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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
 
The provision for income taxes is comprised of the following:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
Current (benefit) expense
 
$
(15,771
)

$
12,959

Deferred expense
 
29,324

 
4,158

Total income tax provision
 
$
13,553

 
$
17,117



The following table presents a reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax rate:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
Statutory federal income tax rate
 
21.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
Income tax effect of:
 
 

 
 

Investment income not subject to federal tax
 
(2.2
)%
 
(3.3
)%
Tax credits
 
(0.6
)%
 
(0.8
)%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
 
2.8
 %
 
1.8
 %
Other, net
 
0.8
 %
 
0.3
 %
Effective income tax rate
 
21.8
 %
 
33.0
 %


The effective income tax rate from continuing operations was 21.8 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared with 33 percent for the same period in 2017. The decrease in effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017, was primarily the result of the passage of the Tax Reconciliation Act, which reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018.

The Company recorded an increase of $962 and an increase of $1,994 in unrecognized tax benefits during the three months ended March 31, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The Company anticipates additional increases to its unrecognized tax benefits of $3,000 to $4,000 in the next twelve months. The Company expects that the majority of the increase in its unrecognized tax benefits will not impact the effective tax rate.
 
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years 2013 and prior.  Tax years 2014 through 2016 are open to federal examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”).  The Company does not expect significant increases or decreases to unrecognized tax benefits relating to federal, state, or local audits.