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Loans and the Allowance for Loan Losses
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Loans and the Allowance for Loan Losses [Abstract]  
Loans and the Allowance for Loan Losses
Note 4. Loans and the Allowance for Loan Losses

The following is a summary of the balances in each class of the Company's portfolio of loans held for investment as of the dates indicated:

  
September 30, 2018
  
December 31, 2017
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Mortgage loans on real estate:
      
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
110,133
  
$
101,021
 
Commercial
  
312,079
   
289,682
 
Construction
  
32,898
   
27,489
 
Second mortgages
  
17,874
   
17,918
 
Equity lines of credit
  
57,069
   
56,610
 
Total mortgage loans on real estate
  
530,053
   
492,720
 
Commercial and industrial loans
  
67,772
   
60,398
 
Consumer automobile loans
  
125,166
   
119,251
 
Other consumer loans
  
45,732
   
54,974
 
Other
  
10,712
   
11,197
 
Total loans, net of deferred fees (1)
  
779,435
   
738,540
 
Less: Allowance for loan losses
  
(10,231
)
  
(9,448
)
Loans, net of allowance and deferred fees and costs (1)
 
$
769,204
  
$
729,092
 

(1) Net deferred loan fees totaled $849 thousand and $916 thousand at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Overdrawn deposit accounts are reclassified as loans and included in the Other category in the table above. Overdrawn deposit accounts, excluding internal use accounts, totaled $605 thousand and $424 thousand at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Acquired Loans

The Company had no acquired loans as of December 31, 2017. The outstanding principal balance and the carrying amount of total acquired loans included in the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 are as follows:

 
September 30, 2018
 
 
(in thousands)
 
Outstanding principal balance
 
$
30,595
 
Carrying amount
  
30,038
 


The outstanding principal balance and related carrying amount of acquired impaired loans, for which the Company applies FASB ASC 310-30 to account for interest earned, as of September 30, 2018 are as follows:

 
September 30, 2018
 
 
(in thousands)
 
Outstanding principal balance
 
$
679
 
Carrying amount
  
448
 


The following table presents changes in the accretable yield on acquired impaired loans, for which the Company applies FASB ASC 310-30, at September 30, 2018:

  
September 30, 2018
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Balance at January 1, 2018
 
$
-
 
Additions from acquisition of Citizens
  
110
 
Accretion
  
(18
)
Other changes, net
  
-
 
Balance at end of period
 
$
92
 


CREDIT QUALITY INFORMATION

The Company uses internally-assigned risk grades to estimate the capability of borrowers to repay the contractual obligations of their loan agreements as scheduled or at all. The Company's internal risk grade system is based on experiences with similarly graded loans. Credit risk grades are updated at least quarterly as additional information becomes available, at which time management analyzes the resulting scores to track loan performance.

The Company's internally assigned risk grades are as follows:

Pass: Loans are of acceptable risk.
Other Assets Especially Mentioned (OAEM): Loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention.
Substandard: Loans reflect significant deficiencies due to several adverse trends of a financial, economic or managerial nature.
Doubtful: Loans have all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard loan with added characteristics that make collection or liquidation in full based on currently existing facts, conditions and values highly questionable or improbable.
Loss: Loans have been identified for charge-off because they are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted.


The following table presents credit quality exposures by internally assigned risk ratings as of the dates indicated:

Credit Quality Information
 
As of September 30, 2018
 
(in thousands)
 
  
Pass
  
OAEM
  
Substandard
  
Doubtful
  
Total
 
Mortgage loans on real estate:
               
