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Financing Activities
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Financing Activities  
Financing Activities
NOTE 2 – FINANCING ACTIVITIES
 
A.  
Contractual Maturities of Finance Receivables
 
The contractual maturities and future scheduled payments of outstanding receivables, as of December 31, 2011, were:

(Millions of dollars)
                     
Amounts due in
 
Retail
Installment
Sale
Contracts
  
Wholesale
Installment
Sale
 Contracts
  
Retail
Finance
 Leases
  
Wholesale
Finance
 Leases
  
Retail
Notes
  
Wholesale
Notes
  
Total
 
                       
2012
 $1,854  $121  $3,098  $83  $2,994  $4,205  $12,355 
2013
  1,271   35   2,040   36   1,942   94   5,418 
2014
  831   13   1,097   32   1,261   59   3,293 
2015
  391   3   472   8   997   8   1,879 
2016
  117   1   215   5   766   2   1,106 
   Thereafter
  19        -    125   -   880    -   1,024 
    4,483   173   7,047   164   8,840   4,368   25,075 
Guaranteed Residual value
  -   -   435   87   -   -   522 
Unguaranteed Residual value
  -   -   471   1   -   -   472 
Less: Unearned income
  (65)  (1)  (751)  (20)  (75)  (32)  (944)
                              
Total
 $4,418  $172  $7,202  $232  $8,765  $4,336  $25,125 
Less: Allowance for credit losses
                          (369)
Total net finance receivables
                         $24,756 
                              

Receivables generally may be repaid or refinanced without penalty prior to contractual maturity, and we also sell receivables.  Accordingly, this presentation should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections.
 
B.  
Credit Quality of Financing Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses
 
We adopted the accounting guidance on disclosures about the credit quality of financing receivables and the allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2010.  See Note 1M for additional information.  This guidance requires information to be disclosed at disaggregated levels, defined as portfolio segments and classes.

We apply a systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses for finance receivables.  Based upon our analysis of credit losses and risk factors, our portfolio segments are as follows:

·  
Customer - Finance receivables with the customer.
·  
Dealer - Finance receivables with Caterpillar dealers.
·  
Caterpillar Purchased Receivables - Trade receivables purchased from Caterpillar entities.

We further evaluate our portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk.  Typically, our finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk.  Our classes, which align with management reporting, are as follows:

·  
North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States or Canada.
·  
Europe - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
·  
Asia Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia, as well as large mining customers worldwide.
·  
Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Central and South American countries and Mexico.
·  
Global Power Finance - Finance receivables related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines worldwide and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems worldwide.
 
Impaired loans and finance leases
For all classes, a loan or finance lease is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan or finance lease.  Loans and finance leases reviewed for impairment include loans and finance leases that are past due, non-performing or in bankruptcy. Recognition of income is suspended and the loan or finance lease is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due).  Accrual is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the loan or finance lease becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are removed. Cash receipts on impaired loans or finance leases are recorded against the receivable and then to any unrecognized income.
 
There were no impaired loans or finance leases as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, for the Dealer and Caterpillar Purchased Receivables portfolio segments.  The average recorded investment for impaired loans and finance leases for the Caterpillar Purchased Receivables portfolio segment was $0 during 2011 and 2010.  The average recorded investment for impaired loans and finance leases for the Dealer portfolio segment was $0 during 2011 and $19 million during 2010, all of which was in the Europe finance receivable class.

Individually impaired loans and finance leases for customers were as follows:
 
(Millions of dollars)
                  
   
As of December 31, 2011
  
As of December 31, 2010
 
Impaired Loans and Finance Leases
With No Allowance Recorded(1)
 
Recorded
Investment
  
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
  
Related
Allowance
  
Recorded
Investment
  
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
  
Related
Allowance
 
Customer
                  
   North America
 $77  $75  $-  $87  $87  $- 
   Europe
  5   4   -   6   4   - 
   Asia Pacific
  12   12   -   13   13   - 
   Latin America
  9   9   -   3   3   - 
   Global Power Finance
  175   170   -   174   174   - 
Total
 $278  $270  $-  $283  $281  $- 
                          
