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CREDIT QUALITY AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2026
Receivables [Abstract]  
CREDIT QUALITY AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
NOTE 4 - CREDIT QUALITY AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Allowance for Credit Losses    
The Company’s estimate of expected credit losses in its loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ACL and considers extensive historical loss experience, including the impact of loss mitigation and restructuring programs that the Company offers to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, as well as projected loss severity as a result of loan default.
For a detailed discussion of the ACL reserve methodology and estimation techniques as of December 31, 2025, see Note 4 in the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to the ACL reserve methodology during the three months ended March 31, 2026.
The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2026:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2026
(dollars in millions)CommercialRetailTotal
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period$1,058 $885 $1,943 
Charge-offs(91)(92)(183)
Recoveries18 27 45 
Net charge-offs(73)(65)(138)
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases130 23 153 
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period1,115 843 1,958 
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period194 46 240 
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments(5)(8)(13)
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period189 38 227 
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period$1,304 $881 $2,185 
During the three months ended March 31, 2026, net charge-offs of $138 million and a provision for expected credit losses of $140 million resulted in a increase of $2 million to the ACL.
As of March 31, 2026, the Company’s ACL economic forecast over a two-year reasonable and supportable period contemplates a mild recession, reflecting uncertainties related to the implementation of tariffs and protectionist trade policies, inflationary pressures, the impact of higher energy prices, and geopolitical tensions. This forecast is generally applied to the retail and commercial and industrial portfolios and projects peak unemployment of approximately 5.3% and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 0.5%, consistent with peak unemployment and start-to-trough real GDP decline projections at December 31, 2025. More severe economic scenarios are applied to certain portfolios, such as CRE general office, with peak unemployment of approximately 9.5% and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 4.4%, compared to peak unemployment of approximately 9.4% and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 4.4% at December 31, 2025.
The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2025:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)CommercialRetailTotal
Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period$1,140 $921 $2,061 
Charge-offs
(85)(149)(234)
Recoveries30 34 
Net charge-offs(81)(119)(200)
Provision expense (benefit) for loans and leases
89 64 153 
Allowance for loan and lease losses, end of period1,148 866 2,014 
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period155 43 198 
Provision expense (benefit) for unfunded lending commitments(9)— 
Allowance for unfunded lending commitments, end of period164 34 198 
Total allowance for credit losses, end of period$1,312 $900 $2,212 
During the first quarter of 2025, the Company entered into an agreement to sell $1.9 billion of education loans and subsequently reclassified these loans to LHFS. Upon reclassification to LHFS, a $25 million charge-off was recognized. This transaction settled ratably each quarter throughout 2025.
Credit Quality Indicators
The Company presents loan and lease portfolio segments and classes by credit quality indicator and vintage year, with the vintage date defined as the date of the most recent credit decision for the purpose of this disclosure. Renewals are categorized as new credit decisions and reflect the renewal date as the vintage date, except for renewals of loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, or FDMs, which are presented in the original vintage.
The Company utilizes internal risk ratings to monitor credit quality for commercial loans and leases. For more information on these ratings see Note 4 in the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K.
