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Note 1 - Business Activities and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2024

Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

Note 1 – Business activities and summary of significant accounting policies

Business activities

RF Industries, Ltd., together with its six wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, hereinafter the “Company”, ”we”, “us”, or “our”), primarily engages in the design, manufacture, and marketing of interconnect products and systems, including coaxial and specialty cables, fiber optic cables and connectors, and electrical and electronic specialty cables. For internal operating and reporting purposes, and for marketing purposes, as of the end of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024, we classified our operations into the following six divisions/subsidiaries: (i) The RF Connector and Cable Assembly division designs, manufactures and distributes coaxial connectors and cable assemblies that are integrated with coaxial connectors; (ii) Cables Unlimited, Inc., the subsidiary that manufactures custom and standard cable assemblies, complex hybrid fiber optic power solution cables, adapters, and electromechanical wiring harnesses for communication, computer, LAN, automotive and medical equipment; (iii) Rel-Tech Electronics, Inc., the subsidiary that designs and manufacturers cable assemblies and wiring harnesses for blue chip industrial, oilfield, instrumentation and military customers; (iv) C Enterprises, Inc., the subsidiary that designs and manufactures quality connectivity solutions to telecommunications and data communications distributors; (v) Schroff Technologies International, Ltd., the subsidiary that manufactures and markets intelligent thermal control systems used by telecommunications companies across the U.S. and Canada, and shrouds for small cell integration and installation, and (vi) Microlab, the subsidiary that designs and manufactures high-performance RF and Microwave products enabling signal distribution and deployment of in-building DAS (distributed antenna systems), wireless base stations and small cell networks. The Cables Unlimited and C Enterprises divisions are Corning Cables Systems CAH Connections^SM Gold Program members that are authorized to manufacture fiber optic cable assemblies that are backed by Corning Cables Systems’ extended warranty.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RF Industries, Ltd., Cables Unlimited, Inc. (“Cables Unlimited”), Rel-Tech Electronics, Inc. (“Rel-Tech”), C Enterprises, Inc. (“C Enterprises”), Schroff Technologies International, Ltd. (“Schrofftech”), and Microlab/FXR LLC (“Microlab”), wholly-owned subsidiaries of RF Industries, Ltd. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Revenue recognition

On November 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), (“ASC 606”) applying the modified retrospective method. The core principle of ASC 606 is that revenue should be recorded in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for goods or services promised to customers. Under ASC 606, we follow a five-step model to: (1) identify the contract with our customer; (2) identify our performance obligations in our contract; (3) determine the transaction price for our contract; (4) allocate the transaction price to our performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this accounting principle, we recognize revenue using the output method at a point in time when finished goods have been transferred to the customer and there are no other obligations to customers after the title of the goods have transferred. Title of goods are transferred based on shipping terms for each customer – for shipments with terms of FOB Shipping Point, title is transferred upon shipment; for shipments with terms of FOB Destination, title is transferred upon delivery.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the weighted average cost of accounting. Cost includes materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead related to the purchase and production of inventories. We regularly review inventory quantities on hand, future purchase commitments with our suppliers, and the estimated utility of our inventory. If our review indicates a reduction in utility below carrying value due to damage, physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes, we reduce our inventory to a new cost basis through a charge to cost of sales in the period in which it occurs. The determination of market value and the estimated volume of demand used in the lower of cost or market analysis requires significant judgment.

Property and equipment

Equipment, tooling and furniture are recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives (generally three to five years) using the straight-line method. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to operations in the period incurred.

Goodwill

Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to impairment analysis at least once annually, which we perform in October, or more frequently upon the occurrence of an event or when circumstances indicate that a reporting unit’s carrying amount is greater than its fair value.

We assess whether a goodwill impairment exists using both qualitative and quantitative assessments at the reporting level. Our qualitative assessment involves determining whether events or circumstances exist that indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If based on this qualitative assessment we determine it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we will not perform a quantitative assessment.

Under the quantitative assessment, the goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss should be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

We test our goodwill, trademarks and other indefinite-lived assets for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate these assets may be impaired. These events or circumstances require significant judgment and could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition and sale or disposition of all or a portion of a division. This analysis requires significant judgments, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business, estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of our weighted average cost of capital.

As of October 31, 2024 and 2023, we performed a quantitative impairment test analysis for the Microlab reporting unit.

No goodwill impairment was recorded in the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023.

Goodwill by reporting unit and reportable segment as of October 31, 2024 and 2023, is as follows:

Reporting Unit	Reportable Segment	Amount
Cables Unlimited	Custom Cabling	$	382,685
Rel-Tech	Custom Cabling		832,556
Schrofftech	Custom Cabling		1,127,189
RF Connector and Cable Assembly	RF Connector		125,000
Microlab	RF Connector		5,617,139
		$	8,084,569

Long-lived assets

We assess property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, which are considered definite-lived assets, for impairment. Definite-lived assets are reviewed when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If property and equipment and intangible assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized equals the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair market value.

We amortize our intangible assets with definite useful lives over their estimated useful lives and review these assets for impairment whenever there are impairment indicators.

As of October 31, 2024 and as of April 30, 2024, we performed an impairment test analysis for the Microlab goodwill reporting unit, as of October 31, 2023, we performed an impairment test analysis for the Microlab reporting unit and as of July 31, 2023, we performed an impairment test analysis for the Schrofftech reporting unit. As noted above, we test our goodwill, trademarks, and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, which we have traditionally done in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis when events or changes in circumstances suggest these assets may be impaired. Impairment is measured as the excess of the carrying value of the goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible asset over its fair value.