Impaired Loans and Finance Leases
With An Allowance Recorded
                        
Customer
                        
   North America
 $69  $64  $15  $191  $185  $44 
   Europe
  36   33   12   62   57   15 
   Asia Pacific
  26   26   7   27   27   7 
   Latin America
  25   25   6   44   43   9 
   Global Power Finance
  93   92   16   34   33   4 
Total
 $249  $240  $56  $358  $345  $79 
                          
Total Impaired Loans and Finance
Leases
                        
Customer
                        
   North America
 $146  $139  $15  $278  $272  $44 
   Europe
  41   37   12   68   61   15 
   Asia Pacific
  38   38   7   40   40   7 
   Latin America
  34   34   6   47   46   9 
   Global Power Finance
  268   262   16   208   207   4 
Total
 $527  $510  $56  $641  $626  $79 
                          
(1)There was no related allowance for credit losses due to sufficient collateral value.


(Millions of dollars)
            
   
Year Ended
December 31, 2011
  
Year Ended
December 31, 2010
 
Impaired Loans and Finance Leases With No
Allowance Recorded(1)
 
Average
Recorded
Investment
  
Interest
Income
Recognized
  
Average
Recorded
Investment
  
Interest
Income
Recognized
 
Customer
            
   North America
 $90  $4  $39  $2 
   Europe
  5   -   7   - 
   Asia Pacific
  13   1   9   - 
   Latin America
  9   1   5   - 
   Global Power Finance
  212   6   92   - 
Total
 $329  $12  $152  $2 
                  
Impaired Loans and Finance Leases With An
Allowance Recorded
                
Customer
                
   North America
 $142  $5  $271  $11 
   Europe
  50   2   85   4 
   Asia Pacific
  23   1   40   3 
   Latin America
  39   2   39   3 
   Global Power Finance
  83   -   17   - 
Total
 $337  $10  $452  $21 
                  
Total Impaired Loans and Finance Leases
                
Customer
                
   North America
 $232  $9  $310  $13 
   Europe
  55   2   92   4 
   Asia Pacific
  36   2   49   3 
   Latin America
  48   3   44   3 
   Global Power Finance
  295   6   109   - 
Total
 $666  $22  $604  $23 
                  
(1)There was no related allowance for credit losses due to sufficient collateral value.

 
As of December 31, 2009, the impaired loans and finance leases were as follows:
 
(Millions of dollars)
 
2009
 
Impaired loans/finance leases for which there is a related allowance for credit losses
    (related allowance of $117 million)
 $448 
Impaired loans/finance leases for which there is no related allowance for credit losses (due to sufficient
  collateral value)
  65 
Total investment in impaired loans/finance leases as of December 31,
 $513 
      
Average investment in impaired loans/finance leases
 $425 
      

Non-accrual and past due loans and finance leases
For all classes, we consider a loan or finance lease past due if any portion of a contractual payment is due and unpaid for more than 30 days.  Recognition of income is suspended and the loan or finance lease is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due).  Accrual is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the loan or finance lease becomes contractually current and/or collection doubts are removed.
 
As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, there were no loans or finance leases on non-accrual status for the Dealer or Caterpillar Purchased Receivables portfolio segments.
 
The investment in customer loans and finance leases on non-accrual status was as follows:
 
(Millions of dollars)
      
   
December 31, 2011
  
December 31, 2010
 
Customer
      
   North America
 $112  $217 
   Europe
  58   89 
   Asia Pacific
  36   31 
   Latin America
  108   139 
   Global Power Finance
  158   163 
Total
 $472  $639 
          

As of December 31, 2009, the investment in loans and finance leases on non-accrual status was $678 million.
 