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
108,270
  
$
-
  
$
1,863
  
$
-
  
$
110,133
 
Commercial
  
284,698
   
8,144
   
19,237
   
-
   
312,079
 
Construction
  
32,409
   
71
   
418
   
-
   
32,898
 
Second mortgages
  
17,535
   
-
   
339
   
-
   
17,874
 
Equity lines of credit
  
56,770
   
-
   
299
   
-
   
57,069
 
Total mortgage loans on real estate
  
499,682
   
8,215
   
22,156
   
-
   
530,053
 
Commercial and industrial loans
  
65,170
   
2,143
   
459
   
-
   
67,772
 
Consumer automobile loans
  
124,765
   
-
   
401
   
-
   
125,166
 
Other consumer loans
  
45,597
   
-
   
135
   
-
   
45,732
 
Other
  
10,712
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
10,712
 
Total
 
$
745,926
  
$
10,358
  
$
23,151
  
$
-
  
$
779,435
 

Credit Quality Information
 
As of December 31, 2017
 
(in thousands)
 
  
Pass
  
OAEM
  
Substandard
  
Doubtful
  
Total
 
Mortgage loans on real estate:
               
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
98,656
  
$
-
  
$
2,365
  
$
-
  
$
101,021
 
Commercial
  
264,275
   
10,526
   
14,881
   
-
   
289,682
 
Construction
  
26,694
   
74
   
721
   
-
   
27,489
 
Second mortgages
  
17,211
   
431
   
276
   
-
   
17,918
 
Equity lines of credit
  
56,318
   
-
   
292
   
-
   
56,610
 
Total mortgage loans on real estate
  
463,154
   
11,031
   
18,535
   
-
   
492,720
 
Commercial and industrial loans
  
58,091
   
1,469
   
838
   
-
   
60,398
 
Consumer automobile loans
  
119,211
   
-
   
40
   
-
   
119,251
 
Other consumer loans
  
54,926
   
-
   
48
   
-
   
54,974
 
Other
  
11,197
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
11,197
 
Total
 
$
706,579
  
$
12,500
  
$
19,461
  
$
-
  
$
738,540
 

AGE ANALYSIS OF PAST DUE LOANS BY CLASS

All classes of loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Interest and fees continue to accrue on past due loans until the date the loan is placed in nonaccrual status, if applicable. The following table includes an aging analysis of the recorded investment in past due loans as of the dates indicated. Also included in the table below are loans that are 90 days or more past due as to interest and principal and still accruing interest, because they are well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans in nonaccrual status that are also past due are included in the aging categories in the table below.

Age Analysis of Past Due Loans as of September 30, 2018
 
  
30 - 59
Days Past
Due
  
60 - 89
Days Past
Due
  
90 or More
Days Past
Due
  
Acquired Impaired
  
Total
Current
Loans (1)
  
Total
Loans
  
Recorded
Investment
> 90 Days
Past Due
and
Accruing
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Mortgage loans on real estate:
                     
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
460
  
$
655
  
$
860
  
$
347
  
$
107,811
  
$
110,133
  
$
429
 
Commercial
  
445
   
710
   
4,707
   
101
   
306,116
   
312,079
   
149
 
Construction
  
-
   
-
   
418
   
-
   
32,480
   
32,898
   
-
 
Second mortgages
  
119
   
149
   
189
   
-
   
17,417
   
17,874
   
96
 
Equity lines of credit
  
790
   
91
   
1,011
   
-
   
55,177
   
57,069
   
962
 
Total mortgage loans on real estate
  
1,814
   
1,605
   
7,185
   
448
   
519,001
   
530,053
   
1,636
 
Commercial loans
  
214
   
600
   
559
   
-
   
66,399
   
67,772
   
419
 
Consumer automobile loans
  
1,221
   
196
   
52
   
-
   
123,697
   
125,166
   
51
 
Other consumer loans
  
778
   
886
   
2,198
   
-
   
41,870
   
45,732
   
2,198
 
Other
  
76
   
10
   
10
   
-
   
10,616
   
10,712
   
10
 
Total
 
$
4,103
  
$
3,297
  
$
10,004
  
$
448
  
$
761,583
  
$
779,435
  
$
4,314
 

(1) For purposes of this table, Total Current Loans includes loans that are 1 - 29 days past due.

In the table above, the past due totals include student loans and small business loans with principal and interest amounts that are 97 - 100% guaranteed by the federal government. The past due principal portion of these guaranteed loans totaled $3.9 million at September 30, 2018.

