10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                      

Commission File Number 001-09240

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Nevada	94-6565852
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1603 Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway, Suite 800, Dallas, Texas 75234

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(469) 522-4200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes     ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒  Yes      ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer   ☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer    ☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
	Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐  Yes    ☒  No.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Common Stock, $.01 par value	8,717,767
(Class)	(Outstanding at November 13, 2018)

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		PAGE
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2018 (unaudited) and December 31, 2017	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks	29
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	30
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	30
Item 6.	Exhibits	31
SIGNATURES		32

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
	(unaudited)			(audited)
	(dollars in thousands, except share and par value amounts)
Assets
Real estate, at cost	$	326,800		$	1,112,721
Real estate subject to sales contracts at cost		43,767			45,739
Real estate held for sale at cost, net of depreciation ($113,606 in 2018)		760,497			—
Less accumulated depreciation		(77,612	)		(178,590	)
Total real estate		1,053,452			979,870
Notes and interest receivable (including $48,637 in 2018 and $45,155 in 2017 from related parties)		82,239			70,166
Cash and cash equivalents		23,763			42,705
Restricted cash		72,688			45,637
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		2,774			2,472
Receivable from related party		127,791			111,665
Other assets		60,223			60,907
Total assets	$	1,422,930		$	1,313,422
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Notes and interest payable	$	314,198		$	892,149
Notes related to real estate held for sale		651,025			376
Notes related to real estate subject to sales contracts		—			1,957
Bonds and bond interest payable		161,010			113,047
Deferred revenue (including $16,701 in 2018 and $40,574 in 2017 to related parties)		23,044			60,949
Accounts payable and other liabilities (including $7,852 in 2018 and $7,236 in 2017 to related parties)		35,675			36,683
Total liabilities		1,184,952			1,105,161
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, Series C: $0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding zero shares in 2018 and 2017.  Series D: $0.01 par value, authorized, issued and outstanding 100,000 shares in 2018 and 2017 (liquidation preference $100 per share)		1			1
Common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued 8,717,967 shares in 2018 and 2017; outstanding 8,717,767 shares in 2018 and 2017		87			87
Treasury stock at cost, 200 shares in 2018 and 2017		(2	)		(2	)
Paid-in capital		268,276			268,949
Retained deficit		(50,648	)		(79,865	)
Total Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. shareholders' equity		217,714			189,170
Non-controlling interest		20,264			19,091
Total shareholders' equity		237,978			208,261
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	1,422,930		$	1,313,422

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

3

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(dollars in thousands, except share and par value amounts)
Revenues:
Rental and other property revenues (including $207 and $199 for the three months and $623 and $589 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)	$	33,505		$	31,491		$	96,194		$	94,328
Expenses:
Property operating expenses  (including $231 and $236 for the three months and $689 and $696 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)		15,867			15,157			45,814			46,256
Depreciation and amortization		6,891			6,326			19,859			19,008
General and administrative (including $1,119 and $1,018 for the three months and $3,309 and $2,134 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)		1,858			1,594			6,223			4,669
Net income fee to related party		383			53			489			189
Advisory fee to related party		2,735			2,595			8,209			7,402
Total operating expenses		27,734			25,725			80,594			77,524
Net operating income		5,771			5,766			15,600			16,804
Other income (expenses):
Interest income (including $3,303 and $3,041 for the three months and $9,380 and $10,670 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)		4,021			3,175			11,441			10,305
Other income (expense)		18,722			190			28,030			1,529
Mortgage and loan interest (including $364 and $347 for the three months and $1,009 and $784 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)		(15,555	)		(14,245	)		(43,823	)		(45,218	)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)		(1,288	)		1,906			6,357			(1,841	)
Earnings (losses) from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		(4	)		7			(2	)		(11	)
Total other income (expenses)		5,896			(8,967	)		2,003			(35,236	)
Gain (Loss) before gain on land sales, non-controlling interest, and taxes		11,667			(3,201	)		17,603			(18,432	)
Gain on sale of income producing properties		—			9,841			—			9,841
Gain on land sales		12,243			530			13,578			500
Net income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes		23,910			7,170			31,181			(8,091	)
Income tax (expense)		(792	)		—			(792	)		—
Net income (loss) from continuing operations		23,118			7,170			30,389			(8,091	)
Net income (loss)		23,118			7,170			30,389			(8,091	)
Net (income) attributable to non-controlling interest		(915	)		(96	)		(1,173	)		(378	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.		22,203			7,074			29,216			(8,469	)
Preferred dividend requirement		(227	)		(224	)		(673	)		(670	)
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares	$	21,976		$	6,850		$	28,543		$	(9,139	)
Earnings per share - basic
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	2.52		$	0.79		$	3.27		$	(1.05	)
Earnings per share - diluted
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	2.52		$	0.79		$	3.27		$	(1.05	)
Weighted average common shares used in computing earnings per share		8,717,767			8,717,767			8,717,767			8,717,767
Weighted average common shares used in computing diluted earnings per share		8,717,767			8,717,767			8,717,767			8,717,767
Amounts attributable to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	22,203		$	7,074		$	29,216		$	(8,469	)
Net income (loss) applicable to Transcontinental Realty, Investors, Inc.	$	22,203		$	7,074		$	29,216		$	(8,469	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

4

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

(unaudited, dollars in thousands, except share amounts)

	Total			Comprehensive			Preferred		Common Stock				Treasury			Paid-in			Retained			Non-controlling
	Equity			Income (Loss)			Stock		Shares		Amount		Stock			Capital			Deficit			Interest
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	208,261		$	(80,168	)	$	1		8,717,967	$	87	$	(2	)	$	268,949		$	(79,865	)	$	19,091
Series D preferred stock dividends (9.0% per year)		(673	)		—			—		—		—		—			(673	)		—			—
Net income		30,389			29,216			—		—		—		—			—			29,216			1,173
Balance, September 30, 2018	$	237,977		$	(50,952	)	$	1		8,717,967	$	87	$	(2	)	$	268,276		$	(50,649	)	$	20,264

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

5

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2018			2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	30,389		$	(8,091	)
Total comprehensive income (loss)		30,389			(8,091	)
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest		(1,173	)		(378	)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.	$	29,216		$	(8,469	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

6

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS ( TO BE UPDATED)

(unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Cash Flow From Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)	$	30,389		$	(8,091	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss applicable to common shares to net cash flows from operating activities:
Gain on sale of income-producing properties		—			(9,841	)
Gain on sale of land		(13,577	)		(500	)
Depreciation and amortization		19,859			19,008
Amortization of deferred borrowing costs		1,293			2,872
Amortization of bond issuance costs		2,346			462
(Earnings) loss from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		(2	)		11
(Increase) decrease in assets:
Accrued interest receivable		(15,096	)		1,044
Other assets		21			11,798
Prepaid expense		1,407			(5,661	)
Rent receivables		(744	)		544
Related party receivables		(769	)		(5,357	)
Increase (decrease) in liabilities:
Accrued interest payable		(3,303	)		1,508
Other liabilities		(42,135	)		(21,518	)
Net cash (used in) operating activities		(20,311	)		(13,721	)
Cash Flow From Investing Activities:
Proceeds from notes receivable		6,541			26,077
Originations or advances on notes receivable		(12,044	)		(10,665	)
Acquisition of land held for development		—			(11,440	)
Proceeds from sale of income-producing properties		2,706			—
Proceeds from sale of land		10,439			2,446
Improvement of land held for development		—			(908	)
Improvement of income-producing properties		(3,688	)		(4,462	)
Construction and development of new properties		(66,567	)		(41,489	)
Net cash (used in) investing activities		(62,613	)		(40,441	)
Cash Flow From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from bonds		59,213			106,583
Proceeds from notes payable		68,943			54,231
Recurring payment of principal on notes payable		(14,443	)		(7,279	)
Payments on maturing notes payable		(16,750	)		(59,068	)
Bond issuance costs		(5,257	)		6,182
Deferred financing costs		—			(820	)
Preferred stock dividends - Series D		(673	)		(670	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		91,033			99,159
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		8,109			44,997
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period		88,342			55,733
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	96,451		$	100,730
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	39,514		$	36,393
Schedule of noncash investing and financing activities:
Notes receivable received from sale of income-producing properties	$	1,735		$	—
Seller financing note - acquisition of income-producing properties	$	1,895		$	—
Notes payable issued on acquisition of income-producing properties	$	31,175		$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

7

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Organization

As used herein, the terms “TCI”, “the Company”, “we”, “our” or “us” refer to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., a Nevada corporation which was formed in 1984. The Company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas and its common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol (“TCI”). Subsidiaries of American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”) own approximately 77.68% of the Company’s common stock. Accordingly, TCI’s financial results are consolidated with those of ARL’s on Form 10-K and related Consolidated Financial Statements. ARL’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol (“ARL”). We have no employees.

TCI is a “C” corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and files an annual consolidated tax return with ARL and its ultimate parent, May Realty Holdings, Inc. (“MRHI”).

TCI owns approximately 81.25% of the common stock of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. (“IOR”). Accordingly IOR’s financial results are consolidated with those of TCI and its subsidiaries. Shares of IOR are traded on the New York Stock Exchange Euronext (“NYSE American”) under the symbol (“IOR”).

TCI invests in real estate through direct ownership, leases and partnerships and also invests in mortgage loans on real estate. Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”) is the Company’s external Advisor and Cash Manager. Although the Board of Directors is directly responsible for managing the affairs of TCI, and for setting the policies which guide it, the day-to-day operations of TCI are performed by Pillar, as the contractual Advisor, under the supervision of the Board. Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to: locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities, and arranging debt and equity financing for the Company with third party lenders and investors. Additionally, Pillar serves as a consultant to the Board with regard to their decisions in connection with TCI’s business plan and investment policy. Pillar also serves as an Advisor and Cash Manager to ARL and IOR.

Regis Realty Prime, LLC (“Regis”) manages our commercial properties and provides brokerage services for our real estate portfolio. TCI engages third-party companies to lease and manage its apartment properties.

Properties

We own or had interests in a total property portfolio of fifty five income-producing properties as of September 30, 2018. The properties consisted of:

● Seven commercial properties consisting of five office buildings and two retail centers comprising in aggregate approximately 1.7 million rentable square feet;

● Forty eight apartment communities totaling 8,494 units; excluding apartments being developed; and

● 3,218 acres of developed and undeveloped land.

We join with various third-party development companies to construct residential apartment communities. We are in the predevelopment process on several residential apartment communities that have not yet begun construction. At September 30, 2018, we had ten apartment projects in development. The third-party developer typically holds a general partner interest in a limited partnership formed for the purpose of building a single property, we generally are a majority of the limited partner interests in the limited partnership. We may contribute land to the partnership as part of our equity contribution or we may contribute the necessary funds to the partnership to acquire the land. We are required to fund all necessary equity contributions while the third-party developer is responsible for obtaining construction financing, hiring a general contractor and for the overall management, successful completion and delivery of the project. We generally bear all the economic risks and rewards of ownership in these partnerships and therefore include these partnerships in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The third-party developer is paid a developer fee typically equal to a percentage of the construction costs. When the project reaches stabilized occupancy, we acquire the third-party developer’s partnership interests in exchange for any remaining unpaid developer fees.

8

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with such rules and regulations, although management believes the disclosures are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring matters) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other interim periods or for the full fiscal year.

The year-end Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2017, was derived from the audited Consolidated Financial Statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Certain 2017 Consolidated Financial Statement amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, its subsidiaries, generally all of which are wholly-owned, and all entities in which we have a controlling interest. Arrangements that are not controlled through voting or similar rights are accounted for as a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”), in accordance with the provisions and guidance of ASC Topic 810 “Consolidation”, whereby we have determined that we are a primary beneficiary of the VIE and meet certain criteria of a sole general partner or managing member as identified in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue 04-5, Investor’s Accounting for an Investment in a Limited Partnership when the Investor is the Sole General Partner and the Limited Partners have Certain Rights (“EITF 04-5”). VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders as a group lack adequate decision making ability, the obligation to absorb expected losses or residual returns of the entity, or have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests. The primary beneficiary is generally the entity that provides financial support and bears a majority of the financial risks, authorizes certain capital transactions, or makes operating decisions that materially affect the entity’s financial results. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: the amount and characteristics of our investment; the obligation or likelihood for us or other investors to provide financial support; our and the other investors’ ability to control or significantly influence key decisions for the VIE; and the similarity with and significance to the business activities of us and the other investors. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions.

For entities in which we have less than a controlling financial interest or entities where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary, the entities are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, our share of the net earnings or losses of these entities is included in consolidated net income. Our investment in ARL is accounted for under the equity method.

