipment on operating leases for potential impairment when we determine a triggering event has occurred. When a triggering event occurs, we perform a test for recoverability by comparing projected undiscounted future cash flows to the carrying value of the equipment on operating leases. If the test for recoverability identifies a possible impairment, we measure the fair value of the equipment on operating leases in accordance with the fair value measurement framework. We recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value of the equipment on operating leases exceeds its estimated fair value.

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts and interest rate contracts. All derivatives are recorded at fair value. See Note 8 for additional information.

The allowance for credit losses is management’s estimate of expected losses over the life of our finance receivables portfolio calculated using loss forecast models that take into consideration historical credit loss experience, current economic conditions and forecasts and scenarios that capture country and industry-specific economic factors. In addition, we consider qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in our loss forecast models, including borrower-specific and company-specific factors. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

We measure the allowance for credit losses on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist and on an individual basis when we determine that similar risk characteristics do not exist. We identify finance receivables for individual evaluation based on past-due status and information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings, as well as general information regarding industry trends and the economic environment in which our customers operate. The allowance for credit losses attributable to finance receivables that are individually evaluated is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivables. In determining collateral value, we estimate the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. We also consider credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees. See Note 2 for a description of our portfolio segments and allowance methodologies.

Receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible (generally upon repossession of the collateral). Generally, the amount of the write-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

We determine the provision for income taxes using the asset and liability approach taking into account guidance related to uncertain tax positions. Tax laws require items to be included in tax filings at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. We recognize a current liability for the estimated taxes payable for the current year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. We adjust deferred taxes for enacted changes in tax rates and tax laws. We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. See Note 11 for further discussion.

We join Caterpillar in the filing of a consolidated U.S. Federal income tax return and certain state income tax returns. In accordance with our tax sharing agreement with Caterpillar, we generally pay to or receive from Caterpillar our allocated share of income taxes or credits reflected in these consolidated filings. This amount is calculated on a separate return basis by taking taxable income times the applicable statutory tax rate and includes payment for certain tax attributes earned during the year.

The functional currency for most of our subsidiaries is the respective local currency. We include gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of foreign currency amounts to the functional currency in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Profit. We include gains and losses resulting from translating assets and liabilities from the functional currency to U.S. dollars in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts. Significant estimates include residual values for leased assets, allowance for credit losses and income taxes. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Credit Losses (ASU 2022-02) – In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2022-02 related to Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs) by Creditors and Vintage Disclosures for Gross Write-offs. The ASU eliminates accounting guidance for TDRs, enhances disclosures for certain receivable modifications related to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, and requires disclosure of current period gross write-offs by year of origination. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements.