Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Owens & Minor, Inc. and the subsidiaries it controls and contain all adjustments necessary to conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The results of operations of businesses acquired by the Company are included as of the respective acquisition date.

We report our business under two distinct segments: Products & Healthcare Services and Patient Direct. The Products & Healthcare Services segment includes our United States (U.S.) distribution division (Medical Distribution), including outsourced logistics and value-added services, and Global Products division which manufactures and sources medical surgical products through our production and kitting operations. The Patient Direct segment includes our home healthcare divisions (Byram and Apria).

Reclassifications

Reclassifications. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make assumptions and estimates that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. Significant estimates are used for, but are not limited to, the allowances for losses on accounts receivable, inventory valuation allowances, variable consideration, depreciation and amortization, goodwill valuation, valuation of intangible assets and other long-lived assets, estimated fair values of the net assets acquired in business combinations, self-insurance liabilities, tax liabilities, defined benefit obligations, share-based compensation and other contingencies. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash includes cash and marketable securities with an original maturity or maturity at acquisition of three months or less. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are stated at cost. Nearly all of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are held in cash depository accounts in major banks in North America, Europe, and Asia. Cash that is held by a major bank and has restrictions on its availability to us is classified as restricted cash. Restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 includes cash held in an escrow account as required by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in conjunction with the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement initiatives related to wind-down costs of Fusion5 and $14 million of cash deposits received subject to limitations on use until remitted to a third-party financial institution (the Purchaser), pursuant to the Master Receivables Purchase Agreement (RPA).

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the accompanying consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of those same amounts presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows.

	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	49,382	$	243,037
Restricted cash included in Other current assets		—		29,887
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	49,382	$	272,924

Book overdrafts represent the amount of outstanding checks issued in excess of related bank balances and are included in accounts payable in our consolidated balance sheets, as they are similar to trade payables and are not subject to finance charges or interest. Changes in book overdrafts are classified as operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts Receivable, Net. Accounts receivable, net are recorded at net realizable value. In the Products & Healthcare Services segment, accounts receivable from customers are recorded at net realizable value of the invoiced amount and are reduced by any rebates due to the customer, which are estimated based on contractual terms or historical experience. We assess finance charges on overdue accounts receivable that are recognized as other operating income based on their estimated ultimate collectability. We have arrangements with certain customers under which they make deposits on account. Customer deposits in excess of outstanding receivable balances are classified as other current liabilities.

Due to the nature of our industry and the reimbursement environment in which we operate in the Patient Direct segment, certain estimates are required to record total net revenues and accounts receivable at their net realizable values, including estimating variable consideration. Inherent in these estimates is the risk that they will have to be revised or updated as additional information becomes available. Specifically, the complexity of many third-party billing arrangements, contractual terms, and the uncertainty of reimbursement amounts for certain services may result in adjustments to amounts originally recorded. Such adjustments are typically identified and recorded at the point of cash application, claim denial or account review.

We maintain valuation allowances based upon the expected collectability of accounts receivable. Our allowances include specific amounts for accounts that are likely to be uncollectible, such as customer bankruptcies and disputed amounts and general allowances for accounts that may become uncollectible. Allowances are estimated based on a number of factors, including industry trends, current economic conditions, creditworthiness of customers, age of the receivables, changes in customer payment patterns, and historical experience. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Allowances for losses on accounts receivable of $6.2 million and $7.9 million have been applied as reductions of accounts receivable at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Receivables Financing Agreement

Receivables Financing Agreement. On March 29, 2022, we entered into an amendment to our accounts receivable securitization program (Receivables Financing Agreement) which has a maximum borrowing capacity of $450 million. Under the Receivables Financing Agreement, certain of our accounts receivable balances are sold to our wholly owned special purpose entity, O&M Funding LLC. The sold accounts receivable balances are collateral and outstandings are recorded as debt. This agreement was not in effect as of December 31, 2024, as it was amended and restated in its entirety on October 18, 2024, as described below.

