Loans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Receivables [Abstract]

Loans

Loans

The following table presents a summary of loans:

(Dollars in thousands)
December 31,	2024	2023
Commercial:
Commercial real estate (1)	$2,154,504	$2,106,359
Commercial & industrial (2)	542,474	605,072
Total commercial	2,696,978	2,711,431
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate (3)	2,126,171	2,604,478
Consumer:
Home equity	297,119	312,594
Other (4)	17,570	19,203
Total consumer	314,689	331,797
Total loans (5)	$5,137,838	$5,647,706

(1)CRE consists of commercial mortgages primarily secured by non-owner occupied income-producing property, as well as construction and development loans. Construction and development loans are made to businesses for land development or the on-site construction of industrial, commercial, or residential buildings.

(2)C&I consists of loans to businesses and individuals, a portion of which are fully or partially collateralized by real estate.

(3)Residential real estate consists of mortgage and homeowner construction loans secured by one- to four-family residential properties. Also, includes a $1.5 million negative basis adjustment associated with fair value hedges at December 31, 2024. See Note 9 for additional disclosure.

(4)Other consists of loans to individuals secured by general aviation aircraft and other personal installment loans.

(5)Includes net unamortized loan origination costs of $10.9 million and $13.0 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023 and net unamortized premiums on loans purchased from and serviced by other financial institutions of $242 thousand and $286 thousand, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The carrying value of loans excludes accrued interest receivable of $22.1 million and $22.9 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, loans amounting to $2.8 billion and $3.4 billion, respectively, were pledged as collateral to the FHLB under a blanket pledge agreement and to the FRBB for the discount window. See Note 13 for additional disclosure regarding borrowings.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is concentrated among borrowers in southern New England, and a substantial portion of the portfolio is collateralized by real estate in this area. The ability of single family residential and consumer borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the level of overall economic activity within the market area and real estate values. The ability of commercial borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is dependent on the general economy, as well as the health of the real estate economic sector in the Corporation’s market area.

Past Due Loans

Past due status is based on the contractual payment terms of the loan. The following tables present an aging analysis of past due loans, segregated by class of loans:

(Dollars in thousands)		Days Past Due
December 31, 2024	Current	30-59	60-89	90 or More	Total Past Due	Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$2,154,504	$—	$—	$—	$—	$2,154,504
Commercial & industrial	541,574	518	382	—	900	542,474
Total commercial	2,696,078	518	382	—	900	2,696,978
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	2,118,430	3,476	1,892	2,373	7,741	2,126,171
Consumer:
Home equity	294,172	1,630	410	907	2,947	297,119
Other	17,176	44	350	—	394	17,570
Total consumer	311,348	1,674	760	907	3,341	314,689
Total loans	$5,125,856	$5,668	$3,034	$3,280	$11,982	$5,137,838

(Dollars in thousands)		Days Past Due
December 31, 2023	Current	30-59	60-89	90 or More	Total Past Due	Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$2,106,359	$—	$—	$—	$—	$2,106,359
Commercial & industrial	605,062	10	—	—	10	605,072
Total commercial	2,711,421	10	—	—	10	2,711,431
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	2,596,362	4,369	1,738	2,009	8,116	2,604,478
Consumer:
Home equity	309,398	2,349	112	735	3,196	312,594
Other	19,180	20	3	—	23	19,203
Total consumer	328,578	2,369	115	735	3,219	331,797
Total loans	$5,636,361	$6,748	$1,853	$2,744	$11,345	$5,647,706

Included in past due loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were nonaccrual loans of $6.4 million and $6.9 million, respectively. In addition, all loans 90 days or more past due at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were classified as nonaccrual.

