The FASB defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The FASB’s guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to these valuation techniques used to measure fair value, giving preference to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (“level 1”) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs such as a reporting entity’s own data (“level 3”). Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, observable inputs other than quoted prices, such as interest rates and yield curves, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

The following tables present for each of the fair value hierarchy levels the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	June 30, 2021
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities	$	—	$	404,146	$	—	$	404,146
Municipal obligations		—		319,295		—		319,295
Corporate debt securities		—		14,780		—		14,780
Residential mortgage-backed securities		—		3,471,550		—		3,471,550
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		—		2,938,596		—		2,938,596
Collateralized mortgage obligations		—		152,054		—		152,054
Total available for sale securities		—		7,300,421		—		7,300,421
Mortgage loans held for sale		—		65,970		—		65,970
Derivative assets (1)		—		109,453		—		109,453
Total recurring fair value measurements - assets	$	—	$	7,475,844	$	—	$	7,475,844
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities (1)	$	—	$	39,451	$	4,867	$	44,318
Total recurring fair value measurements - liabilities	$	—	$	39,451	$	4,867	$	44,318

	December 31, 2020
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities	$	—	$	213,370	$	—	$	213,370
Municipal obligations		—		326,725		—		326,725
Corporate debt securities		—		11,764		—		11,764
Residential mortgage-backed securities		—		2,629,811		—		2,629,811
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		—		2,455,534		—		2,455,534
Collateralized mortgage obligations		—		362,123		—		362,123
Total available for sale securities		—		5,999,327		—		5,999,327
Derivative assets (1)		—		150,180		—		150,180
Total recurring fair value measurements - assets	$	—	$	6,149,507	$	—	$	6,149,507
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities (1)	$	—	$	49,612	$	5,645	$	55,257
Total recurring fair value measurements - liabilities	$	—	$	49,612	$	5,645	$	55,257

Securities classified as level 2 include obligations of U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government-sponsored agencies, including “off-the-run” U.S. Treasury securities, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations that are issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, and state and municipal bonds. The level 2 fair value measurements for investment securities are obtained quarterly from a third-party pricing service that uses industry-standard pricing models. Substantially all of the model inputs are observable in the marketplace or can be supported by observable data.

The Company invests only in securities of investment grade quality with a targeted duration, for the overall portfolio, generally between two and five and a half years. Company policies generally limit investments to U.S. agency securities and municipal securities determined to be investment grade according to an internally generated score which generally includes a rating of not less than “Baa” or its equivalent by a nationally recognized statistical rating agency.

Loans held for sale consist of residential mortgage loans carried under the fair value option. The fair value for these instruments is classified as level 2 based on market prices obtained from potential buyers.

For the Company’s derivative financial instruments designated as hedges and those under the customer interest rate program, the fair value is obtained from a third-party pricing service that uses an industry-standard discounted cash flow model that relies on inputs, LIBOR swap curves and Overnight Index swap rate curves, all observable in the marketplace. To comply with the accounting guidance, credit valuation adjustments are incorporated in the fair values to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk for both the Company and the counterparties. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value these derivative instruments fall within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit value adjustments utilize level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads. The Company has determined that the impact of the credit valuation adjustments is not significant to the overall valuation of these derivatives. As a result, the Company has classified its derivative valuations for these instruments in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s policy is to measure counterparty credit risk quarterly for all derivative instruments subject to master netting arrangements consistent with how market participants would price the net risk exposure at the measurement date.

The Company also has certain derivative instruments associated with the Bank’s mortgage-banking activities. These derivative instruments include interest rate lock commitments on prospective residential mortgage loans and forward commitments to sell these loans to investors on a best efforts delivery basis and To Be Announced securities for mandatory delivery contracts. The fair value of these derivative instruments is measured using observable market prices for similar instruments and is classified as a level 2 measurement.

The Company’s Level 3 liability consists of a derivative contract with the purchaser of 192,163 shares of Visa Class B common stock. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company retains the risks associated with the ultimate conversion of the Visa Class B common shares into shares of Visa Class A common stock, such that the counterparty will be compensated for any dilutive adjustments to the conversion ratio and the Company will be compensated for any anti-dilutive adjustments to the ratio. The agreement also requires periodic payments by the Company to the counterparty calculated by reference to the market price of Visa Class A common shares at the time of sale and a fixed rate of interest that steps up once after the eighth scheduled quarterly payment. The fair value of the liability is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement are the Company’s own assumptions about estimated changes in the conversion rate of the Visa Class B common shares into Visa Class A common shares, the date on which such conversion is expected to occur and the estimated growth rate of the Visa Class A common share price. Refer to Note 6 – Derivatives for information about the derivative contract with the counterparty.

The Company believes its valuation methods for its assets and liabilities carried at fair value are appropriate; however, the use of different methodologies or assumptions, particularly as applied to Level 3 assets and liabilities, could have a material effect on the computation of their estimated fair values.

Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements and Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The table below presents a rollforward of the amounts on the consolidated balance sheets for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and the year ended December 31, 2020 for financial instruments of a material nature that are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

The table below provides an overview of the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in those techniques to measure the financial instrument measured on a recurring basis and classified within Level 3 of the valuation. The range of sensitivities that management utilized in its fair value calculations is deemed acceptable in the industry with respect to the identified financial instrument.

