UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number: 000-03134

PARK-OHIO HOLDINGS CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio			34-1867219
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
6065 Parkland Boulevard,	Cleveland,	Ohio	44124
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (440) 947-2000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $1.00 Per Share	PKOH	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. is a successor issuer to Park-Ohio Industries, Inc.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ¨  No  þ

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  ¨ No  þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  þ    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	þ
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness         of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  ☐ Yes  ☑ No

Aggregate market value of the registrant’s Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant: Approximately $423,963,400 based on the closing price of $32.14 per share of the registrant’s Common Stock on June 30, 2021.

Number of shares outstanding of registrant’s Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share, as of February 28, 2022: 12,582,049.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on or about May 19, 2022 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

PARK-OHIO HOLDINGS CORP.

FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Item No.		Page
PART I.
1.	Business	3
1A.	Risk Factors	9
1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	17
2.	Properties	17
3.	Legal Proceedings	18
4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	19
PART II.
5.	Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	20
6.	[Reserved]	20
7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	32
8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	33
9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	67
9A.	Controls and Procedures	67
9B.	Other Information	67
9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection	67
PART III
10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	68
11.	Executive Compensation	68
12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	68
13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	68
14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	68
PART IV.
15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	69
16.	Form 10-K Summary	71
Signatures		72

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Part I

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Item 1.     Business

Overview

Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. (“Holdings” or “ParkOhio”), incorporated in Ohio since 1998, is a diversified international company providing world-class customers with a supply chain management outsourcing service, capital equipment used on their production lines, and manufactured components used to assemble their products.

References herein to “we” or “the Company” include, where applicable, Holdings and Park-Ohio Industries, Inc. and Holdings’ other direct and indirect subsidiaries.

The Company operates through three reportable segments: Supply Technologies, Assembly Components and Engineered Products. As of December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 6,900 people.

The following table summarizes the key attributes of each of our business segments:

	Supply Technologies	Assembly Components	Engineered Products
NET SALES FOR 2021	$619.5 million	$482.5 million	$336.0 million
SELECTED PRODUCTS	Sourcing, planning and procurement of over 240,000 production components, including: • Fasteners • Pins • Valves • Hoses • Wire harnesses • Clamps and fittings • Rubber and plastic components • Other Class C and MRO products	• Extruded and molded rubber and thermoplastic products • Fuel filler assemblies • Gasoline direct injection systems • Control arms • Knuckles • Engine cradles and brackets • Oil pans	• Induction heating and melting systems • Pipe threading systems • Industrial oven systems • Forging presses • Forged steel and machined products
SELECTED INDUSTRIES SERVED	• Heavy-duty truck • Power sports and recreational equipment • Aerospace and defense • Semiconductor equipment • Electrical distribution and controls • Consumer electronics • Bus and coaches • Automotive • Agricultural and construction equipment • HVAC • Lawn and garden • Plumbing • Medical devices	• Automotive and light vehicle • Agricultural equipment • Construction equipment • Heavy-duty truck • Marine equipment • Bus	• Ferrous and non-ferrous metals • Coatings • Forging • Foundry • Heavy-duty truck • Construction equipment • Automotive • Oil and gas • Rail • Aerospace and defense • Power generation

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The Company consists of the following segments:

Supply Technologies

Our Supply Technologies business provides our customers with Total Supply Management™, a proactive solutions approach that manages the efficiencies of every aspect of supplying production parts and materials to our customers’ manufacturing floor, from strategic planning to program implementation. Total Supply Management™ includes engineering and design support, part usage and cost analysis, supplier selection, quality assurance, bar coding, product packaging and tracking, just-in-time and point-of-use delivery, electronic billing services and ongoing technical support. We operate more than 60 logistics service centers in the United States, Mexico, Canada, Czech Republic, Puerto Rico, Scotland, Hungary, China, Taiwan, Singapore, India, England, France, Spain, Poland, Malaysia, Northern Ireland and Ireland, as well as production sourcing and support centers in the United States and Asia. Through our supply chain management programs, we supply more than 240,000 globally-sourced production components, many of which are specialized and customized to meet individual customers’ needs.

Total Supply Management™ provides our customers with an expert partner in strategic planning, global sourcing, technical services, parts and materials, logistics, distribution and inventory management of production components. Some production components are characterized by low per unit supplier prices relative to the indirect costs of supplier management, quality assurance, inventory management and delivery to the production line. In addition, Supply Technologies delivers an increasingly broad range of higher-value production components including valves, fuel hose assemblies, electro-mechanical hardware, labels, fittings, steering components and many others. Applications engineering specialists and the direct sales force work closely with the engineering staff of OEM customers to recommend the appropriate production components for a new product or to suggest alternative components that reduce overall production costs, streamline assembly or enhance the appearance or performance of the end product. Supply Technologies also provides spare parts and aftermarket products to end users of its customers’ products.

Total Supply Management™ is typically provided to customers pursuant to sole-source arrangements. We believe our approach distinguishes us from traditional buy/sell distributors, as well as manufacturers who supply products directly to customers, because we provide the supply chain management of our customers’ high-volume production components. We administer the processes customized to each customer’s needs by replacing numerous current suppliers with a sole-source relationship with Supply Technologies. Our highly-developed, customized information systems provide global transparency and flexibility through the complete supply chain. This enables our customers to: (1) significantly reduce the direct and indirect cost of production component processes by outsourcing internal purchasing, quality assurance and inventory fulfillment responsibilities; (2) reduce the amount of working capital invested in inventory and floor space; (3) reduce component costs through purchasing efficiencies, including bulk buying and supplier consolidation; and (4) receive technical expertise in production component selection, design and engineering. Our sole-source arrangements foster long-term, entrenched supply relationships with our customers and, as a result, the average tenure of service for our top 50 Supply Technologies clients exceeds ten years. Supply Technologies also supplies wholesale industrial products to other manufacturers and distributors pursuant to master or authorized distributor relationships.

The Supply Technologies segment also engineers and manufactures precision cold-formed and cold-extruded fasteners and other products, including locknuts, SPAC® nuts, SPAC® bolts and wheel hardware, which are principally used in applications where controlled tightening is required due to high vibration. Supply Technologies produces both standard items and specialty products to customer specifications, which are used in large volumes by customers in the automotive, heavy-duty truck and rail industries.

Markets and Customers.    For the year ended December 31, 2021, approximately 60% of Supply Technologies’ net sales were to domestic customers. Remaining sales were primarily to manufacturing facilities of large, multinational customers located in Europe, Mexico, Asia and Canada. Total Supply Management™ is used extensively in a variety of industries, and demand is generally related to the state of the economy and to the overall level of manufacturing activity.

Supply Technologies markets and sells its approach to over 7,500 customers domestically and internationally. The five largest customers, to which Supply Technologies sells through sole-source contracts to multiple operating divisions or

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locations, accounted for approximately 33% and 31% of the sales of Supply Technologies in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The loss of any two or more of its top five customers could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition of this segment.

Competition.    A limited number of companies compete with Supply Technologies to provide supply management services for production parts and materials. Supply Technologies competes primarily on the basis of its Total Supply Management™ approach, including engineering and design support, part usage and cost analysis, supplier selection, quality assurance, bar coding, product packaging and tracking, just-in-time and point-of-use delivery, electronic billing services and ongoing technical support, and its geographic reach, extensive product selection, price and reputation for high service levels. Numerous U.S. and foreign companies compete with Supply Technologies in manufacturing cold-formed and cold-extruded products.

Assembly Components

Assembly Components manufactures products oriented towards fuel efficiency, reduced emission standards and vehicle electrification. Assembly Components designs, develops and manufactures: aluminum products; highly efficient, high pressure direct fuel injection fuel rails and pipes; fuel filler pipes that route fuel from the gas cap to the gas tank; and flexible multi-layer plastic and rubber assemblies used to transport fuel from the vehicle's gas tank and then, at extreme high pressure, to the engine's fuel injector nozzles. These advanced products, coupled with Turbo Enabled engines, make up large and growing engine architecture for all worldwide car manufacturers. Assembly Components also designs and manufactures Turbo Charging hoses along with Turbo Coolant hoses that will be required as engines get downsized to 3 or 4 cylinders from 6 or 8 cylinders. This engine downsizing increases efficiency, while dramatically decreasing pollution levels. In addition, our Assembly Components segment operates what we believe is one of the few aluminum component suppliers that have the capability to provide a wide range of high-volume, high-quality products utilizing a broad range of processes including gravity and low pressure permanent mold, die-cast and lost-foam, as well as emerging alternative casting technologies. We also provide machining to our aluminum products customers.

Assembly Components operates 18 manufacturing facilities and four technical offices in the United States, Mexico, China, the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic. In addition, we also provide value-added services such as design engineering, machining and parts assembly.

Markets and Customers.    For the year ended December 31, 2021, approximately 66% of Assembly Components’ net sales were to domestic customers. The five largest customers of Assembly Components accounted for approximately 46% and 45% of segment sales for 2021 and 2020, respectively. These sales, across multiple operating divisions, are through sole-source contracts. The loss of any one of these customers could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition of this segment.

Competition.    Assembly Components competes principally on the basis of its ability to: (1) engineer and manufacture high-quality, cost-effective assemblies utilizing multiple technologies in large volumes; (2) provide timely delivery; and (3) retain the manufacturing flexibility necessary to quickly adjust to the needs of its customers. There are few domestic companies with the capabilities to meet customers’ stringent quality and service standards and lean manufacturing techniques. As one of these suppliers, Assembly Components is well-positioned to benefit as customers continue to consolidate their supplier base.

Engineered Products

Our Engineered Products segment operates a diverse group of niche manufacturing businesses that design and manufacture a broad range of highly-engineered products, including induction heating and melting systems, pipe threading systems and forged and machined products. We manufacture these products in 15 domestic facilities throughout the United States and 18 international facilities in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, China, Italy, India, Japan, Spain, France and Brazil.

Our induction heating and melting business utilizes proprietary technology and specializes in the engineering, construction, service and repair of induction heating and melting systems, primarily for the ferrous and non-ferrous metals, silicon, coatings, forging, foundry, automotive and construction equipment industries. Our induction heating and melting

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systems are engineered and built to customer specifications and are used primarily for melting, heating, and surface hardening of metals and curing of coatings. Approximately 49% of our induction heating and melting systems’ revenues are derived from the sale of replacement parts and provision of field service, primarily for the installed base of our own products. Our pipe threading business serves the oil and gas industry. We also engineer and install mechanical forging presses, sell spare parts and provide field service for the large existing base of mechanical forging presses and hammers in North America. We machine, induction harden and surface finish crankshafts and camshafts, used primarily in locomotives. We forge aerospace and defense structural components such as landing gears and struts, as well as rail products such as railcar center plates and draft lugs.