Nonaccrual Loans

The following is a summary of nonaccrual loans, segregated by class of loans:

(Dollars in thousands)
	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
	Nonaccrual Loans			Nonaccrual Loans
	With an ACL	Without an ACL	Total	With an ACL	Without an ACL	Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$10,053	$—	$10,053	$10,997	$21,830	$32,827
Commercial & industrial	515	—	515	—	682	682
Total commercial	10,568	—	10,568	10,997	22,512	33,509
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	9,743	1,024	10,767	8,495	1,131	9,626
Consumer:
Home equity	1,972	—	1,972	1,483	—	1,483
Other	—	—	—	—	—	—
Total consumer	1,972	—	1,972	1,483	—	1,483
Total	$22,283	$1,024	$23,307	$20,975	$23,643	$44,618
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due			$—			$—

Nonaccrual loans of $16.9 million and $37.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were current as to the payment of principal and interest.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, nonaccrual loans secured by one- to four-family residential property amounting to $1.0 million and $960 thousand, respectively, were in process of foreclosure.

There were no significant commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans were on nonaccrual status at December 31, 2024.

The following table presents interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans:

(Dollars in thousands)	Interest Income Recognized
Years Ended December 31,	2024	2023	2022
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$197	$2,719	$—
Commercial & industrial	8	59	—
Total commercial	205	2,778	—
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	542	466	398
Consumer:
Home equity	161	107	62
Other	—	4	3
Total consumer	161	111	65
Total	$908	$3,355	$463

Troubled Loan Modifications

In the course of resolving problem loans, the Corporation may choose to modify the contractual terms of certain loans. A loan that has been modified is considered a TLM when the modification is made to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty and the modification has a direct impact to the contractual cash flows. The decision to modify a loan, versus

aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan, may benefit the Corporation by increasing the ultimate probability of collection. Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include modified contractual terms that have a direct impact to contractual cash flows, including principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, maturity extensions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, or any combination thereof.

The following table presents the carrying value at December 31, 2024, of TLMs made during the year, segregated by class of loans and type of concession granted:

(Dollars in thousands)
	Maturity Extension	Other-than-Insignificant Payment Delay	Combination (1)	Total	% of Total Loan Class (2)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$3,340	$—	$6,713	$10,053	—	%
Commercial & industrial	515	5,000	—	5,515	1
Total commercial	3,855	5,000	6,713	15,568	1
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	—	260	—	260	—
Total	$3,855	$5,260	$6,713	$15,828	—	%

(1)Combination includes an interest rate reduction, payment deferral and maturity extension.

(2)Percentage of TLMs to the total loans outstanding within the respective loan class.

The following table presents the carrying value at December 31, 2023, of TLMs made during the year, segregated by class of loans and type of concession granted:

(Dollars in thousands)
	Maturity Extension	Other-than-Insignificant Payment Delay	Combination (1)	Total	% of Total Loan Class (2)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$13,780	$—	$8,050	$21,830	1	%
Commercial & industrial	—	—	—	—	—
Total commercial	13,780	—	8,050	21,830	1
Total	$13,780	$—	$8,050	$21,830	—	%

(1)Combination includes an interest rate reduction, payment deferral and maturity extension.

(2)Percentage of TLMs to the total loans outstanding within the respective loan class.

The following tables present the financial effect of TLMs made during the periods indicated, segregated by class of loans:

Year ended December 31, 2024	Financial Effect
Interest Rate Reduction:
Commercial real estate	Provided interest rate reduction by a weighted average rate of 3%
Maturity Extension:
Commercial real estate	Provided maturity extension for a weighted average period of 12 months
Commercial & industrial	Provided maturity extension for a weighted average period of 120 months
Other-than-Insignificant Payment Delay:
Commercial real estate	Provided payment delay for a weighted average period of 5 months
Commercial & industrial	Provided payment delay for a weighted average period of 12 months
Residential real estate	Provided payment delay for a weighted average period of 6 months

Year ended December 31, 2023	Financial Effect
Interest Rate Reduction:
Commercial real estate	Provided interest rate reduction by a weighted average rate of 3%
Maturity Extension:
Commercial real estate	Provided maturity extension for a weighted average period of 10 months
Other-than-Insignificant Payment Delay:
Commercial real estate	Provided payment delay for a weighted average period of 12 months

Management closely monitors the performance of TLMs to understand the effectiveness of the modifications. The following table presents an aging analysis as of the date indicated, of TLMs that have been modified in the past 12 months:

(Dollars in thousands)		Days Past Due
December 31, 2024	Current	30-59	60-89	Over 90	Total Past Due	Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$10,053	$—	$—	$—	$—	$10,053
Commercial & industrial	5,000	515	—	—	515	5,515
Total commercial	15,053	515	—	—	515	15,568
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	260	—	—	—	—	260
Total loans	$15,313	$515	$—	$—	$515	$15,828

At December 31, 2024, a $515 thousand C&I loan and a $260 thousand residential real estate loan, which were modified as TLMs in the previous 12 months, had a subsequent payment default.

