SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all subsidiaries and periods presented in these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Basis of consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the financial statements of the Company and its wholly-owned, controlled subsidiaries. Control exists when the Company has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity, it is exposed to or has rights to variable returns associated with its involvement in the entity, and it has the ability to use that power to influence the amount of returns it is exposed to or has rights to. In assessing control, potential voting rights need to be considered. All of the subsidiaries of the Company are wholly-owned by the parent company, TransGlobe Energy Corporation.

All intra-company transactions, balances, income and expenses, unrealized gains and losses are eliminated on consolidation.

Foreign currency translation

The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in US dollars. The Company's functional currency is the Canadian dollar, and the functional currency of all subsidiaries is the US dollar. Foreign currency translations include the translation of foreign currency transactions and translation of the Canadian operations.

Foreign currency translations occur when translating transactions in foreign currencies to the applicable functional currency of TransGlobe Energy Corporation and its subsidiaries. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are recorded as foreign exchange gains or losses. Foreign currency transaction translations occur as follows:

• Income and expenses are translated at the prevailing rates on the date of the transaction

• Non-monetary assets or liabilities are carried at the prevailing rates on the date of the transaction

• Monetary items are translated at the prevailing rates at the balance sheet date

Translation gains and losses occur when translating the financial statements of non-US functional currency operations to the US dollar. These translation gains and losses are recorded as currency translation adjustments and presented as other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Translations occur as follows:

• Income and expenses are translated at the date of the transaction

• Assets and liabilities are translated at the prevailing rates on the balance sheet date

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash and short-term investments that mature within three months of the date of their purchase.

Financial instruments

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, which replaced IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. This standard introduced a single approach to determine whether a financial asset is measured at amortized cost or fair value. The approach is based on how an entity manages its financial instruments in the context of its business model and the contractual cash flow characteristics of its financial assets. For financial liabilities, IFRS 9 stipulates that where the fair value option is applied, the change in fair value resulting from an entity’s own credit risk is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) rather than net earnings (loss), unless this creates an accounting mismatch.

On initial recognition, financial instruments are measured at fair value. Measurement in subsequent periods depends on the classification of the financial instrument:


•	Fair value through profit or loss - subsequently carried at fair value with changes recognized in net earnings (loss). Financial instruments under this classification include cash and cash equivalents, and derivative commodity contracts; and


•	Amortized cost - subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Financial instruments under this classification include accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities and long-term debt.

IFRS 9 also includes a simplified hedge accounting model, aligning hedge accounting more closely with risk management. The Company enters into certain financial derivative contracts from time to time in order to reduce its exposure to market risks from fluctuations in commodity prices. These instruments are not used for trading or speculative purposes. The Company does not designate financial derivative contracts as effective accounting hedges, and thus does not apply hedge accounting, even though the Company considers all commodity contracts to be economic hedges. As a result, the Company's policy is to classify all financial derivative contracts at fair value through profit or loss and to record them on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value with a corresponding gain or loss in net earnings (loss). Attributable transaction costs are recognized in net earnings (loss) when incurred. The estimated fair value of all derivative instruments is based on quoted market prices and/or third party market indications and forecasts.

Embedded derivatives are derivatives embedded in a host contract. They are recorded separately from the host contract when their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the host contract; when the terms of the embedded derivatives are the same as those of a freestanding derivative; and when the combined contract is not measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Refer to Note 6 for the classification and measurement of these financial instruments. TransGlobe adopted this standard using the modified retrospective approach, whereby the cumulative effect of initial adoption of the standard is recognized as an adjustment to retained earnings. There was no effect on the Company's retained earnings or prior period amounts as a result of adopting this standard.

Share capital

Common shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of common shares are recognized as a deduction from equity. When the Company acquires and cancels its own common shares, share capital is reduced by the cost of shares repurchased, including transaction costs.