Markets and Customers.    For the year ended December 31, 2021, approximately 52% of Engineered Products’ net sales were to domestic customers. We sell induction heating and other capital equipment to component manufacturers and OEMs in the ferrous and non-ferrous metals, silicon, coatings, forging, foundry, automotive, truck, construction equipment and oil and gas industries. We sell forged and machined products to locomotive manufacturers, machining companies and sub-assemblers who finish aerospace and defense products for OEMs, and railcar builders and maintenance providers.

Competition.    We compete with small-to medium-sized domestic and international equipment manufacturers on the basis of service capability, ability to meet customer specifications, delivery performance and engineering expertise. We compete domestically and internationally with small-to medium-sized forging and machining businesses on the basis of product quality and precision.

Sales and Marketing

Supply Technologies markets its products and services in the United States, Mexico, Canada, Europe and Asia primarily through its direct sales force, which is assisted by applications engineers who provide the technical expertise necessary to assist the engineering staff of OEM customers in designing new products and improving existing products. Assembly Components primarily markets and sells its products in North America through internal sales personnel and independent sales representatives. Engineered Products primarily markets and sells its products in North America through both internal sales personnel and independent sales representatives. Induction heating and pipe threading equipment is also marketed and sold in Europe, Asia, Latin America and Africa through both internal sales personnel and independent sales representatives. In some instances, the internal engineering staff assists in the sales and marketing effort through joint design and applications-engineering efforts with major customers.

Raw Materials and Suppliers

Supply Technologies purchases substantially all of its production components from third-party suppliers. Supply Technologies has multiple sources of supply for its components. An increasing portion of Supply Technologies’ production components are purchased from suppliers in foreign countries, primarily Canada, Taiwan, China, South Korea, Singapore, India and multiple European countries. Supply Technologies is dependent upon the ability of such suppliers to meet stringent quality and performance standards and to conform to delivery schedules. Assembly Components and Engineered Products purchase substantially all of their raw materials, principally metals and certain component parts incorporated into their products, from third-party suppliers and manufacturers. Most raw materials required by Assembly Components and Engineered Products are commodity products available from several domestic suppliers. Management believes that raw materials and component parts other than certain specialty products are available from alternative sources.

Our suppliers of raw materials and component parts may significantly and quickly increase their prices in response to increases in costs of the raw materials, such as steel, that they use to manufacture our raw materials and component parts. While we generally attempt to pass along increased raw material prices to our customers in the form of price increases, there may be a time delay between the increased raw material prices and our ability to increase the price of our products, or we may be unable to increase the prices of our products due to various factors. See the discussion of risks associated with raw material supply and costs in Item 1A "Risk Factors".

Backlog

Management believes that backlog is not a meaningful measure for Supply Technologies, as a majority of Supply Technologies’ customers require just-in-time delivery of production components. Management believes that Assembly Components’ backlog is not a meaningful measure, as a significant portion of sales are on a release or firm order basis. The

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backlog of Engineered Products’ orders believed to be firm as of December 31, 2021 was $163.8 million, compared with $135.9 million as of December 31, 2020. Nearly all of Engineered Products’ backlog as of December 31, 2021 is scheduled to be shipped in 2022.

Compliance with Government Regulations

We are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations designed to protect public health and the environment, particularly with regard to discharges and emissions, as well as handling, storage, treatment and disposal of various substances and wastes. Failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations and permit requirements could result in civil and criminal fines or penalties or enforcement actions, including regulatory or judicial orders enjoining or curtailing operations or requiring corrective measures. Pursuant to certain environmental laws, owners or operators of facilities may be liable for the costs of response or other corrective actions for contamination identified at or emanating from current or former locations, without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of any such contamination, and for related damages to natural resources. Additionally, persons who arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances or materials may be liable for costs of response at sites where they are located, whether or not the site is owned or operated by such person.

From time to time, we have incurred, and are presently incurring, costs and obligations for correcting environmental noncompliance and remediating environmental conditions at certain of our properties. In general, we have not experienced difficulty in complying with environmental laws in the past, and compliance with environmental laws has not had a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Our capital expenditures on environmental control facilities were not material during the past five years and such expenditures are not expected to be material to us in the foreseeable future.

We are currently, and may in the future be, required to incur costs relating to the investigation or remediation of property, including property where we have disposed of our waste, and for addressing environmental conditions. For instance, we have been identified as a potentially responsible party at third-party sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, or comparable state laws, which provide for strict and, under certain circumstances, joint and several liability. We are participating in the cost of certain clean-up efforts at several of these sites. The availability of third-party payments or insurance for environmental remediation activities is subject to risks associated with the willingness and ability of the third party to make payments. However, our share of such costs has not been material and, based on available information, we do not expect our exposure at any of these locations to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.

In addition to environmental laws and regulations, our operations are governed by a variety of laws and regulations, including those relating to workplace safety and worker health, principally the Occupational Safety and Health Act and regulations thereunder. We believe that we are in material compliance with these laws and regulations and do not believe that future compliance with such laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 6,900 employees in our operations around the world. Approximately 3,700 of these employees are in the United States, while the remaining 3,200 are employed in other countries. Approximately 29% of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

The attraction, retention and development of employees is critical to the successful execution of the Company’s strategy. The Company works diligently to attract the best talent from a diverse range of resources to meet current and future demands of our businesses. Hiring the right people for the long-term and developing them for future roles is an important process across the overall organization. To support these objectives, the Company’s human resource programs are designed to develop, reward and support employees through competitive compensation, internal advancement, comprehensive flexible benefit programs and a safe and healthy work environment.

Key areas of focus include:

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Health & Safety: The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our employees; accordingly, we are committed to their health, safety, and wellness. Our global health and safety programs are designed around dedicated environmental, health and safety standards and procedures specifically tailored at the facility level to address different jurisdiction and regulations, specific operating hazards, and unique working environments. The Company’s objectives include a focus on regulatory compliance and protection of people and the environment. Our safety focus is evident in our response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which included some of the initiatives listed below:

•Increasing cleaning protocols across all locations

•Communicating regularly regarding impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including health and safety protocols and procedures

•Implementing temperature screening of employees at our facilities

•Establishing new physical distancing procedures

•Providing personal protective equipment

•Modifying workspaces with plexiglass dividers

•Establishing protocols to address actual and suspected COVID-19 cases and potential contact exposure

•Prohibiting non-essential travel for all employees

•Requiring mask wearing in locations

Most of our businesses manufacture products deemed essential to the critical infrastructure, and, as a result, most of our production sites have continued to operate during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ethics & Compliance: Our Company is committed to values of honesty, integrity, respect and responsibility that foster high ethical standards in our relationships with each other, our customers and suppliers, and all those we do business with. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”), along with the policies and procedures referenced in the Code, provide guidance for all employees on topics such as anti-corruption and bribery, anti-trust and competition law, discrimination including our policy on harassment and retaliation, privacy, appropriate use of company assets, protection of confidential information and reporting concerns and violations. Should potential violations of the Code, our policies and procedures, or the law occur, employees are encouraged to notify our Chief Compliance Officer through our Ethics Hotline. We do not tolerate retaliation against anyone who reports a potential violation in good faith. The Chief Compliance Officer reports matters related to the Code to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis.

Compensation & Benefits: Our policy is to competitively compensate our employees. The compensation philosophy is to align both short-term and long-term incentives with our strategic objectives and to consider market forces and the performance of our Company and the employee. We offer comprehensive employee benefits that vary by country and are competitive in the marketplace. Examples of benefits offered in the U.S. include a 401(k) plan, defined benefit - cash balance plan, comprehensive health benefits, employee assistance programs, business travel, life/disability insurance and supplemental voluntary insurance.

Training & Talent Development: The Company is committed to continued development of our workforce. Training is provided in several formats to accommodate workforce diversity and business focus. In addition, various internship programs and informal mentoring demonstrate the Company’s ongoing commitment and initiatives toward accelerating our future leaders.

Available Information

We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The public can obtain copies of these materials by accessing the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are filed with or furnished to the SEC, we make such materials available on our website free of charge at http://www.pkoh.com. The information on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Information About our Executive Officers

Information with respect to our executive officers as of March 16, 2022, is as follows:

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Name	Age		Position
Matthew V. Crawford		52	Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President
Patrick W. Fogarty		60	Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Robert D. Vilsack		61	Secretary and Chief Legal Officer

Mr. Crawford was elected President in 2019 and Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer in 2018. Prior to that, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer since 2003. Mr. Crawford became one of our directors in August 1997 and has served as President of Crawford Group, Inc. since 1995.

Mr. Fogarty has been Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2015. Prior to that, Mr. Fogarty was Director of Corporate Development since 1997 and served as Director of Finance from 1995 to 1997.

Mr. Vilsack has been Secretary and Chief Legal Officer since joining us in 2002.

Item 1A.    Risk Factors

The following risk factors set forth below and elsewhere in this Form 10-K could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. These risks are not the only ones we may face. Although the risks are organized by headings, and each risk is discussed separately, many are interrelated. You should not interpret the disclosure of any risk factor to imply that the risk has not already materialized. If any of the following risks occur, our business, results of operations or financial condition could be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Our business, results of operations and cash flows have been and are expected to continue to be adversely affected by COVID-19.

We have continued to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, including how it has impacted our customers, employees, supply chain and distribution network. The scope and duration of the pandemic continue to be uncertain, and evolving factors such as the level and timing of vaccine distribution across the world and the extent of any resurgences of the virus or emergence of new variants could impact the stability of the economic recovery and growth. The COVID-19 pandemic could continue to negatively impact our business, results of operations, financial position or cash flows in a number of ways, including but not limited to:

•disruptions in our supply chain due to the global semiconductor micro-chip shortage, logistics issues, labor disruptions and our ability to obtain raw materials, among other factors;

•increases in raw material and freight costs;

•labor shortages;

•disruptions to our facilities, including shutdowns or slowdowns as a result of facility closures, reductions in operating hours and labor shortages;

•the inability of a significant portion of our workforce to work as a result of illness or government restrictions;

•exposure to cybersecurity threats and other risks associated with a large number of our employees working remotely; and

•the need to reduce our workforce as a result of declines in our business caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused us, and may continue to cause us, to incur significant expenses.

The extent to which our business, results of operations, financial position or cash flows may ultimately be adversely impact by the COVID-19 pandemic will depend largely on these future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may also exacerbate other risks discussed below, any of which could have a material effect on us. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to change rapidly and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.

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Risks Relating to Economic Conditions

The industries in which we operate are cyclical and are affected by the economy in general.

