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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]  
Schedule of stock-based compensation expense by award type
The Company recognized the following amounts of stock-based compensation expense by award type and expense category in the periods indicated (in millions):
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
 
March 31,
Award type:
 
2017
 
2016
Stock appreciation rights
 
$
2.8

 
$
1.7

Common stock equivalents
 
0.2

 
0.2

Restricted stock units
 
19.6

 
13.6

Total (1)
 
$
22.6

 
$
15.5
Schedule of stock-based compensation expense by expense category
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
 
March 31,
Amount recorded in:
 
2017
 
2016
Cost of services and product development
 
$
9.3

 
$
7.6

Selling, general and administrative
 
13.3

 
7.9

Total (1)
 
$
22.6

 
$
15.5

 
(1)
Includes charges of $14.5 million and $10.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for awards to retirement-eligible employees since these awards vest on an accelerated basis.
Schedule of fair value assumptions of SARs
The fair value of the SARs is determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2017
 
2016
Expected dividend yield (1)
—
%
 
—
%
Expected stock price volatility (2)
22
%
 
22
%
Risk-free interest rate (3)
1.8
%
 
1.1
%
Expected life in years (4)
4.5

 
4.4

 
(1)
The dividend yield assumption is based on the history and expectation of the Company’s dividend payouts. Historically, the Company has not paid cash dividends on its Common Stock.

(2)
The determination of expected stock price volatility was based on both historical Common Stock prices and implied volatility from publicly traded options in the Common Stock.

(3)
The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of a U.S. Treasury security with a maturity similar to the expected life of the award.

(4)
The expected life represents the Company’s weighted-average estimate of the period of time the SARs are expected to be outstanding (that is, period between the service inception date and the expected exercise date).

Stock appreciation rights (SARs)  
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]  
Schedule of summary of the changes in SARS, RSUs, and CSEs outstanding
The following table summarizes changes in SARs outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2017:

 
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARS) (in millions)
 
Per Share
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
 
Per Share
Weighted-
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016
1.3

 
$
66.22

 
$
15.77

 
4.40
Granted
0.3

 
99.07

 
22.02

 
6.85
Exercised
—

 
—

 
—

 
n/a
Outstanding at March 31, 2017 (1), (2)
1.6

 
$
73.16

 
$
17.02

 
4.78
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2017 (2)
0.8

 
$
60.70

 
$
15.36

 
3.67
 
na=not applicable.

(1) As of March 31, 2017, 0.8 million of the SARs outstanding were unvested. The Company expects that substantially all of these unvested awards will vest in future periods.

(2) The total SARs outstanding as of March 31, 2017 had an intrinsic value of $54.2 million. SARs vested and exercisable had an intrinsic value of $36.4 million.
Restricted stock units (RSUs)  
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]  
Schedule of summary of the changes in SARS, RSUs, and CSEs outstanding
The following table summarizes the changes in RSUs outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2017:
 
Restricted
Stock Units
(RSUs)
(in millions)
 
Per Share
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2016
1.3

 
$
73.19

Granted (1)
0.5

 
99.14

Vested and released
(0.5
)
 
68.11

Forfeited
—

 
81.85

Outstanding at March 31, 2017 (2), (3)
1.3

 
$
84.40

 
(1)
The 0.5 million RSUs granted consisted of 0.2 million performance-based RSUs awarded to executives and 0.3 million service-based RSUs awarded to non-executive employees. The 0.2 million of performance-based RSUs represents the target amount of the grant for the year, which is tied to an increase in the Company's total contract value for 2017. The final number of performance-based RSUs that will ultimately be awarded for 2017 ranges from 0% to 200% of the target amount, with the final number dependent on the actual increase in total contract value for 2017 as measured on December 31, 2017. If the specified minimum level of achievement is not met, the performance-based RSUs will be forfeited in their entirety, and any compensation expense previously recorded will be reversed.

(2)
The Company expects that substantially all of the outstanding awards will vest in future periods.

(3)
The weighted-average remaining contractual term of the outstanding RSUs is approximately 1.8 years.
Common stock equivalents (CSEs)  
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]  
Schedule of summary of the changes in SARS, RSUs, and CSEs outstanding
The following table summarizes the changes in CSEs outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2017:
 
Common
Stock
Equivalents
(CSEs)
 
Per Share
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2016
107,338

 
$
20.74

Granted
1,592

 
108.95

Converted to common shares upon grant
(1,161
)
 
108.95

Outstanding at March 31, 2017
107,769

 
$
21.09