Stock-Based Compensation (Notes)

3 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2022

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

Stock-Based Compensation

Incentive Stock Plans

The Company has an incentive stock plan under which the Board of Directors may grant nonqualified stock options to purchase shares of Class A Nonvoting Common Stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance-based restricted stock units ("PRSUs"), or restricted and unrestricted shares of Class A Nonvoting Common Stock to employees and non-employee directors. Certain awards may be subject to pre-established performance goals. The majority of the Company’s annual share-based awards are granted in the first quarter of the fiscal year.

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was $2,958 and $4,129, respectively. The total income tax benefit recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income was $192 and $199 during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Stock Options

The stock options issued under the plan have an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company's stock at the date of the grant and generally vest ratably over three years, with one-third becoming exercisable one year after the grant date and one-third additional in each of the succeeding two years. Options issued under the plan, referred to herein as “time-based” options, generally expire ten years from the date of grant.

The Company has estimated the fair value of its time-based option awards granted during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes valuation model are reflected in the following table:

	Three months ended October 31,
Black-Scholes Option Valuation Assumptions	2022		2021
Expected term (in years)	5.7		6.1
Expected volatility	29.6	%	30.0	%
Expected dividend yield	2.0	%	2.3	%
Risk-free interest rate	3.7	%	1.0	%

The following is a summary of stock option activity for the three months ended October 31, 2022:

Time-Based Options	Options Outstanding	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at July 31, 2022	1,591,525	$	41.57
Granted	147,629	43.50
Exercised	(22,494)	30.48
Forfeited	(10,247)	45.41
Outstanding at October 31, 2022	1,706,413	$	41.86	6.4	$	9,729
Exercisable at October 31, 2022	1,270,763	$	40.67	5.4	$	8,851

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was $12.06 and $11.29, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was $364 and $319, respectively. The total fair value of stock options vested during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was $2,458 and $2,446, respectively.

The cash received from the exercise of stock options during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was $349 and $151, respectively. The tax benefit from the exercise of stock options during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was $91 and $80, respectively.

As of October 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options was $2,898 pre-tax, net of estimated forfeitures, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years.

RSUs

RSUs issued under the plan have a grant date fair value equal to the market price of the Company's stock at the date of grant and generally vest ratably over three years, with one-third vesting one year after the grant date and one-third additional in each of the succeeding two years.

The following is a summary of RSU activity for the three months ended October 31, 2022:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested RSUs as of July 31, 2022	173,230	$	47.45
Granted	62,197	44.70
Vested	(61,316)	47.50
Forfeited	(2,585)	45.03
Non-vested RSUs as of October 31, 2022	171,526	$	46.47

The RSUs granted during the three months ended October 31, 2021 had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $49.85. The total fair value of RSUs vested during three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was $2,608 and $3,380, respectively.

As of October 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs was $5,029 pre-tax, net of estimated forfeitures, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.

PRSUs

PRSUs are contingent on the achievement of predetermined market and performance targets. The PRSUs granted under the plan vest at the end of a three-year performance period provided the specified market and performance targets are met. For the PRSUs granted during the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, the vesting criteria for 50% of the grant is based upon the Company's total shareholder return ("TSR") relative to the S&P 600 SmallCap Industrials Index over a three-year performance period, and the vesting criteria for the other 50% of the grant is based upon Company revenue targets. All other previously granted non-vested PRSUs vest based upon the Company's TSR relative to the S&P 600 SmallCap Industrials Index.

The Company calculates the fair value of each component of the applicable PRSUs individually. The fair value of the revenue target metric, which is a performance condition, is equal to the average of the high and low stock price on the grant date. The fair value of the TSR metric, which is a market condition, is determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo valuation model are reflected in the following table:

	Three months ended October 31,
Monte Carlo Valuation Assumptions	2022		2021
Expected volatility	34.8	%	34.7	%
Risk-free interest rate	2.8	%	0.3	%

The following is a summary of PRSU activity for the three months ended October 31, 2022:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested PRSUs as of July 31, 2022	79,134	$	66.79
Granted	44,110	55.77
Vested	(18,959)	75.00
Forfeited	(16,332)	71.99
Non-vested PRSUs as of October 31, 2022	87,953	$	58.63

The PRSUs granted during the three months ended October 31, 2021 had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $61.76. The total fair value of PRSUs vested during three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was $889 and $4,098, respectively.

As of October 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to PRSUs was $2,889 pre-tax, net of estimated forfeitures, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.