UDR has entered into joint ventures and partnerships with unrelated third parties to own, operate, acquire, renovate, develop, redevelop, dispose of, and manage real estate assets that are either consolidated and included in Real estate owned on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or are accounted for under the equity method of accounting, and are included in Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company consolidates the entities that we control as well as any variable interest entity where we are the primary beneficiary. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.

UDR’s joint ventures and partnerships are funded with a combination of debt and equity. Our losses are typically limited to our investment and except as noted below, the Company does not guarantee any debt, capital payout or other obligations associated with our joint ventures and partnerships.

The Company recognizes earnings or losses from our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships consisting of our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the joint ventures and partnerships. In addition, we may earn fees for providing management services to the unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships.

The following table summarizes the Company’s investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, net, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

(a)

The Developer Capital Program is the program through which the Company makes investments, including preferred equity investments, mezzanine loans or other structured investments that may receive a fixed yield on the investment and may include provisions pursuant to which the Company participates in the increase in value of the property upon monetization of the applicable property and/or holds fixed price purchase options.

(b)	Represents UDR’s maximum funding commitment only and therefore excludes other activity such as income from investments.

(c)

In January 2020, the Company increased its ownership interest from 49% to 100% in the 276 apartment home operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon, for a cash purchase price of approximately $21.6 million. As a result, the Company consolidated the operating community and it is no longer accounted for as a preferred equity investment in an unconsolidated joint venture (see Note 3, Real Estate Owned). In connection with the purchase, the Company repaid the joint venture’s construction loan of approximately $35.6 million.

(d)	The Company’s preferred equity investment receives a variable percentage of the value created from the project upon a capital or liquidating event.

(e)

In February 2020, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with an unaffiliated joint venture partner to develop and operate a 142 apartment home community in Thousand Oaks, CA. The Company’s preferred equity investment of up to $20.1 million earns a preferred return of 9.0% per annum and receives a variable percentage of the value created from the project upon a capital or liquidating event. The unaffiliated joint venture partner is the managing member of the joint venture and the developer of the community. The Company has concluded that it does not control the joint venture and, therefore, accounts for it under the equity method of accounting.

(f)	As of March 31, 2020, the Company’s negative investment in 13^th and Market Properties LLC of $3.3 million is included in Other UDR/MetLife Joint Ventures in the table above and recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had deferred fees of $9.0 million and $9.0 million, respectively, which will be recognized through earnings over the weighted average life of the related properties, upon the disposition of the properties to a third party, or upon completion of certain development obligations.

The Company recognized management fees of $1.4 million and $2.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, for management of the communities held by the joint ventures and partnerships. The management fees are included in Joint venture management and other fees on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company may, in the future, make additional capital contributions to certain of our joint ventures and partnerships should additional capital contributions be necessary to fund acquisitions or operations.

We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there may be an other-than-temporary decline in value. We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. The Company did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairments in the value of its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.

Combined summary balance sheets relating to the unconsolidated joint ventures’ and partnerships’ (not just our proportionate share) are presented below as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
Total real estate, net	$	1,868,502	$	1,901,081
Cash and cash equivalents		32,486		29,823
Other assets		180,893		172,941
Total assets	$	2,081,881	$	2,103,845

Third party debt, net	$	1,136,306	$	1,148,048
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		50,262		55,114
Total liabilities		1,186,568		1,203,162
Total equity	$	895,313	$	900,683

Combined summary financial information relating to the unconsolidated joint ventures’ and partnerships’ operations (not just our proportionate share) is presented below for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020		2019
Total revenues	$	41,314	$	81,532
Property operating expenses		15,297		30,312
Real estate depreciation and amortization		16,243		29,580
Operating income/(loss)		9,774		21,640
Interest expense		(10,347)		(21,924)
Net unrealized gain/(loss) on held investments		—		1,522
Other income/(loss)		(8)		103
Net income/(loss)	$	(581)	$	1,341

(1)