Receivables Purchase Agreement

Receivables Purchase Agreement. On March 14, 2023, we entered into the RPA, pursuant to which accounts receivable with an aggregate outstanding amount not to exceed $200 million are sold, on a limited-recourse basis, to the Purchaser (as defined therein) in exchange for cash. We account for these transactions as sales with the sold receivables removed from our consolidated balance sheets. Under the RPA, we provide certain servicing and collection actions on behalf of the Purchaser; however, we do not maintain any beneficial interest in the accounts receivable sold. The RPA is separate and distinct from the Receivables Financing Agreement and the amendment as described below. As a result of the amendment described below, we do not expect to utilize the RPA in the future.

Proceeds from the sales of accounts receivable are recorded as an increase to cash and cash equivalents and a reduction to accounts receivable, net of allowances in the consolidated balance sheets. Cash received from the sales of accounts receivable, net of payments made to the Purchaser, is reflected in the change in accounts receivable within cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Total accounts receivable sold under the RPA and net cash proceeds were $1.7 billion and $1.4 billion during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. We collected $1.9 billion and $1.3 billion of the sold accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The losses on sales of accounts receivable are recorded in other operating expense (income), net in the consolidated statements of operations and were $11 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Receivables Sale Program

Receivables Sale Program. On October 18, 2024, O&M Funding and Owens & Minor Medical, LLC., each a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a Receivables Purchase Agreement (the Receivables Sale Program) with persons from time to time, as Purchasers, PNC Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and PNC Capital Markets LLC, as Structuring Agent, pursuant to which accounts receivable with an aggregate outstanding amount not to exceed $450 million are sold, on a limited-recourse basis, to the Purchasers in exchange for cash. The Receivables Sale Program amends and restates in its entirety, the Receivables Financing Agreement. Transactions under this agreement are accounted for as sales in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, with the sold receivables removed from our consolidated balance sheets. Under the Receivables Sale Program, we provide certain servicing and collection actions on behalf of the Purchasers; however, we do not maintain any beneficial interest in the accounts receivable sold.

Proceeds from the sales of accounts receivable are recorded as an increase to cash and cash equivalents and a reduction to accounts receivable, net of allowances in the consolidated balance sheets. Cash received from the sales of accounts receivable, is reflected in the change in accounts receivable within cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Total accounts receivable sold and net cash proceeds under the Receivables Sale program were $168 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. We collected $98 million of the sold accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2024. The losses on sales of accounts receivable, inclusive of professional fees incurred to establish the agreement, recorded in other operating expense (income), net in the consolidated statements of operations were $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, there was a total of $70 million of uncollected accounts receivable sold and removed from our consolidated balance sheet under the Receivables Sale Program. As of December 31, 2023 there was a total of $124 million of uncollected accounts receivable sold and removed from our consolidated balance sheet under the RPA. As of December 31, 2024 the Receivables Sale Program was utilized and we do not anticipate utilizing the RPA in the future.

Merchandise Inventories

Merchandise Inventories. Merchandise inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market, with the approximate cost determined by the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for distribution inventories in the U.S. within our Products & Healthcare Services segment. Cost of remaining inventories are determined using the first-in, first out (FIFO) or weighted-average cost method at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

We periodically evaluate whether inventory valuation allowance adjustments are required, which includes consideration of recent sales trends. In our evaluation, we review for expired or obsolete inventory and slow-moving inventory. We write down inventories which are considered excess and obsolete as a result of these assessments. Shifts in market trends and conditions, as well as changes in customer preferences and behavior could affect the value of our inventories.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023 we had net inventory of $1.1 billion and $1.1 billion, of which $658 million and $718 million were valued under LIFO, all of which relates to inventory in our Products & Healthcare Services segment. If LIFO inventories had been valued on a current cost or FIFO basis, they would have been $234 million and $233 million greater as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Inventory, net, consists of the following:

	December 31,  2024		December 31,  2023
Finished goods	$	1,059,798	$	1,051,553
Raw materials		77,922		75,711
Work in process		59,115		61,527
Inventory, gross		1,196,835		1,188,791
Inventory valuation allowances		(64,956)		(78,185)
Inventory, net	$	1,131,879	$	1,110,606

For the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to demand declines and builds in excess personal protective equipment (PPE), we increased our estimate of inventory valuation allowances. This change in estimate contributed to a $92 million (approximately $70 million, net of tax) valuation adjustment, or an approximate $0.93 and $0.91 impact per basic and diluted common share.

