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Stock-Based Compensation
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Stock-Based Compensation  
Stock-Based Compensation

(12) Stock-Based Compensation

        We offer stock-based compensation through the use of stock options and restricted stock units ("RSUs"). We also offer an Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP").

        We grant stock options to employees and directors under our equity-based compensation plans with exercise prices that are not less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The terms of the stock option and RSU awards, including the vesting schedule of such awards, are determined at our discretion subject to the terms of the applicable equity-based compensation plan. Options granted over the last several years have generally been exercisable in four or five equal installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant with a maximum term of ten years. RSUs typically vest in four or five equal installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant or when certain performance targets are met. There are 13,500 shares of common stock authorized for awards under our 2003 Incentive Compensation Plan (the "Plan") plus available shares from a preexisting equity-based compensation plan, which plans were approved by our stockholders. We also have outstanding stock options granted as part of inducement stock option awards that were not approved by stockholders as permitted by applicable stock exchange rules. We record compensation cost for all stock options and RSUs based on the fair value at the grant date.

        Our ESPP allows for a total of up to 1,000 shares of Class A common stock to be purchased by eligible employees under offerings made each January 1 and July 1. Employees participate through payroll deductions up to a maximum of 15% of eligible compensation. The term of each offering period is six months and shares are purchased on the last day of the offering period at a discount to the stock's market value. Under an amendment to the ESPP adopted in 2006, the purchase price for offering periods beginning in 2007 represents a 15% discount on the closing price of the stock on the last day of the offering period (rather than a 15% discount on the lower of (x) the closing price of the stock on the first day of the offering period and (y) the closing price of the stock on the last day of the offering period). For offering periods held in 2011, 2010 and 2009, we issued a total of 72, 81, and 62 shares, respectively, of common stock at an average price of $8.50, $8.25 and $12.88 per share, respectively. As of December 31, 2011, we had approximately 442 shares of common stock available to be granted under the ESPP.

        The Company may grant certain awards the vesting of which is contingent upon the Company achieving certain performance targets. Upon determining that the performance target is probable, the fair value of the award is recognized over the service period, subject to potential adjustment.

        In connection with A. Lorne Weil becoming Chief Executive Officer, the Company entered into an amendment to his employment agreement effective December 2, 2010. Pursuant to the amendment, the Company awarded to Mr. Weil sign-on equity awards consisting of 1,000 stock options with an exercise price of $9.00 per share (representing an approximately 12% premium to the market value of our common stock on the date of grant) and a ten-year term and 1,000 RSUs, which awards have a four-year vesting schedule, with 25% scheduled to vest on December 31, 2011 and on each of the next three anniversaries of such date (such options and RSUs, the "time-vesting equity awards"). Mr. Weil was also awarded performance-conditioned awards consisting of 1,000 stock options with an exercise price of $8.06 per share (representing the market value of our common stock on the date of grant) and 1,000 RSUs, which awards have a five-year vesting schedule, with 20% of such options and RSUs scheduled to vest each year if specified performance targets are met (subject to certain "carryover" vesting provisions as described in the employment agreement amendment) (such performance-conditioned stock options and RSUs, the "performance-conditioned equity awards"). Delivery of shares in respect of any vested performance-vesting RSUs will occur on March 15, 2016. The performance-conditioned stock options will expire, and the performance-conditioned RSUs will be forfeited, on March 15, 2016 to the extent that such awards remain unvested on such date. Any performance-conditioned stock options that have vested by March 15, 2016 will expire ten years from the date of grant.

        In light of the shares that were returned to the pool of available shares under the Plan as a result of the completion of the stock option exchange offer described below, on August 18, 2011, the Company entered into an amendment to its employment agreement with Mr. Weil to eliminate (1) the Company's cash settlement obligation in respect of 200 time-vesting stock options and 500 time-vesting RSUs granted to Mr. Weil on December 2, 2010 that would have been triggered by the unavailability of shares under the Plan and (2) the non-exercisability and forfeiture provisions in respect of the 1,000 performance-conditioned stock options and the 1,000 performance-conditioned RSUs granted to Mr. Weil on December 2, 2010 that would have been triggered by the unavailability of shares under the Plan. All other terms of Mr. Weil's employment agreement relating to such equity awards (including the service and performance-based conditions to vesting, exercise and settlement thereof), as set forth in Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 3, 2010, are unchanged and remain in full force and effect.

        The elimination of the cash settlement obligation in respect of certain of Mr. Weil's awards as described above resulted in the re-classification of such awards from liability awards (i.e., where the award's fair value, which determines the measurement of the liability on the balance sheet, is re-measured at each reporting period until the award is settled, with fluctuations in the fair value recorded as increases or decreases in compensation expense) to equity awards (i.e., where the compensation expense related to the award is fixed at the grant date based on the award's grant-date fair value). The Company began recognizing compensation expense associated with Mr. Weil's performance-conditioned equity awards during the third quarter of 2011. Neither the performance targets associated with such awards nor the expensing of such awards is necessarily indicative of the Company's future results generally or for any period.