Past due loans and finance leases were as follows:
 
(Millions of dollars)
                     
   
December 31, 2011
 
    31-60   61-90   91+  
Total
Past Due
  
Current
  
Total
Finance
Receivables
  
91+ Still
Accruing
 
   Customer
                        
   North America
 $75  $39  $111  $225  $5,448  $5,673  $9 
   Europe
  27   11   57   95   2,129   2,224   10 
   Asia Pacific
  48   23   50   121   4,575   4,696   14 
   Latin America
  32   15   99   146   2,339   2,485   - 
   Global Power Finance
  14   16   125   155   2,765   2,920   25 
   Dealer
                            
   North America
  -   -   2   2   2,412   2,414   2 
   Europe
  -   -   -   -   334   334   - 
   Asia Pacific
  -   -   -   -   516   516   - 
   Latin America
  -   -   -   -   709   709   - 
   Global Power Finance
  -   -   -   -   -   -   - 
   Caterpillar Purchased Receivables
                            
   North America
  25   4   6   35   1,801   1,836   6 
   Europe
  3   -   -   3   399   402   - 
   Asia Pacific
  -   -   -   -   465   465   - 
   Latin America
  -   -   -   -   422   422   - 
   Global Power Finance
  -   -   -   -   29   29   - 
Total
 $224  $108  $450  $782  $24,343  $25,125  $66 
                              
 
 
 (Millions of dollars)
                            
   
December 31, 2010
 
    31-60   61-90   91+  
Total
Past Due
  
Current
  
Total
Finance
Receivables
  
91+ Still
Accruing
 
   Customer
                            
   North America
 $139  $44  $228  $411  $6,037  $6,448  $27 
   Europe
  27   12   106   145   2,365   2,510   26 
   Asia Pacific
  63   17   37   117   3,412   3,529   12 
   Latin America
  44   16   144   204   2,222   2,426   1 
   Global Power Finance
  18   17   54   89   2,978   3,067   25 
   Dealer
                            
   North America
  -   -   -   -   1,993   1,993   - 
   Europe
  -   -   -   -   344   344   - 
   Asia Pacific
  -   -   -   -   296   296   - 
   Latin America
  -   -   -   -   659   659   - 
   Global Power Finance
  -   -   -   -   19   19   - 
   Caterpillar Purchased Receivables
                            
   North America
  3   1   1   5   1,285   1,290   1 
   Europe
  1   -   -   1   109   110   - 
   Asia Pacific
  -   -   -   -   215   215   - 
   Latin America
  -   -   -   -   173   173   - 
   Global Power Finance
  3   -   -   3   24   27   - 
Total
 $298  $107  $570  $975  $22,131  $23,106  $92 
                              

As of December 31, 2009, the investment in loans and finance leases past due over 90 days and still accruing were $134 million.
 
Allowance for credit losses
 
In estimating the Allowance for credit losses, we review loans and finance leases that are past due, non-performing or in bankruptcy.
 
(Millions of dollars)
            
   
December 31, 2011
 
Allowance for Credit Losses:
 
Customer
  
Dealer
  
Caterpillar
Purchased
Receivables
  
Total
 
Balance at beginning of year
 $357  $5  $1  $363 
   Receivables written off
  (210)  -   -   (210)
   Recoveries on receivables previously written off
  52   -   -   52 
   Provision for credit losses
  167   1   2   170 
   Adjustment due to sale of receivables
  (3)  -   -   (3)
   Foreign currency translation adjustment
   (3)  -   -   (3)
Balance at end of period
 $360  $6  $3  $369 
                  
Individually evaluated for impairment
 $56  $-  $-  $56 
Collectively evaluated for impairment
  304   6   3   313 
Ending Balance
 $360  $6  $3  $369 
                  
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
                
Individually evaluated for impairment
 $527  $-  $-  $527 
Collectively evaluated for impairment
  17,471   3,973   3,154   24,598 
Ending Balance
 $17,998  $3,973  $3,154  $25,125 
                  
 
 
(Millions of dollars)
            
Allowance for Credit Losses:
 
December 31,
2010
     
December 31,
2009
    
Balance at beginning of year
 $377     $395    
   Adjustment to adopt consolidation of variable-interest entities
  18      -    
   Receivables written off
  (288)     (281)   
   Recoveries on receivables previously written off
  51      28    
   Provision for credit losses
  205      225    
   Adjustment due to sale of receivables
  -      -    
   Foreign currency translation adjustment
  -      10    
Balance at end of year
 $363     $377    
                
