Fair Value

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value.

Fair Value

Note 25—Fair Value

GAAP defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring and disclosing fair value. Fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions.

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Available for sale and trading securities, derivative contracts, mortgage loans held for sale, SBA servicing rights, and mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as impaired loans, OREO, bank properties held for sale, and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

FASB ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1	Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;
Level 2	Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3	Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

The following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets recorded at fair value.

Trading Securities

The fair values of trading securities are determined as follows: (1) for those securities that have traded prior to the date of the Consolidated Balance Sheets but have not settled (date of sale) until after such date, the sales price is used as the fair value; and, (2) for those securities which have not traded as of the date of the Consolidated Balance Sheets, the fair value was determined by broker price indications of similar or same securities.

Investment Securities

Securities available for sale are valued on a recurring basis at quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable securities. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange and The NASDAQ Stock Market. Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities and debentures issued by government agencies or sponsored entities, municipal bonds and corporate debt securities, or U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets and money market funds. Securities held to maturity are valued at quoted market prices or dealer quotes similar to securities available for sale. The carrying value of FHLB and FRB stock approximates fair value based on the redemption provisions.

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

Mortgage loans held for sale are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period earnings. The fair values of mortgage loans held for sale are based on commitments on hand from investors within the secondary market for loans with similar characteristics. As such, the fair value adjustments for mortgage loans held for sale are recurring Level 2.

Loans

We do not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, a loan may be individually evaluated for expected credit losses if it no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other pooled loans. Once a loan is identified as an individually evaluated loan, management measures expected credit losses using estimated fair value methodologies. The fair value of the individually evaluated loans is estimated using one of several methods, including collateral value, market value of similar debt, enterprise value, liquidation value and discounted cash flows. Those individually evaluated loans not requiring an ACL represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. Individually evaluated loans, where an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral, requires classification in the fair value hierarchy. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value, we consider the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When an appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, we consider the individually evaluated loan as nonrecurring Level 3.

Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”)

OREO, consisting of properties obtained through foreclosure or in satisfaction of loans, is typically reported at fair value, determined on the basis of current appraisals, comparable sales, and other estimates of value obtained principally from independent sources, and adjusted for estimated selling costs (Level 2). However, OREO is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because management has qualitatively applied a discount due to the size, supply of inventory, and the incremental discounts applied to the appraisals. Management also considers other factors, including changes in absorption rates, length of time the property has been on the market and anticipated sales values, which have resulted in adjustments to the collateral value estimates indicated in certain appraisals. At the time of foreclosure, any excess of the loan balance over the fair value of the real estate held as collateral is treated as a charge against the ACL. Gains or losses on sale and generally any subsequent adjustments to the value are recorded as a component of OREO Expense and Loan Related Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Bank Property Held for Sale

Bank property held for sale consists of locations that management has identified as no longer needed and reclassified from bank premises. These properties are typically reported at fair value, determined on the basis of current appraisals, comparable sales, and other estimates of value obtained principally from independent sources, and adjusted for estimated selling costs (Level 2). However, bank property held for sale is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because management has qualitatively applied a discount due to the size, supply of inventory, restrictions and the incremental discounts applied to the appraisals. Management also considers other factors, including changes in absorption rates, length of time the property has been on the market and anticipated sales values, which have resulted in adjustments to the collateral value estimates indicated in certain appraisals. At the time a property is identified as held for sale, any excess of the book balance over the fair value of the real estate is treated as a charge against earnings. Gains or losses on sale and generally any subsequent write-downs to the value are recorded as a component in Other Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Fair value is estimated using pricing models of derivatives with similar characteristics or discounted cash flow models where future floating cash flows are projected and discounted back; and accordingly, these derivatives are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 28—Derivative Financial Instruments for additional information.

Mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) and SBA Servicing Asset

The estimated fair value of MSRs and SBA servicing asset is obtained through a third-party vendor analysis of future cash flows. The valuations for the servicing asset use assumptions market participants would use in determining fair value including market discount rates, prepayment speeds, servicing income, servicing costs, default rates and other market driven data, as well as the market’s perception of future interest rate movements. MSRs and SBA servicing asset are classified as Level 3.

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The tables below present the recorded amount of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

			Quoted Prices
			In Active		Significant
			Markets		Other		Significant
			for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
			Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
December 31, 2023:
Assets
Derivative financial instruments	$	172,939	$	—	$	172,939	$	—
Loans held for sale		50,888		—		50,888		—
Trading securities		31,321		—		31,321		—
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasuries		73,890		—		73,890		—
U.S. Government agencies		224,706		—		224,706		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government
agencies or sponsored enterprises		1,558,306		—		1,558,306		—
Residential collateralized mortgage-obligations issued by U.S. government
agencies or sponsored enterprises		527,422		—		527,422		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government
agencies or sponsored enterprises		1,024,170		—		1,024,170		—
State and municipal obligations		977,461		—		977,461		—
Small Business Administration loan-backed securities		371,686		—		371,686		—
Corporate securities		26,747		—		26,747		—
Total securities available for sale		4,784,388		—		4,784,388		—
Mortgage servicing rights		85,164		—		—		85,164
SBA servicing asset		5,952		—		—		5,952
	$	5,130,652	$	—	$	5,039,536	$	91,116
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments	$	804,486	$	—	$	804,486	$	—
December 31, 2022:
Assets
Derivative financial instruments	$	211,016	$	—	$	211,016	$	—
Loans held for sale		28,968		—		28,968		—
Trading securities		31,263		—		31,263		—
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasuries		265,638		—		265,638		—
U.S. Government agencies		219,088		—		219,088		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government
agencies or sponsored enterprises		1,698,353		—		1,698,353		—
Residential collateralized mortgage-obligations issued by U.S. government
agencies or sponsored enterprises		601,045		—		601,045		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government
agencies or sponsored enterprises		1,000,398		—		1,000,398		—
State and municipal obligations		1,064,852		—		1,064,852		—
Small Business Administration loan-backed securities		444,810		—		444,810		—
Corporate securities		32,638		—		32,638		—
Total securities available for sale		5,326,822		—		5,326,822		—
Mortgage servicing rights		86,610		—		—		86,610
SBA servicing asset		6,068		—		—		6,068
	$	5,690,747	$	—	$	5,598,069	$	92,678
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments	$	1,034,143	$	—	$	1,034,143	$	—

Fair Value Option

The Company has elected the fair value option for mortgage loans held for sale primarily to ease the operational burden required to maintain hedge accounting for these loans. The Company also has opted for the fair value option for the SBA servicing asset, as it is the industry-preferred method for valuing such assets.

The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans held for sale and the changes in fair value of these loans.

	December 31,		December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Fair value	$	50,888	$	28,968
Unpaid principal balance		49,025		27,937
Fair value less aggregated unpaid principal balance	$	1,863	$	1,031

	Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2021		Income Statement Location
Mortgage loans held for sale	$	833	$	(6,052)	$	(6,920)	Mortgage banking income

Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

When a determination is made to classify a financial instrument within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable factors to the overall fair value measurement. However, since Level 3 financial instruments typically include, in addition to the unobservable or Level 3 components, observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources), the gains and losses below include changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the valuation methodology.