Property and equipment and intangible exploration and evaluation assets

Exploration and evaluation assets

Exploration and evaluation ("E&E") costs related to each license/prospect are initially capitalized within "intangible exploration and evaluation assets". Such E&E costs may include costs of license acquisition, technical services and studies, seismic acquisition, exploration drilling and testing, directly attributable expenses, including remuneration of production personnel and supervisory management, and the projected costs of retiring the assets (if any), but do not include pre-licensing costs incurred prior to having obtained the legal rights to explore an area, which are expensed directly to net earnings (loss) as they are incurred and presented as exploration expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Intangible exploration and evaluation assets are not depleted. They are carried forward until technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource is determined, at which point they are transferred to petroleum and natural gas ("PNG") assets. The technical feasibility and commercial viability is considered to be determined when proved and/or probable reserves are determined to exist or they can be empirically supported with actual production data or conclusive formation tests.

Petroleum and natural gas assets

PNG assets and other assets are recognized at cost less accumulated depletion, depreciation and amortization, and accumulated impairment losses. The initial cost of an asset comprises its purchase price or construction cost, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset into operation, including qualifying E&E costs on reclassification from intangible exploration and evaluation assets, and for qualifying assets, where applicable, borrowing costs. When significant parts of an item of property and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items.

Gains and losses on disposal of items of property and equipment, including oil and natural gas interests, are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property and equipment and are recognized in net earnings (loss) immediately.

Subsequent costs

Costs incurred subsequent to the determination of technical feasibility and commercial viability and the costs of replacing parts of property and equipment are recognized as petroleum properties or other assets only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which they relate. All other expenditures are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. Such capitalized property and equipment generally represent costs incurred in developing proved and/or probable reserves and bringing in or enhancing production from such reserves, and are accumulated on a well, field or geotechnical area basis, together with the discounted value of estimated future costs of asset retirement obligations. When components of PNG assets are replaced, disposed of or no longer in use, the carrying amount is derecognized. The costs of the day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognized in net earnings (loss) as incurred.

Depletion, depreciation and amortization

The depletion, depreciation and amortization of PNG assets and other assets are recognized in net earnings (loss).

The net carrying value of the PNG assets included in petroleum properties is depleted using the unit of production method by reference to the ratio of production in the year to the related proved and probable reserves using estimated future prices and costs. Costs subject to depletion include estimated future development costs necessary to bring those reserves into production. These estimates are reviewed by independent reserve engineers at least annually and determined in accordance with National Instrument 51-101 Standards of Disclosure of Oil and Gas Activities. Natural gas reserves and production are converted at the energy equivalent of six thousand cubic feet to one barrel of oil.

Furniture and fixtures are depreciated at declining balance rates of 20% to 30%, whereas vehicles and leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date.

Product inventory

Product inventory consists of the Company's unsold Egypt entitlement crude oil barrels, valued at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out method, and net realizable value. Cost includes operating expenses and depletion associated with the entitlement crude oil barrels as determined on a concession by concession basis.

Impairment

Financial assets carried at amortized cost

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset carried at amortized cost is impaired. If such evidence exists, the Company recognizes an impairment loss in net earnings (loss). Impairment losses are reversed in subsequent periods if the impairment loss decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized.

An impairment loss in respect of a financial asset measured at amortized cost is calculated as the difference between its carrying amount, and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate. Individually significant financial assets are tested for impairment on an individual basis. The remaining financial assets are assessed collectively in groups that share similar credit risk characteristics.

Non-financial assets

At each reporting date, the carrying amounts of the Company’s non-financial assets are reviewed to determine whether there is indication of impairment, except for E&E assets, which are reviewed when circumstances indicate impairment may exist. If there is indication of impairment, the asset's recoverable amount is estimated and compared to its carrying value.

For the purpose of impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generate cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets (the cash-generating unit). The recoverable amount of an asset or a cash-generating unit ("CGU") is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. The Company’s CGUs are not larger than a segment. In assessing both fair value less costs to sell and value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using an after-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or its CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in net earnings (loss).

For PNG assets, fair value less costs to sell and value in use is generally computed by reference to the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from production of proved and probable reserves.

E&E assets are tested for impairment when they are transferred to petroleum properties and also if facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of E&E assets may exceed the recoverable amount. Impairment indicators are evaluated at a CGU level. Indication of impairment includes:


1.	Expiry or impending expiry of lease with no expectation of renewal;


2.	Lack of budget or plans for substantive expenditures on further E&E;


3.	Cessation of E&E activities due to a lack of commercially viable discoveries; and


4.	Carrying amounts of E&E assets are unlikely to be recovered in full from a successful development project.

Impairment losses recognized in prior years are assessed at each reporting date for indication that the loss has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss may be reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depletion and depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.