Real Estate, Depreciation and Impairment

Real estate assets are stated at the lower of depreciated cost or fair value, if deemed impaired. Major replacements and betterments are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the properties (buildings and improvements: 10-40 years; furniture, fixtures and equipment: 5-10 years). The Company continually evaluates the recoverability of the carrying value of its real estate assets using the methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 360 (“ASC 360”), “Property, Plant and Equipment”. Factors considered by management in evaluating impairment of its existing real estate assets held for investment include significant declines in property operating profits, annually recurring property operating losses and other significant adverse changes in general market conditions that are considered permanent in nature. Under ASC 360, a real estate asset held for investment is not considered impaired if the undiscounted, estimated future cash flows of an asset (both the annual estimated cash flow from future operations and the estimated cash flow from the theoretical sale of the asset) over its estimated holding period are in excess of the asset’s net book value at the balance sheet date. If any real estate asset held for investment is considered impaired, a loss is provided to reduce the carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value.

9

Real Estate Held for Sale

We periodically classify real estate assets as “held for sale.” An asset is classified as held for sale after the approval of our Board of Directors, after an active program to sell the asset has commenced and if the sale is probable. One of the deciding factors in determining whether a sale is probable is whether the firm purchase commitment is obtained and whether the sale is probable within the year. Upon the classification of a real estate asset as held for sale, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to the lower of its net book value or its estimated fair value, less costs to sell the asset. Subsequent to the classification of assets as held for sale, no further depreciation expense is recorded. Real estate assets held for sale are stated separately on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Upon a decision that the sale is no longer probable, the asset is classified as an operating asset and depreciation expense is reinstated.

Prior to January 1, 2015, the operating results of real estate assets held for sale and sold were reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Income from discontinued operations includes the revenues and expenses, including depreciation and interest expense, associated with the assets.  Effective January 1, 2015, Accounting Standards Update 2014-08, “Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity” (“ASU 2014-08”) substantially changed the criteria for determining whether a disposition qualifies for discontinued operations presentation. Since the Company adopted ASU 2014-08, effective January 1, 2015, we have had no dispositions that met the discontinued operations criteria.

Cost Capitalization

Costs related to planning, developing, leasing and constructing a property are capitalized and classified as Real Estate in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We capitalize interest to qualifying assets under development based on average accumulated expenditures outstanding during the period. In capitalizing interest to qualifying assets, we first use the interest incurred on specific project debt, if any, and next use the weighted average interest rate of non-project specific debt. We capitalize interest, real estate taxes and certain operating expenses until building construction is substantially complete and the building is ready for its intended use, but no later than one year from the cessation of major construction activity.

We capitalize leasing costs, which include commissions paid to outside brokers, legal costs incurred to negotiate and document a lease agreement and any internal costs that may be applicable. We allocate these costs to individual tenant leases and amortize them over the related lease term.

Fair Value Measurement

We apply the guidance in ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, to the valuation of real estate assets. These provisions define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction between market participants at the measurement date, establish a hierarchy that prioritizes the information used in developing fair value estimates and require disclosure of fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 measurements), such as the reporting entity’s own data.

The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date and includes three levels defined as follows:

Level 1 –	Unadjusted quoted prices for identical and unrestricted assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 –	Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 –	Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Deferred Costs

Costs relating to the financing of properties are deferred and amortized over the life of the related financing agreement.  Amortization is reflected as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, with remaining terms ranging from 6 months to 40 years.  Unamortized financing costs are written off when the financing agreement is extinguished before the maturity date. 

Related Parties

We apply ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations”, to evaluate business relationships. Related parties are persons or entities who have one or more of the following characteristics, which include entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, trust for the benefit of persons including principal owners of the entities and members of their immediate families, management personnel of the entity and members of their immediate families and other parties with which the entity may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the decision making of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests, or affiliates of the entity.

10

Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” was issued. This new guidance established a new single comprehensive revenue recognition model and provides for enhanced disclosures. Under the new policy, the nature, timing and amount of revenue recognized for certain transactions could differ from those recognized under existing accounting guidance. This new standard does not affect revenue recognized under lease contracts. ASU 2014-09 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance had a material impact on its financial statements.

In February 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), Leases. This guidance establishes a new model for accounting for leases and provides for enhanced disclosures. ASU 2016-02 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on its financial position and results of operations, if any.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addresses how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years; however, early adoption is permitted. Entities must apply the guidance retrospectively to all periods presented but may apply it prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. The Company adopted this standard effective on January 1, 2018. ASU 2016-15 will impact our presentation of operating, investing and financing activities related to certain cash receipts and payments on our consolidated statements of cash flows.  

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which clarifies guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. Upon adoption, restricted cash balances will be included along with cash and cash equivalents as of the end of the period and beginning period, respectively, in the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for all periods presented. Upon adoption, separate line items showing changes in restricted cash balances will be eliminated from the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. The Company adopted this guidance effective on January 1, 2018. ASU 2016-18 will impact our presentation of operating, investing and financing activities related to restricted cash on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which clarifies the definition of a business when evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects that acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate will not meet the revised definition of a business and thus will be treated as asset acquisitions. Acquisition costs for those acquisitions that are not businesses will be capitalized rather than expensed. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Topic 610-20), which requires that all entities account for the derecognition of a business in accordance with ASC 810, including instances in which the business is considered in-substance real estate. The ASU requires the Company to measure at fair value any retained interest in a partial sale of real estate. The ASU is effective for annual periods, and interim periods therein, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2017-05 effective January 1, 2018. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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NOTE 2. REAL ESTATE ACTIVITY

Below is a summary of the real estate owned as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Apartments		87,834
Apartments under construction		19,502
Commercial properties		203,329
Real estate held for sale		841,207
Land held for development		88,681
Land subject to sales contract		4,117
Total real estate	$	1,244,670
Less accumulated depreciation		(191,218	)
Total real estate, net of depreciation	$	1,053,452

The highlights of our significant real estate transactions for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, are listed below:

Purchases

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company purchased through one of its subsidiaries, three residential apartment communities. A multi-family 80 unit community located in Baton Rouge, LA for a total purchase price of $12 million, paid through a seller’s financing note of $1.9 million, issuance of note payable of $8.6 million, and exercising an option to purchase of $1.5 million paid in the previous year. A multi-family 99 unit residential apartment community located in Mansfield, TX for a total purchase price of $14.8 million, paid through a seller’s financing note of $2.3 million, and an issuance of a note payable of $11.0 million. A multi-family 200 unit residential apartment community located in Golf Shores, AL for a total purchase price of $18.1 million, paid through an issuance of a note payable of $11.5 million.