We sell products to customers in industries that experience cyclicality (expectancy of recurring periods of economic growth and slowdown) in demand for products and may experience substantial increases and decreases in business volume throughout economic cycles. Industries we serve, including the automotive and vehicle parts, heavy-duty truck, industrial equipment, steel, rail, oil and gas, electrical distribution and controls, aerospace and defense, recreational equipment, HVAC, electrical components, appliance and semiconductor equipment industries, are affected by consumer spending, general economic conditions and the impact of international trade, which have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. A downturn in any of the industries we serve could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

Adverse credit market conditions may significantly affect our access to capital, cost of capital and ability to meet liquidity needs.

Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the credit markets may adversely impact our ability to access credit already arranged and the availability and cost of credit to us in the future. These market conditions may limit our ability to replace, in a timely manner, maturing liabilities and access the capital necessary to grow and maintain our business. Accordingly, we may be forced to delay raising capital or pay unattractive interest rates, which could increase our interest expense, decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility. Longer-term disruptions in the capital and credit markets as a result of uncertainty, changing or increased regulation, reduced alternatives or failures of significant financial institutions could adversely affect our access to liquidity needed for our business. Any disruption could require us to take measures to conserve cash until the markets stabilize or until alternative credit arrangements or other funding for our business needs can be arranged. Such measures could include deferring capital expenditures and reducing or eliminating future share repurchases or other discretionary uses of cash. Overall, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected by disruptions in the credit markets.

Adverse global economic conditions may have significant effects on our customers and suppliers that could result in material adverse effects on our business and operating results.

Significant reductions in available capital and liquidity from banks and other providers of credit, substantial reductions and fluctuations in equity and currency values worldwide, volatility in commodity prices for such items as crude oil, and concerns that the worldwide economy may enter into a prolonged recessionary period, may materially adversely affect our customers’ access to capital or willingness to spend capital on our products or their ability to pay for products that they will order or have already ordered from us. In addition, unfavorable global economic conditions may materially adversely affect our suppliers’ access to capital and liquidity with which they maintain their inventories, production levels and product quality, which could cause them to raise prices or lower production levels.

These potential effects of adverse global economic conditions are difficult to forecast and mitigate. As a consequence, our operating results for a particular period are difficult to predict, and, therefore, prior results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in future periods. Any of the foregoing effects could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Inflation may continue to have a significant effect on labor and raw material costs, which could continue to result in material adverse effects on our business and operating results.

Given recent inflationary trends and forecasts for rising inflation rates in the future, we expect further raw material price increases and higher labor costs, which may continue to adversely affect our business and operating results, particularly in the Assembly Components segment.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations

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Because a significant portion of our sales is to the automotive and heavy-duty truck industries, a decrease in the demand of these industries or the loss of any of our major customers in these industries could adversely affect our financial health.

Demand for certain of our products is affected by, among other things, the relative strength or weakness of the automotive and heavy-duty truck industries. The global semiconductor micro-chip shortage, in particular, could continue to adversely affect a significant portion of our sales to our automotive and heavy-duty truck customers. The domestic automotive and heavy-duty truck industries are also highly cyclical and may be adversely affected by international competition. In addition, the automotive and heavy-duty truck industries are significantly unionized and subject to work slowdowns and stoppages resulting from labor disputes. We derived 34% and 8% of our net sales during the year ended December 31, 2021 from the automotive and heavy-duty truck industries, respectively.

The loss of a portion of business to any of our major automotive or heavy-duty truck customers could continue to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flow and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will maintain or improve our relationships in these industries or that we will continue to supply these customers at current levels.

Our Supply Technologies customers are generally not contractually obligated to purchase products and services from us.

We supply products and services to our Supply Technologies customers generally under purchase orders as opposed to long-term contracts. When we do enter into long-term contracts with our Supply Technologies customers, many of them only establish pricing terms and do not obligate our customers to buy required minimum amounts from us or to buy from us exclusively. Accordingly, many of our Supply Technologies customers may decrease the number of products and services that they purchase from us or even stop purchasing from us altogether, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our net sales and profitability.

We are dependent on key customers.

We rely on several key customers. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our ten largest customers accounted for approximately 30% of our net sales. Many of our customers place orders for products on an as-needed basis and operate in cyclical industries and, as a result, their order levels have varied from period to period in the past and may vary significantly in the future. Due to competitive issues, we have lost key customers in the past and may again in the future. Customer orders are dependent upon their markets and may be subject to delays or cancellations. As a result of dependence on our key customers, we could experience a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations if any of the following were to occur:

•the loss of any key customer, in whole or in part;

•the insolvency or bankruptcy of any key customer;

•a declining market in which customers reduce orders or demand reduced prices; or

•a strike or work stoppage at a key customer facility, which could affect both their suppliers and customers.

If any of our key customers become insolvent or file for bankruptcy, our ability to recover accounts receivable from that customer would be adversely affected and any payments we received in the preference period prior to a bankruptcy filing may be potentially forfeitable, which could adversely impact our results of operations.

We operate in highly competitive industries.

The markets in which all three of our segments sell their products are highly competitive. Some of our competitors are large companies that have greater financial resources than we have. We believe that the principal competitive factors for our Supply Technologies segment are an approach reflecting long-term business partnership and reliability, sourced product quality and conformity to customer specifications, timeliness of delivery, price and design and engineering capabilities. We believe that the principal competitive factors for our Assembly Components and Engineered Products segments are product quality and conformity to customer specifications, design and engineering capabilities, product development, timeliness of delivery and price. The rapidly evolving nature of the markets in which we compete may attract new entrants as they perceive opportunities, and our competitors may foresee the course of market development more accurately than we do. In addition, our competitors may develop products that are superior to our products or may adapt more quickly than we do to new technologies or evolving customer requirements.

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We expect competitive pressures in our markets to remain strong. These pressures arise from existing competitors, other companies that may enter our existing or future markets and, in some cases, our customers, which may decide to internally produce items we sell. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully with our competitors. Failure to compete successfully could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

Our Supply Technologies business depends upon third parties for substantially all of our component parts.

Our Supply Technologies business purchases substantially all of its component parts from third-party suppliers and manufacturers. As such, it is subject to the risk of price fluctuations and periodic delays in the delivery of component parts. Failure by suppliers to continue to supply us with these component parts on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, could have a material adverse effect on us. We depend upon the ability of these suppliers, among other things, to meet stringent performance and quality specifications and to conform to delivery schedules. Failure by third-party suppliers to comply with these and other requirements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

The raw materials used in our production processes and by our suppliers of component parts are subject to price and supply fluctuations that could continue to increase our costs of production and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our supply of raw materials for our Assembly Components and Engineered Products businesses could continue to be interrupted for a variety of reasons, including supply chain constraints and price increases, raw material price inflation, supplier delays that increase lead times and higher freight costs, among other factors, may continue to have an adverse effect on our results of operations and profit margins. While we generally attempt to pass along increased raw materials prices to our customers in the form of price increases, there may be a time delay between the increased raw materials prices and our ability to increase the price of our products, or we may be unable to increase the prices of our products due various factors.

Our suppliers of component parts, particularly in our Supply Technologies business, may continue to significantly and quickly increase their prices in response to increases in costs of the raw materials, such as steel, that they use to manufacture our component parts. We may not be able to increase our prices commensurate with our increased costs. Consequently, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

The energy costs involved in our production processes and transportation are subject to fluctuations that are beyond our control and could significantly increase our costs of production.

Our manufacturing process and the transportation of raw materials, components and finished goods are energy intensive. Our manufacturing processes are dependent on adequate supplies of electricity and natural gas. A substantial increase in the cost of transportation fuel, natural gas or electricity could have a material adverse effect on our margins. We may experience higher than anticipated gas costs in the future, which could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, a disruption or curtailment in supply could have a material adverse effect on our production and sales levels.

We may experience breaches of, or disruptions to, our information technology systems, or other compromises of our data, including the improper disclosure of personal or confidential data, which may adversely affect our operations and reputation.

We utilize information technology systems in connection with our business operations, including processing orders, managing inventory and accounts receivable collections, purchasing products, maintaining cost-effective operations, routing and re-routing orders. We also depend on our information technology systems to maintain confidential, proprietary and personal information relating to our current, former and prospective employees, customers and other third parties in these systems and in systems of third-party providers who we engage in connection with the processing and storage of certain information. Our information technology systems and those of our third-party providers are subject to disruptions or damage, which may be caused by a wide array of causes, including telecommunications failures, computer failures, power outages, computer viruses, cybersecurity breaches and other intrusions, which could result in the disruption of our operations, or information misappropriation, such as theft of intellectual property or inappropriate disclosure of personal and confidential information. In addition, we could also experience data or cybersecurity breaches stemming from the intentional or negligent acts of our employees or other third parties. To the extent our information technology systems are disabled for a long period of time, key business processes could be interrupted. Any such operational disruptions and/or misappropriation of information, whether in systems we maintain or are maintained by others, could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, any such

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damage, compromise or breach to our systems or those of our vendors, could result in a violation of privacy and other laws, and expose us to significant legal and financial liability.

Operating problems in our business may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to the usual hazards associated with manufacturing and the related storage and transportation of raw materials, products and waste, including explosions, fires, leaks, discharges, inclement weather (including that caused by climate change), natural disasters, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime and transportation interruption or calamities. The occurrence of material operating problems at our facilities may have a material adverse effect on our operations as a whole, both during and after the period of operational difficulties.

We have a significant amount of goodwill, and any future goodwill impairment charges could adversely impact our results of operations.

As of December 31, 2021, we had goodwill of $106.0 million. The future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment, such as a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate, unanticipated competition, a material negative change in relationships with significant customers, strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, loss of key personnel or a more-likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or disposed of, could result in goodwill impairment charges, which could adversely impact our results of operations. We have recorded goodwill impairment charges in the past, and such charges materially impacted our historical results of operations. Based on our 2021 annual impairment test, we determined that the fair value of our Aluminum Products reporting unit, which is included in our Assembly Components segment, did not exceed its carrying value as of the October 1, 2021 testing date. As such, we concluded that the goodwill of this reporting unit of $4.6 million was fully impaired as of that date. For additional information, see Note 6, Goodwill, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein.

Our business and operating results may be adversely affected by natural disasters, other catastrophic events or public health issues, all of which are beyond our control.

While we have taken precautions to prevent production and service interruptions at our global facilities, severe weather conditions and other conditions, including those that may be caused by climate change, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes; other natural disasters; or public health issues in areas in which we have manufacturing facilities or from which we obtain products may cause physical damage to our properties, closure of one or more of our business facilities, lack of adequate work force in a market, temporary disruption in the supply of inventory, disruption in the transport of products and utilities, or delays in the delivery of products to our customers. Any of these factors may disrupt our operations and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The insurance that we maintain may not fully cover all potential expenses.