Property and Equipment, net

Property and Equipment, net. Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation expense for financial reporting purposes is computed on a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or, for capital leases and leasehold improvements, over the term of the lease, if shorter. In general, the estimated useful lives for computing depreciation are three to 15 years for machinery and equipment, five to 40 years for buildings, one to 10 years for patient service equipment, and up to 15 years for leasehold and land improvements. Straight-line and accelerated methods of depreciation are used for income tax purposes. Normal maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, and renovations and betterments are capitalized. We suspend depreciation and amortization on assets that are held for sale. In addition, we record capital-related government grants earned as reductions to the cost of property and equipment; and associated unpaid liabilities and grant proceeds receivable are considered non-cash changes in such balances for purposes of preparation of our consolidated statements of cash flows. Patient service equipment consists of medical equipment rented to patients, primarily on a month-to-month basis. Patient service equipment depreciation is classified in our consolidated statements of operations within cost of goods sold as the equipment is rented to patients as part of our primary operations within the Patient Direct segment.

Leases

Leases. We enter into non-cancelable agreements to lease most of our office and warehouse facilities with remaining terms generally ranging from one to 11 years. Certain leases include renewal options, generally for one to five-year increments. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. We include options to renew (or terminate) in our lease term, and as part of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. We also lease some of our transportation and material handling equipment for terms generally ranging from three to 10 years. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The depreciable life of right-of-use assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for our leases. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of unpaid lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments. We use the implicit rate when readily determinable. The right-of-use assets also include adjustments for any lease payments made and lease incentives received.

Goodwill

Goodwill. We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually, as of October 1, and if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Qualitative factors are first assessed to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value does not exceed the carrying amount, then a

quantitative test is performed. The quantitative goodwill impairment test involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to the respective carrying amount.

We determine the estimated fair value of our reporting units by using an equally weighted combination of the income-based approach and the market-based approach. The income-based approach is dependent upon several significant assumptions and estimates regarding future period cash flows, including assumptions with respect to future sales growth and a terminal growth rate. In addition, a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is used to discount future estimated cash flows to their present values. The WACC is based on externally observable data considering market participants’ cost of equity and debt, optimal capital structure and interest rates, as well as the risk and uncertainty with respect to the reporting unit and internally developed financial projections. Under the market-based approach, significant estimates and assumptions also include the selection of appropriate guideline public companies whose stock is actively traded in public markets and the determination of appropriate valuation multiples to apply to the reporting unit. Although we believe our assumptions and estimates are reasonable and appropriate, any significant adverse changes in one or a combination of key assumptions, including, but not limited to, a failure to meet our business plans or expected earnings and cash flows, unanticipated events and circumstances such as the loss of a contract with a large payor, changes in assumptions about the duration and magnitude of increased supply chain expense, commodities costs or inflationary pressures and our planned efforts to mitigate such impacts, disruptions in the supply chain, estimated demand and selling prices for PPE or other products, a decline in our market capitalization, an increase in the discount rate, a decrease in the terminal growth rate, increases in tax rates (including potential tax reform) or a significant change in industry or economic trends, may affect the accuracy or validity of such estimates and may result in goodwill impairment. We may be required to record a material charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill is determined, which could adversely affect our results of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2024 we recognized a pre-tax impairment charge of $307 million ($305 million net of tax), or a $3.97 negative impact per share, related to the Apria reporting unit. See Note 5. No impairment of goodwill was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets, net. Intangible assets acquired through purchases or business combinations are stated at fair value at the acquisition date and net of accumulated amortization in the consolidated balance sheets. Intangible assets, consisting primarily of customer relationships, customer contracts, trademarks, and tradenames are amortized over their estimated useful lives. In determining the useful life of an intangible asset, we consider our historical experience in renewing or extending similar arrangements. Intangible assets are generally amortized over one to 15 years based on their pattern of economic benefit or on a straight-line basis. We suspend amortization on assets that are held for sale.