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of March 31, 2026:
Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year
Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)20262025202420232022Prior to 2022Within the Revolving PeriodConverted to TermTotal
Commercial and industrial
Pass$1,785 $8,360 $3,783 $1,054 $1,953 $2,726 $28,106 $46 $47,813 
Special Mention— 27 32 80 200 452 800 
Substandard Accrual
— 31 28 107 157 416 745 22 1,506 
Nonaccrual
— 15 46 72 45 188 
Total commercial and industrial1,785 8,419 3,819 1,208 2,236 3,414 29,348 78 50,307 
Commercial real estate
Pass1,789 4,082 1,597 570 3,110 8,065 1,494 20,711 
Special Mention— — 645 362 72 — 1,087 
Substandard Accrual
— 58 31 462 1,117 28 106 1,805 
Nonaccrual
— — — 190 483 679 
Total commercial real estate1,789 4,085 1,657 610 4,407 10,027 1,595 112 24,282 
Total commercial
Pass3,574 12,442 5,380 1,624 5,063 10,791 29,600 50 68,524 
Special Mention— 27 38 725 562 524 1,887 
Substandard Accrual
— 34 86 138 619 1,533 773 128 3,311 
Nonaccrual
— 18 236 555 46 867 
Total commercial$3,574 $12,504 $5,476 $1,818 $6,643 $13,441 $30,943 $190 $74,589 
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of December 31, 2025:
Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year
Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)20252024202320222021Prior to 2021Within the Revolving PeriodConverted to TermTotal
Commercial and industrial
Pass$8,889 $3,985 $1,196 $2,415 $1,174 $1,966 $26,951 $77 $46,653 
Special Mention13 42 141 174 124 359 862 
Substandard Accrual
13 16 104 132 145 258 752 20 1,440 
Nonaccrual
— 15 57 17 72 107 277 
Total commercial and industrial8,915 4,010 1,357 2,745 1,510 2,420 28,169 106 49,232 
Commercial real estate
Pass4,769 1,827 722 3,712 3,680 4,805 1,346 20,865 
Special Mention— 729 294 166 73 — 1,271 
Substandard Accrual
— — 34 577 167 915 27 106 1,826 
Nonaccrual
— — 127 41 442 618 
Total commercial real estate4,769 1,829 766 5,145 4,182 6,328 1,447 114 24,580 
Total commercial
Pass13,658 5,812 1,918 6,127 4,854 6,771 28,297 81 67,518 
Special Mention13 49 870 468 290 432 2,133 
Substandard Accrual
13 16 138 709 312 1,173 779 126 3,266 
Nonaccrual
— 18 184 58 514 108 895 
Total commercial$13,684 $5,839 $2,123 $7,890 $5,692 $8,748 $29,616 $220 $73,812 
For retail loans, the Company utilizes FICO credit scores and the loan’s payment and delinquency status to monitor credit quality. Management believes FICO scores are the strongest indicator of credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and assist management in predicting the borrower’s future payment performance. Scores are based on current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data.
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of March 31, 2026:
Term Loans by Origination YearRevolving Loans
(dollars in millions)20262025202420232022Prior to 2022Within the Revolving PeriodConverted to TermTotal
Residential mortgages
800+$296 $2,433 $1,616 $1,263 $3,238 $10,967 $— $— $19,813 
740-799683 2,078 880 603 1,346 4,628 — — 10,218 
680-739148 451 253 237 467 1,711 — — 3,267 
620-67912 79 72 74 138 610 — — 985 
<620— 11 18 135 140 803 — — 1,107 
No FICO available(1)
— — — — 11 — — 14 
Total residential mortgages1,139 5,052 2,839 2,312 5,332 18,730 — — 35,404 
Home equity
800+— — 70 6,895 193 7,172 
740-799— 50 6,200 219 6,479 
680-739— — 36 3,498 200 3,744 
620-679— — — 19 908 156 1,086 
<620— — — 18 607 331 962 
No FICO available(1)
— — — — — 
Total home equity— 15 21 196 18,108 1,099 19,449 
Automobile
800+— — — 41 186 287 — — 514 
740-799— — — 49 195 247 — — 491 
680-739— — — 45 152 165 — — 362 
620-679— — — 27 90 97 — — 214 
<620— — — 35 118 129 — — 282 
No FICO available(1)
— — — — — — — — — 
Total automobile— — — 197 741 925 — — 1,863 
Education
800+65 360 257 289 501 2,686 — — 4,158 
740-79989 442 251 248 357 1,238 — — 2,625 
680-73934 183 118 113 149 466 — — 1,063 
620-67935 39 40 47 156 — — 320 
<620— 15 18 21 85 — — 148 
No FICO available(1)
— — — — — 26 — — 26 
Total education191 1,029 680 708 1,075 4,657 — — 8,340 
Other retail
800+109 46 28 31 16 506 — 744 
740-79910 106 61 36 33 26 797 — 1,069 
680-73973 46 31 28 26 729 943 
620-67942 22 17 23 16 264 — 390 
<62017 16 14 31 19 185 — 283 
No FICO available(1)
11 — — — 579 — 593 
Total other retail45 349 191 126 146 104 3,060 4,022 
Total retail
800+369 2,902 1,922 1,625 3,963 14,026 7,401 193 32,401 
740-799782 2,627 1,194 939 1,935 6,189 6,997 219 20,882 
680-739191 707 420 429 800 2,404 4,227 201 9,379 
620-67921 156 133 159 300 898 1,172 156 2,995 
<62037 49 206 312 1,054 792 331 2,782 
No FICO available(1)
11 — — 41 579 — 639 
Total retail$1,375 $6,432 $3,718 $3,358 $7,315 $24,612 $21,168 $1,100 $69,078 
(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes).