        In January 2011, the Company granted an aggregate of 475 equity awards to certain officers consisting of approximately 113 performance-conditioned stock options, approximately 113 time-vesting stock options (with an exercise price of $10.02 per share and a ten-year term) and 250 time-vesting stock options (with an exercise price of $9.98 per share and a ten-year term). In light of the shares that were returned to the pool of available shares under the Plan as a result of the completion of the stock option exchange offer described below, on August 18, 2011, the Company entered into amendments to its employment agreements with such officers to eliminate the non-exercisability and forfeiture provisions of such awards that would have been triggered by the unavailability of shares under the Plan. As a result of the elimination of such non-exercisability and forfeiture provisions, the Company began recognizing the compensation expense of the approximately 363 time-vesting stock options, which was not material to our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

        The equity awards that otherwise would have been forfeited or not exercisable and the equity awards that otherwise would have been settled in cash, as the case may be, to the extent that sufficient shares were not available under the Plan at the time of delivery of the underlying shares, were not deemed to be granted for accounting purposes as stock-based equity awards until the elimination of such forfeiture, non-exercisability and cash settlement provisions effective on August 18, 2011 (and are not reflected in the tables below as granted or outstanding prior to such date). We had approximately 1,596 shares available for grants of equity awards under our equity-based compensation plans (excluding 442 shares available under our employee stock purchase plan) as of December 31, 2011.

        On February 22, 2012, the Company granted approximately 494 RSUs to certain executives, which awards have a four-year vesting schedule, with 25% scheduled to vest each year if specified performance targets are met subject to certain "carryover" vesting provisions. The specified performance targets and the carryover vesting provisions are substantially identical to those applicable to Mr. Weil's performance-conditioned equity awards. The performance-conditioned RSUs will be forfeited on March 15, 2016 to the extent that such awards remain unvested on such date.

Stock Option Exchange Program

        On August 16, 2011, pursuant to our stockholder-approved stock option exchange offer, we accepted for exchange (and cancelled) options to purchase an aggregate of 4,918 shares of the Company's common stock (representing 97% of the total number of options eligible for exchange in the exchange offer) and, in exchange therefor, granted a total of 663 RSUs under the Plan. Under the terms of the exchange offer, eligible employees (including executive officers) and directors could exchange all (but not less than all) of their outstanding stock options with an exercise price greater than $11.99 that were granted before July 19, 2010, whether vested or unvested, for a lesser number of new RSUs based on the exchange ratios that were established in order to comply with the terms of the option exchange approved by our stockholders. The RSUs granted in connection with the exchange offer are scheduled to vest on the later of August 16, 2012 or the date on which the corresponding option would have vested. The option exchange offer did not result in significant incremental stock-based compensation expense.

Stock Options

        A summary of the changes in stock options outstanding under our equity-based compensation plans during 2011 is presented below:

 
  Number of
Options
  Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contract
Term (Years)
  Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
  Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
 

Options outstanding as of December 31, 2010

    6,751     6.0   $ 20.72   $ 1,814  
                   

Granted

    2,661         $ 8.69      

Exercised

    (200 )       $ 7.40   $ 344  

Canceled

    (5,344 )       $ 23.23      
                   

Options outstanding as of December 31, 2011

    3,868     8.3   $ 9.67   $ 3,876  
                   

Options exercisable as of December 31, 2011

    662     5.0   $ 13.48   $ 714  
                   

Options expected to vest after December 31, 2011

    3,203     9.0   $ 8.87   $ 3,161  
                   

        The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during 2011, 2010 and 2009 was $4.10, $3.63 and $5.85, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of the options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 was approximately $1,276 and $7,724, respectively.

        The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted-average assumptions used in the model are outlined in the following table:

 
  Year Ended
December 31,
 
 
  2011   2010   2009  

Assumptions:

                   

Expected volatility

    52 %   51 %   47 %

Risk-free interest rate

    1.9 %   2.6 %   2.3 %

Dividend yield

             

Expected life (in years)

    6     6     6  

        The computation of the expected volatility is based on historical daily stock prices over a period commensurate with the expected life of the option. Expected life is based on annual historical employee exercise behavior of option grants with similar vesting periods and option expiration data. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of zero-coupon U.S. Treasury securities of comparable terms. We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

        For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of approximately $6,300, $7,300 and $11,400, respectively, and the related tax benefit of approximately $2,400, $2,700 and $4,200, respectively, related to the vesting of stock options. At December 31, 2011, we had approximately $11,700 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense relating to unvested stock options that will be amortized over a weighted-average period of approximately two years. During the year ended December 31, 2011, we received approximately $529 in cash from the exercise of stock options. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from the exercise of stock options totaled approximately $195 for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Restricted Stock Units

        A summary of the changes in RSUs outstanding under our equity-based compensation plans during 2011 is presented below:

 
  Number of
Restricted
Stock
Units
  Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 

Unvested units as of December 31, 2010

    2,440   $ 15.13  

Granted

    3,341   $ 8.52  

Vested

    (912 ) $ 15.37  

Canceled

    (98 ) $ 13.58  
           

Unvested units as of December 31, 2011

    4,771   $ 10.49  
           

        The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during 2010 and 2009 was $12.74 and $12.77, respectively. The fair value of each RSU grant is based on the market value of our common stock at the time of grant. During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of approximately $15,200, $15,400 and $23,000, respectively, and the related tax benefits of approximately $5,700, $5,800 and $9,000, respectively, related to the vesting of RSUs. At December 31, 2011, we had approximately $37,700 of unrecognized stock-based compensation relating to unvested RSUs that will be amortized over a weighted-average period of approximately two years. The fair value at vesting date of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was approximately $8,600, $7,000 and $16,000, respectively.