Allowance for credit losses as a percent of finance receivables,
net of unearned income
  1.57%     1.64%   
     
   
December 31, 2010
 
   
Customer
  
Dealer
  
Caterpillar
Purchased
Receivables
  
Total
 
Individually evaluated for impairment
 $79  $-  $-  $79 
Collectively evaluated for impairment
  278   5   1   284 
Ending Balance
 $357  $5  $1  $363 
                  
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
                
Individually evaluated for impairment
 $641  $-  $-  $641 
Collectively evaluated for impairment
  17,339   3,311   1,815   22,465 
Ending Balance
 $17,980  $3,311  $1,815  $23,106 
                  

Credit quality of finance receivables
The credit quality of finance receivables is reviewed on a monthly basis.  Credit quality indicators include performing and non-performing.  Non-performing is defined as finance receivables currently over 120 days past due and/or on non-accrual status or in bankruptcy.  Finance receivables not meeting the criteria listed above are considered performing.  Non-performing receivables have the highest probability for credit loss.  The allowance for credit losses attributable to non-performing receivables is based on the most probable source of repayment, which is normally the liquidation of collateral.  In determining collateral value, we estimate the current fair market value of the collateral and consider credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees.

The recorded investment of performing and non-performing finance receivables was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
            
   
December 31, 2011
 
   
Customer
  
Dealer
  
Caterpillar
Purchased
Receivables
  
Total
 
Performing
            
   North America
 $5,561  $2,414  $1,836  $9,811 
   Europe
  2,166   334   402   2,902 
   Asia Pacific
  4,660   516   465   5,641 
   Latin America
  2,377   709   422   3,508 
   Global Power Finance
  2,762   -   29   2,791 
Total Performing
 $17,526  $3,973  $3,154  $24,653 
Non-Performing
                
   North America
 $112  $-  $-  $112 
   Europe
  58   -   -   58 
   Asia Pacific
  36   -   -   36 
   Latin America
  108   -   -   108 
   Global Power Finance
  158   -   -   158 
Total Non-Performing
 $472  $-  $-  $472 
Total Performing and Non-Performing
                
   North America
 $5,673  $2,414  $1,836  $9,923 
   Europe
  2,224   334   402   2,960 
   Asia Pacific
  4,696   516   465   5,677 
   Latin America
  2,485   709   422   3,616 
   Global Power Finance
  2,920   -   29   2,949 
Total
 $17,998  $3,973  $3,154  $25,125 
                  


(Millions of dollars)
            
   
December 31, 2010
 
   
Customer
  
Dealer
  
Caterpillar
Purchased
Receivables
  
Total
 
Performing
            
   North America
 $6,231  $1,993  $1,290  $9,514 
   Europe
  2,421   344   110   2,875 
   Asia Pacific
  3,498   296   215   4,009 
   Latin America
  2,287   659   173   3,119 
   Global Power Finance
  2,904   19   27   2,950 
Total Performing
 $17,341  $3,311  $1,815  $22,467 
Non-Performing
                
   North America
 $217  $-  $-  $217 
   Europe
  89   -   -   89 
   Asia Pacific
  31   -   -   31 
   Latin America
  139   -   -   139 
   Global Power Finance
  163   -   -   163 
Total Non-Performing
 $639  $-  $-  $639 
Total Performing and Non-Performing
                
   North America
 $6,448  $1,993  $1,290  $9,731 
   Europe
  2,510   344   110   2,964 
   Asia Pacific
  3,529   296   215   4,040 
   Latin America
  2,426   659   173   3,258 
   Global Power Finance
  3,067   19   27   3,113 
Total
 $17,980  $3,311  $1,815  $23,106 
                  

Troubled Debt Restructurings
A restructuring of a loan or finance lease receivable constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, and extended skip payment periods.

TDRs are reviewed along with other receivables as part of management’s ongoing evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.  The allowance for credit losses attributable to TDRs is based on the most probable source of repayment, which is normally the liquidation of collateral.  In determining collateral value, we estimate the current fair market value of the collateral and factor in credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees.

There were no loans or finance lease receivables modified as TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2011 for the Dealer or Caterpillar Purchased Receivables portfolio segments.

Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2011, were as follows:

(Dollars in millions)
         
  
Year Ended
December 31, 2011
 
   
Number of
Contracts
  
Pre-TDR
Outstanding
Recorded Investment
  
Post-TDR
Outstanding
Recorded Investment
 
Customer
         
  North America
  71  $13  $13 
  Europe(1)
  7   44   44 
  Asia Pacific
  -   -   - 
  Latin America
  12   10   10 
  Global Power Finance (2) (3)
  35   117   117 
Total(4)
  125  $184  $184 
              
(1)One customer comprises $43 million of the $44 million pre-TDR and post-TDR outstanding recorded investment for the twelve months ended December 31, 2011.
(2)Three customers comprise $104 million of the $117 million pre-TDR and post-TDR outstanding recorded investment for the twelve months ended December 31, 2011.
(3)During the twelve months ended December 31, 2011, $15 million of additional funds were subsequently loaned to a borrower whose terms had been modified in a TDR.  The $15 million of additional funds is not reflected in the table above.  At December 31, 2011, remaining commitments to lend additional funds to a borrower whose terms have been modified in a TDR were $25 million.
(4)Modifications include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, and extended skip payment periods.

TDRs with a payment default during the year ended December 31, 2011, which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:

(Dollars in millions)
      
        
   
Year Ended
December 31, 2011
 
   
Number of
Contracts
  
Post-TDR
Recorded
Investment
 
Customer
      
  North America
  48  $26 
  Europe
  1   1 
  Asia Pacific
  -   - 
  Latin America
  7   4 
  Global Power Finance(1)
  14   70 
Total
  70  $101 
          
(1)Two customers comprise $65 million of the $70 million post-TDR recorded investment for the twelve months ended December 31, 2011.
 
C.  
Sales and Servicing of Finance Receivables
 
Periodically, we may securitize certain finance receivables relating to our retail installment sale contracts and finance leases as part of our asset-backed securitization program.  In addition, we have sold interests in wholesale receivables to third-party commercial paper conduits.  These transactions provide a source of liquidity and allow for better management of our balance sheet capacity.  Included in our other managed assets are individual loans and leases that have been sold to third parties to mitigate the concentration of credit risk with certain customers.  None of the receivables that are directly or indirectly sold or transferred to third parties in any of the foregoing transactions are available to pay our creditors.
 
Securitized Retail Installment Sale Contracts and Finance Leases
We periodically transfer certain finance receivables relating to our retail installment sale contracts and finance leases to special purpose entities (SPEs) as part of our asset-backed securitization program.  The SPEs have limited purposes and generally are only permitted to purchase the finance receivables, issue asset-backed securities and make payments on the securities.  The SPEs only issue a single series of securities and generally are dissolved when those securities have been paid in full.  The SPEs issue debt to pay for the finance receivables they acquire from us.  The primary source for repayment of the debt is the cash flows generated from the finance receivables owned by the SPEs.  The assets of the SPEs are legally isolated and are not available to pay our creditors.  We retain interests in our securitization transactions, including subordinated certificates issued by the SPEs, rights to cash reserves and residual interests.  For bankruptcy analysis purposes, we sold the finance receivables to the SPEs in a true sale and the SPEs are separate legal entities.  The investors and the SPEs have no recourse to any of our other assets for failure of debtors to pay when due.
 
In accordance with the new consolidation accounting guidance adopted on January 1, 2010, these SPEs were concluded to be VIEs.  We determined that we were the primary beneficiary based on our power to direct activities through our role as servicer and our obligation to absorb losses and right to receive benefits and therefore consolidated the entities using the carrying amounts of the SPEs’ assets and liabilities.
 
On April 25, 2011, we exercised a cleanup call on our only outstanding asset-backed securitization transaction.  As a result, we had no assets or liabilities related to a consolidated SPE as of December 31, 2011.  The restricted assets (Finance leases and installment sale contracts - Retail, Unearned income, Allowance for credit losses and Other assets) of the consolidated SPE totaled $136 million at December 31, 2010.  The liabilities (Accrued expenses and Current maturities of long-term debt) of the consolidated SPE totaled $73 million at December 31, 2010.
 