Sales

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, TCI sold 62 acres of land to an independent third party for a total sales price of $3.0 million and recorded a gain of $1.3 million from the land sale. In the second quarter, a golf course comprising approximately 96.09 acres sold for an aggregate sales price of $2.3 million, out of which, $0.6 million was received in cash and $1.7 million in note receivables. In addition, during the first quarter, the Company sold six income-producing properties to a related party for an aggregate purchase price of $8.5 million, out of which, $2.1 million was received in cash and $6.4 million in note receivables. No gain or loss was recorded from the sale of income-producing properties.

Mercer Crossing

In addition to the real estate sales noted above the Company recorded sales from a development project known as Mercer Crossing.

At November 2015, our real estate land holdings at Mercer Crossing consisted of land developable into residential homes and commercial projects, located in Farmers Branch, Texas. In November 2015, the Company entered into a sales contract with an unrelated party.  The contract was for all of the developable land owned by the Company. In addition, IOR and ARL also sold land in this transaction. Total consideration for the sale was $75 million. The agreement among the parties to this transaction provides for TCI to hold the subordinated note from the buyer in the amount of $50 million. At the closing, due to the inadequate down payment from the buyer and the level of seller financing involved, the transaction was accounted for under the deposit method. Under the deposit method, no revenue is recognized and the asset sold remains on the books until the criteria for full revenue recognition are met.

During the third quarter of 2018, due to significant cumulative sales of real estate to unrelated third parties and cash received by TCI, the criteria for recording full accrual accounting had been met. Through the period ended August 21, 2018 approximately $28.1 million of the assets previously held by the Company were sold, resulting in a gain of $7.5 million.

On August 22, 2018 the Company reacquired all the unsold portions of the real estate from the November 2015 transaction for the amount that remained from the original sales price.

During the period August 23, 2018 through September 30, 2018 additional Mercer Crossing real estate was sold resulting in a net gain on sale of real estate of $4.8 million.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company has approximately 86 acres of land, at various locations that were sold to related parties in multiple transactions.  These transactions are treated as “subject to sales contract” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.  Due to the related party nature of the transactions TCI has deferred the recording of the sales in accordance with ASC 360-20.

We continue to invest in the development of apartment projects. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we have invested $81.4 million related to the construction or predevelopment of various apartment complexes and capitalized $6.6 million of interest costs.

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NOTE 3. ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

In March 2018, TCI and global diversified financial group Macquarie Group Limited (“Macquarie”) entered into an agreement to form a special purpose entity Victory Abode Apartment, LLC (“Joint Venture”) that will principally own and operate a portfolio of existing TCI Class A multi-family residential properties that are currently owned 100% by TCI subsidiaries, including the Company’s existing multi-family assets.  The Joint Venture will also actively participate in the development and/or acquisitions of additional Class A multi-family assets. It is anticipated that the Company and Macquarie will each have a 49% ownership interest and a 50% voting interest in the Joint Venture.  The remaining 2% ownership interest would be allotted to Daniel J. Moos, the current President and Chief Executive Officer of TCI and Abode Properties. The closing of the agreement is expected to occur in the fourth quarter of 2018.

At September 30, 2018, $760.5 million were included in assets held for sale, consisting of $727.6 million related to the Joint Venture, $21.1 million related to Mercer Crossing properties (Note 2), and $11.8 million other.

The following table presents income before tax associated with assets held for sale.

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues:
Rental and other property revenues	$	22,371		$	20,410		$	65,056		$	59,672
Total operating revenues		22,371			20,410			65,056			59,672
Expenses:
Property operating expenses		9,953			9,190			29,250			26,964
Depreciation and amortization		3,780			3,397			11,080			9,971
General and administrative		6			12			276			389
Total operating expenses		13,739			12,599			40,606			37,324
Operating Income		8,632			7,811			24,450			22,348
Other Income (Expense):
Interest income from notes receivable		2			3			3			6
Other income (loss)		3			(47	)		267			(70	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(4,973	)		(4,401	)		(14,449	)		(12,738	)
Loan fee expense		—			—			—			(707	)
Total other (expense)		(4,968	)		(4,445	)		(14,179	)		(13,509	)
Net Income	$	3,664		$	3,366		$	10,271		$	8,839

NOTE 4. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid interest expense of $ 39.5 million and $36.4 million, respectively.

Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $96.5 million and $100.7 million, respectively. The following is a reconciliation of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the total presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows:

	September 30,
	2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	23,763	$	52,328
Restricted cash (cash held in escrow)		57,135		38,407
Restricted cash (certificate of deposits)		9,155		5,650
Restricted cash (held with Trustee)		6,398		4,345
	$	96,451	$	100,730

Amounts included in restricted cash represent funds required to be set aside to meet contractual obligations with certain financial institutions for the payment of reserve replacement, tax and insurance escrow. In addition, restricted cash includes funds held with the Trustee for payment of bonds interest and other bond related expenses.

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 NOTE 5. NOTES AND INTEREST RECEIVABLE

A portion of our assets are invested in mortgage notes receivable, principally secured by real estate. We may originate mortgage loans in conjunction with providing purchase money financing of property sales. Notes receivable are generally collateralized by real estate or interests in real estate and guarantees, unless noted otherwise, are so secured. Management intends to service and hold for investment the mortgage notes in our portfolio. A majority of the notes receivable provide for principal to be paid at maturity. Below is a summary of our notes receivable as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Borrower	Maturity Date		Interest Rate			Amount		Collateral
Performing loans:
H198, LLC (Las Vegas Land)		01/20		12.00	%	$	5,907	Secured
H198, LLC (McKinney Ranch Land)		09/20		6.00	%		4,554	Secured
Oulan-Chikh Family Trust		03/21		8.00	%		174	Secured
Spyglass Apartments of Ennis, LP		11/19		5.00	%		4,927	Secured
D4DS, LLC (Bellwether Ridge)		05/20		5.00	%		3,336	Secured
Parc at Windmill Farms		05/20		5.00	%		5,919	Secured
2818 Ventures LLC (Forest Pines)		11/20		5.00	%		2,223	Secured
ABC Land & Development (Mandahl Bay)		05/38		6.00	%		1,735	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Echo Station)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,481	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Lakeshore Villas)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		2,000	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Lakeshore Villas)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,369	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Limestone Ranch)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,000	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Limestone Ranch)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,953	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Timbers of Terrell)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,323	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Tivoli)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,140	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		12/18		12.00	%		3,994	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		12/18		12.00	%		6,407	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		06/20		12.00	%		5,760	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		03/21		12.00	%		5,314	Unsecured
Other related party notes(1)		Various		Various			510	Various unsecured interests
Other non-related party notes		Various		Various			796	Various secured interests
Other non-related party notes		Various		Various			300	Various unsecured interests
Accrued interest							5,117
Total Performing						$	82,239

(1) Related party notes.