Age Analysis of Past Due Loans as of December 31, 2017
 
  
30 - 59
Days Past
Due
  
60 - 89
Days Past
Due
  
90 or More
Days Past
Due
  
Total
Current
Loans (1)
  
Total
Loans
  
Recorded
Investment
> 90 Days
Past Due
and
Accruing
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Mortgage loans on real estate:
                  
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
229
  
$
153
  
$
1,278
  
$
99,361
  
$
101,021
  
$
261
 
Commercial
  
194
   
771
   
1,753
   
286,964
   
289,682
   
-
 
Construction
  
-
   
-
   
721
   
26,768
   
27,489
   
-
 
Second mortgages
  
15
   
-
   
163
   
17,740
   
17,918
   
45
 
Equity lines of credit
  
75
   
19
   
53
   
56,463
   
56,610
   
-
 
Total mortgage loans on real estate
  
513
   
943
   
3,968
   
487,296
   
492,720
   
306
 
Commercial loans
  
709
   
-
   
1,060
   
58,629
   
60,398
   
471
 
Consumer automobile loans
  
517
   
122
   
41
   
118,571
   
119,251
   
41
 
Other consumer loans
  
2,222
   
544
   
2,360
   
49,848
   
54,974
   
2,360
 
Other
  
84
   
9
   
4
   
11,100
   
11,197
   
4
 
Total
 
$
4,045
  
$
1,618
  
$
7,433
  
$
725,444
  
$
738,540
  
$
3,182
 

(1) For purposes of this table, Total Current Loans includes loans that are 1 - 29 days past due.

In the table above, the other consumer loans category includes student loans with principal and interest amounts that are 97 - 98% guaranteed by the federal government. The past due principal portion of these guaranteed loans totaled $4.2 million at December 31, 2017.

Although the portions of the student and small business loan portfolios that are 90 days or more past due would normally be considered impaired, the Company does not include these loans in its impairment analysis. Because the federal government has provided guarantees of repayment of these student and small business loans in an amount ranging from 97% to 100% of the total principal and interest of the loans, management does not expect significant increases in delinquencies of these loans to have a material effect on the Company.

NONACCRUAL LOANS

The Company generally places commercial loans (including construction loans and commercial loans secured and not secured by real estate) in nonaccrual status when the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain, part of the principal balance has been charged off and no restructuring has occurred or the loan reaches 90 days past due, unless the credit is well-secured and in the process of collection.

Under regulatory rules, consumer loans, which are loans to individuals for household, family and other personal expenditures, and consumer loans secured by real estate (including residential 1 - 4 family mortgages, second mortgages, and equity lines of credit) are not required to be placed in nonaccrual status. Although consumer loans and consumer loans secured by real estate are not required to be placed in nonaccrual status, the Company may elect to place these loans in nonaccrual status, if necessary to avoid a material overstatement of interest income. Generally, consumer loans secured by real estate are placed in nonaccrual status only when payments are 120 days past due.

Generally, consumer loans not secured by real estate are placed in nonaccrual status only when part of the principal has been charged off. If a charge-off has not occurred sooner for other reasons, a consumer loan not secured by real estate will generally be placed in nonaccrual status when payments are 120 days past due. These loans are charged off or written down to the net realizable value of the collateral when deemed uncollectible, when classified as a "loss," when repayment is unreasonably protracted, when bankruptcy has been initiated, or when the loan is 120 days or more past due unless the credit is well-secured and in the process of collection.

When management places a loan in nonaccrual status, the accrued unpaid interest receivable is reversed against interest income and the loan is accounted for by the cash basis or cost recovery method, until it qualifies for return to accrual status or is charged off. Generally, loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured, or when the borrower has resumed paying the full amount of the scheduled contractual interest and principal payments for at least six months.

