Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. To measure fair value, we use a three-tier valuation hierarchy based upon observable and non-observable inputs:

Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for the identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2 — Significant other observable inputs available at the measurement date, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, either directly or indirectly, including:


•	Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;


•	Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets;


•	Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and


•	Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by other observable market data.

Level 3 — Significant unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilize management’s estimates of market participant assumptions.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. In instances where the inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the fair value measurement has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular item to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, including the consideration of inputs specific to the asset or liability.

The following table sets forth our financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis at August 4, 2018, February 3, 2018, and July 29, 2017, by level within the fair value hierarchy as determined by the valuation techniques we used to determine the fair value ($ in millions):



	Fair Value Hierarchy	Fair Value at
	Fair Value Hierarchy	August 4, 2018		February 3, 2018		July 29, 2017
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	Level 1	$	334	$	21	$	175
Commercial paper	Level 2	—		90		60
Time deposits	Level 2	—		65		16
Short-term investments:
Commercial paper	Level 2	—		474		299
Time deposits	Level 2	465		1,558		1,826
Other current assets:
Money market funds	Level 1	74		3		2
Commercial paper	Level 2	—		60		60
Time deposits	Level 2	101		101		101
Foreign currency derivative instruments	Level 2	5		2		—
Other assets:
Marketable securities that fund deferred compensation	Level 1	100		99		97
Interest rate swap derivative instruments	Level 2	—		—		16

Liabilities
Accrued liabilities:
Foreign currency derivative instruments	Level 2	—		8		15
Interest rate swap derivative instruments	Level 2	—		1		—
Long-term liabilities:
Interest rate swap derivative instruments	Level 2	7		4		—

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument:

Money market funds. Our money market fund investments were measured at fair value as they trade in an active market using quoted market prices and, therefore, were classified as Level 1.

Commercial paper. Our investments in commercial paper were measured using inputs based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets and, therefore, were classified as Level 2.

Time deposits. Our time deposits are balances held with banking institutions that cannot be withdrawn for specified terms without a penalty. Time deposits are held at face value plus accrued interest, which approximates fair value, and are classified as Level 2.

Foreign currency derivative instruments. Comprised primarily of foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency swap contracts, our foreign currency derivative instruments were measured at fair value using readily observable market inputs, such as quotations on forward foreign exchange points and foreign interest rates. Our foreign currency derivative instruments were classified as Level 2 as these instruments are custom, over-the-counter contracts with various bank counterparties that are not traded in an active market.

Marketable securities that fund deferred compensation. The assets that fund our deferred compensation consist of investments in corporate-owned life insurance, the value of which is based on select mutual fund performance. These investments were classified as Level 1 as the shares of these mutual funds trade with sufficient frequency and volume to enable us to obtain pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Interest rate swap derivative instruments. Our interest rate swap contracts were measured at fair value using readily observable inputs, such as the LIBOR interest rate. Our interest rate swap derivative instruments were classified as Level 2 as these instruments are custom, over-the-counter contracts with various bank counterparties that are not traded in an active market.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis relate primarily to our tangible fixed assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, which are remeasured when the derived fair value is below carrying value on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. For these assets, we do not periodically adjust carrying value to fair value, except in the event of impairment. When we determine that impairment has occurred, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to fair value and the difference is recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses or Restructuring charges in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings for non-restructuring and restructuring charges, respectively.

The following table summarizes the fair value remeasurements of property and equipment impairments recorded during the three and six months ended August 4, 2018, and July 29, 2017 ($ in millions):



	Impairments								Remaining Net Carrying Value⁽¹⁾
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended				Remaining Net Carrying Value⁽¹⁾
	August 4, 2018		July 29, 2017		August 4, 2018		July 29, 2017		August 4, 2018		July 29, 2017
Property and equipment (non-restructuring)	$	2	$	1	$	4	$	6	$	2	$	—


(1)	Remaining net carrying value approximates fair value. Because assets subject to long-lived asset impairment are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, certain fair value measurements presented in the table may reflect values at earlier measurement dates and may no longer represent the fair values at August 4, 2018, and July 29, 2017.

All of the fair value remeasurements included in the table above were based on significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Fixed asset fair values were derived using a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model to estimate the present value of net cash flows that the asset or asset group was expected to generate. The key inputs to the DCF model generally included our forecasts of net cash generated from revenue, expenses and other significant cash outflows, such as capital expenditures, as well as an appropriate discount rate.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments, other than those presented in the disclosures above, include cash, receivables, other investments, accounts payable, other payables and long-term debt. The fair values of cash, receivables, accounts payable and other payables approximated carrying values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. If these instruments were measured at fair value in the financial statements, they would be classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Fair values for other investments held at cost are not readily available, but we estimate that the carrying values for these investments approximate fair value. See Note 5, Debt, for information about the fair value of our long-term debt.