(Dollars in thousands)		Days Past Due
December 31, 2023	Current	30-59	60-89	Over 90	Total Past Due	Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$21,830	$—	$—	$—	$—	$21,830
Commercial & industrial	—	—	—	—	—	—
Total commercial	21,830	—	—	—	—	21,830
Total loans	$21,830	$—	$—	$—	$—	$21,830

At December 31, 2023, there were no TLMs made in the previous 12 months for which there was a subsequent payment default.

There were no significant commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty whose loans were TLMs at December 31, 2024.

Individually Analyzed Loans

Individually analyzed loans include nonaccrual commercial loans, TLMs and certain other loans based on the underlying risk characteristics and the discretion of management to individually analyze such loans.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying value of individually analyzed loans amounted to $16.6 million and $34.6 million, respectively. The carrying value of collateral dependent individually analyzed loans was $11.6 million and $34.6 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. For collateral dependent loans where management has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the loan is to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement

date. See Note 10 for additional disclosure regarding fair value of individually analyzed collateral dependent loans.

The following table presents the carrying value of collateral dependent individually analyzed loans:

(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value	Related Allowance	Carrying Value	Related Allowance
Commercial:
Commercial real estate (1)	$10,053	$1,252	$32,827	$97
Commercial & industrial (2)	515	259	682	—
Total commercial	10,568	1,511	33,509	97
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate (3)	1,023	—	1,131	—
Total	$11,591	$1,511	$34,640	$97

(1)    Secured by income-producing property.

(2)    Secured by business assets.

(3)    Secured by one- to four-family residential properties.

Credit Quality Indicators

Commercial

The Corporation utilizes an internal rating system to assign a risk to each of its commercial loans. Loans are rated on a scale of 1 to 10. This scale can be assigned to three broad categories including “pass” for ratings 1 through 6, “special mention” for 7-rated loans, and “classified” for loans rated 8, 9 or 10. The loan risk rating system takes into consideration parameters including the borrower’s financial condition, the borrower’s performance with respect to loan terms, the adequacy of collateral, the adequacy of guarantees, and other credit quality characteristics. The Corporation takes the risk rating into consideration along with other credit attributes in the establishment of an appropriate ACL on loans. See Note 5 for additional information.

A description of the commercial loan categories is as follows:

Pass - Loans with acceptable credit quality, defined as ranging from superior or very strong to a status of lesser stature. Superior or very strong credit quality is characterized by a high degree of cash collateralization or strong balance sheet liquidity. Lesser stature loans have an acceptable level of credit quality, but may exhibit some weakness in various credit metrics such as collateral adequacy, cash flow, performance or may be in an industry or of a loan type known to have a higher degree of risk. These weaknesses may be mitigated by secondary sources of repayment, including SBA guarantees.

Special Mention - Loans with potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Bank’s position as creditor at some future date. Special Mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Examples of these conditions include but are not limited to outdated or poor quality financial data, strains on liquidity and leverage, losses or negative trends in operating results, marginal cash flow, weaknesses in occupancy rates or trends in the case of commercial real estate, and frequent delinquencies.