We maintain property, business interruption and casualty insurance, but such insurance may not cover all risks associated with the hazards of our business and is subject to limitation, including deductible and maximum liabilities covered. We are potentially at risk if one or more of our insurance carriers fail. Additionally, severe disruptions in the domestic and global financial markets could adversely impact the ratings and survival of some insurers. In the future, we may not be able to obtain coverage at current levels, and our premiums may increase significantly on coverage that we maintain.

Risks Relating to Human Capital

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Some of our employees belong to labor unions, and strikes or work stoppages could adversely affect our operations.

As of December 31, 2021, we were a party to seven collective bargaining agreements with various labor unions that covered approximately 2,000 full-time employees. Our inability to negotiate acceptable contracts with these unions could result in, among other things, strikes, work stoppages or other slowdowns by the affected workers and increased operating costs as a result of higher wages or benefits paid to union members. If the unionized workers were to engage in a strike, work stoppage or other slowdown, or other employees were to become unionized, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations and higher ongoing labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Labor shortages could continue to adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Labor shortages leading to higher labor costs, production inefficiencies and plant downtime have had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we have seen a decline in the skilled labor applicant pool since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and increased competition for skilled labor. In addition, labor disturbances affecting our customers could continue to impact our sales to certain key customers, particularly in the automotive and heavy-duty truck industries, which could continue to have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The loss of key executives could adversely impact us.

Our success depends upon the efforts, abilities and expertise of our executive officers and other senior managers, including Matthew Crawford, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, as well as the president of each of our operating units. Additionally, an event of default occurs under our revolving credit facility if Messrs. M. Crawford and Edward Crawford, our former President, or certain of their related parties own in the aggregate less than 15% of Holdings’ outstanding common stock and, if at such time, neither Mr. M. Crawford nor Mr. E. Crawford holds the office of chairman, chief executive officer or president. The loss of the services of Mr. M. Crawford, senior and executive officers, and/or other key individuals could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Legal, Compliance and Regulatory Matters

Potential product liability risks exist from the products that we sell.

Our businesses expose us to potential product liability risks that are inherent in the design, manufacture and sale of our products and products of third-party vendors that we use or resell. While we currently maintain what we believe to be suitable and adequate product liability insurance, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our insurance on acceptable terms or that our insurance will provide adequate protection against potential liabilities. In the event of a claim against us, a lack of sufficient insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Moreover, even if we maintain adequate insurance, any successful claim could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

We operate and source internationally, which exposes us to the risks of doing business abroad.

Our operations are subject to the risks of doing business abroad, including the following:

•fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

•limitations on ownership and on repatriation of earnings;

•transportation delays and interruptions;

•political, social and economic instability and disruptions;

•potential disruption that could be caused by the partial or complete reconfiguration of the European Union;

•government embargoes or foreign trade restrictions;

•the imposition of duties and tariffs and other trade barriers;

•import and export controls;

•labor unrest and current and changing regulatory environments;

•the potential for nationalization of enterprises;

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•disadvantages of competing against companies from countries that are not subject to U.S. laws and regulations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”);

•increasingly complex laws and regulations concerning privacy and data security, including the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation;

•difficulties in staffing and managing multinational operations;

•limitations on our ability to enforce legal rights and remedies; and

•potentially adverse tax consequences.

On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom (“UK”) exited (“Brexit”) the European Union (“EU”). The transition period post-Brexit expired on December 31, 2020, and the UK and the EU entered into a free trade agreement that now governs the UK’s relationship with the EU. While the UK and the EU can generally continue to trade with each other without the imposition of tariffs for imports and exports, there are new customs requirements that require additional documentation and data, and there are also new controls on the movement and reporting of goods. Although we have not experienced any material disruption in our business as a result of Brexit, we do not know the extent to which Brexit and the free trade agreement will ultimately impact the business and regulatory environment in the UK, the rest of the EU or other countries, although it is possible there will be tighter controls and administrative requirements for imports and exports between the UK and the EU or other countries, as well as increased regulatory complexities. Any of these factors could adversely impact customer demand, our relationships with customers and suppliers and our results of operations.

We are also exposed to risks relating to U.S. policy with respect to companies doing business in foreign jurisdictions. Changes in tax policy, trade regulations or trade agreements, such as the disallowance of tax deductions on imported merchandise or the imposition of new tariffs on imported products, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our international sales and operations are also sensitive to changes in foreign national priorities, as well as to political and economic instability. For example, our business in the European Union or elsewhere may be impacted by an escalation of tensions between Russia and Ukraine and any economic or trade sanctions enacted to condemn or counteract any Russian aggression towards or invasion of Ukraine. Any such conflict may also impact our ability to secure raw materials and exacerbate the supply chain disruption we have experienced and further limit our ability to secure certain raw materials or services. Further military action or cyberattacks by Russia to counteract any sanctions may have an impact on demand for our goods and services and adversely impact our results of operation. Our success as a global business will depend, in part, upon our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions by developing, implementing and maintaining policies and strategies that are effective in each location where we do business.

In addition, we could be adversely affected by violations of the FCPA and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws. The FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws. We operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices. We cannot assure you that our internal controls and procedures always will protect us from the reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents. For example, in connection with responding to a subpoena from the staff of the SEC, regarding a third party, we disclosed to the staff that the third party participated in a payment on our behalf to a foreign tax official that implicates the FCPA. If we are found to be liable for FCPA violations (either due to our own acts or our inadvertence or due to the acts or inadvertence of others), we could suffer from criminal or civil penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Any of the events enumerated above could have an adverse effect on our operations in the future by reducing the demand for our products and services, decreasing the prices at which we can sell our products or otherwise having an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will continue to operate in compliance with applicable customs, currency exchange control regulations, transfer pricing regulations or any other laws or regulations to which we may be subject. We also cannot assure you that these laws will not be modified.

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We are subject to significant environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and related compliance expenditures and liabilities.

Our businesses are subject to many foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, particularly with respect to the use, handling, treatment, storage, discharge and disposal of substances and hazardous wastes used or generated in our manufacturing processes. Compliance with these laws and regulations is a significant factor in our business. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant expenditures to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations and permit requirements could result in civil or criminal fines or penalties or enforcement actions, including regulatory or judicial orders enjoining or curtailing operations or requiring corrective measures, installation of pollution control equipment or remedial actions.

We are currently, and may in the future be, required to incur costs relating to the investigation or remediation of property, including property where we have disposed of our waste, and for addressing environmental conditions. Some environmental laws and regulations impose liability and responsibility on present and former owners, operators or users of facilities and sites for contamination at such facilities and sites without regard to causation or knowledge of contamination. In addition, we occasionally evaluate various alternatives with respect to our facilities, including possible dispositions or closures. Investigations undertaken in connection with these activities may lead to discoveries of contamination that must be remediated, and closures of facilities may trigger compliance requirements that are not applicable to operating facilities. Consequently, we cannot assure you that existing or future circumstances, the development of new facts or the failure of third parties to address contamination at current or former facilities or properties will not require significant expenditures by us.

We expect to continue to be subject to increasingly stringent environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. It is difficult to predict the future interpretation and development of environmental and health and safety laws and regulations or their impact on our future earnings and operations. We anticipate that compliance will continue to require increased capital expenditures and operating costs. Any increase in these costs, or unanticipated liabilities arising from, among other things, discovery of previously unknown conditions or more aggressive enforcement actions, could adversely affect our results of operations, and there is no assurance that they will not exceed our reserves or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

We may be exposed to certain regulatory and financial risks related to climate change.

Growing concerns about climate change may result in the imposition of additional regulations or restrictions to which we may become subject. A number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating regulatory changes in response to climate change, including regulating greenhouse gas emissions. The outcome of new legislation or regulation in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which we operate may result in new or additional requirements, additional charges to fund energy efficiency activities, and fees or restrictions on certain activities. Compliance with these climate change initiatives may also result in additional costs to us, including, among other things, increased production costs, additional taxes, reduced emission allowances or additional restrictions on production or operations. Any adopted future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. Even without such regulation, increased public awareness and adverse publicity about potential impacts on climate change emanating from us or our industry could harm us. We may not be able to recover the cost of compliance with new or more stringent laws and regulations, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Risks Relating to Our Debt

Adverse global economic conditions may have significant effects on our customers that would result in our inability to borrow or to meet our debt service coverage ratio in our revolving credit facility.

As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with our debt service coverage ratio covenant and other covenants contained in our revolving credit facility. While we expect to remain in compliance throughout 2022, declines in demand in the automotive industry and in sales volumes could adversely impact our ability to remain in compliance with certain of these financial covenants. Additionally, to the extent our customers are adversely affected by a decline in the economy in general, they may not be able to pay their accounts payable to us on a timely basis or at all, which would make the accounts receivable ineligible for purposes of the revolving credit facility and could reduce our borrowing base and our ability to borrow.

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The expected phase out of LIBOR could impact the interest rates paid on our variable rate indebtedness and could cause our interest expense to increase.

A portion of our borrowing capacity bears interest at a variable rate based on LIBOR. The ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (“ICE”) ceased calculating and publishing certain USD LIBOR tenors on December 31, 2021. ICE has also announced that it will cease calculating and publishing all USD LIBOR tenors on June 30, 2023.

At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect that any discontinuance, modification or other reforms to LIBOR or any other reference rate, or the establishment of alternative reference rates, may have on LIBOR or other benchmarks, including LIBOR-based borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Furthermore, the use of alternative reference rates or other reforms could cause the market value of, the applicable interest rate on and the amount of interest paid on our benchmark-based borrowings to be materially different than expected and could materially adversely impact our ability to refinance such borrowings or raise future indebtedness on a cost effective basis.

Risks Relating to the Execution of our Strategy

We may encounter difficulty in expanding our business through targeted acquisitions.

We have pursued, and may continue to pursue, targeted acquisition opportunities that we believe would complement our business. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in consummating any acquisitions.

Any targeted acquisitions will be accompanied by the risks commonly encountered in acquisitions of businesses. We may not successfully overcome these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with any of our acquisitions, including the possible inability to integrate an acquired business’ operations, information technology, services and products into our business; diversion of management’s attention; the assumption of unknown liabilities; increases in our indebtedness; the failure to achieve the strategic objectives of those acquisitions; and other unanticipated problems, some or all of which could materially and adversely affect us. The process of integrating operations could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, our activities. Any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with any acquisition and the integration of our operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects of our business.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

Our Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President and former President collectively beneficially own a significant portion of Holdings’ outstanding common stock and their interests may conflict with yours.

As of December 31, 2021, Matthew Crawford, our Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President, and Edward Crawford, our former President, collectively beneficially owned approximately 29% of Holdings’ outstanding common stock. Mr. M. Crawford is Mr. E. Crawford’s son. Their interests could conflict with your interests.

