We report investments in unconsolidated entities over whose operating and financial policies we have the ability to exercise significant influence under the equity method of accounting. We are not required to consolidate these entities because our joint venture partners have significant participating rights, nor are these entities considered VIEs, as they are controlled by equity holders with sufficient capital. We invest in both real estate entities and operating entities which are described further below.

Through our Ventas Investment Management Platform, which combines our extensive third-party capital ventures under a single platform, we partner with third-party institutional investors to invest in healthcare real estate through various joint ventures and other co-investment vehicles where we are the sponsor or general partner.

Below is a summary of our investments in unconsolidated real estate entities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (dollars in thousands):


	Ownership (1)		Carrying Amount
	as of December 31,		as of December 31,
	2022	2021	2022		2021
Investment in unconsolidated real estate entities:
Ventas Life Science & Healthcare Real Estate Fund	21.0%	21.1%	$	263,979	$	267,475
Pension Fund Joint Venture	22.9%	22.9%	25,028		29,192
Research & Innovation Development Joint Venture	51.0%	51.0%	284,962		221,363
Ventas Investment Management Platform			573,969		518,030
Atrium Health & Wake Forest Joint Venture	48.5%	—%	5,403		—
All other (2)	34.0%-38.0%	34.0%-50.0%	577		5,435
Total investments in unconsolidated real estate entities			$	579,949	$	523,465

(1) The entities in which we have an ownership interest may have less than a 100% interest in the underlying real estate. The ownership percentages in the table reflect our interest in the underlying real estate. Joint venture members, including us in some instances, have equity participation rights based on the underlying performance of the investments, which could result in non pro rata distributions.

(2) Includes investments in land parcels, parking structures and other de minimis investments in unconsolidated real estate entities.

In 2022, we earned our first promote revenue of $9.9 million as general partner of the Ventas Life Science & Healthcare Real Estate Fund within VIM. The promote revenue was recorded in third party capital management revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

In 2022, we, together with our joint venture partners Wexford and Atrium Health, closed or committed to a new approximately 326,000 square foot development in Charlotte, North Carolina, which will include an education building and is 100% pre-leased to Aa3 rated non-profit health system Atrium Health and to Wake Forest University School of Medicine. The development has an expected completion date of 2025 and is expected to be the academic core of Atrium Health system in Charlotte.

We provide various services to our unconsolidated real estate entities in exchange for fees and reimbursements. Total management fees earned in connection with these services were $14.5 million, $12.4 million and $6.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Such amounts are included in third party capital management revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

We own investments in unconsolidated operating entities such as Ardent and Atria, which are included within other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our 34% ownership interest in Atria entitles us to customary minority rights and protections, including the right to appoint two members to the Atria Board of Directors. Our 9.8% ownership interest in Ardent entitles us to customary minority rights and protections, including the right to appoint one member to the Ardent Board of Directors.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, Atria combined its proprietary cloud-based senior housing management software platform, Glennis, with two other complementary companies in the Software as a Service (SaaS) technology space. The merger transaction was executed under the sponsorship and majority ownership of an experienced private equity technology investor. We own a 34% stake in Atria and recognized a $26.1 million gain on sale in the fourth quarter of 2022 in income from unconsolidated entities in our Consolidated Statements of Income. We now own nearly 10% of the new combined SaaS company.

In December 2022, we recognized $11.7 million in income from unconsolidated entities in our Consolidated Statements of Income relating to our share of a net gain on real estate disposition recognized by Ardent.

In June 2020, as a result of COVID-19, we recognized an impairment charge of $10.7 million related to our investment in an unconsolidated operating entity, which was recorded within allowance on loans receivable and investments in our Consolidated Statements of Income. See “Note 2 – Accounting Policies - COVID-19 Assessment.”