There were no changes in hierarchy classifications of Level 3 assets or liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2023. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the MSRs recorded at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows. The changes in fair value of the MSRs are recorded in Mortgage Banking Income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

(Dollars in thousands)	MSRs
Fair value, January 1, 2023	$	86,610
Servicing assets that resulted from transfers of financial assets		8,444
Changes in fair value due to valuation inputs or assumptions		(1,350)
Changes in fair value due to decay		(8,540)
Fair value, December 31, 2023	$	85,164
Fair value, January 1, 2022	$	65,620
Servicing assets that resulted from transfers of financial assets		16,002
Changes in fair value due to valuation inputs or assumptions		14,886
Changes in fair value due to decay		(9,898)
Fair value, December 31, 2022	$	86,610

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the SBA servicing asset recorded at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods ending December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows. The changes in fair value of the SBA servicing asset are recorded in in SBA Income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

(Dollars in thousands)	SBA Servicing Asset
Fair value, January 1, 2023	$	6,068
Servicing assets that resulted from transfers of financial assets		1,621
Changes in fair value due to decay		(2,244)
Changes in fair value due to valuation inputs or assumptions		507
Fair value, December 31, 2023	$	5,952
Beginning Balance, June 30, 2022	$	7,369
Servicing assets that resulted from transfers of financial assets		1,273
Changes in fair value due to decay		(1,845)
Changes in fair value due to valuation inputs or assumptions		(729)
Fair value, December 31, 2022	$	6,068

There were no unrealized losses included in accumulated other comprehensive (losses) income related to Level 3 financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

See Note 29—Mortgage Loan Servicing, Obligation, and Loans Held for Sale for information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of mortgage servicing rights.

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The tables below present the recorded amount of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

			Quoted Prices
			In Active		Significant
			Markets		Other		Significant
			for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
			Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
December 31, 2023:
OREO	$	837	$	—	$	—	$	837
Bank properties held for sale		12,401		—		—		12,401
Individually evaluated loans		73,518		—		—		73,518
December 31, 2022:
OREO	$	1,023	$	—	$	—	$	1,023
Bank properties held for sale		17,754		—		—		17,754
Individually evaluated loans		56,719		—		—		56,719

For an individually evaluated loan, the fair value of collateral is measured based on appraisal or third-party valuation when the loan is placed on nonaccrual. For OREO and bank properties held for sale, the fair value is initially recorded based on external appraisals at the time of transfer. These assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are updated on at least an annual basis. 

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

			Weighted Average Discount
			December 31,		December 31,
	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	2023		2022
Nonrecurring measurements:
Individually evaluated loans	Discounted appraisals and discounted cash flows	Collateral discounts	13	%	31	%
OREO and Bank properties held for sale	Discounted appraisals	Collateral discounts and estimated costs to sell	12	%	16	%

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We used the following methods and assumptions in estimating our fair value disclosures for financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those models are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rates and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. The use of different methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. The fair value estimates presented herein are based on pertinent information available to management as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Such amounts have not been revalued for purposes of these consolidated financial statements since those dates and, therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value:

Cash and Cash Equivalents—The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Trading Securities — The fair values of trading securities are determined as follows: (1) for those securities that have traded prior to the date of the Consolidated Balance Sheets but have not settled (date of sale) until after such date, the sales price is used as the fair value; and, (2) for those securities which have not traded as of the date of the consolidated balance sheet, the fair value was determined by broker price indications of similar or same securities.

Investment Securities—Securities available for sale are valued at quoted market prices or dealer quotes. Securities held to maturity are valued at quoted market prices or dealer quotes similar to securities available for sale. The carrying value of FHLB and FRB stock approximates fair value based on the redemption provisions. The carrying

value of our investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries approximates fair value. See Note 3—Securities for additional information, as well as page F-63 regarding fair value.

Loans held for sale — The fair values disclosed for loans held for sale are based on commitments from investors for loans with similar characteristics.

Loans — The fair value of loans is based on an exit price. To estimate an exit price, all loans (fixed and variable) are being valued with a discounted cash flow analyses for loans that includes our estimate of future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loans. Fair values for certain mortgage loans (e.g., one-to-four family residential) and other consumer loans are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on our current rates offered for new loans of the same type, structure and credit quality. Fair values for other loans (e.g., commercial real estate and investment property mortgage loans, commercial and industrial loans) are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses-using interest rates we currently offer for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Fair values for non-performing loans are estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis.