Item 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.    Properties

As of December 31, 2021, our operations included numerous manufacturing and supply chain logistics services facilities located in 24 states in the United States and in Puerto Rico, as well as in Asia, Canada, Europe, Mexico and Brazil. We lease our world headquarters located in Cleveland, Ohio, which also includes the world headquarters for certain of our businesses. We believe our manufacturing, logistics and corporate office facilities are well-maintained and are suitable and adequate, and they have sufficient productive capacity to meet our current needs.

The following table provides information relative to our principal facilities as of December 31, 2021.

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Segment(1)	Location	Owned or Leased	Use
SUPPLY	Brampton, Ontario, Canada	Leased	Manufacturing
TECHNOLOGIES	Minneapolis, MN	Leased	Logistics
	Carnegie, PA	Leased	Manufacturing
	Cleveland, OH	Leased	Supply Technologies Corporate Office
	Dayton, OH	Leased	Logistics
	Memphis, TN	Leased	Logistics
	Suwanee, GA	Leased	Logistics
	Streetsboro, OH	Leased	Manufacturing
	Allentown, PA	Leased	Logistics
	Carol Stream, IL	Leased	Logistics
	Solon, OH	Leased	Logistics
	Dublin, VA	Leased	Logistics
	Tulsa, OK	Leased	Logistics
ASSEMBLY	Ocala, FL	Owned	Manufacturing
COMPONENTS	Conneaut, OH	Leased/Owned	Manufacturing
	Acuna, Mexico	Leased	Manufacturing
	Lexington, TN	Owned	Manufacturing
	Rootstown, OH	Owned	Manufacturing
	Wapakoneta, OH	Owned	Manufacturing
	Cleveland, OH	Leased	Manufacturing
	Angola, IN	Owned	Manufacturing
	Huntington, IN	Leased	Manufacturing
	Fremont, IN	Owned	Manufacturing
ENGINEERED	Cuyahoga Heights, OH	Owned	Manufacturing
PRODUCTS	Canton, OH (2)	Owned/Leased	Manufacturing
	Newport, AR	Owned	Manufacturing
	Warren, OH	Owned	Manufacturing
	Erie, PA	Owned	Manufacturing
	La Roeulx, Belgium	Owned	Manufacturing
	Brookfield, WI	Leased	Manufacturing
	Madison Heights, MI	Leased	Manufacturing
	Leini, Italy	Owned	Manufacturing
	Pune, India	Owned	Manufacturing
	Chennai, India	Owned	Manufacturing
	Cortland, OH	Owned	Office and Manufacturing
	Valencia, Spain	Owned	Manufacturing

(1)Each segment has other facilities, none of which is deemed to be a principal facility.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are involved in a variety of claims, suits, investigations and administrative proceedings with respect to commercial, premises liability, product liability, employment, personal injury and environmental matters arising from the ordinary course of business. While any such claims, suits, investigations and proceedings involve an element of uncertainty, in the opinion of

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management, liabilities, if any, arising from currently pending or threatened claims, suits, investigations and proceedings are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.

In addition to the routine claims, suits, investigations and proceedings noted above, we were a party to the lawsuits and legal proceedings described below as of December 31, 2021:

We were a co-defendant in approximately 106 cases asserting claims on behalf of approximately 169 plaintiffs alleging personal injury as a result of exposure to asbestos. These asbestos cases generally relate to production and sale of asbestos-containing products and allege various theories of liability, including negligence, gross negligence and strict liability, and seek compensatory and, in some cases, punitive damages.

In every asbestos case in which we are named as a party, the complaints are filed against multiple named defendants. In substantially all of the asbestos cases, the plaintiffs either claim damages in excess of a specified amount, typically a minimum amount sufficient to establish jurisdiction of the court in which the case was filed (jurisdictional minimums generally range from $25,000 to $75,000), or do not specify the monetary damages sought. To the extent that any specific amount of damages is sought, the amount applies to claims against all named defendants.

There are four asbestos cases, involving 20 plaintiffs, that plead specified damages against named defendants. In each of the four cases, the plaintiff is seeking compensatory and punitive damages based on a variety of potentially alternative causes of action. In two cases, the plaintiff has alleged three counts at $3 million compensatory and punitive damages each; one count at $3 million compensatory and $1 million punitive damages; one count at $1 million. In the third case, the plaintiff has alleged compensatory and punitive damages, each in the amount of $20.0 million, for three separate causes of action, and $5.0 million compensatory damages for the fifth cause of action. In the fourth case, the plaintiff has alleged compensatory and punitive damages, each in the amount of $10.0 million, for ten separate causes of action.

Historically, we have been dismissed from asbestos cases on the basis that the plaintiff incorrectly sued one of our subsidiaries or because the plaintiff failed to identify any asbestos-containing product manufactured or sold by us or our subsidiaries. We intend to vigorously defend these asbestos cases and believe we will continue to be successful in being dismissed from such cases. However, it is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of asbestos-related lawsuits, claims and proceedings due to the unpredictable nature of personal injury litigation. Despite this uncertainty, and although our results of operations and cash flows for a particular period could be adversely affected by asbestos-related lawsuits, claims and proceedings, management believes that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations. Among the factors management considered in reaching this conclusion were: (a) our historical success in being dismissed from these types of lawsuits on the bases mentioned above; (b) many cases have been improperly filed against one of our subsidiaries; (c) in many cases the plaintiffs have been unable to establish any causal relationship to us or our products or premises; (d) in many cases, the plaintiffs have been unable to demonstrate that they have suffered any identifiable injury or compensable loss at all or that any injuries that they have incurred did in fact result from alleged exposure to asbestos; and (e) the complaints assert claims against multiple defendants and, in most cases, the damages alleged are not attributed to individual defendants. Additionally, we do not believe that the amounts claimed in any of the asbestos cases are meaningful indicators of our potential exposure because the amounts claimed typically bear no relation to the extent of the plaintiff's injury, if any.

Our cost of defending these lawsuits has not been material to date and, based upon available information, our management does not expect its future costs for asbestos-related lawsuits to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity or financial position.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Part II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock, par value $1.00 per share, trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “PKOH”.

The number of shareholders of record of our common stock as of February 28, 2022 was 382.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Set forth below is information regarding repurchases of our common stock during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2021.

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans (1)	Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Program (2)
October 1 — October 31, 2021	300	$	25.13	—	444,424
November 1 — November 30, 2021	2,310	22.17		—	444,424
December 1 — December 31, 2021	16,952	21.26		—	444,424
Total	19,562	$	21.43	—	444,424

(1)Consists of an aggregate total of 19,562 shares of common stock we acquired from recipients of restricted stock awards at the time of vesting of such awards in order to settle recipient minimum withholding tax liabilities.

(2)On March 11, 2020, we announced a share repurchase program whereby we may repurchase up to 1.0 million shares of our outstanding common stock. The repurchase program has no expiration date.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

General

We are a diversified international company providing world-class customers with a supply chain management outsourcing service, capital equipment used on their production lines, and manufactured components used to assemble their products. We operate through three reportable segments: Supply Technologies, Assembly Components and Engineered Products. Refer to Part 1, Item 1. Business for descriptions of our business segments.

COVID-19 Pandemic

In March 2020, the World Health Organization categorized the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) as a pandemic, and it spread throughout the United States and other countries around the world.  The pandemic has negatively impacted several of the markets we serve, as well as contributed to a global semiconductor micro-chip shortage, raw material price inflation, higher labor costs and various supply chain constraints, including supplier delays that caused extended lead times and increasing freight costs. In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we continue to manage our operating costs, including through actions to reduce costs, including plant closure and consolidation, severance, and discretionary spending cuts, and we are taking aggressive actions to improve results in response to these macroeconomic conditions. We also continue to manage both working capital and capital spending. Although there continues to be uncertainty related to the anticipated impact and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic on our future results, we believe our diversified portfolio of global businesses, our liquidity position of $202.6 million as of December 31, 2021, and the steps we have taken in both 2020 and 2021 to reduce costs leave us well-positioned to manage our business through this crisis as it continues to unfold.

Subsequent Event

On January 28, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.125 per common share. The dividend was paid on February 25, 2022, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on February 11, 2022 and resulted in cash payments of $1.6 million.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses 2021 and 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020. Discussions of 2019 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019 that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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2021 Compared with 2020 and 2020 Compared with 2019

										2021 vs. 2020				2020 vs. 2019
	2021			2020			2019			$ Change		% Change		$ Change		% Change
	(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net sales	$	1,438.0		$	1,295.2		$	1,618.3		$	142.8	11	%	$	(323.1)	(20)	%
Cost of sales	1,281.9			1,126.6			1,358.0			155.3		14	%	(231.4)		(17)	%
Gross profit	156.1			168.6			260.3			(12.5)		(7)	%	(91.7)		(35)	%
Gross profit as a percentage of net sales	10.9		%	13.0		%	16.1		%
Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses	178.3			152.9			177.2			25.4		17	%	(24.3)		(14)	%
SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales	12.4		%	11.8		%	10.9		%
Gain on sale of assets	(14.7)			—			—			(14.7)		*		—		*
Goodwill impairment	4.6			—			—			4.6		*		—		*
Operating (loss) income	(12.1)			15.7			83.1			(27.8)		(177)	%	(67.4)		(81)	%
Other components of pension income and other postretirement benefits expense, net	9.7			7.3			5.6			2.4		33	%	1.7		30	%
Interest expense, net	(30.1)			(30.3)			(33.8)			0.2		(1)	%	3.5		(10)	%
(Loss) income before income taxes	(32.5)			(7.3)			54.9			(25.2)		345	%	(62.2)		(113)	%
Income tax benefit (expense)	6.5			2.5			(15.2)			4.0		160	%	17.7		(116)	%
Net (loss) income	(26.0)			(4.8)			39.7			(21.2)		442	%	(44.5)		(112)	%
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest	1.2			0.3			(1.1)			0.9		300	%	1.4		(127)	%
Net (loss) income attributable to ParkOhio common shareholders	$	(24.8)		$	(4.5)		$	38.6		$	(20.3)	451	%	$	(43.1)	(112)	%
(Loss) earnings per common share attributable to ParkOhio common shareholders
Basic	$	(2.07)		$	(0.37)		$	3.16		$	(1.70)	459	%	$	(3.53)	(112)	%
Diluted	$	(2.07)		$	(0.37)		$	3.12		$	(1.70)	459	%	$	(3.49)	(112)	%

* Calculation not meaningful

2021 Compared with 2020

Net Sales

Net sales increased 11% to $1,438.0 million in 2021 compared to $1,295.2 million in 2020. This increase was primarily due to higher customer demand in our Supply Technologies and Assembly Components business segments, partially offset by lower demand in our Engineered Products segment.