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of December 31, 2025:
Term Loans by Origination YearRevolving Loans
(dollars in millions)20252024202320222021Prior to 2021Within the Revolving PeriodConverted to TermTotal
Residential mortgages
800+$2,075 $1,664 $1,290 $3,276 $4,919 $6,099 $— $— $19,323 
740-7992,377 960 656 1,375 2,004 2,759 — — 10,131 
680-739621 324 239 483 646 1,136 — — 3,449 
620-67974 74 80 141 169 491 — — 1,029 
<62018 135 130 184 605 — — 1,078 
No FICO available(1)
— — — 10 — — 14 
Total residential mortgages5,153 3,040 2,400 5,408 7,923 11,100 — — 35,024 
Home equity
800+— 66 6,686 193 6,961 
740-799— 49 6,148 217 6,428 
680-739— 36 3,453 193 3,695 
620-679— — 16 900 162 1,084 
<620— — 14 554 321 897 
No FICO available(1)
— — — — — 
Total home equity— 10 15 17 16 183 17,742 1,086 19,069 
Automobile
800+— — 47 224 316 63 — — 650 
740-799— — 58 233 266 61 — — 618 
680-739— — 53 180 175 41 — — 449 
620-679— — 30 107 98 25 — — 260 
<620— — 39 133 127 34 — — 333 
No FICO available(1)
— — — — — — — — — 
Total automobile— — 227 877 982 224 — — 2,310 
Education
800+287 271 311 517 1,002 1,817 — — 4,205 
740-799393 268 268 385 459 886 — — 2,659 
680-739160 125 120 161 160 335 — — 1,061 
620-67923 40 42 48 46 119 — — 318 
<62013 17 25 23 61 — — 144 
No FICO available(1)
— — — — 27 — — 29 
Total education870 717 758 1,136 1,690 3,245 — — 8,416 
Other retail
800+127 60 31 31 508 — 775 
740-799132 82 43 33 19 793 — 1,111 
680-73993 62 36 30 20 733 983 
620-67954 30 20 22 11 271 — 414 
<62016 21 17 29 10 190 — 291 
No FICO available(1)
— — — — 481 — 487 
Total other retail426 255 147 145 40 71 2,976 4,061 
Total retail
800+2,489 1,997 1,682 4,053 6,252 8,054 7,194 193 31,914 
740-7992,902 1,314 1,028 2,030 2,741 3,774 6,941 217 20,947 
680-739874 514 451 858 992 1,568 4,186 194 9,637 
620-679151 144 174 320 321 662 1,171 162 3,105 
<62027 52 212 319 344 724 744 321 2,743 
No FICO available(1)
— 41 482 — 534 
Total retail$6,449 $4,022 $3,547 $7,583 $10,651 $14,823 $20,718 $1,087 $68,880 
(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes).