We invest in mortgage loans, secured by mortgages that are subordinate to one or more prior liens either on the fee or a leasehold interest in real estate. Recourse on such loans ordinarily includes the real estate on which the loan is made, other collateral and guarantees.

At September 30, 2018, we had mortgage loans and accrued interest receivable from related parties, net of allowances, totaling $48.6 million. We recognized interest income of $4.4 million related to these notes receivables for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The Company has various notes receivable from Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (“UHF”) and Foundation for Better Housing, Inc. (“FBH”). UHF and FBH are determined to be related parties due to our reliance upon the performance of the collateral secured under the notes receivable. Payments are due from surplus cash flow of operations of the properties. A sale or refinance of any of the properties underlying these notes will be used to repay outstanding interest and principal for the remaining notes for the specific borrower. These notes are cross-collateralized for the specific borrower, but to the extent cash is received from a specific UHF or FBH property, it is applied first against any outstanding interest for the related-property note. The allowance on the UHF notes was a purchase allowance that was netted against the notes when acquired.

NOTE 6. INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES AND INVESTEES

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and other investees in which we have a 20% to 50% interest or otherwise exercise significant influence, are carried at cost and adjusted for the Company’s proportionate share of their undistributed earnings or losses under the equity method of accounting. ARL is our parent company and is considered as an unconsolidated joint venture.

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and investees consist of the following:

	Percentage ownership as of
	September 30, 2018			September 30, 2017
American Realty Investors, Inc.(1)		0.90	%		0.90	%

(1) Unconsolidated investment in parent company owning 140,000 shares of ARL Common Stock

Our interest in the common stock of ARL in the amount of 0.90% is accounted for under the equity method because we exercise significant influence over the operations and financial activities. Accordingly, the investments are carried at cost, adjusted for the Company’s proportionate share of earnings or losses.

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The following is a summary of the financial position and results of operations from our unconsolidated parent (dollars in thousands):

As of September 30	2018			2017
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation	$	549		$	14,411
Notes receivable		41,782			39,857
Other assets		64,352			54,703
Notes payable		(6,043	)		(6,618	)
Other liabilities		(30,746	)		(37,184	)
Shareholders’ equity		(69,894	)		(65,169	)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30	2018			2017
Rents and interest and other income	$	5,222		$	4,655
Depreciation		—			(142	)
Operating expenses		(1,941	)		(2,607	)
Gain on land sales		—			1,360
Interest expense		(5,231	)		(4,641	)
Net income/(loss)	$	(1,950	)	$	(1,375	)
Company’s proportionate share of net income/(loss)	$	(18	)	$	(12	)

NOTE 7. NOTES AND INTEREST PAYABLE

Below is a summary of our notes and interest payable as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Notes Payable			Accrued Interest			Total Debt
Apartments	$	62,103		$	176		$	62,279
Apartments under Construction		20,580			—			20,580
Commercial		125,429			617			126,046
Land		15,823			191			16,014
Real estate subject to sales contract		649,541			1,484			651,025
Mezzanine financing		93,423			503			93,926
Other		14,071			(777	)		13,294
Total	$	980,970		$	2,194		$	983,164
Unamortized deferred borrowing costs		(17,941	)		—			(17,941	)
	$	963,029		$	2,194		$	965,223

The segment labeled as “Other” consists of unsecured or stock-secured notes payable.

There are various land mortgages, secured by the property, that are in the process of a modification or extension to the original note due to expiration of the loan. We are in constant contact with these lenders, working together in order to modify the terms of these loans and we anticipate a timely resolution that is similar to the existing agreement or subsequent modification.

In conjunction with the development of various apartment projects and other developments, we drew down $66.6 million in construction loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The properties that we have sold to a related party and have deferred the recognition of the sale are treated as “subject to sales contract” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These properties were sold to a related party in order to help facilitate an appropriate debt or organizational restructure and may or may not be transferred back to the seller upon resolution. These properties have mortgages that are secured by the property and many have corporate guarantees. According to the loan documents, the maker is currently in default on these mortgages primarily due to lack of payment and is actively involved in discussions with every lender in order to settle or cure the default situation. We have reviewed each asset and taken impairment to the extent we feel the value of the property was less than our current basis.

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NOTE 8. BONDS PAYABLE

In August 2016, Southern Properties Capital LTD (“Southern”), a British Virgin Islands corporation was incorporated for the purpose of raising funds by issuing Bonds to be traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”).  The Company transferred certain residential and commercial properties located in the United States to Southern, its wholly owned subsidiary. 

On February 13, 2017, Southern filed a final prospectus with the TASE for an offering and sale of nonconvertible Series A Bonds to be issued by Southern. The bonds are obligations of Southern.  During the year ended December 31, 2017 on three separate occasions Southern issued nonconvertible Series A Bonds with a total value of approximately NIS400 million New Israeli Shekels (“NIS”) or approximately $115 million dollars.  The Series A Bonds have a stated interest rate of 7.3%.  At March 31, 2018 the effective interest rate is 9.17%. The bonds require semi-annual equal installments on January 31 and July 31 of each year from 2019 to 2023 (inclusive). The interest will be repaid on January 31 and July 31 of each of the years 2018 to 2023 (inclusive), with the first payment commencing on July 31, 2017.

On January 25, 2018, interest payment of approximately NIS 14.6 million (or approximately $4.3 million) was paid to the Series A bondholders.

On February 15, 2018, Southern issued Series B bonds in the amount of NIS 137.7 million par value (approximately $39.2 million as of February 15, 2018). The Series B bonds are registered on the TASE. The bonds are reported in NIS and bear annual interest rate of 6.8%. Interest shall be repaid January 31 and July 31 of each of the years 2019 to 2023 (inclusive), first payment commencing on July 31, 2018. The principal shall be repaid in ten equal installments on January 31 and July 31 of each of the years from 2021 to 2025 (inclusive). The total bond issuance cost of $1.4 million was incurred. The effective interest rate is 7.99%.

On July 19, 2018, Southern closed a private placement of its Series B bonds in the amount of NIS 72.3 million (or approximately $19.8 million). The bonds are reported in NIS, are registered on the TASE, bear an annual interest rate of 6.8% and have an effective interest rate of 9.60%. Interest will be paid on January 31 and July 31 of each of the years 2019 and 2013 (inclusive). The principal will be repaid in ten equal installment on January 31 and July 31 of each of the years from 2021 to 2012 (inclusive). The Company incurred bonds issuance costs of approximately $1.9 million.