The factors explaining the changes in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 are contained in the “Segment Results” section below.

Cost of Sales & Gross Profit

Cost of sales increased 14% to $1,281.9 million in 2021 compared to $1,126.6 million in 2020. Gross margin decreased to 10.9% in 2021 compared to 13.0% in 2020. The increase in cost of sales and decrease in gross margin were due to the increase in net sales described above and to expenses of $15.7 million in 2021 related to plant closure and consolidation,

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severance and other actions to reduce costs. 2020 included expenses of $5.1 million related to plant closure and consolidation, severance and other actions to reduce costs.

SG&A Expenses

SG&A expenses increased to $178.3 million, or 12.4% of net sales, in 2020 from $152.9 million, or 11.8% of net sales, in 2020. In response to significantly lower demand levels caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the Company took immediate actions in many of its operations to reduce costs, including workforce furloughs, permanent headcount reductions, salary and incentive compensation reductions, and cuts in discretionary spending. As demand levels increased in 2021, a portion of the SG&A expense reduction from 2020 was restored to meet the increasing demand. SG&A expenses in 2021 included $5.8 million of expenses related to plant closure and consolidation, severance and other costs, $1.9 million of legal settlement expense and $1.0 million of acquisition-related expenses.

Gain on Sale of Assets

During 2021, in connection with the plant closure and consolidation initiatives, the Company sold real estate within the Engineered Products segment for cash proceeds of $19.6 million, resulting in a gain of $14.2 million. In addition, in 2021, the Company sold real estate within the Assembly Components segment for cash proceeds of $0.7 million, resulting in a gain of $0.5 million.

Goodwill impairment

The Company recorded an impairment charge of $4.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2021 to write-off the full amount of goodwill of the Aluminum Products reporting unit, which is in the Assembly Components segment.

Other Components of Pension Income and Other Postretirement Benefits (“OPEB”) Expense, Net

Other components of pension income and OPEB expense, net was $9.7 million in 2021 compared to $7.3 million in 2020. The increase in 2021 was driven by higher returns on plan assets in 2021 compared to 2020.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net decreased to $30.1 million in 2021 compared to $30.3 million in 2020. The decrease was due to lower average interest rates offset by higher average outstanding borrowings in 2021 compared to 2020. Our average effective borrowing rate was 5.2% in 2021 compared to 5.4% in 2020.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

The provision for income taxes was a benefit of $6.5 million in 2021 (an effective rate of 20%) compared to $2.5 million in 2020 (an effective rate of 34%). The 2020 rate is higher due to U.S. tax loss planning and related net operating loss carrybacks to prior years under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act, which was enacted on March 27, 2020.

SEGMENT RESULTS

For purposes of measuring business segment performance, the Company utilizes segment operating income, which is defined as revenues less expenses identifiable to the product lines within each segment. The Company does not allocate items that are non-operating or unusual in nature or are corporate costs, which include but are not limited to executive and share-based compensation and corporate office costs. Segment operating income reconciles to consolidated income before income taxes by deducting corporate costs; certain non-cash and/or non-operating items; Other components of pension income and OPEB expense, net; and interest expense, net.

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Supply Technologies Segment

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021			2020			2019
	(Dollars in millions)
Net sales	$	619.5		$	510.1		$	611.5
Segment operating income	$	42.8		$	30.2		$	42.0
Segment operating income margin	6.9		%	5.9		%	6.9		%

2021 Compared to 2020

Net sales increased 21% in 2021 compared to 2020 due primarily to higher customer demand in most of the Company's end markets, with the biggest increases in heavy-duty truck, powersports, semiconductor, and agricultural and industrial equipment. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, customer demand in 2020 was down significantly in most of our key end markets.

Segment operating income increased by $12.6 million and segment operating income margin was up 100 basis points in 2021 compared to a year ago. These net increases were driven by the profit flow-through on higher sales, the impact of pricing initiatives and the impact of cost reduction actions. These positive factors were partially offset by higher freight costs in 2021 as a result of global supply chain constraints and a labor strike at a major truck assembly plant.

Assembly Components Segment

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021			2020			2019
	(Dollars in millions)
Net sales	$	482.5		$	441.5		$	539.5
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(26.4)		$	8.1		$	36.2
Segment operating (loss) income margin	(5.5)		%	1.8		%	6.7		%

2021 Compared to 2020

Net sales increased 9% in 2021 compared to 2020 due primarily to the shut-down of North American automotive production in the second quarter of 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset the impact of the global semiconductor micro-chip shortage, which negatively impacted net sales in 2021.

Segment operating income in 2021 period decreased by $34.5 million, and segment operating income margin decreased 730 basis points compared to 2020. The loss in 2021 was driven by the negative impacts of the global semiconductor micro-chip shortage; raw material price inflation; higher labor costs; production inefficiencies; and various supply chain constraints, including supplier delays that caused extended lead times and increasing freight costs. In 2021, expenses incurred in connection with plant closure and consolidation, severance, a legal settlement and other costs were $9.7 million. The 2020 income included expenses related to plant closure and consolidation of $4.1 million.

Engineered Products Segment

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021			2020			2019
	(Dollars in millions)
Net sales	$	336.0		$	343.6		$	467.3
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(12.2)		$	3.5		$	37.7
Segment operating (loss) income margin	(3.6)		%	1.0		%	8.1		%

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2021 Compared to 2020

Net sales were 2% lower in 2021 compared to 2020. The decrease was due to lower demand in certain end markets in our forged and machined products business which continue to be slow to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by stronger demand in 2021 for our capital equipment products

Segment operating loss was $12.2 million in 2021 compared to segment operating income of $3.5 million in 2020. This decrease in profitability was due to expenses of $12.7 million related to plant closure and consolidation activities in 2021, lower sales levels, and manufacturing under-absorption of fixed costs at certain plants. Expenses related to plant closure and consolidation in 2020 were $2.2 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes the major components of cash flows:

	2021		2020		2019
Cash (used) provided by:	(In millions)
Operating activities	$	(43.3)	$	69.3	$	63.7
Investing activities	(16.2)		(24.9)		(48.2)
Financing activities	59.9		(47.3)		(15.3)
Effect of exchange rate on cash	(1.3)		1.9		0.1
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	(0.9)	$	(1.0)	$	0.3

Operating Activities

Cash generated by operating activities in 2021 was lower than in the prior year driven by higher working capital levels in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020. In 2021, working capital usage was $34.0 million, compared to working capital reduction in 2020 of $27.1 million. Higher inventories were the main driver of our higher working capital in 2021. In 2021, inventories increased by $71.2 million; this increase was driven by higher raw material prices, increased inventory levels in certain businesses and locations in response to global supply chain constraints, and inventory builds in connection with various facility consolidations.

Investing Activities

Capital expenditures were $31.1 million in 2021 and $26.3 million in 2020. These capital expenditures were primarily for growth initiatives, with the majority in our Assembly Components and Engineered Products segments. Capital expenditures in 2020 were lower than in the prior year, as we curtailed non-critical capital spending in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2021, we sold assets and received aggregate proceeds of $20.3 million. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional information. Additionally, we spent $5.4 million on the acquisition of NYK Component Solutions Limited. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional information.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities in 2021 included debt borrowings of $72.4 million, dividends of $7.0 million, payments of withholding taxes on share awards of $3.0 million and treasury share repurchases of $2.5 million.

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Cash used by financing activities in 2020 included debt repayments of $35.4 million, treasury share repurchases of $7.5 million, dividends of $3.2 million and payments of withholding taxes on share awards of $1.2 million. In the second and third quarter of 2020, we temporarily suspended our quarterly cash dividend to preserve capital in response to challenging market conditions and uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our Board of Directors once again declared a dividend in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Liquidity

Overall, we utilized our revolving credit facility to fund our higher working capital levels, our capital expenditures and our other financing activities described above. See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for further discussion of our financing arrangements.

The following table summarizes our indicators of liquidity:

	2021			2020
	(Dollars in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	54.1		$	55.0
Gross debt (excluding unamortized debt issuance costs)	$	606.1		$	534.7
Working capital (excluding cash)	$	372.4		$	344.3
Net debt as a % of capitalization	60		%	54		%

Our liquidity needs are primarily for working capital and capital expenditures. Our primary sources of liquidity have been cash provided by operations, funds available from existing bank credit arrangements and the sale of our debt securities. Our existing financial resources, including working capital and available bank borrowing arrangements, and anticipated cash from operations are expected to be adequate to meet anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months and for the foreseeable future thereafter, including but not limited to our ability to maintain current operations and fund capital expenditure requirements, service our debt and pay dividends.

As of December 31, 2021, we had $221.1 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility, and total liquidity of $202.6 million, which included cash and cash equivalents of $54.1 million and $148.5 million of unused borrowing availability and excluded $10.9 million of suppressed availability.

The Company had cash and cash equivalents held by foreign subsidiaries of $44.2 million at December 31, 2021 and $44.7 million at December 31, 2020. We do not expect restrictions on repatriation of cash held outside the U.S. to have a material effect on our overall liquidity, financial condition or results of operations for the foreseeable future.

Senior Notes

In April 2017, Park-Ohio Industries, Inc. (“Park-Ohio”), the operating subsidiary of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp., completed the sale, in a private placement, of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 (the “Notes”). The net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes were used to repay in full our previously outstanding 8.125% Senior Notes due 2021 and our outstanding term loan, and to repay a portion of the borrowings then outstanding under our revolving credit facility.

Credit Agreement

Park-Ohio’s Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”) provides for a revolving credit facility in the amount of $375.0 million, including a $40.0 million Canadian revolving subcommitment and a European revolving subcommitment in the amount of $30.0 million. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Company has the option to increase the availability under the revolving credit facility by an aggregate incremental amount up to $100.0 million. The Credit Agreement matures on November 16, 2024.

Finance Leases

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On August 13, 2015, the Company entered into a Finance Lease Agreement (the “Lease Agreement”). The Lease Agreement provides the Company up to $50.0 million for finance leases. Finance lease obligations of $17.5 million were borrowed under the Lease Agreement to acquire machinery and equipment as of December 31, 2021.

Covenants

The future availability of bank borrowings under the revolving credit facility provided by the Credit Agreement is based on (1) our calculated availability under the Credit Agreement and (2) if such calculated availability decreases below $46.875 million, our ability to meet a debt service ratio covenant. If our calculated availability is less than $46.875 million, our debt service coverage ratio must be greater than 1.0. At December 31, 2021, our calculated availability under the Credit Agreement was $138.8 million; therefore, the debt service ratio covenant did not apply.

