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Share-based Payments (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Share-Based Payment Arrangements [Abstract]  
Stock options outstanding and exercisable
The following tables summarize information about the stock options outstanding and exercisable at the dates indicated:
 
 
2017
 
 
2016
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-

 
 
 
Weighted-

 
 
Number

 
Average

 
Number

 
Average

 
 
of

 
Exercise

 
of

 
Exercise

(000s except per share amounts)
 
Options

 
Price (C$)

 
Options

 
Price (C$)

Options outstanding, beginning of year
 
6,046

 
6.87

 
5,348

 
9.05

Granted
 
1,043

 
2.16

 
1,470

 
2.19

Cancelled / Forfeited
 
(1,281
)
 
6.75

 
(54
)
 
11.84

Expired
 
(849
)
 
11.43

 
(718
)
 
12.95

Options outstanding, end of year
 
4,959

 
5.10

 
6,046

 
6.87

Options exercisable, end of year
 
2,925

 
6.87

 
3,527

 
9.14
Range of exercise prices of outstanding share options
 
 
Options Outstanding
 
Options Exercisable
 
 
 
 
Weighted-

 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-

 
 
 
 
Number

 
Average

 
Weighted-

 
Number

 
Average

 
Weighted-

Exercise
 
Outstanding at

 
Remaining

 
Average

 
Exercisable at

 
Remaining

 
Average

Prices
 
December 31, 2017

 
Contractual

 
Exercise Price

 
December 31, 2017

 
Contractual

 
Exercise

(C$)
 
(000s)

 
Life (Years)

 
(C$)

 
(000s)

 
Life (Years)

 
Price (C$)

2.16 - 2.17
 
953

 
4.4

 
2.16

 
—

 
—

 
—

2.18 - 3.59
 
1,212

 
3.2

 
2.19

 
404

 
3.2

 
2.19

3.60 - 6.13
 
820

 
2.4

 
4.99

 
547

 
2.4

 
4.99

6.14 - 8.20
 
820

 
1.4

 
7.26

 
820

 
1.4

 
7.26

8.21 - 9.13
 
1,154

 
0.2

 
9.13

 
1,154

 
0.2

 
9.13

 
 
4,959

 
2.3

 
5.10

 
2,925

 
1.4

 
6.87
Measurement of fair value of share options granted
The weighted average fair value of options granted during the period and the assumptions used in their determination are as noted below:
 
 
2017

 
2016

Weighted average fair market value per option (C$)
 
0.70

 
0.72

Risk free interest rate (%)
 
0.74
%
 
0.54
%
Expected volatility (based on actual historical volatility) (%)
 
48.67
%
 
49.76
%
Dividend rate
 
—
%
 
—
%
Expected forfeiture rate (non-executive employees) (%)
 
—
%
 
—
%
Suboptimal exercise factor
 
1.25

 
1.25
Number of RSUs, PSUs and DSUs outstanding
The number of RSUs, PSUs and DSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2017:

Restricted

 
Performance

 
Deferred

 
Share

 
Share

 
Share

(000s)
Units

 
Units

 
Units

Units outstanding, beginning of year
546

 
1,366

 
437

Granted
807

 
573

 
214

Exercised
(245
)
 
(248
)
 
(56
)
Forfeited
(138
)
 
(315
)
 
—

Units outstanding, end of year
970

 
1,376

 
595