The company had an effective tax rate of 4.7% and 21.9% on losses before tax for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to an expected benefit of 21.0% on the pre-tax loss for each period. The company had an effective tax rate of 19.5% and 17.8% on losses before tax for the three and six months ended and June 30, 2019, respectively, compared to an expected benefit for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 of 21.0% on the pre-tax loss for each period. The company's effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 were unfavorable as compared to the U.S. federal statutory rate expected benefit, principally due to the negative impact of the company not being able to record tax benefits related to the significant losses in countries which had tax valuation allowances. The effective tax rate was increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 by certain taxes outside the United States, excluding countries with tax valuation allowances, that were at an effective rate higher than the U.S. statutory rate, except for the gain on the disposition of the Dynamic group which was not taxable locally. In addition, the company had accrued withholding taxes on earnings of its Chinese subsidiary based on the expectation of not permanently reinvesting those earnings. The sale of this entity, without such distribution resulted in the reversal of this accrual in the amount of $988,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020.