($ in thousands)
	Fair Value
Level 3 Class	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Derivative liability	$	4,867	$	5,645
Valuation technique	Discounted cash flow		Discounted cash flow
Unobservable inputs:
Visa Class A appreciation - range	6-12%		6%-12%
Visa Class A appreciation - weighted average	9%		9%
Conversion rate - range	1.62x-1.60x		1.62x-1.60x
Conversion rate -weighted average	1.6114x		1.6114x
Time until resolution	3-30 months		3-36 months

The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers between valuation hierarchy levels as of the end of a reporting period

Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Collateral-dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss are level 2 assets measured at the fair value of the underlying collateral based on independent third-party appraisals that take into consideration market-based information such as recent sales activity for similar assets in the property’s market.

Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, including both foreclosed property and surplus banking property, are level 3 assets that are adjusted to fair value, less estimated selling costs, upon transfer from loans or property and equipment. Subsequently, other real estate owned and foreclosed assets is carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated selling costs. Fair values are determined by sales agreement or third-party appraisals as discounted for estimated selling costs, information from comparable sales, and marketability of the assets.

The fair value information presented below is not as of the period end, rather it was as of the date the fair value adjustment was recorded during the twelve months for each of the dates presented below, and excludes nonrecurring fair value measurements of assets no longer on the balance sheet.

The following tables present the Company’s financial assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for each of the fair value hierarchy levels.

	June 30, 2021
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Collateral-dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$	—	$	24,977	$	—	$	24,977
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, net		—		—		10,201		10,201
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	24,977	$	10,201	$	35,178

	December 31, 2020
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Collateral-dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$	—	$	60,451	$	—	$	60,451
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, net		—		—		11,648		11,648
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	60,451	$	11,648	$	72,099

Accounting guidance from the FASB requires the disclosure of estimated fair value information about certain on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments, including those financial instruments that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis. The significant methods and assumptions used by the Company to estimate the fair value of financial instruments are discussed below.

Cash, Short-Term Investments and Federal Funds Sold – For these short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Securities – The fair value measurement for securities available for sale was discussed earlier in the note. The same measurement techniques were applied to the valuation of securities held to maturity.

Loans, Net – The fair value measurement for certain impaired loans was described earlier in this note. For the remaining portfolio, fair values were generally determined by discounting scheduled cash flows using discount rates determined with reference to current market rates at which loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers of similar credit quality.

Loans Held for Sale – these loans are either carried under the fair value option or at the lower of cost or market, which is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Deposits – The accounting guidance requires that the fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking and savings accounts, be assigned fair values equal to amounts payable upon demand (“carrying amounts”). The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

Federal Funds Purchased and Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase – For these short-term liabilities, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Short-Term FHLB Borrowings – The fair value is estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows using current market rates at which borrowings with similar terms and options could be obtained.

Long-Term Debt – The fair value is estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows using current market rates at which debt with similar terms could be obtained.

Derivative Financial Instruments – The fair value measurement for derivative financial instruments was described earlier in this note.

The following tables present the estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments by fair value hierarchy levels and the corresponding carrying amounts:

	June 30, 2021
							Total Fair		Carrying
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value		Amount
Financial assets:
Cash, interest-bearing bank deposits, and federal funds sold	$	2,705,379	$	—	$	—	$	2,705,379	$	2,705,379
Available for sale securities		—		7,300,421		—		7,300,421		7,300,421
Held to maturity securities		—		1,420,107		—		1,420,107		1,332,712
Loans, net		—		24,977		20,810,007		20,834,984		20,748,862
Loans held for sale		—		90,002		—		90,002		90,002
Derivative financial instruments		—		109,453		—		109,453		109,453
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	—		—		29,243,783		29,243,783	$	29,273,107
Federal funds purchased		4,400		—		—		4,400		4,400
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		412,108		—		—		412,108		412,108
FHLB short-term borrowings		—		1,129,906		—		1,129,906		1,100,000
Long-term debt		—		261,963		—		261,963		248,052
Derivative financial instruments		—		39,451		4,867		44,318		44,318

	December 31, 2020
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Fair Value		Carrying Amount
Financial assets:
Cash, interest-bearing bank deposits, and federal funds sold	$	1,860,092	$	—	$	—	$	1,860,092	$	1,860,092
Available for sale securities		—		5,999,327		—		5,999,327		5,999,327
Held to maturity securities		—		1,467,581		—		1,467,581		1,357,170
Loans, net		—		60,451		21,472,933		21,533,384		21,339,754
Loans held for sale		—		136,063		—		136,063		136,063
Derivative financial instruments		—		150,180		—		150,180		150,180
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	—	$	—	$	27,679,321	$	27,679,321	$	27,697,877
Federal funds purchased		300		—		—		300		300
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		567,213		—		—		567,213		567,213
FHLB short-term borrowings		—		1,147,335		—		1,147,335		1,100,000
Long-term debt		—		404,880		—		404,880		378,322
Derivative financial instruments		—		49,612		5,645		55,257		55,257