Failure to maintain calculated availability of at least $46.875 million and meet the debt service ratio covenant could materially impact the availability and interest rate of future borrowings. Our debt service coverage ratio could be materially impacted by negative economic trends, including the negative trends caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. To make certain permitted payments as defined under the Credit Agreement, including but not limited to acquisitions and dividends, we must meet defined availability thresholds ranging from $37.5 million to $46.875 million, and a defined debt service coverage ratio of 1.15.

As our calculated availability under the Credit Agreement was above $46.875 million, we were also in compliance with the other covenants contained in the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2021. While we expect to remain in compliance throughout 2022, declines in sales volumes in the future, including any declines caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, could adversely impact our ability to remain in compliance with certain of these financial covenants. Additionally, to the extent our customers are adversely affected by declines in the economy in general, including the decline caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, they may be unable to pay their accounts payable to us on a timely basis or at all, which could make our accounts receivable ineligible for purposes of the revolving credit facility and could reduce our borrowing base and our ability to borrow under such facility.

Dividends    

The Company paid dividends to shareholders of $6.3 million during 2021. On January 28, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.125 per common share. The dividend was paid on February 25, 2022, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on February 11, 2022 and resulted in cash payments of $1.6 million. Although we currently intend to pay a quarterly dividend on an ongoing basis, all future dividend declarations will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and dependent upon then-existing conditions, including our operating results and financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Our material cash commitments from known contractual and other obligations primarily consist of obligations for long-term debt and related interest, leases for properties and equipment and purchase obligations as part of normal operations. See Note 8 - Financing Arrangements, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for more information regarding scheduled maturities of our long-term debt. See Note 12 - Lease Arrangements, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for additional information on leases. See Note 13 - Pension and Postretirement Benefits for additional information of future pension and postretirement benefit obligations.

Interest payable associated with our 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 was $23.2 million due in the twelve months following December 31, 2021 and $99.5 million due thereafter.

As of December 31, 2021, our undiscounted purchase obligations were $234.3 million due in the next twelve months and $5.9 million due thereafter under purchase orders and "take or pay" arrangements. These purchase obligations include all

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enforceable, legally binding agreements to purchase goods or services that specify all significant terms, regardless of the duration of the agreement, and exclude agreements with variable terms for which we are unable to estimate the minimum amounts.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have off-balance sheet arrangements, financing or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons, other than the letters of credits disclosed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere herein.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions which affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate the accounting policies and estimates that are used to prepare financial statements. Management has made their best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. We do not believe that there is great likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions related to the accounting policies described below. However, application of these accounting policies involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates.

Certain accounting policies that require significant management estimates and are deemed critical to our results of operations or financial position are discussed below. On a regular basis, critical accounting policies are reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition: We recognize revenue, other than from long-term contracts, when our obligations under the contact terms are satisfied and control transfers to the customer, typically upon shipment. Revenue from certain long-term contracts is accounted for over time, when products are manufactured or services are performed, as control transfers under these arrangements. We follow the input method since reasonably reliable estimates of revenue and costs of a contract can be made. See Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional disclosures on revenue.

Allowance for Obsolete and Slow-Moving Inventory: Inventories are valued using first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) or the weighted-average inventory method; stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value; and have been reduced by an allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventories. The estimated allowance is based on management’s review of inventories on hand with minimal sales activity, which is compared to estimated future usage and sales. Inventories identified by management as slow-moving or obsolete are reserved for based on estimated selling prices less disposal costs. Though we consider these allowances adequate and proper, changes in economic conditions in specific markets in which we operate could have a material effect on allowances required.

Business Combinations: Business combinations are accounted for using the purchase method of accounting under ASC 805, "Business Combinations." This method requires the Company to record assets and liabilities of the business acquired at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The Company uses valuation specialists to perform appraisals and assist in the determination of the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. These valuations require management to make estimates and assumptions including discount rates, rates of return on assets, long-term sales growth rates, and royalty rates.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets: As required by ASC 350, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other” (“ASC 350”), management performs impairment testing of goodwill at least annually, as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Management tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment pursuant to ASC 280, “Segment Reporting”, or one level below the operating segment (component level) as determined by the availability of discrete financial information that is regularly reviewed by operating segment management. Our reporting units have been identified at the component level. For 2021, 2020 and 2019, we performed quantitative testing for each reporting unit with a goodwill balance.

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Our annual goodwill impairment analysis utilizes a quantitative approach comparing carrying amount of the reporting unit to its estimated fair value. To the extent that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recorded. In applying the quantitative approach, we use an income approach to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit. The income approach uses a number of factors, including future business plans, actual and forecasted operating results, and market data. The significant assumptions employed under this method include discount rates; revenue growth rates, including assumed terminal growth rates; and operating margins used to project future cash flows for a reporting unit. The discount rates utilized reflect market-based estimates of capital costs and discount rates adjusted for management’s assessment of a market participant’s view with respect to other risks associated with the projected cash flows of the individual reporting unit. Our estimates are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which by nature are uncertain and unpredictable. We believe we incorporate ample sensitivity ranges into our analysis of goodwill impairment testing for a reporting unit, such that actual experience would need to be materially out of the range of expected assumptions in order for an impairment to remain undetected. We validate our estimates of fair value under the income approach by considering the implied control premium and conclude whether that premium is reasonable based on recent market transactions.

The results of testing as of October 1, 2021, 2020 and 2019 for all reporting units confirmed that the estimated fair values exceeded carrying values, and no impairment existed as of those dates, except for our Aluminum Products reporting unit as described below. Based on our 2021 annual impairment test, we determined that the fair value of our Aluminum Products reporting unit, which is included in our Assembly Components segment, did not exceed its carrying value as of the October 1, 2021 testing date. As such, we concluded that the full amount of goodwill of this reporting unit of $4.6 million was impaired as of that date. The Company's other reporting units with goodwill balances had fair values in excess of their carrying amounts by at least 15%.

Additionally, we test all indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. In 2021, 2020 and 2019, we utilized a quantitative approach using the royalty relief method. The significant assumptions employed under this method include discount rates, revenue growth rates, including assumed terminal growth rates, and royalty rates. The discount rates utilized reflect market-based estimates of capital costs and discount rates adjusted for management’s assessment of a market participant’s view with respect to other risks associated with the projected cash flows of the individual reporting unit. Our estimates are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which by nature are uncertain and unpredictable. We believe we incorporate ample sensitivity ranges into our analysis of intangible impairment testing, such that actual experience would need to be materially out of the range of expected assumptions in order for an impairment to remain undetected.

The results of testing as of October 1, 2021, 2020 and 2019 for all reporting units confirmed that the estimated fair value exceeded carrying values, and no impairment existed as of those dates.

See Notes 6 and 7 of the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional disclosure on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles.

Income Taxes: In accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), we account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the currently enacted tax rates. Specifically, we measure gross deferred tax assets for deductible temporary differences and carryforwards, such as operating losses and tax credits, using the applicable enacted tax rates and apply the more likely than not measurement criterion.

In determining if it is more likely than not that all or some portion of a deferred tax asset will be realized, we consider the following factors: future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences; taxable income in prior years if carryback is permitted under the tax law; tax planning strategies that could accelerate taxable income; and future taxable income. Based on these factors, when we have determined that the realizability of certain domestic and foreign deferred tax assets is more likely than not to not be realized, a valuation allowance has been established.

Further, at each interim reporting period, we estimate an effective income tax rate that is expected to be applicable for the full year. Significant judgment is involved regarding the application of global income tax laws and regulations and when projecting the jurisdictional mix of income. Additionally, interpretation of tax laws, court decisions or other guidance provided by taxing authorities influences our estimate of the effective income tax rates. As a result, our actual annual effective income

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tax rates and related income tax liabilities may differ materially from our interim estimated effective tax rates and related income tax liabilities. Any resulting differences are recorded in the period they become known.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans: We and our subsidiaries have pension plans, principally noncontributory defined benefit or noncontributory defined contribution plans and postretirement benefit plans covering substantially all employees. The measurement of liabilities related to these plans is based on management’s assumptions related to future events, including interest rates, return on pension plan assets, rate of compensation increases, and health care cost trends. Pension plan asset performance in the future will directly impact our net income. We have evaluated our pension and other postretirement benefit assumptions, considering current trends in interest rates and market conditions and believe our assumptions are appropriate.

We consult with our actuaries at least annually when reviewing and selecting the discount rates to be used. The discount rates used by the Company are based on yields of various corporate and governmental bond indices with actual maturity dates that approximate the estimated benefit payment streams of the related pension plans. The discount rates are also reviewed in comparison with current benchmark indices, economic market conditions and the movement in the benchmark yield since the previous fiscal year. The liability weighted-average discount rate for the defined benefit pension plan is 2.80% for 2021, compared with 2.40% in 2020. For the other postretirement benefit plan, the rate is 2.49% for 2021 and 1.95% for 2020. This rate represents the interest rates generally available in the United States, which is the Company’s only country with other postretirement benefit liabilities. Another assumption that affects the Company’s pension expense is the expected long-term rate of return on assets. The Company’s pension plans are funded. The weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption is 7.75% for 2021. In determining the expected return on plan assets, we consider both historical performance and an estimate of future long-term rates of return on assets similar to those in our plan. We consult with and consider opinions of financial and actuarial experts in developing appropriate return assumptions.

Legal Contingencies: We are involved in a variety of claims, suits, investigations and administrative proceedings with respect to commercial, premises liability, product liability, employment, personal injury and environmental matters arising from the ordinary course of business. We accrue reserves for legal contingencies, on an undiscounted basis, when it is probable that we have incurred a liability and we can reasonably estimate an amount. When a single amount cannot be reasonably estimated, but the cost can be estimated within a range and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the minimum amount in the range. Based upon facts and information currently available, we believe the amounts reserved are adequate for such pending matters. We monitor the development of legal proceedings on a regular basis and will adjust our reserves when, and to the extent, additional information becomes available.

Environmental

We have been identified as a potentially responsible party at third-party sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, or comparable state laws, which provide for strict and, under certain circumstances, joint and several liability. We are participating in the cost of certain clean-up efforts at several of these sites. However, our share of such costs has not been material and based on available information, management does not expect our exposure at any of these locations to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.

We have been named as one of many defendants in a number of asbestos-related personal injury lawsuits. Our cost of defending such lawsuits has not been material to date and, based upon available information, management does not expect our future costs for asbestos-related lawsuits to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity or financial condition. We caution, however, that inherent in management’s estimates of our exposure are expected trends in claims severity, frequency and other factors that may materially vary as claims are filed and settled or otherwise resolved.

Seasonality; Variability of Operating Results

The timing of orders placed by our customers has varied with, among other factors, orders for customers’ finished goods, customer production schedules, competitive conditions and general economic conditions. The variability of the level and timing of orders has, from time to time, resulted in significant periodic and quarterly fluctuations in the operations of our business units. Such variability is particularly evident in the industrial equipment business unit included in the Engineered Products segment, which typically ships a few large systems per year.