The following table presents loans in nonaccrual status by class of loan as of the dates indicated:

Nonaccrual Loans by Class
 
  
September 30, 2018
  
December 31, 2017
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Mortgage loans on real estate
      
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
1,283
  
$
1,447
 
Commercial
  
10,498
   
9,468
 
Construction
  
418
   
721
 
Second mortgages
  
203
   
118
 
Equity lines of credit
  
299
   
292
 
Total mortgage loans on real estate
  
12,701
   
12,046
 
Commercial loans
  
308
   
836
 
Total
 
$
13,009
  
$
12,882
 

No acquired impaired loans were on nonaccrual status at September 30, 2018.

The following table presents the interest income that the Company would have earned under the original terms of its nonaccrual loans and the actual interest recorded by the Company on nonaccrual loans for the periods presented:

 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
 
2018
  
2017
 
 
(in thousands)
 
Interest income that would have been recorded under original loan terms
 
$
388
  
$
311
 
Actual interest income recorded for the period
  
249
   
179
 
Reduction in interest income on nonaccrual loans
 
$
139
  
$
132
 

TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS

The Company's loan portfolio includes certain loans that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR), where economic concessions have been granted to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from the Company's loss mitigation activities and could include reduction in the interest rate below current market rates for borrowers with similar risk profiles, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions intended to maximize collection. The Company defines a TDR as nonperforming if the TDR is in nonaccrual status or is 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest at the report date.

When the Company modifies a loan, management evaluates any possible impairment as stated in the impaired loan section below.

The following table presents TDRs during the periods indicated, by class of loan. There were no troubled debt restructurings in the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018 or the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Troubled Debt Restructurings by Class
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
  
Number of Modifications
  
Recorded Investment Prior to Modification
  
Recorded Investment After Modification
  
Current Investment on September 30, 2017
 
  
(dollars in thousands)
 
Mortgage loans on real estate:
            
Residential 1-4 family
  
1
  
$
142
  
$
142
  
$
141
 
Commercial
  
2
   
3,663
   
3,663
   
3,653
 
Total
  
3
  
$
3,805
  
$
3,805
  
$
3,794
 


Of the loans restructured in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 one was given a below-market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics and two were granted terms that the Company would not otherwise extend to borrowers with similar risk characteristics. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had no outstanding commitments to disburse additional funds on any TDR. At September 30, 2018 the Company had no loans secured by residential 1 - 4 family real estate that were in the process of foreclosure. At December 31, 2017, residential 1 - 4 family real estate loans totaling $77 thousand were in the process of foreclosure.

In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no defaulting TDRs where the default occurred within twelve months of restructuring. The Company considers a TDR in default when any of the following occurs: the loan, as restructured, becomes 90 days or more past due; the loan is moved to nonaccrual status following the restructure; the loan is restructured again under terms that would qualify it as a TDR if it were not already so classified; or any portion of the loan is charged off.

All TDRs are factored into the determination of the allowance for loan losses and included in the impaired loan analysis, as discussed below.

IMPAIRED LOANS

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts when due from the borrower in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. Impaired loans include nonperforming loans and loans modified in a TDR. When management identifies a loan as impaired, the impairment is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, except when the sole or remaining source of repayment for the loan is the operation or liquidation of the collateral. In these cases, management uses the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs, when foreclosure is probable, instead of the discounted cash flows. If management determines that the value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through a specific allocation in the allowance or a charge-off to the allowance.

When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of an impaired loan is in doubt and the loan is in nonaccrual status, all payments are applied to principal under the cost-recovery method. For financial statement purposes, the recorded investment in the loan is the actual principal balance reduced by payments that would otherwise have been applied to interest. When reporting information on these loans to the applicable customers, the unpaid principal balance is reported as if payments were applied to principal and interest under the original terms of the loan agreements. Therefore, the unpaid principal balance reported to the customer would be higher than the recorded investment in the loan for financial statement purposes. When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of the impaired loan is not in doubt and the loan is in nonaccrual status, contractual interest is credited to interest income when received under the cash-basis method.
 
