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INCOME TAXES
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2014
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
INCOME TAXES
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Code for every year beginning with the year ended December 31, 1999. We have also elected for certain of our subsidiaries to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS” or “TRS entities”), which are subject to federal and state income taxes. All entities other than the TRS entities are collectively referred to as “the REIT” within this Note 12.
Although the TRS entities have paid minimal cash federal income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2014, their federal income tax liabilities may increase in future periods as we exhaust net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and as our senior living operations reportable business segment grows. Such increases could be significant.
Our consolidated provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013 was an expense of $3.3 million and a benefit of $12.1 million, respectively. Our consolidated provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013 was an expense of $6.7 million and a benefit of $10.3 million, respectively. The income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2014 is due primarily to operating income at our TRS entities. The income tax benefit for the six months ended June 30, 2013 was due primarily to the release of valuation allowances against certain deferred tax assets of one of our TRS entities.
Realization of a deferred tax benefit related to NOLs depends in part upon generating sufficient taxable income in future periods. Our NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2024 with respect to our TRS entities and in 2016 for the REIT.
Each TRS is a tax paying component for purposes of classifying deferred tax assets and liabilities. Net deferred tax liabilities with respect to our TRS entities totaled $256.4 million and $250.2 million as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, and related primarily to differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of fixed and intangible assets and to NOL carryforwards.
Generally, we are subject to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the year ended December 31, 2010 and subsequent years and are subject to audit by state taxing authorities for the year ended December 31, 2009 and subsequent years. We are also subject to audit by the Canada Revenue Agency and provincial authorities generally for periods subsequent to 2008 related to entities acquired or formed in connection with our 2007 acquisition of Sunrise Senior Living Real Estate Investment Trust.