On July 26, 2018, interest payment of approximately NIS 18.9 million (or approximately $5.2 million) was paid to the Series A and B bondholders.

The outstanding balance of these Bonds at September 30, 2018 is as follows:

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
Bonds (Series A)	$	110,246		$	115,336
Bonds (Series B)		37,965			—
Bonds (Series B expansion)		19,934			—
Less: deferred issuance expense, net		(8,827	)		(5,916	)
Accrued Interest		1,692			3,627
	$	161,010		$	113,047

The aggregate maturity of the bonds are as follows:

Year
2018	$	—
2019		22,049
2020		22,049
2021		22,049
2022		33,629
Thereafter		68,369
	$	168,145

The funds were used primarily for the acquisition and development of additional real estate operations in the United States. The funds were raised and will be repaid in NIS, however the funds raised have been converted to US dollars. The Company records unrealized gains or losses each quarter based upon the relative exchange values of the US dollar and the NIS; however, no gain or loss will be realized until a conversion from US dollars to NIS actually occurs in the future. The recorded unrealized gain or loss is reflected as a separate line item to highlight the fact that it is a non-cash transaction until such time as actual payment of principal and interest on the bonds is made. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a gain on foreign currency transaction of approximately $6.4 million.

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NOTE 9. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The following table provides the reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of accounts receivable from and (accounts payable) to related parties as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Pillar			ARL		Total
Related party receivable, December 31, 2017	$	—		$	111,665	$	111,665
Cash transfers		26,637			—		26,637
Advisory fees		(8,208	)		—		(8,208	)
Net income fee		(489	)		—		(489	)
Fees and commissions		(1,205	)		—		(1,205	)
Cost reimbursements		(3,264	)		—		(3,264	)
Interest income		—			5,135		5,135
Notes receivable purchased		(5,314	)		—		(5,314	)
Expenses (paid)/received by advisor		4,946			—		4,946
Financing (mortgage payments)		5,714			—		5,714
Sales/Purchases transactions		(7,826	)		—		(7,826	)
Related party receivable, September 30, 2018	$	10,991		$	116,800	$	127,791

During the ordinary course of business, we have related party transactions that include, but are not limited to, rental income, interest income, interest expense, general and administrative costs, commissions, management fees, and property expenses. In addition, we have assets and liabilities that include related party amounts. The related party amounts included in assets and liabilities, and the related party revenues and expenses received/paid are shown on the face of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 10. DEFERRED INCOME

On July 17, 2009, the Company acquired from Syntek West, Inc., (“SWI”), 2,518,934 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share of IOR at an aggregate price of $17,884,431 (approximately $7.10 per share), the full amount of which was paid by the Company through an assumption of an aggregate amount of indebtedness of $17,884,431 on the outstanding balance owed by SWI to IOR. The 2,518,934 shares of IOR Common Stock acquired by the Company constituted approximately 60.4% of the issued and outstanding Common Stock of IOR. The Company has owned for several years an aggregate of 1,037,184 shares of Common Stock of IOR (approximately 25% of the issued and outstanding). After giving effect to the transaction on July 17, 2009, the Company owns an aggregate of 3,556,118 shares of IOR Common Stock which constitutes approximately 85.3% of the shares of Common Stock of IOR outstanding (which is a total of 4,168,214 shares). Shares of IOR are traded on the NYSE American.

With the Company’s acquisition of the additional shares on July 17, 2009, which increased the aggregate ownership to in excess of 80%, beginning in July 2009, IOR’s results of operations are now consolidated with those of the Company for tax and financial reporting purposes. At the time of the acquisition, the historical accounting value of IOR’s assets was $112 million and liabilities were $43 million. In that the shares of IOR acquired by TCI were from a related party, the values recorded by TCI are IOR’s historical accounting values at the date of transfer. The Company’s fair valuation of IOR assets and liabilities at the acquisition date approximated IOR’s book value. The net difference between the purchase price and historical accounting basis of the assets and liabilities acquired was $35 million and has been reflected by TCI as deferred income. At the time of the transaction it was determined that the deferred income would be recognized upon the sale of the land that IOR held on its books to an independent third party as of the date of sale.

On August 22, 2018, IOR sold approximately 80% of the remaining land held on the date of the acquisition of the additional shares. During the quarter ending September 30, 2018 the Company recognized the proportionate share of the remaining deferred income, approximately $18 million, as a result of the sale of assets.

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NOTE 11. OPERATING SEGMENTS

Our segments are based on our method of internal reporting, which classifies our operations by property type. Our property types are grouped into commercial, apartments, land and other operating segments. Significant differences among the accounting policies of the operating segments as compared to the Consolidated Financial Statements principally involve the calculation and allocation of administrative and other expenses. Management evaluates the performance of each of the operating segments and allocates resources to them based on their net operating income and cash flow.

Items of income that are not reflected in the segments are interest, other income, gain on debt extinguishment, gain on condemnation award, equity in partnerships, and gains on sale of real estate. Expenses that are not reflected in the segments are provision for losses, advisory fees, net income and incentive fees, general and administrative, non-controlling interests and net loss from discontinued operations before gains on sale of real estate.

The segment labeled as “Other” consists of revenue and operating expenses related to notes receivable and corporate debt.

Presented below is our reportable segments’ operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, including segment assets and expenditures (dollars in thousands):

	Commercial
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	8,228		$	25,275		$	—		$	2		$	33,505
Property operating expenses		(4,236	)		(11,345	)		(78	)		(206	)		(15,867	)
Depreciation and amortization		(2,523	)		(4,364	)		—			(4	)		(6,891	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(1,921	)		(5,722	)		(212	)		(7,699	)		(15,555	)
Interest income		—			—			—			4,021			4,021
Gain on land sales		—			—			12,243			—			12,243
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(452	)	$	3,844		$	11,953		$	(3,886	)	$	11,456
Balance Sheet Data as of September 30, 2018
Capital expenditures		962			—			(74	)		—			888
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	35,518		$	—		$	35,518
Cost of sale		—			—			(23,275	)		—			(23,275	)
Gain (loss) on sale	$	—		$	—		$	12,243		$	—		$	12,243