Share-based payment transactions

Equity-settled transactions

The cost of equity-settled transactions with employees is measured by reference to the fair value at the date at which equity instruments are granted and is recognized as an expense over the vesting period, which ends on the date on which the relevant employees become fully entitled to the award. Fair value is determined by using the lattice-based trinomial option pricing model. An estimated forfeiture rate is taken into consideration when assigning a fair value to options granted such that no expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest.

At each financial reporting date before vesting, the cumulative expense is calculated, which represents the extent to which the vesting period has expired and management’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The movement in cumulative expense since the previous financial reporting date is recognized in net earnings (loss), with a corresponding entry in contributed surplus in equity.

When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified or a new award is designated as replacing a cancelled or settled award, the cost based on the original award terms continues to be recognized over the remainder of the new vesting period for the incremental fair value of any modification, based on the difference between the fair value of the original award and the fair value of the modified award, both as measured on the date of the modification. No reduction is recognized if this difference is negative.

Cash-settled transactions

The expense related to the share units granted under these plans is measured at fair value using the lattice-based trinomial pricing model and is recognized over the vesting period, with a corresponding liability recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The grant date fair value of cash-settled units granted to employees is recognized as compensation expense within general and administrative expenses, with a corresponding increase in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities over the period that the employees become unconditionally entitled to the units. The amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the actual number of units for which the related service and non-market vesting conditions are met. Until the liability is ultimately settled, it is re-measured at each reporting date with changes to fair value recognized in net earnings (loss).

Provisions and asset retirement obligations

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. Provisions are not recognized for future operating losses.

The Company provides for asset retirement obligations on all of its Canadian operations based on current legislation and industry operating practices. The estimated present value of the asset retirement obligation is recorded as a long-term liability, with a corresponding increase in the carrying amount of the related asset. This increase is depleted with the related depletion unit and is allocated to a CGU for impairment testing. The liability is increased each reporting period due to the passage of time, offset by a charge to net earnings (loss), accretion expense. The asset retirement obligation can also increase or decrease due to changes in the estimated timing of cash flows, changes in discount rate and/or changes in the original estimated undiscounted costs. Increases or decreases in the obligation will result in a corresponding change in the carrying amount of the related asset. Actual costs incurred upon settlement of the asset retirement obligation are charged against the asset retirement obligation to the extent of the liability recorded. Asset retirement obligations are remeasured at each reporting period in order to reflect the discount rates in effect at that time. On an annual basis, the Company reviews its estimates of the expected costs to reclaim the net interest in its wells and facilities. Resulting changes are accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate.

In accordance with all of the Company's Production Sharing Agreements and Production Sharing Concessions (collectively defined as "PSCs"), the Company does, not at any time, hold title to the lands on which it operates, and title to fixed and movable assets is transferred to the respective government when its total cost has been recovered through cost recovery, or at the time of termination of the PSC. Since the Company will not hold title to the land or the assets at the termination of the PSC, the Company does not have a legal obligation, nor the legal ability to decommission the Egypt assets. Furthermore, there is no explicit contractual obligation under the Company's PSCs for abandonment of assets or reclamation of lands upon termination of the PSCs.

Revenue recognition

Effective January 1, 2018, TransGlobe adopted IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which replaced IAS 18 Revenue, IAS 11 Construction Contracts and related interpretations. This standard established a comprehensive framework for determining whether, how much and when revenue from contracts with customers is recognized. Under IFRS 15, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of the good or services as stipulated in a performance obligation. Determining whether the timing of the transfer of control is at a point in time or over time requires judgement and can significantly affect when revenue is recognized. In addition, the entity must also determine the transaction price and apply it correctly to the goods or services contained in the performance obligation.

The Company's revenue is derived exclusively from contracts with customers, except for immaterial amounts related to interest and other income. Royalties are considered to be part of the price of the sale transaction and are therefore presented as a reduction to revenue. Revenue associated with the sale of crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (“NGLs”) is measured based on the consideration specified in contracts with customers. Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a good or service to a customer. A good or service is transferred when the customer obtains control of the good or service. The transfer of control of oil, natural gas and NGLs usually coincides with title passing to the customer and the customer taking physical possession. TransGlobe mainly satisfies its performance obligations at a point in time and the amounts of revenue recognized relating to performance obligations satisfied over time are not significant.