Deposit Liabilities—The fair values disclosed for demand deposits (e.g., interest and non-interest bearing checking, passbook savings, and certain types of money market accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). The carrying amounts of variable-rate, fixed-term money market accounts, and certificates of deposit approximate their fair values at the reporting date. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits. The methodology used for deposit liabilities therefore are resulting in a Level 2 classification.

Federal Funds Purchased and Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase—The carrying amount of federal funds purchased, borrowings under repurchase agreements, and other short-term borrowings maturing within ninety days approximate their fair values.

Other Borrowings—The fair value of other borrowings is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis on our current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of instruments.

Accrued Interest—The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate fair value. The accrued interest receivable for available for sale and held to maturity securities and accrued interest payable for deposits and other borrowings are considered Level 2. The accrued interest receivable for loans is considered Level 3.

Derivative Financial Instruments—The fair value of derivative financial instruments (including interest rate swaps) is estimated using pricing models of derivatives with similar characteristics or discounted cash flow models where future floating cash flows are projected and discounted back.

The estimated fair value, and related carrying amount, of the Company’s financial instruments are as follows:

	Carrying		Fair
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2023
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	998,877	$	998,877	$	998,877	$	—	$	—
Trading securities		31,321		31,321		—		31,321		—
Investment securities		7,463,871		7,061,167		192,043		6,869,124		—
Loans held for sale		50,888		50,888		—		50,888		—
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses		31,931,916		30,709,513		—		—		30,709,513
Accrued interest receivable		154,400		154,400		—		26,706		127,694
Mortgage servicing rights		85,164		85,164		—		—		85,164
SBA servicing asset		5,952		5,952		—		—		5,952
Interest rate swap – non-designated hedge		169,180		169,180		—		169,180		—
Other derivative financial instruments (mortgage banking related)		3,759		3,759		—		3,759		—
Financial liabilities:
Deposits
Noninterest-bearing		10,649,274		10,649,274		—		10,649,274		—
Interest-bearing other than time deposits		22,149,682		22,149,682		—		22,149,682		—
Time deposits		4,249,953		4,208,498		—		4,208,498
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase		489,185		489,185		—		489,185		—
Corporate and subordinated debentures		391,904		388,909		—		388,909		—
Other borrowings		100,000		100,000		—		100,000		—
Accrued interest payable		56,808		56,808		—		56,808		—
Interest rate swap – non-designated hedge		803,539		803,539		—		803,539		—
Other derivative financial instruments (mortgage banking related)		947		947		—		947		—
December 31, 2022
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,312,563	$	1,312,563	$	1,312,563	$	—	$	—
Trading securities		31,263		31,263		—		31,263		—
Investment securities		8,189,780		7,756,707		179,717		7,576,990		—
Loans held for sale		28,968		28,968		—		28,968		—
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses		29,821,418		29,329,499		—		—		29,329,499
Accrued interest receivable		134,594		134,594		—		28,449		106,145
Mortgage servicing rights		86,610		86,610		—		—		86,610
SBA servicing asset		6,068		—		—		—		6,068
Interest rate swap – non-designated hedge		210,216		210,216		—		210,216		—
Other derivative financial instruments (mortgage banking related)		800		800		—		800		—
Financial liabilities:
Deposits
Noninterest-bearing		13,168,656		13,168,656		—		13,168,656		—
Interest-bearing other than time deposits		20,761,981		20,761,981		—		20,761,981		—
Time deposits		2,419,986		2,333,764		—		2,333,764
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase		556,417		556,417		—		556,417		—
Corporate and subordinated debentures		392,275		377,360		—		377,360		—
Accrued interest payable		6,218		6,218		—		6,218		—
Interest rate swap – non-designated hedge		1,033,980		1,033,980		—		1,033,980		—
Other derivative financial instruments (mortgage banking related)		163		163		—		163		—