Prior to January 1, 2010, the SPEs were considered to be QSPEs and thus not consolidated.  Our retained interests in the securitized assets were classified as available-for-sale securities and were included in Other assets in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at fair value.  We estimated fair value and cash flows using a valuation model and key assumptions for credit losses, prepayment rates and discount rates.  These assumptions were based on our historical experience, market trends and anticipated performance relative to the particular assets securitized.  We periodically evaluated for impairment and recognized the credit component of an other-than-temporary impairment in profit and the noncredit component in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) for those retained interests in which we did not intend to sell and it was not likely that we would be required to sell prior to recovery.
 
To maintain competitiveness in the capital markets and to have effective and efficient use of alternative funding sources, we have provided additional reserve support to previously issued asset-backed securitizations.  During the second quarter of 2009, we deposited $80 million into supplemental reserve accounts for the securitization transactions to maintain the credit ratings assigned to the transactions, as loss experiences were higher than anticipated primarily due to the adverse economic conditions in the United States (U.S.).  Due to the significant value of the deposit in second quarter of 2009, written consent was obtained from the third-party beneficial interest holders of the securitization transactions.  At the time, the QSPE conditions were reviewed and the trusts continued to maintain QSPE status.  These deposits resulted in an increase in our retained interests.
 
As of December 31, 2009, the fair value of the retained interests in all securitizations of retail finance receivables outstanding totaled $102 million (cost basis of $107 million).  The fair value of the retained interests as of December 31, 2009 that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer totaled $102 million (cost basis of $107 million).  Key assumptions used to determine the fair value of the retained interests were:
 
 
2009  
Cash flow weighted average discount rates on retained interests
7.7% to 12.4%
Weighted-average maturity in months
22 
Expected prepayment rate
18.0%
Expected credit losses
4.7% to 4.8%
   

To estimate the impact on income due to changes to the key economic assumptions used to estimate the fair value of residual cash flows in retained interests from retail finance receivable securitizations, we performed a sensitivity analysis of the fair value of the retained interests by applying a 10 percent and 20 percent adverse change to the individual assumptions.  This estimate does not adjust for other variations that may occur should one of the assumptions actually change.  Accordingly, no assurance can be given that actual results would be consistent with the results of our estimate.  The effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of residual interest in securitization transactions was calculated without changing any other assumptions and changes in one factor may result in changes in another.  Our sensitivity analysis indicated that the impact of a 20 percent adverse change in individual assumptions used to calculate the fair value of all our retained interests as of December 31, 2009 would be $11 million or less.

During 2009, the assumptions used to determine the expected cash flows for our securitization transactions were revised, which resulted in other-than-temporary impairments. The impairments recognized in earnings were primarily driven by an increase in the credit loss assumption due to the continuing adverse economic conditions in the U.S. The noncredit related component recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) was primarily driven by changes in discount rates.
 
(Millions of dollars)
 
2009
 
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses
 $46 
Portion of losses recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) before taxes(1)
  (12)
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings(2)
 $34 
      
(1)Balance above excludes $7 million of gross gains recorded in Other Comprehensive Income related to the securitization retained interest for the year ended December 31, 2009.
(2)Recorded in Other revenues, net, on the Consolidated Statements of Profit.
 
The following table presents a roll forward of the balance of the credit-related impairment losses on the securitized retained interests for which a portion of the other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss):
 
(Millions of dollars)
 
2009
 
Cumulative credit loss as of January 1, 2009
 $- 
Credit losses for which an other-than-temporary impairment was previously recognized
  11 
Cumulative credit loss as of December 31, 2009
 $11 
      
 
We also retain servicing responsibilities and receive a servicing fee of approximately one percent of the remaining value of the finance receivables for our servicing responsibilities.  We have not recorded a servicing asset or liability since the servicing fee is considered fair market compensation.  Servicing income was included in Other revenues, net, in our Consolidated Statements of Profit prior to January 1, 2010 and is now eliminated in consolidation.
 