The following tables present gross charge-offs by vintage date for the Company’s loan and lease portfolios:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2026
Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year
Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)20262025202420232022Prior to 2022Within the Revolving PeriodConverted to TermTotal
Commercial and industrial
$— $1 $1 $18 $— $1 $29 $— $50 
Commercial real estate
— — — 12 — 29 — — 41 
Total commercial
— 30 — 30 29 — 91 
Residential mortgages— — — — — — — 
Home equity— — — — — — 
Automobile— — — — — 
Education— 14 — — 22 
Other retail33 — 54 
Total retail10 10 22 38 — 92 
Total loans and leases$3 $11 $5 $35 $10 $52 $67 $— $183 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
Term Loans and Leases by Origination Year
Revolving Loans
(dollars in millions)20252024202320222021Prior to 2021Within the Revolving PeriodConverted to TermTotal
Commercial and industrial
$— $— $1 $2 $22 $— $9 $— $34 
Commercial real estate
— — — — 43 — — 51 
Total commercial
— — 10 22 43 — 85 
Residential mortgages— — — — — — — 
Home equity— — — — — — 
Automobile— — — — 20 
Education— 13 35 — — 56 
Other retail15 32 — 67 
Total retail16 12 16 22 43 36 — 149 
Total loans and leases$4 $16 $13 $26 $44 $86 $45 $— $234 
Nonaccrual and Past Due Assets
The following tables present an aging analysis of accruing and nonaccrual loans and leases:
March 31, 2026
Days Past Due and Accruing
(dollars in millions)Current30-5960-89 90+Nonaccrual TotalNonaccrual with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial$49,984 $122 $12 $1 $188 $50,307 $21 
Commercial real estate23,147 373 57 26 679 24,282 53 
Total commercial73,131 495 69 27 867 74,589 74 
Residential mortgages
34,903 70 35 179 217 35,404 140 
Home equity18,987 105 33 — 324 19,449 204 
Automobile1,776 49 15 — 23 1,863 
Education8,266 33 18 21 8,340 
Other retail3,926 31 20 — 45 4,022 
Total retail67,858 288 121 181 630 69,078 354 
Total$140,989 $783 $190 $208 $1,497 $143,667 $428 
Guaranteed residential mortgages(1)
$725 $28 $19 $179 $— $951 $— 
December 31, 2025
Days Past Due and Accruing
(dollars in millions)Current30-5960-8990+Nonaccrual TotalNonaccrual with no related ACL
Commercial and industrial$48,873 $63 $14 $5 $277 $49,232 $34 
Commercial real estate23,700 184 58 20 618 24,580 85 
Total commercial72,573 247 72 25 895 73,812 119 
Residential mortgages
34,547 93 47 141 196 35,024 155 
Home equity18,626 95 28 319 19,069 215 
Automobile2,203 59 20 — 28 2,310 
Education8,342 36 16 20 8,416 
Other retail3,957 35 23 — 46 4,061 
Total retail67,675 318 134 144 609 68,880 377 
Total$140,248 $565 $206 $169 $1,504 $142,692 $496 
Guaranteed residential mortgages(1)
$743 $53 $27 $141 $— $964 $— 
(1) Guaranteed residential mortgages represent loans fully or partially guaranteed or insured by the FHA, VA, and USDA, and are included in the amounts presented for Residential mortgages.
At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $458 million and $437 million, respectively, and collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $244 million and $251 million, respectively.
The amortized cost basis of mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process was $313 million and $307 million as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.
Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Loan modifications, characterized as FDMs, offered by the Company to retail and commercial borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as a result of its loss mitigation activities may result in a payment delay, interest rate reduction, term extension, principal forgiveness, or combination thereof. Payment delays consist of modifications that result in a delay of contractual amounts due greater than three months over a rolling 12-month period. Term extensions consist of modifications that result in an extension of the contractual maturity date greater than three months or a significant deferral of principal payments relative to the total outstanding principal balance of the loan.
Commercial loan modifications are offered on a case-by-case basis and generally include a payment delay, term extension, and/or interest rate reduction. The Company does not typically offer principal forgiveness for commercial loans. Retail loan modifications are offered through structured loan modification programs, which are summarized below:
Forbearance programs provide borrowers experiencing some form of hardship a period of time during which their contractual payment obligations are suspended, resulting in a payment delay and/or term extension;
Other repayment plans are offered due to hardship and include an interest rate reduction and/or term extension designed to enable the borrower to return the loan to current status in an expeditious manner;
Settlement agreements may be executed with borrowers experiencing a long-term hardship or who are delinquent, resulting in principal forgiveness. Upon fulfillment of the terms of the settlement agreement, the unpaid principal amount is forgiven resulting in a charge-off of the outstanding principal balance; and
Certain reorganization bankruptcy judgments may result in any one of the four modification types or some combination thereof.