Computer Software

Computer Software. We develop and purchase software for internal use. Software development costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized. Once the software has been installed and tested, and is ready for use, additional costs incurred in connection with the software are expensed as incurred. We also develop software for external use. Capitalized computer software costs are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, usually between three and 10 years. Capitalized computer software costs are included in other assets, net, in the consolidated balance sheets. Unamortized software at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $41 million and $47 million. Depreciation and amortization expense includes $17 million, $16 million and $14 million of software amortization for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-Lived Assets. Long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, finite-lived intangible assets, right-of-use assets, and unamortized software costs, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets may not be recoverable. We assess long-lived assets for potential impairment by comparing the carrying value of an asset, or group of related assets, to their estimated undiscounted future cash flows. No material impairments of long-lived assets were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. We suspend depreciation and amortization on assets that are held for sale.

Self-Insurance Liabilities

Self-Insurance Liabilities. We are self-insured for certain teammate healthcare, workers’ compensation and automobile liability costs; however, we maintain insurance for individual losses exceeding certain limits. Liabilities are estimated for healthcare costs using current and historical claims data. Liabilities for workers’ compensation and automobile liability claims are estimated using historical claims data and loss development factors. If the underlying facts and circumstances of existing claims change or historical trends are not indicative of future trends, then we may be required to adjust the liability and related expense accordingly. Self-insurance liabilities are included in other current

liabilities and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and were $27 million and $26 million in total at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition. Our revenue is primarily generated from sales contracts with customers. Revenue for sales of products, including equipment and supplies, is recorded when control of the promised goods is transferred. Revenue for activity-based fees and other services is recognized over time as activities are performed. Depending on the specific contractual provisions and nature of the performance obligation, revenue from services may be recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the service, on a proportional performance model, based on level of effort, or when final deliverables have been provided.

In our Products & Healthcare Services segment, under most of our distribution and product sales arrangements, our performance obligations are limited to delivery of products to a customer upon receipt of a purchase order. For these arrangements, we recognize revenue at the point in time when shipment is completed, as control passes to the customer upon product receipt.

Our contracts sometime allow for forms of variable consideration including rebates, discounts, performance guarantees, and implicit price concessions. We estimate the amount of consideration to which we will be entitled in exchange for transferring the product or service to the customer under the expected value method as part of determining the sales transaction price using contractual terms, historical experience, and other operating trends. The amounts accrued for rebates due to customers, which are recorded in accounts receivable, net, were $80 million and $81 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

In most cases, we record revenue gross, as we are the primary obligor. When we act as an agent in a sales arrangement and do not bear a significant portion of inventory risks, primarily for our outsourced logistics business, we record revenue net of product cost. Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues.

Within our Patient Direct segment, revenues are recognized under fee-for-service arrangements for equipment we rent to patients and sales of equipment, supplies and other items we sell to patients. Revenue that is generated from equipment that we rent to patients is primarily recognized over the noncancelable rental period, typically one month, and commences on delivery of the equipment to the patients. Revenues are recorded at amounts estimated to be received under reimbursement arrangements with third-party payors, including private insurers, prepaid health plans, Medicare, Medicaid and patients. Revenue is recognized under a portfolio approach, as we expect that this approach would not differ materially from considering each contract or performance obligation separately. Rental revenue, less estimated adjustments, is recognized as earned on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable lease term. We recorded $591 million, $617 million and $447 million in revenue related to equipment we rent to patients for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

See Note 16 for disaggregation of revenue by segment and geography as we believe that best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold includes the cost of the product (net of supplier incentives and cash discounts) and all costs incurred for shipments of products from manufacturers to our distribution centers for all customer arrangements where we are the primary obligor, bear the risk of general and physical inventory loss and carry all credit risk associated with sales. Cost of goods sold also includes direct and certain indirect labor, material and overhead costs, including depreciation expense, associated with our Global Products division. We have contractual arrangements with certain suppliers that provide incentives, including cash discounts for prompt payment, operational efficiency and performance-based incentives. These incentives are recognized as a reduction in cost of goods sold as targets become probable of achievement.

In situations where we act as an agent in a sales arrangement and do not bear a significant portion of these risks, primarily for our outsourced logistics business, there is no cost of goods sold and all costs to provide the service to the customer are recorded in distribution, selling and administrative expenses.

Within our Patient Direct segment, patient service equipment depreciation and the net book value of dispositions are classified in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations within cost of goods sold as the equipment is rented to patients as part of the Company’s primary operations. Depreciation expense for patient service equipment was $127 million, $138 million and $89 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The net book value of patient service equipment sales and dispositions within the Patient Direct segment, net of the gain for returned equipment to Philips Respironics for previously recalled equipment, were $34 million, $36 million and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

As a result of different practices of categorizing costs and different business models throughout our industry, our gross profits may not necessarily be comparable to other companies in our industry.