Classified - Loans identified as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss” based on criteria consistent with guidelines provided by banking regulators. A “substandard” loan has defined weaknesses which make payment default or principal exposure likely, but not yet certain. Such loans are apt to be dependent upon collateral liquidation, a secondary source of repayment or an event outside of the normal course of business. The loans are closely watched and are either already on nonaccrual status or may be placed on nonaccrual status when management determines there is uncertainty of collectability. A “doubtful” loan is placed on nonaccrual status and has a high probability of loss, but the extent of the loss is difficult to quantify due to dependency upon collateral having a value that is difficult to determine or upon some near-term event which lacks certainty. A loan in the “loss” category is considered generally uncollectible or the timing or amount of payments cannot be determined. “Loss” is not intended to imply that the loan has no recovery value, but rather, it is not practical or desirable to continue to carry the asset.

The Corporation’s procedures call for loan risk ratings and classifications to be revised whenever information becomes available that indicates a change is warranted. On a quarterly basis, management reviews a watched asset list, which generally consists of commercial loans that are risk-rated 6 or worse, highly leveraged transaction loans, high-volatility commercial real estate, and other selected loans. Management’s review focuses on the current status of the loans, the appropriateness of risk ratings and strategies to improve the credit.

An annual credit review program is conducted by a third party to provide an independent evaluation of the creditworthiness of the commercial loan portfolio, the quality of the underwriting and credit risk management practices, and the appropriateness of the risk rating classifications. This review is supplemented with selected targeted internal reviews of the commercial loan portfolio.

Residential and Consumer

Management monitors the relatively homogeneous residential real estate and consumer loan portfolios on an ongoing basis using delinquency information by loan type.

In addition, other techniques are utilized to monitor indicators of credit deterioration in the residential real estate loans and home equity consumer loans. Among these techniques is the periodic tracking of loans with an updated Fair Isaac Corporation (commonly known as “FICO”) score and an updated estimated LTV ratio. LTV is estimated based on such factors as geographic location, the original appraised value, and changes in median home prices, and takes into consideration the age of the loan. The results of these analyses and other credit review procedures, including selected targeted internal reviews, are taken into account in the determination of qualitative loss factors for residential real estate and home equity consumer credits.

The following table includes information on credit quality indicators and gross charge-offs for the Corporation’s loan portfolio, segregated by class of loans as of December 31, 2024:

(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost by Origination Year
	2024	2023	2022	2021	2020	Prior	Revolving Loans Amortized Cost	Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans	Total
Commercial:
CRE:
Pass	$172,931	$432,763	$598,805	$362,292	$125,834	$405,381	$9,879	$989	$2,108,874
Special mention	—	6,116	—	—	—	2,237	—	—	8,353
Classified	31,010	—	—	—	—	6,267	—	—	37,277
Total CRE	203,941	438,879	598,805	362,292	125,834	413,885	9,879	989	2,154,504
Gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	1,961	—	—	1,961
C&I:
Pass	38,128	51,162	136,449	23,474	36,954	159,522	76,857	469	523,015
Special mention	—	—	3,593	1,172	1,398	6,428	5,381	—	17,972
Classified	811	—	—	161	—	515	—	—	1,487
Total C&I	38,939	51,162	140,042	24,807	38,352	166,465	82,238	469	542,474
Gross charge-offs	33	—	—	—	—	175	—	—	208
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate:
Current (1)	74,458	383,983	746,566	375,848	173,676	365,380	—	—	2,119,911
Past due	—	287	1,434	—	1,290	4,730	—	—	7,741
Total residential real estate	74,458	384,270	748,000	375,848	174,966	370,110	—	—	2,127,652
Gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consumer:
Home equity:
Current	12,850	18,301	12,749	6,165	2,282	4,815	225,522	11,488	294,172
Past due	—	61	—	—	142	630	871	1,243	2,947
Total home equity	12,850	18,362	12,749	6,165	2,424	5,445	226,393	12,731	297,119
Gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Other:
Current	4,176	4,497	2,331	2,175	757	2,989	251	—	17,176
Past due	24	—	370	—	—	—	—	—	394
Total other	4,200	4,497	2,701	2,175	757	2,989	251	—	17,570
Gross charge-offs	229	10	—	—	2	3	—	—	244
Total loans, amortized cost	$334,388	$897,170	$1,502,297	$771,287	$342,333	$958,894	$318,761	$14,189	$5,139,319
Total gross charge-offs	$262	$10	$—	$—	$2	$2,139	$—	$—	$2,413

(1)Excludes a $1.5 million negative basis adjustment associated with fair value hedges. See Note 9 for additional disclosure.