The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs received during the indicated period.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2026
(dollars in millions)Interest Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPayment DelayInterest Rate Reduction and Term ExtensionTerm Extension and Payment DelayTotal
Total as a % of Loan Class(1)
Commercial and industrial$1 $78 $45 $1 $21 $146 0.29 %
Commercial real estate— 131 36 — 33 200 0.82 
Total commercial209 81 54 346 0.46 
Residential mortgages— 12 22 0.06 
Home equity— — — 0.04 
Education— — — — 0.02 
Other retail— — — — 0.15 
Total retail12 10 38 0.06 
Total
$9 $221 $91 $8 $55 $384 0.27 %
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)Interest Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPayment DelayInterest Rate Reduction and Term ExtensionTerm Extension and Payment DelayTotal
Total as a % of Loan Class(1)
Commercial and industrial$32 $141 $2 $— $1 $176 0.40 %
Commercial real estate10 172 73 — 25 280 1.05 
Total commercial42 313 75 — 26 456 0.65 
Residential mortgages15 23 0.07 
Home equity— — 0.02 
Education— — — — 0.02 
Other retail— — — — 0.14 
Total retail10 15 35 0.05 
Total
$52 $328 $79 $5 $27 $491 0.36 %
(1) Represents the total amortized cost as of period-end divided by the period-end amortized cost of the corresponding loan class. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from amortized cost and is immaterial.
The following tables present the financial effect of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, disaggregated by class of financing receivable:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2026
(dollars in millions)
Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction(1)
Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months)(1)
Weighted-Average Payment Deferral(1)
Amount of Principal Forgiven(2)
Commercial and industrial2.54 %21$1 $— 
Commercial real estate— 12— 
Residential mortgages0.80 115— — 
Home equity2.90 188— — 
Education4.40 — — — 
Other retail19.42 — — 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)
Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction(1)
Weighted-Average Term Extension (in Months)(1)
Weighted-Average Payment Deferral(1)
Amount of Principal Forgiven(2)
Commercial and industrial0.81 %10$— $— 
Commercial real estate0.75 10— 
Residential mortgages0.98 111— — 
Home equity4.55 74— — 
Education4.96 — — — 
Other retail20.30 — — 
(1) Weighted based on period-end amortized cost.
(2) Amounts are recorded as charge-offs.
The following tables present an aging analysis of the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the twelve-month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, disaggregated by class of financing receivable. A loan in a forbearance or repayment plan is reported as past due according to its contractual terms until contractually modified. Subsequent to modification, it is reported as past due based on its restructured terms.
March 31, 2026
Days Past Due and Accruing
(dollars in millions)Current30-5960-89 90+Nonaccrual Total
Commercial and industrial$402 $80 $— $— $26 $508 
Commercial real estate763 94 51 20 231 1,159 
Total commercial1,165 174 51 20 257 1,667 
Residential mortgages41 34 22 105 
Home equity— — — 28 36 
Education10 — — — 11 
Other retail14 — 18 
Total retail73 34 52 170 
Total$1,238 $180 $56 $54 $309 $1,837 
March 31, 2025
Days Past Due and Accruing
(dollars in millions)Current30-5960-89 90+Nonaccrual Total
Commercial and industrial$311 $17 $— $3 $51 $382 
Commercial real estate380 33 — — 385 798 
Total commercial691 50 — 436 1,180 
Residential mortgages51 17 19 94 
Home equity— — 12 22 
Education— — — 
Other retail13 — 17 
Total retail81 17 33 142 
Total$772 $56 $5 $20 $469 $1,322 
The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during the period presented and were modified within the previous 12 months preceding the default, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs at the time of default. A loan is considered to be in default if, subsequent to modification, it becomes 90 or more days past due or is placed on nonaccrual status.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2026
(dollars in millions)Interest Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPayment DelayInterest Rate Reduction and Term ExtensionTerm Extension and Payment Delay
Interest Rate Reduction, Term Extension, and Payment Delay
Total
Commercial and industrial$— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Commercial real estate— 69 — — — — 69 
Total commercial— 69 — — — — 69 
Residential mortgages— 14 
Home equity— — — — — — — 
Education— — — — — — — 
Other retail— — — — — 
Total retail15 
Total$1 $77 $1 $3 $1 $1 $84 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(dollars in millions)Interest Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPayment DelayInterest Rate Reduction and Term ExtensionTotal
Commercial and industrial$— $— $— $— $— 
Commercial real estate— 71 — — 71 
Total commercial— 71 — — 71 
Residential mortgages— 
Home equity— — 
Education— — — — — 
Other retail— — — 
Total retail11 
Total$2 $76 $1 $3 $82 
Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the three months ended March 31, 2026 were $19 million at March 31, 2026. Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2025 were $465 million at December 31, 2025.