Characteristics of securitized retail receivables
 
(Millions of dollars)
 
2009
 
Total securitized principal balance at December 31,
 $346 
Average securitized principal balance for the year ended December 31,
 $583 
Loans > 30 days past due at year ended December 31,
 $62 
Net credit losses during the year
 $36 
      
 
Cash flows from retail securitizations
(Millions of dollars)
 
2009
 
Purchases of contracts through clean-up calls
 $95 
Servicing fees received
 $6 
Other cash flows received on retained interests
 $10 
      
 
Sale of Interests in Wholesale Receivables
We purchase North American Caterpillar Dealer trade receivables (NACD Receivables) at a discount.  The discount is an estimate of the amount of financing revenue that would be earned at a market rate on the NACD Receivables over their expected life.  During 2009, we sold interests in the NACD Receivables through a revolving structure to third-party commercial paper conduits, asset-backed commercial paper issuers that are SPEs of the sponsor bank and are not consolidated by us.  The transfers to the conduits were accounted for as sales.  The gain, included in Other revenues, net, in our Consolidated Statements of Profit, is principally the difference between the unearned discount on the NACD Receivables sold to the third-party commercial paper conduits and the related costs incurred over their remaining term.  Expected credit losses were assumed to be zero because dealer receivables have historically had no losses and none are expected in the future.  We received an annual servicing fee of approximately 0.5 percent of the average outstanding principal balance of the interests in the NACD Receivables sold to the third-party commercial paper conduits.  We generally do not record a servicing asset or liability since the servicing fee is considered fair market compensation.  During 2009, we recognized a pre-tax gain on the sale of wholesale receivables of $9 million.  As of December 31, 2009, there were no NACD Receivables sold to the conduits.
 
The cash collections from the NACD Receivables are first applied to satisfy any obligations to the third-party commercial paper conduits.  The third-party commercial paper conduits have no recourse to our assets, other than the NACD Receivables that we continue to hold.
 
Cash flows from sale of interests in wholesale receivables
(Millions of dollars)
 
2009
 
Cash proceeds from sales of receivables to conduits
 $887 
Servicing fees received
 $1 
Cash flows received on the interests that continue to be held
 $7,548 
      

 
In addition to the NACD Receivables, we purchase other trade receivables from Caterpillar entities at a discount. The discount is an estimate of the amount of financing revenue that would be earned at a market rate on these trade receivables over their expected life.  The discount is amortized into revenue on an effective yield basis over the life of the receivables and recognized as Wholesale finance revenue.  For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, amortized discounts for the NACD and other trade receivables were $212 million, $139 million and $163 million, respectively.  In the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, collection of the discount is included in investing activities as the receivables are collected.
 
Other Managed Assets
We also sell individual leases and finance receivables to third parties with limited or no recourse to us to either reduce our concentration of credit risk related to certain customers or as an additional source of liquidity.  In accordance with accounting for transfers and servicing of financial assets, the transfers to the third parties are accounted for as sales. In 2011, 2010 and 2009, we received $207 million, $16 million and $106 million, respectively, of cash proceeds and recognized pre-tax gains of $4, zero and $3 million, respectively, from the sale of such contracts.  We typically maintain servicing responsibilities for these third-party assets, which as of December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, totaled $235 million, $225 million and $477 million, respectively.  Since we do not receive a servicing fee for these assets, a servicing liability is recorded.  As of December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, these liabilities were not significant.
 
 
Total off-balance sheet managed assets as of December 31,
(Millions of dollars)
 
2011
  
2010
  
2009
 
           
Securitized Retail Installment Sale Contracts and Finance Leases
         
Installment sale contracts securitized
 $-  $-  $336 
Finance leases securitized
  -   -   10 
Less: Retained interests (included in Other assets)
   -    -   (102)
Off-balance sheet securitized retail receivables
 $-  $-  $244 
              
Other Managed Assets
            
Retail finance leases
 $133  $109  $190 
Retail installment sale contracts
  48   73   178 
Retail notes receivable
  39   7   19 
Operating leases
  15   36   90 
Other managed receivables/leases
 $235  $225  $477 
              
Total off-balance sheet managed assets
 $235  $225  $721