The following table includes information on credit quality indicators and gross charge-offs for the Corporation’s loan portfolio, segregated by class of loans as of December 31, 2023:

(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost by Origination Year
	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	Prior	Revolving Loans Amortized Cost	Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans	Total
Commercial:
CRE:
Pass	$327,139	$598,946	$396,468	$168,451	$167,484	$333,356	$42,095	$1,032	$2,034,971
Special mention	—	—	—	—	—	16,630	—	—	16,630
Classified	21,830	—	18,430	—	14,498	—	—	—	54,758
Total CRE	348,969	598,946	414,898	168,451	181,982	349,986	42,095	1,032	2,106,359
Gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	373	—	—	373
C&I:
Pass	55,607	124,894	52,282	49,812	72,876	145,361	90,664	587	592,083
Special mention	11,119	—	—	—	181	—	—	—	11,300
Classified	—	818	189	—	682	—	—	—	1,689
Total C&I	66,726	125,712	52,471	49,812	73,739	145,361	90,664	587	605,072
Gross charge-offs	37	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	37
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate:
Current	431,563	808,442	666,447	255,554	113,462	320,894	—	—	2,596,362
Past due	—	—	—	886	594	6,636	—	—	8,116
Total residential real estate	431,563	808,442	666,447	256,440	114,056	327,530	—	—	2,604,478
Gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consumer:
Home equity:
Current	24,925	14,997	6,829	2,919	1,982	3,696	241,459	12,591	309,398
Past due	—	—	—	—	130	829	1,301	936	3,196
Total home equity	24,925	14,997	6,829	2,919	2,112	4,525	242,760	13,527	312,594
Gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Other:
Current	6,777	3,530	3,685	1,001	120	3,824	243	—	19,180
Past due	21	—	—	—	—	—	2	—	23
Total other	6,798	3,530	3,685	1,001	120	3,824	245	—	19,203
Gross charge-offs	159	—	8	—	—	—	—	—	167
Total loans, amortized cost	$878,981	$1,551,627	$1,144,330	$478,623	$372,009	$831,226	$375,764	$15,146	$5,647,706
Total gross charge-offs	$196	$—	$8	$—	$—	$373	$—	$—	$577

Washington Trust may renew commercial loans at or immediately prior to their maturity. In the tables above, renewals subject to full credit evaluation before being granted are reported as originations in the period renewed. In addition, loans

with extensions of maturity dates of more than three months are reported as originations in the period extended.

Loan Servicing Activities

Loans sold with servicing retained result in the capitalization of loan servicing rights. The following table presents an analysis of loan servicing rights:

(Dollars in thousands)	Loan Servicing Rights	Valuation Allowance	Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$9,821	$—	$9,821
Loan servicing rights capitalized	957	—	957
Amortization	(1,763)	—	(1,763)
Balance at December 31, 2022	9,015	—	9,015
Loan servicing rights capitalized	1,069	—	1,069
Amortization	(1,538)	—	(1,538)
Increase in impairment reserve	—	(34)	(34)
Balance at December 31, 2023	8,546	(34)	8,512
Loan servicing rights capitalized	688	—	688
Amortization	(1,567)	—	(1,567)
Decrease in impairment reserve	—	34	34
Balance at December 31, 2024	$7,667	$—	$7,667

The following table presents estimated aggregate amortization expense related to loan servicing assets:

(Dollars in thousands)
Years ending December 31:	2025	$1,186
	2026	1,003
	2027	848
	2028	716
	2029	606
	2030 and thereafter	3,308
Total estimated amortization expense		$7,667

Loans sold to others may be serviced by the Corporation on a fee basis under various agreements.  Loans serviced for others are not included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.  The following table presents the balance of loans serviced for others by loan portfolio:

(Dollars in thousands)
December 31,	2024	2023
Residential real estate	$1,409,920	$1,454,342
Commercial	179,626	135,954
Total	$1,589,546	$1,590,296