	Commercial
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	8,170		$	23,231		$	86		$	4		$	31,491
Property operating expenses		(4,252	)		(10,659	)		(115	)		(131	)		(15,157	)
Depreciation and amortization		(2,298	)		(4,028	)		—			—			(6,326	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(1,902	)		(5,168	)		(387	)		(6,788	)		(14,245	)
Interest income		—			—			—			3,175			3,175
Recognition of deferred gain on sale of income - producing properties		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on land sales		—			—			530			—			530
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(282	)	$	13,217		$	114		$	(3,740	)	$	9,309
Balance Sheet Data as of September 30, 2017
Capital expenditures	$	689		$	543		$	55		$	—		$	1,287
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	850		$	—		$	850
Cost of sale		—			—			(320	)		—			(320	)
Recognized prior deferred gain		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on sale	$	—		$	9,841		$	530		$	—		$	10,371

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The table below provides the reconciliation of segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended  September 30,
	2018			2017
Segment operating income (loss)	$	11,456		$	9,309
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
General and administrative		(1,858	)		(1,594	)
Net income fee to related party		(383	)		(53	)
Advisory fee to related party		(2,735	)		(2,595	)
Other income		17,434			2,096
Income tax (expense)		(792	)		—
Earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		(4	)		7
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	23,118		$	7,170

Presented below is our reportable segments’ operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, including segment assets and expenditures (dollars in thousands):

	Commercial
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	23,187		$	73,001		$	—		$	6		$	96,194
Property operating expenses		(12,222	)		(33,127	)		(162	)		(301	)		(45,814	)
Depreciation and amortization		(7,138	)		(12,709	)		—			(12	)		(19,859	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(5,662	)		(16,520	)		(175	)		(21,465	)		(43,823	)
Interest income		—			—			—			11,441			11,441
Gain on land sales		—			—			13,578			—			13,578
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(1,835	)	$	10,645		$	13,241		$	(10,331	)	$	11,717
Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2018
Capital expenditures	$	3,688		$	(2,398	)	$	(692	)	$	—		$	598
Real estate assets	$	134,148		$	825,863		$	92,798		$	643		$	1,053,452
Property Sales
Sales price	$	2,313		$	8,512		$	38,503		$	—		$	49,328
Cost of sale		(2,313	)		(8,512	)		(24,925	)		—			(35,750	)
Gain on sale	$	—		$	—		$	13,578		$	—		$	13,578

	Commercial
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	25,308		$	68,922		$	87		$	11		$	94,328
Property operating expenses		(13,629	)		(31,615	)		(429	)		(583	)		(46,256	)
Depreciation and amortization		(6,903	)		(12,105	)		—			—			(19,008	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(5,629	)		(16,955	)		(1,248	)		(21,386	)		(45,218	)
Interest income		—			—			—			10,305			10,305
Recognition of deferred gain on sale of income - producing properties		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on land sales		—			—			500			—			500
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(853	)	$	18,088		$	(1,090	)	$	(11,653	)	$	4,492
Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2017
Capital expenditures	$	2,586		$	543		$	641		$	—		$	3,770
Real estate assets	$	145,321		$	665,972		$	117,642		$	—		$	928,935
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	2,446		$	—		$	2,446
Cost of sale		—			—			(1,946	)		—			(1,946	)
Recognized prior deferred gain		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on sale	$	—		$	9,841		$	500		$	—		$	10,341

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The tables below reconcile the segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Segment operating income (loss)	$	11,717		$	4,492
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
General and administrative		(6,223	)		(4,669	)
Net income fee to related party		(489	)		(189	)
Advisory fee to related party		(8,209	)		(7,402	)
Other income		34,387			(312	)
Income tax (expense)		(792	)		—
Loss from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		(2	)		(11	)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	30,389		$	(8,091	)

The tables below reconcile the segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of September 30,
	2018		2017
Segment assets	$	1,053,452	$	928,935
Investments in real estate partnerships		2,774		2,435
Notes and interest receivable		82,239		62,698
Other assets		284,465		256,659
Total assets	$	1,422,930	$	1,250,727

NOTE 12. TAXES

TCI had a taxable loss for federal income tax purposes during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. However, due to activities arising from our subsidiary IOR during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, a federal income expense of $792,000 was incurred. This expense consists of $1.9 million current income tax expense and ($1.1) million of deferred tax income related to the change in the valuation allowance of the deferred tax asset.

NOTE 13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES AND LIQUIDITY

Liquidity. Management believes that TCI will generate excess cash from property operations in 2018; such excess, however, will not be sufficient to discharge all of TCI’s obligations as they become due. Management intends to sell land and income-producing real estate, refinance real estate and obtain additional borrowings primarily secured by real estate to meet its liquidity requirements.

Partnership Buyouts. TCI is the limited partner in various partnerships related to the construction of residential properties. As permitted in the respective partnership agreements, TCI intends to purchase the interests of the general and any other limited partners in these partnerships subsequent to the completion of these projects. The amounts paid to buy out the non-affiliated partners are limited to development fees earned by the non-affiliated partners and are outlined in the respective partnership agreements.

Dynex Capital, Inc.

On July 20, 2015, the 68th Judicial District Court in Dallas County, Texas issued its Final Judgment in Cause No. DC-03-00675, styled Basic Capital Management, Inc., American Realty Trust, Inc., Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., Continental Poydras Corp., Continental Common, Inc. and Continental Baronne, Inc. v. Dynex Commercial, Inc. The case, which was litigated for more than a decade, had its origin with Dynex Commercial making loans to Continental Poydras Corp., Continental Common, Inc. and Continental Baronne, Inc. (subsidiaries of Continental Mortgage & Equity Trust (“CMET”), an entity which merged into TCI in 1999 after the original suit was filed). Under the original loan commitment, $160 million in loans were to be made to the entities. The loans were conditioned on the execution of a commitment between Dynex Commercial and Basic Capital Management, Inc. (“Basic”).

An original trial in 2004, which also included Dynex Capital, Inc. as a defendant, resulted in a jury awarding damages in favor of Basic for “lost opportunity,” as well as damages in favor of ART and in favor of TCI and its subsidiaries for “increased costs” and “lost opportunity.” The original Trial Court judge ignored the jury’s findings, however, and entered a “Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict” (“JNOV”) in favor of the Dynex entities (the judge held the Plaintiffs were not entitled to any damages from the Dynex entities). After numerous appeals by all parties, Dynex Capital, Inc. was ultimately dismissed from the case and the remaining claims against Dynex Commercial were remanded to the Trial Court for a new judgment consistent with the jury’s findings. The Court entered the new Final Judgment against Dynex Commercial, Inc. on July 20, 2015.