The following table includes the recorded investment and unpaid principal balances (a portion of which may have been charged off) for impaired loans, exclusive of acquired impaired loans, with the associated allowance amount, if applicable, as of the dates presented. Also presented are the average recorded investments in the impaired loans and the related amount of interest recognized for the periods presented. The average balances are calculated based on daily average balances.

Impaired Loans by Class
 
 
As of September 30, 2018
 
For the nine months ended
September 30, 2018
 
   
Recorded Investment
       
 
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 
Without
Valuation
Allowance
 
With
Valuation
Allowance
 
Associated
Allowance
 
Average
Recorded
Investment
 
Interest
Income
Recognized
 
 
(in thousands)
 
Mortgage loans on real estate:
            
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
2,139
  
$
1,924
  
$
93
  
$
47
  
$
2,123
  
$
63
 
Commercial
  
15,099
   
12,921
   
607
   
113
   
14,471
   
403
 
Construction
  
511
   
418
   
93
   
19
   
718
   
6
 
Second mortgages
  
547
   
397
   
131
   
14
   
510
   
11
 
Equity lines of credit
  
300
   
49
   
250
   
22
   
324
   
1
 
Total mortgage loans on real estate
  
18,596
   
15,709
   
1,174
   
215
   
18,146
   
484
 
Commercial loans
  
396
   
80
   
228
   
14
   
493
   
6
 
Other consumer loans
  
45
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
58
   
1
 
Total
 
$
19,037
  
$
15,789
  
$
1,402
  
$
229
  
$
18,697
  
$
491
 

Impaired Loans by Class
 
  
As of December 31, 2017
 
For the Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
    
Recorded Investment
       
  
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 
Without
Valuation
Allowance
 
With
Valuation
Allowance
 
Associated
Allowance
 
Average
Recorded
Investment
 
Interest
Income
Recognized
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Mortgage loans on real estate:
             
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
2,873
  
$
2,499
  
$
316
  
$
52
  
$
2,525
  
$
90
 
Commercial
  
15,262
   
11,622
   
1,644
   
1
   
13,541
   
579
 
Construction
  
814
   
721
   
92
   
18
   
406
   
23
 
Second mortgages
  
473
   
318
   
135
   
14
   
464
   
20
 
Equity lines of credit
  
293
   
53
   
239
   
10
   
261
   
-
 
Total mortgage loans on real estate
  
19,715
   
15,213
   
2,426
   
95
   
17,197
   
712
 
Commercial loans
  
1,115
   
836
   
-
   
-
   
1,388
   
30
 
Other consumer loans
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
41
   
-
 
Total
 
$
20,830
  
$
16,049
  
$
2,426
  
$
95
  
$
18,626
  
$
742
 

MONITORING OF LOANS AND EFFECT OF MONITORING FOR THE ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES

Loan officers are responsible for continual portfolio analysis and prompt identification and reporting of problem loans, which includes assigning a risk grade to each applicable loan at its origination and revising such grade as the situation dictates. Loan officers maintain frequent contact with borrowers, which should enable the loan officer to identify potential problems before other personnel. In addition, meetings with loan officers and upper management are held to discuss problem loans and review risk grades. Nonetheless, in order to avoid over-reliance upon loan officers for problem loan identification, the Company's loan review system provides for review of loans and risk grades by individuals who are independent of the loan approval process. Risk grades and historical loss rates (determined by migration analysis) by risk grades are used as a component of the calculation of the allowance for loan losses.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES

Management has an established methodology to determine the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses that assesses the risks and probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company segments the loan portfolio into categories as defined by Schedule RC-C of the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income Form 041 (Call Report).  Loans are segmented into the following pools: commercial, real estate-construction, real estate-mortgage, consumer and other loans. The Company also sub-segments the real estate-mortgage segment into four classes: residential 1-4 family, commercial real estate, second mortgages and equity lines of credit.

The Company uses an internally developed risk evaluation model in the estimation of the credit risk process. The model and assumptions used to determine the allowance are independently validated and reviewed to ensure that the theoretical foundation, assumptions, data integrity, computational processes and reporting practices are appropriate and properly documented.