Impairment may result from a number of factors, including performance deterioration, negative cash flows from operations and/or changes in anticipated future cash flows, changes in business plans, adverse economic or market conditions, or other factors beyond our control. The amount of any impairment must be expensed as a charge to operations. Microlab’s operating results were below forecast for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 and the three and six-months ended April 30, 2024 triggered an impairment analysis. Microlab’s operating results were below forecast for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2023 and, Schrofftech’s operating results were below forecast for the three and nine-month ended July 31, 2023 triggered impairment analyses.

As of October 31, 2024, Microlab has a carrying value of $19.8 million, which includes $5.6 million in goodwill and $10.3 million in net amortizable intangible assets. The analyses performed included a blend of the income approach (discounted cash flow method) and market approach (guideline public company method) to reach an estimate of Microlab reporting unit fair value of $21.6 which is in excess of the reporting unit's carrying amount.

The analyses performed in blending the income approach and the market approach incorporates several significant judgments and assumptions about projected revenue and expenses growth, future operating margins, discount rates and the selection of guideline public companies. There are inherent uncertainties related to these assumptions and our judgment in applying them to the impairment analysis. Changes in certain events or circumstances could result in changes to our estimated fair values, and may result in future write-downs to the carrying values of these assets. Impairment charges could adversely affect our financial results, financial ratios and could limit our ability to obtain financing in the future.

No impairment was recorded for the years ended October 31, 2024 or 2023.

Fair value measurement

We measure at fair value certain financial assets and liabilities. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. GAAP specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair-value hierarchy:

Level 1— Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;

Level 2— Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

Level 3— Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

As of October 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amounts reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximated their carrying value due to their short-term nature.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets consist of the following as of October 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	2024			2023
Amortizable intangible assets:
Non-compete agreement (estimated life five years)	$	423		$	423
Accumulated amortization		(423	)		(378	)
		-			45

Customer relationships (estimated lives 7 - 15 years)		6,058			6,058
Accumulated amortization		(3,848	)		(3,461	)
		2,210			2,597

Backlog (estimated life one - two years)		327			327
Accumulated amortization		(327	)		(327	)
		-			-

Patents (estimated life 10 - 14 years)		368			368
Accumulated amortization		(208	)		(176	)
		160			192

Tradename (estimated life 15 years)		1,700			1,700
Accumulated amortization		(302	)		(189	)
		1,398			1,511

Proprietary technology (estimated life 10 years)		11,100			11,100
Accumulated amortization		(2,960	)		(1,850	)
		8,140			9,250

Totals	$	11,908		$	13,595

Non-amortizable intangible assets:
Trademarks	$	1,174		$	1,174

Amortization expense was $1,688,000 and $1,701,000 for the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The weighted-average amortization period for the amortizable intangible assets is 7.62 years.

There was no impairment to trademarks for the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023.

Estimated amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Year ending
October 31,	Amount
2025	$	1,643
2026		1,643
2027		1,643
2028		1,643
2029		1,639
Thereafter		3,697
Total	$	11,908

Advertising

We expense the cost of advertising and promotions as incurred. Advertising costs charged to operations were approximately $361,000 and $76,000 in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Research and development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Our research and development expenses relate to engineering activities, which consist of the design and development of new products for specific customers, as well as the design and engineering of new or redesigned products for the industry in general. During the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $2,782,000 and $3,151,000 in engineering expenses, respectively.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, based on the income tax laws and rates in the jurisdictions in which operations are conducted and income is earned. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. Developing the provision (benefit) for income taxes requires significant judgment and expertise in federal, international and state income tax laws, regulations and strategies, including the determination of deferred tax assets and liabilities and, if necessary, any valuation allowances that may be required for deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Management’s judgments and tax strategies are subject to audit by various taxing authorities.

We have adopted the provisions of ASC 740-10, which clarifies the accounting for uncertain tax positions. ASC 740-10 requires that we recognize the benefit of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in its tax returns in the consolidated financial statements when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by authorities. We recognize interest and penalties related to certain uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense and the accrued interest and penalties are included in deferred and income taxes payable in our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements included in this report for more information on the Company’s accounting for uncertain tax positions.

Stock options

For stock option grants to employees, we recognize compensation expense based on the estimated fair value of the options at the date of grant. Stock-based employee compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We issue previously unissued common shares upon the exercise of stock options.

For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, charges related to stock-based compensation amounted to approximately $924,000 and $898,000, respectively, and is classified in selling and general expense.

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net (loss) income applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The calculation of diluted earnings per share is similar to that of basic earnings per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all potentially dilutive common shares, principally those issuable upon the exercise of stock options, were issued and the treasury stock method had been applied during the period. The greatest number of shares potentially issuable upon the exercise of stock options in any period for the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, that were not included in the computation because they were anti-dilutive, totaled 874,816 and 811,135, respectively.

The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

	2024			2023
Numerators:
Consolidated net loss (A)	$	(6,599,000	)	$	(3,078,000	)

Denominators:
Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings per share (B)		10,481,835			10,283,449
Add effects of potentially dilutive securities - assumed exercise of stock options		-			-

Weighted average shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share (C)		10,481,835			10,283,449

Basic loss per share (A)/(B)	$	(0.63	)	$	(0.30	)

Diluted loss per share (A)/(C)	$	(0.63	)	$	(0.30	)

Recent accounting standards

Recently issued accounting pronouncements adopted:

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset(s) to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), which pushes back the effective date for public business entities that are smaller reporting companies, as defined by the SEC, to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The guidance was effective for the Company beginning on November 1, 2023 and the adoption of this standard had no material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted:

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for our fiscal year ending October 31, 2025, and for interim periods within our fiscal year ending October 31, 2026, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for our fiscal year ending October 31, 2026, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.