Inventory valuation allowance adjustments, including for excess and obsolete inventory, are recorded as a charge to cost of goods sold.

Distribution, Selling and Administrative (DS&A) Expenses

Distribution, Selling and Administrative (DS&A) Expenses. DS&A expenses include shipping and handling costs, labor, certain depreciation and amortization, certain research and development costs and other costs for selling and administrative functions. We incurred research and development costs, primarily included in DS&A expenses on the consolidated statement of operations, of $13 million, $13 million, and $12 million for the years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Shipping and Handling

Shipping and Handling. Shipping and handling costs are primarily included in DS&A expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and include costs to store, to move, and to prepare products for shipment, as well as costs to deliver products to customers. Shipping and handling costs totaled $665 million, $641 million, and $581 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation. We account for share-based payments to teammates at fair value and recognize the related expense primarily in DS&A expenses over the service period for awards expected to vest. The fair value of nonvested performance shares is dependent upon our assessment of the probability of achievement of financial targets for the performance period.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments. We are directly and indirectly affected by changes in foreign currency, which may adversely impact our financial performance and are referred to as “market risks.” When deemed appropriate, we use derivatives as a risk management tool to mitigate the potential impact of certain market risks. We use forward contracts, which are agreements to buy or sell a quantity at a predetermined future date and at a predetermined rate or price. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

All derivatives are carried at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. The designation of a derivative instrument as a hedge and its ability to meet the hedge accounting criteria determine how we record the change in fair value of the derivative instrument in our consolidated financial statements. A derivative qualifies for hedge accounting if, at inception, we expect the derivative will be highly effective in offsetting the underlying hedged cash flows and we fulfill the hedge documentation standards at the time we enter into the derivative contract. We designate a hedge as a cash flow hedge, fair value hedge, or a net investment hedge based on the exposure we are hedging. For the effective portion of qualifying cash flow hedges, we record changes in fair value in other comprehensive income (OCI). We release the derivative’s gain or loss from OCI to match the timing of the underlying hedged items’ effect on earnings. We review the effectiveness of our hedging instruments quarterly, recognize current period hedge ineffectiveness immediately in earnings, and discontinue hedge accounting for any hedge that we no longer consider to be highly effective. We recognize changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedges or those not qualifying for hedge accounting in current period earnings. The cash flow impacts of the derivative instruments are included in our consolidated statements of cash flows as a component of operating or financing activities.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable

income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are provided if it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. When we have claimed tax benefits that may be challenged by a tax authority, an estimate of the effect of these uncertain tax positions is recorded. It is our policy to provide for uncertain tax positions and the related interest and penalties based upon an assessment of whether a tax benefit is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. To the extent that the tax outcome of these uncertain tax positions changes, based on our assessment, such changes in estimate may impact the income tax provision in the period in which such determination is made.

We earn a portion of our operating income in foreign jurisdictions outside the U.S. We are permanently reinvested in our foreign subsidiaries. Our policy election for global intangible low-taxed income is that we will record such taxes as a current period expense once incurred and will follow the tax law ordering approach.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements. Fair value is determined based on assumptions that a market participant would use in pricing an asset or liability. The assumptions used are in accordance with a three-tier hierarchy, defined by GAAP, that draws a distinction between market participant assumptions based on (i) observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), (ii) inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2) and (iii) unobservable inputs that require the use of present value and other valuation techniques in the determination of fair value (Level 3).

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued payroll and related liabilities reported in the consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The estimated fair value of our reporting units determined during a quantitative review of goodwill utilizes unobservable inputs (Level 3). The fair value of debt is estimated based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes for the identical liability when traded as an asset in an active market (Level 1) or, if quoted market prices or dealer quotes are not available, on the borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms, credit ratings, and average remaining maturities (Level 2). See Note 8 for the fair value of debt. The fair value of our derivative contracts are determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows considering the risks involved, including non-performance risk, and using discount rates appropriate for the respective maturities. Observable Level 2 inputs are used to determine the present value of expected future cash flows. See Note 11 for the fair value of derivatives.