Each portfolio segment has risk characteristics as follows:

·
Commercial: Commercial loans carry risks associated with the successful operation of a business or project, in addition to other risks associated with the ownership of a business. The repayment of these loans may be dependent upon the profitability and cash flows of the business. In addition, there is risk associated with the value of collateral other than real estate which may depreciate over time and cannot be appraised with as much precision.
·
Real estate-construction: Construction loans carry risks that the project will not be finished according to schedule, the project will not be finished according to budget and the value of the collateral may at any point in time be less than the principal amount of the loan. Construction loans also bear the risk that the general contractor, who may or may not be the loan customer, may be unable to finish the construction project as planned because of financial pressure unrelated to the project.
·
Real estate-mortgage: Residential mortgage loans and equity lines of credit carry risks associated with the continued credit-worthiness of the borrower and changes in the value of the collateral. Commercial real estate loans carry risks associated with the successful operation of a business if owner occupied. If non-owner occupied, the repayment of these loans may be dependent upon the profitability and cash flow from rent receipts.
·
Consumer loans: Consumer loans carry risks associated with the continued credit-worthiness of the borrowers and the value of the collateral. Consumer loans are more likely than real estate loans to be immediately adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy.
·
Other loans: Other loans are loans to mortgage companies, loans for purchasing or carrying securities, and loans to insurance, investment and finance companies. These loans carry risks associated with the successful operation of a business. In addition, there is risk associated with the value of collateral other than real estate which may depreciate over time, depend on interest rates or fluctuate in active trading markets.

Each segment of the portfolio is pooled by risk grade or by days past due. Consumer loans not secured by real estate and made to individuals for household, family and other personal expenditures are segmented into pools based on days past due, while all other loans, including loans to consumers that are secured by real estate, are segmented by risk grades. A historical loss percentage is then calculated by migration analysis and applied to each pool. The migration analysis applied to all pools is able to track the risk grading and historical performance of individual loans throughout a number of periods set by management, which provides management with information regarding trends (or migrations) in a particular loan segment. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 management used eight twelve-quarter migration periods.

Management also provides an allocated component of the allowance for loans that are specifically identified that may be impaired, and are individually analyzed for impairment. An allocated allowance is established when the present value of expected future cash flows from the impaired loan (or the collateral value or observable market price of the impaired loan) is lower than the carrying value of that loan.

Based on credit risk assessments and management's analysis of qualitative factors, additional loss factors are applied to loan balances. These additional qualitative factors include: economic conditions, trends in growth, loan concentrations, changes in certain loans, changes in underwriting, changes in management and changes in the legal and regulatory environment.

Acquired loans are recorded at their fair value at acquisition date without carryover of the acquiree's previously established ALL, as credit discounts are included in the determination of fair value. The fair value of the loans is determined using market participant assumptions in estimating the amount and timing of both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and then applying a market-based discount rate to those cash flows. During evaluation upon acquisition, acquired loans are also classified as either acquired impaired or acquired performing.

Acquired impaired loans reflect credit quality deterioration since origination, as it is probable at acquisition that the Company will not be able to collect all contractually required payments. These acquired impaired loans are accounted for under ASC 310-30, Receivables – Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. The acquired impaired loans are segregated into pools based on loan type and credit risk. Loan type is determined based on collateral type, purpose, and lien position. Credit risk characteristics include risk rating groups, nonaccrual status, and past due status. For valuation purposes, these pools are further disaggregated by maturity, pricing characteristics, and re-payment structure. Acquired impaired loans are written down at acquisition to fair value using an estimate of cash flows deemed to be collectible. Accordingly, such loans are no longer classified as nonaccrual even though they may be contractually past due because the Company expects to fully collect the new carrying values of such loans, which is the new cost basis arising from purchase accounting.

Acquired performing loans are accounted for under ASC 310-20, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The difference between the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at acquisition date (premium or discount) is amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the loans. If the acquired performing loan has revolving privileges, it is accounted for using the straight-line method; otherwise, the effective interest method is used.


ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES BY SEGMENT

The total allowance reflects management's estimate of losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The Company considers the allowance for loan losses of $10.2 million adequate to cover probable loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio at September 30, 2018.

The following table presents, by portfolio segment, the changes in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans for the periods presented. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES AND RECORDED INVESTMENT IN LOANS
 
(in thousands)
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2018
 
Commercial
  
Real Estate -
Construction
  
Real Estate -
Mortgage (1)
  
Consumer (2)
  
Other
  
Total
 
Allowance for Loan Losses:
                  
Balance at the beginning of period
 
$
1,889
  
$
541
  
$
5,217
  
$
1,644
  
$
157
  
$
9,448
 
Charge-offs
  
(81
)
  
-
   
(729
)
  
(502
)
  
(267
)
  
(1,579
)
Recoveries
  
136
   
-
   
127
   
189
   
61
   
513
 
Provision for loan losses
  
405
   
(401
)
  
1,336
   
214
   
295
   
1,849
 
Ending balance
 
$
2,349
  
$
140
  
$
5,951
  
$
1,545
  
$
246
  
$
10,231
 
Ending balance individually evaluated for impairment
 
$
14
  
$
19
  
$
196
  
$
-
  
$
-
  
$
229
 
Ending balance collectively evaluated for impairment
  
2,335
   
121
   
5,755
   
1,545
   
246
   
10,002
 
Ending balance acquired impaired loans
  
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
   
-
 
Ending balance
 
$
2,349
  
$
140
  
$
5,951
  
$
1,545
  
$
246
  
$
10,231
 
Loan Balances:
                        
Ending balance individually evaluated for impairment
 
$
308
  
$
511
  
$
16,372
  
$
-
  
$
-
  
$
17,191
 
Ending balance collectively evaluated for impairment
  
67,363
   
32,387
   
480,436
   
170,898
   
10,712
   
761,796
 
Ending balance acquired impaired loans
  
101
   
-
   
347
   
-
   
-
   
448
 
Ending balance
 
$
67,772
  
$
32,898
  
$
497,155
  
$
170,898
  
$
10,712
  
$
779,435
 


For the Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Commercial
  
Real Estate -
Construction
  
Real Estate -
Mortgage (1)
  
Consumer
  
Other
  
Total
 
Allowance for Loan Losses:
                  
Balance at the beginning of period
 
$
1,493
  
$
846
  
$
5,267
  
$
455
  
$
184
  
$
8,245
 
Charge-offs
  
(807
)
  
-
   
(1,934
)
  
(279
)
  
(267
)
  
(3,287
)
Recoveries
  
37
   
104
   
45
   
56
   
88
   
330
 
Provision for loan losses
  
1,166
   
(409
)
  
1,839
   
1,412
   
152
   
4,160
 
Ending balance
 
$
1,889
  
$
541
  
$
5,217
  
$
1,644
  
$
157
  
$
9,448
 
Ending balance individually evaluated for impairment
 
$
-
  
$
18
  
$
77
  
$
-
  
$
-
  
$
95
 
Ending balance collectively evaluated for impairment
  
1,889
   
523
   
5,140
   
1,644
   
157
   
9,353
 
Ending balance
 
$
1,889
  
$
541
  
$
5,217
  
$
1,644
  
$
157
  
$
9,448
 
Loan Balances:
                        
Ending balance individually evaluated for impairment
 
$
836
  
$
813
  
$
16,826
  
$
-
  
$
-
  
$
18,475
 
Ending balance collectively evaluated for impairment
  
59,562
   
26,676
   
448,405
   
174,225
   
11,197
   
720,065
 
Ending balance
 
$
60,398
  
$
27,489
  
$
465,231
  
$
174,225
  
$
11,197
  
$
738,540
 

(1) The real estate-mortgage segment includes residential 1 – 4 family, commercial real estate, second mortgages and equity lines of credit.
(2) The consumer segment includes consumer automobile loans.