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Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill. The table below presents changes to the carrying amount of goodwill by segment during the two-year period ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands).
 ResearchConferencesConsultingTotal
Balance at December 31, 2020 (1)$2,664,732 $184,091 $96,724 $2,945,547 
Additions due to an acquisition (2)11,486 — — 11,486 
Foreign currency translation impact(5,284)(70)(362)(5,716)
Balance at December 31, 2021 (1)2,670,934 184,021 96,362 2,951,317 
Additions due to an acquisition (2)4,617 — — 4,617 
Reclassified as held-for-sale (3)(16,000)— — (16,000)
Foreign currency translation impact(8,358)(70)(1,295)(9,723)
Balance at December 31, 2022 (1)$2,651,193 $183,951 $95,067 $2,930,211 
(1)The Company does not have any accumulated goodwill impairment losses.
(2)The additions were due to the acquisition of Pulse in June 2021 and UpCity in October 2022 See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestiture for additional information.
(3)Represents amounts reclassified to Assets Held for Sale due to the pending divestiture of the Company’s TalentNeuron business. See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestiture for additional information. The amount of goodwill allocated to the pending divestiture was determined using a relative fair value approach.

Finite-lived intangible assets. Changes in finite-lived intangible assets during the two-year period ended December 31, 2022 are presented in the tables below (in thousands).
December 31, 2022Customer
Relationships		Technology-relatedOther Total
Gross cost at December 31, 20211,096,358 61,216 10,436 $1,168,010 
Reclassified as held-for-sale (2)— (49,487)— (49,487)
Foreign currency translation impact(35,817)(529)— (36,346)
Gross cost1,060,541 11,200 10,436 1,082,177 
Accumulated amortization (3)(486,260)(5,600)(5,603)(497,463)
Balance at December 31, 2022$574,281 $5,600 $4,833 $584,714 
December 31, 2021Customer
Relationships		Technology-relatedContentOther Total
Gross cost at December 31, 2020$1,154,210 $110,597 $3,965 $10,614 $1,279,386 
Additions due to an acquisition (1)7,980 11,200 — 320 19,500 
Intangible assets fully amortized(61,422)(60,685)(3,965)(498)(126,570)
Foreign currency translation impact (4,410)104 — — (4,306)
Gross cost1,096,358 61,216 — 10,436 1,168,010 
Accumulated amortization (3)(413,266)(35,727)— (4,599)(453,592)
Balance at December 31, 2021$683,092 $25,489 $— $5,837 $714,418 
(1)The additions were due to the acquisition of Pulse in June 2021. See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestiture for additional information.
(2)Represents amounts reclassified to Assets Held for Sale due to the pending divestiture of the Company’s TalentNeuron business. See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestiture for additional information.
(3)Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the following periods: Customer relationships—6 to 13 years; Technology-related—3 to 7 years; and Other —4 to 11 years.

Amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets was $98.5 million, $109.6 million and $125.1 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense by year for finite-lived intangible assets is presented in the table below (in thousands).
2023$90,771 
202488,858 
202580,191 
202677,516 
202776,908 
2028 and thereafter170,470 
 $584,714