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain statements that are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. The words “believes”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “expects”, “intends”, “estimates” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements, including statements regarding future performance of the Company, that are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance and achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations include, but are not limited to, the following: the ultimate impact the COVID-19 pandemic has on our business, results of operations, financial position and liquidity, including, without limitation, supply chain issues such as the global semiconductor micro-chip shortage and logistic issues; our substantial indebtedness; the uncertainty of the global economic environment; general business conditions and competitive factors, including pricing pressures and product innovation; demand for our products and services; the impact of labor disturbances affecting our customers; raw material availability and pricing; fluctuations in energy costs; component part availability and pricing; changes in our relationships with customers and suppliers; the financial condition of our customers, including the impact of any bankruptcies; our ability to successfully integrate recent and future acquisitions into existing operations; the amounts and timing, if any, of purchases of our common stock; changes in general economic conditions such as inflation rates, interest rates, tax rates, unemployment rates, higher labor and healthcare costs, recessions and changing government policies, laws and regulations, including those related to the current global uncertainties and crises, such as tariffs and surcharges; adverse impacts to us, our suppliers and customers from acts of terrorism or hostilities, including the evolving situation with Russia and Ukraine; public health issues, including the outbreak of COVID-19 and its impact on our facilities and operations and our customers and suppliers; our ability to meet various covenants, including financial covenants, contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness; disruptions, uncertainties or volatility in the credit markets that may limit our access to capital; potential disruption due to a partial or complete reconfiguration of the European Union; increasingly stringent domestic and foreign governmental regulations, including those affecting the environment or import and export controls and other trade barriers; inherent uncertainties involved in assessing our potential liability for environmental remediation-related activities; the outcome of pending and future litigation and other claims and disputes with customers; our dependence on the automotive and heavy-duty truck industries, which are highly cyclical; the dependence of the automotive industry on consumer spending; our ability to negotiate contracts with labor unions; our dependence on key management; our dependence on information systems; our ability to continue to pay cash dividends, and the timing and amount of any such dividends; and the other factors we describe under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. In light of these and other uncertainties, the inclusion of a forward-looking statement herein should not be regarded as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved. The Company assumes no obligation to update the information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, except to the extent required by law.

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Item 7A.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk, including changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2021, we are subject to interest rate risk on borrowings under the floating rate revolving credit facility provided by our Credit Agreement, which consisted of borrowings of $221.1 million at December 31, 2021. A 100-basis point increase in the interest rate would have resulted in an increase in interest expense on these borrowings of approximately $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Our foreign subsidiaries generally conduct business in local currencies. We face translation risks related to the changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Amounts invested in our foreign operations are translated in U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Shareholders' equity section of the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Sales and expenses at our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable monthly average exchange rates. Therefore, changes in exchange rates may either positively or negatively affect our net sales and expenses from foreign operations as expressed in U.S. dollars.

Our largest exposures to commodity prices relate to steel and natural gas prices, which have fluctuated widely in recent years. We do not have any commodity swap agreements, forward purchase or hedge contracts.

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Item 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Financial Data

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)	34
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	36
Consolidated Balance Sheets — December 31, 2021 and 2020	38
Consolidated Statements of Operations — Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019	39
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income — Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019	40
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity — Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019	41
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019	42
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	43
Supplementary Financial Data	66
Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying accounts	66

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Park Ohio Holdings Corp. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission 2013 framework and our report dated March 16, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

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Quantitative Impairment Assessment of Goodwill

Description of the matter How we addressed the matter in our audit

At December 31, 2021, the Company’s goodwill was $106.0 million. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level for impairment utilizing the income approach, which uses a discounted cash flow methodology to estimate the fair value of each reporting unit. Auditing management’s quantitative goodwill impairment assessment for certain of its reporting units was complex and highly judgmental due to the significant estimation required to determine the fair value of the reporting units. In particular, the fair value estimate was sensitive to significant assumptions, such as revenue growth rates, operating margins and weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which are impacted by expectations of future market or economic conditions. We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment process. This included controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions underlying the fair value determination described above. To test the estimated fair value of the Company’s reporting units, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing methodologies and testing the significant assumptions described above and the underlying data used by the Company in its analysis. For example, we compared the significant assumptions used by management to current industry and economic trends and to historical results. We assessed the historical accuracy of management’s estimates and performed sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the reporting units that would result from changes in the assumptions. We also involved our specialists to review the methodology, and certain assumptions such as the WACC. In addition, we tested management’s reconciliation of the fair value of the reporting units to the market capitalization of the Company.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1967.

Cleveland, Ohio

March 16, 2022

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Park Ohio Holdings Corp. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Park Ohio Holdings Corp. and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the COSO criteria.

As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of NYK Component Solutions, which is included in the 2021 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted less than 1% of total assets as of December 31, 2021 and less than 1% of total revenues for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of NYK Component Solutions.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated March 16, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

36

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Cleveland, Ohio

March 16, 2022

37

Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(In millions, except share data)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	54.1	$	55.0
Accounts receivable, net	255.3		248.1
Inventories, net	382.9		310.9
Unbilled contract revenue	55.0		56.9
Other current assets	28.2		35.5
Total current assets	775.5		706.4
Property, plant and equipment, net	229.1		236.6
Operating lease right-of-use assets	63.4		68.6
Goodwill	106.0		110.9
Intangible assets, net	81.7		86.8
Pension assets	86.2		74.8
Other long-term assets	18.1		16.4
Total assets	$	1,360.0	$	1,300.5
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Trade accounts payable	$	194.0	$	166.7
Current portion of long-term debt and short-term debt	10.7		11.6
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	12.8		12.9
Accrued employee compensation	28.0		28.1
Deferred revenue	51.7		37.4
Other accrued expenses	51.8		50.4
Total current liabilities	349.0		307.1
Long-term liabilities, less current portion:
Long-term debt	591.5		517.8
Long-term operating lease liabilities	50.7		56.7
Deferred income taxes	31.8		36.8
Other long-term liabilities	12.2		24.2
Total long-term liabilities	686.2		635.5
Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries shareholders' equity:
Capital stock, par value $1 a share
Serial preferred stock: Authorized -- 632,470 shares: Issued and outstanding -- none	—		—
Common stock: Authorized - 40,000,000 shares; Issued - 16,339,722 shares in 2021 and 16,148,791 in 2020	16.3		16.1
Additional paid-in capital	142.9		135.5
Retained earnings	259.4		290.5
Treasury stock, at cost, 3,751,993 shares in 2021 and 3,560,010 shares in 2020	(85.3)		(79.8)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(19.2)		(18.1)
Total Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries shareholders' equity	314.1		344.2
Noncontrolling interests	10.7		13.7
Total equity	324.8		357.9
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	1,360.0	$	1,300.5

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
	(In millions, except per share data)
Net sales	$	1,438.0	$	1,295.2	$	1,618.3
Cost of sales	1,281.9		1,126.6		1,358.0
Gross profit	156.1		168.6		260.3
Selling, general and administrative expenses	178.3		152.9		177.2
Gain on sale of assets	(14.7)		—		—
Goodwill impairment	4.6		—		—
Operating (loss) income	(12.1)		15.7		83.1
Other components of pension income and other postretirement benefits expense, net	9.7		7.3		5.6
Interest expense, net	(30.1)		(30.3)		(33.8)
(Loss) income before income taxes	(32.5)		(7.3)		54.9
Income tax benefit (expense)	6.5		2.5		(15.2)
Net (loss) income	(26.0)		(4.8)		39.7
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest	1.2		0.3		(1.1)
Net (loss) income attributable to ParkOhio common shareholders	$	(24.8)	$	(4.5)	$	38.6
(Loss) earnings per common share attributable to ParkOhio common shareholders:
Basic	$	(2.07)	$	(0.37)	$	3.16
Diluted	$	(2.07)	$	(0.37)	$	3.12
Weighted-average shares used to compute (loss) earnings per share:
Basic	12.0		12.1		12.2
Diluted	12.0		12.1		12.4

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
	(In millions)
Net (loss) income	$	(26.0)	$	(4.8)	$	39.7
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Currency translation	(10.0)		14.1		(1.1)
Pensions and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	8.9		4.8		5.0
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	(1.1)		18.9		3.9
Total comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(27.1)		14.1		43.6
Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest	1.2		0.3		(1.1)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to ParkOhio common shareholders	$	(25.9)	$	14.4	$	42.5

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

	Common Stock
	Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		Noncontrolling Interest		Total
	(In whole shares)	(In millions)
Balance at January 1, 2019	15,555,275	$	15.6	$	125.7	$	265.9	$	(67.3)	$	(40.9)	$	13.6	$	312.6
Comprehensive income	—	—		—		38.6		—		3.9		1.1		43.6
Stock-based compensation	—	—		4.1		—		—		—		—		4.1
Restricted stock awards issued(1)	266,123	0.2		(0.1)		—		—		—		—		0.1
Restricted stock cancelled	(115,000)	(0.1)		0.1		—		—		—		—		—
Dividends	—	—		—		(6.3)		—		—		(0.7)		(7.0)
Purchase of treasury stock (111,754 shares)	—	—		—		—		(3.8)		—		—		(3.8)
Balance at December 31, 2019	15,706,398	15.7		129.8		298.2		(71.1)		(37.0)		14.0		349.6
Comprehensive (loss) income	—	—		—		(4.5)		—		18.9		(0.3)		14.1
Stock-based compensation	—	—		6.1		—		—		—		—		6.1
Restricted stock awards issued	447,393	0.4		(0.4)		—		—		—		—		—
Restricted stock cancelled	(5,000)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Dividends	—	—		—		(3.2)		—		—		—		(3.2)
Purchase of treasury stock (519,387 shares)	—	—		—		—		(8.7)		—		—		(8.7)
Balance at December 31, 2020	16,148,791	16.1		135.5		290.5		(79.8)		(18.1)		13.7		357.9
Comprehensive (loss) income	—	—		—		(24.8)		—		(1.1)		(1.2)		(27.1)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		6.5		—		—		—		—		6.5
Restricted stock awards issued	202,848	0.2		(0.2)		—		—		—		—		—
Restricted stock cancelled	(11,917)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Dividends	—	—		—		(6.3)		—		—		(0.7)		(7.0)
Purchase of treasury stock (191,983)	—	—		—		—		(5.5)		—		—		(5.5)
Increase in Park-Ohio ownership interest	—	—		1.1		—		—		—		(1.1)		—
Balance at December 31, 2021	16,339,722	$	16.3	$	142.9	$	259.4	$	(85.3)	$	(19.2)	$	10.7	$	324.8
(1) - Includes 52,173 restricted share units converted to common stock.