Revenues associated with the sales of the Company’s crude oil in Egypt are recognized by reference to actual volumes sold and quoted market prices in active markets (Dated Brent), adjusted according to specific terms and conditions as applicable as per the sales contracts. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. For reporting purposes, the Company records the government’s share of production as royalties and taxes as all royalties and taxes are paid out of the government’s share of production.

Revenues from the sale of crude oil, natural gas, condensate and NGLs in Canada are recognized by reference to actual volumes delivered at contracted delivery points and prices. Prices are determined by reference to quoted market prices in active markets (crude oil - NYMEX WTI, natural gas - AECO C, condensate - NYMEX WTI, NGLs - various based on product), adjusted according to specific terms and conditions applicable per the sales contracts. Revenues are recognized prior to the deduction of transportation costs. Revenues are measured at the fair value of the consideration received. TransGlobe pays royalties to the Alberta provincial government and other mineral rights owners in accordance with the established royalty regime.

The Company reviewed its sales contracts with customers and determined that IFRS 15 did not have a material impact on its revenue recognition and accordingly no material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. TransGlobe adopted this standard using the modified retrospective approach, whereby the cumulative effect of initial adoption of the standard is recognized as an adjustment to retained earnings. There was no effect on the Company's retained earnings or prior period amounts as a result of adopting this standard.

Revenue segregated by product type and geographical market is disclosed in Note 25.

Finance revenue and costs

Finance revenue comprises interest income on funds invested. Interest income is recognized as it accrues in net earnings (loss), using the effective interest method.

Finance costs comprises interest expense on borrowings.

Borrowing costs incurred for qualifying assets are capitalized during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the assets for their intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are comprised of those significant assets that require a period greater than one year to be available for their intended use. All other borrowing costs are recognized in net earnings (loss).

Income tax

Income tax expense is comprised of current and deferred tax. TransGlobe is subject to income taxes based on the tax legislation of each respective country in which TransGlobe conducts business.

Current tax

Current tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured as the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted by the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company's contractual arrangements in Egypt stipulate that income taxes are paid by the government out of its entitlement share of production sharing oil. Such amounts are included in current income tax expense at the statutory rate in effect at the time of production.

Deferred tax

The Company determines the amount of deferred income tax assets and liabilities based on the difference between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities reported for financial accounting purposes from those reported for tax. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using the substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred income tax assets associated with unused tax losses are recognized to the extent it is probable the Company will have sufficient future taxable earnings available against which the unused tax losses can be utilized.

Joint arrangements

A joint arrangement involves joint control and offers joint ownership by the Company and other joint interest partners of the financial and operating policies, and of the assets associated with the arrangement. Joint arrangements are classified into one of two categories: joint operations or joint ventures.

A joint operation is a joint arrangement whereby the Company and the other parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the assets and obligations for the liabilities relating to the arrangement. Parties involved in joint operations must recognize in relation to their interests in the joint operation their proportionate share of the revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities. A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the Company and the other parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement. Parties involved in joint ventures must recognize their interests in joint ventures as investments and must account for that investment using the equity method.

In Canada, the Company conducts many of its oil and gas production activities through joint operations and the Consolidated Financial Statements reflect only the Company's proportionate interest in such activities. Joint control exists for contractual agreements governing TransGlobe's assets whereby TransGlobe has less than 100% working interest, all of the partners have control of the arrangement collectively, and spending on the project requires unanimous consent of all parties that collectively control the arrangement and share the associated risks. TransGlobe does not have any joint arrangements that are individually material to the Company or that are structured through joint venture arrangements.

In Egypt, joint arrangements in which the Company is involved are conducted pursuant to PSCs. Given the nature and contractual terms associated with the PSCs, the Company has determined that it has rights to the assets and obligations for the liabilities in all of its joint arrangements, and that there are no joint arrangements where the Company has rights to the net assets. Accordingly, all joint arrangements have been classified as joint operations, and the Company has recognized its share of all revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities in accordance with the PSCs in the Consolidated Financial Statements.