Our acquisitions may include contingent consideration as part of the purchase price. The fair value of contingent consideration is estimated as of the acquisition date and at the end of each subsequent reporting period based on the present value of the contingent payments to be made using a weighted probability of possible payments (Level 3). Subsequent changes in fair value are recorded as adjustments to acquisition-related charges and intangible amortization within the consolidated statements of operations.

Acquisition-Related Charges and Intangible Amortization

Acquisition-Related Charges and Intangible Amortization. Acquisition-related charges consist primarily of one-time costs related to the expected acquisition of Rotech Healthcare Holdings Inc., (Rotech) and the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated January 7, 2022 to acquire Apria, Inc. (Apria Acquisition), including transaction costs necessary to consummate the acquisition, which consisted of investment banking advisory fees and legal fees, director and officer tail insurance expense, severance and retention bonuses, and professional fees. Acquisition-related charges and intangible amortization also includes transition expenses and costs to integrate personnel, systems and processes along with amortization of intangible assets established during acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. These amounts are highly dependent on the size and frequency of acquisitions and are excluded from our segment results to allow for a more consistent comparison with forecasted, current and historical results.

Exit and Realignment Charges

Exit and Realignment Charges, net. Exit and realignment charges, net consist of costs associated with optimizing our operations which includes the consolidation of certain production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, administrative offices and IT strategic initiatives, divestiture related costs and other strategic actions. These charges also include costs associated with our 2023-2024 Operating Model Realignment Program, which includes professional fees, severance and other costs to streamline functions and processes. Costs associated with exit and realignment activities are recorded at their fair value when incurred. Liabilities are established at the cease-use date for

remaining contractual obligations discounted using a credit-adjusted risk-free rate of interest. We evaluate these assumptions quarterly and adjust the liability accordingly. Severance benefits are generally recorded when payment is considered probable and reasonably estimable. These costs are not normal recurring, cash operating expenses necessary for the Company to operate its business on an ongoing basis.

Net (Loss) Income Per Share

Net (Loss) Income Per Share. Basic and diluted net (loss) income per share are calculated pursuant to the two-class method, under which unvested share-based payment awards containing non-forfeitable rights to dividends are participating securities. Diluted income per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if restricted awards were exercised or converted into common stock.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation. Our foreign subsidiaries generally consider their local currency to be their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates and revenues, cost of goods sold and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the period. Cumulative currency translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity. Gains and losses on intercompany foreign currency transactions that are long-term in nature and which we do not intend to settle in the foreseeable future are also recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are recorded in other operating expense (income), net in the consolidated statements of operations and were not material to our consolidated results of operations in 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Segment Information

We periodically evaluate our application of accounting guidance for reportable segments and disclose information about reportable segments based on the way management organizes the enterprise for making operating decisions and assessing performance. We report our business under two segments: Products & Healthcare Services and Patient Direct. The Products & Healthcare Services segment includes our U.S. distribution division (Medical Distribution), including outsourced logistics and value-added services business, and our Global Products division which manufactures and sources medical surgical products through our production and kitting operations. The Patient Direct segment includes our home healthcare divisions (Byram and Apria).

Business Combinations

Business Combinations. We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The results of operations of the businesses acquired by the Company are included as of the respective acquisition date.

Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements. In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of additional detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses, including significant segment expenses regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), the title and position of the CODM, and how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of a segment’s profit or loss. This ASU is effective for us in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within annual years beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments in this ASU must be applied on a retrospective basis to all prior periods presented in the financial statements and early adoption is permitted. We adopted this ASU effective with the annual year ending December 31, 2024. Its adoption impacted our disclosures with no impacts to our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted. In December 2023, the FASB Issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require additional annual income tax disclosures, including disclosure of reconciling items by jurisdiction and nature to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, this ASU will require disclosure of income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is more than 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. The amendments in this ASU are effective for us in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments in this ASU are required to be applied on a prospective basis and retrospective adoption is permitted. We expect this ASU to only impact our disclosures with no impacts to our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses which will require additional disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this ASU are effective for us in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026. The amendments in this ASU are required to be applied on a prospective basis and retrospective adoption is permitted. We expect this ASU to only impact our disclosures with no impacts to our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.