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The Final Judgment entered against Dynex Commercial, Inc. on July 20, 2015 awarded Basic $0.256 million in damages, plus pre-judgment interest of $0.192 million for a total amount of $0.448 million. The Judgment awarded ART $14.2 million in damages, plus pre-judgment interest of $10.6 million for a total amount of $24.8 million. The Judgment awarded TCI $11.1 million, plus pre-judgment interest of $8.4 million for a total amount of $19.5 million. The Judgment also awarded Basic, ART, and TCI post-judgment interest at the rate of 5% per annum from April 25, 2014 until the date their respective damages are paid. Lastly, the Judgement awarded Basic, ART, and TCI $1.6 million collectively in attorneys’ fees from Dynex Commercial, Inc.

The Company is working with counsel to identify assets and collect on the Final Judgement against Dynex Commercial, Inc., as well as explore possible additional claims, if any, against Dynex Capital, Inc.

Litigation. The ownership of property and provision of services to the public as tenants entails an inherent risk of liability. Although the Company and its subsidiaries are involved in various items of litigation incidental to and in the ordinary course of its business, in the opinion of management, the outcome of such litigation will not have a material adverse impact upon the Company’s financial condition, results of operation or liquidity.

Guarantees. The Company is the primary guarantor on a $39.1 million mezzanine loan between UHF and a lender. In addition, ARI and an officer of the Company are limited recourse guarantors of the loan. As of September 30, 2018, UHF was in compliance with the covenants to the loan agreement.

NOTE 14. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Earnings per share (“EPS”) have been computed pursuant to the provisions of ASC 260 “Earnings per Share.” Basic EPS is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Shares issued during the period shall be weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding.

Prior to July 9, 2014, TCI had 30,000 shares of Series C cumulative convertible preferred stock issued and outstanding. These 30,000 shares were owned by RAI, a related party, and had accrued dividends unpaid of $0.9 million. The stock had a liquidation preference of $100.00 per share and could be converted into common stock at 90% of the daily average closing price of the common stock for the prior five trading days. On July 9, 2014, RAI converted all 30,000 shares into the requisite number of shares of common stock. The conversion resulted in the issuance of 304,298 new shares of common stock. The effects of the Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock are no longer included in the dilutive earnings per share calculation for the current period, but are considered in the calculation for the prior periods if applying the if-converted method is dilutive.

As of September 30, 2018, there are no preferred stock or stock options that are required to be included in the calculation of EPS.

NOTE 15. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The date to which events occurring after September 30, 2018, the date of the most recent balance sheet, have been evaluated for possible adjustment to the Consolidated Financial Statements or disclosure is November 13, 2018, which is the date on which the Consolidated Financial Statements were available to be issued.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report.

This Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, principally, but not only, under the captions “Business”, “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. We caution investors that any forward-looking statements in this report, or which management may make orally or in writing from time to time, are based on management’s beliefs and on assumptions made by, and information currently available to, management. When used, the words “anticipate”, “believe”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “might”, “plan”, “estimate”, “project”, “should”, “will”, “result” and similar expressions which do not relate solely to historical matters are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties and factors that are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. We caution you that, while forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs when we make them, they are not guarantees of future performance and are impacted by actual events when they occur after we make such statements. We expressly disclaim any responsibility to update our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Accordingly, investors should use caution in relying on past forward-looking statements, which are based on results and trends at the time they are made, to anticipate future results or trends.

Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

● general risks affecting the real estate industry (including, without limitation, the inability to enter into or renew leases, dependence on tenants’ financial condition, and competition from other developers, owners and operators of real estate);

● risks associated with the availability and terms of construction and mortgage financing and the use of debt to fund acquisitions and developments;

● demand for apartments and commercial properties in the Company’s markets and the effect on occupancy and rental rates;

● the Company’s ability to obtain financing, enter into joint venture arrangements in relation to or self-fund the development or acquisition of properties;

● risks associated with the timing and amount of property sales and the resulting gains/losses associated with such sales;

● failure to manage effectively our growth and expansion into new markets or to integrate acquisitions successfully;

● risks and uncertainties affecting property development and construction (including, without limitation, construction delays, cost overruns, inability to obtain necessary permits and public opposition to such activities);

● risks associated with downturns in the national and local economies, increases in interest rates, and volatility in the securities markets;

● costs of compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and other similar laws and regulations;

● potential liability for uninsured losses and environmental contamination;

● risks associated with our dependence on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed; and

● the other risk factors identified in this Form 10-Q, including those described under the caption “Risk Factors.”

The risks included here are not exhaustive. Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, include among others, the factors listed and described at Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, which investors should review. There have been no changes from the risk factors previously described in the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.

Other sections of this report may also include suggested factors that could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time-to-time and it is not possible for management to predict all such matters; nor can we assess the impact of all such matters on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as prediction of actual results. Investors should also refer to our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for future periods and to other materials we may furnish to the public from time to time through Forms 8-K or otherwise as we file them with the SEC.

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Overview

We are an externally advised and managed real estate investment company that owns a diverse portfolio of income-producing properties and land held for development. Our portfolio of income-producing properties includes residential apartment communities, office buildings and other commercial properties. Our investment strategy includes acquiring existing income-producing properties, as well as developing new properties on land already owned or acquired for a specific development project. We acquire land primarily in urban in-fill locations or high-growth suburban markets. We are an active buyer and seller of real estate. During the first quarter, the Company sold six income-producing properties to a related party for an aggregate purchase price of $8.5 million, out of which, $2.1 million was received in cash and $6.4 million in note receivables. No gain or loss was recorded from the sale of income-producing properties. During the second quarter, TCI sold 62 acres of land to an independent third party for a total sales price of $3.0 million and recorded a gain of $1.3 million from the land sale. For the second quarter, the Company sold a golf course comprising approximately 96.09 acres for an aggregate sales price of $2.3 million, out of which, $0.6 million was received in cash and $1.7 million in note receivables. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company purchased three properties for a total sales price of $45.0 million. In the second quarter the Company purchased through one of its subsidiaries, an 80 unit residential apartment community located in Baton Rouge, LA for a total purchase price of $12 million, paid through a seller’s financing note of $1.9 million, issuance of note payable of $8.6 million, and exercising an option to purchase of $1.5 million paid in the previous year. For the quarter just ended the Company purchased two properties for $33.0 million.

As of September 30, 2018, we owned 8,494 units in forty eight residential apartment communities, and seven commercial properties comprising approximately 1.7 million rentable square feet. In addition, we own 3,218 acres of land held for development. The Company currently owns income-producing properties and land in ten states.

We finance our acquisitions primarily through operating cash flow, proceeds from the sale of land and income-producing properties and debt financing primarily in the form of property-specific first-lien mortgage loans from commercial banks and institutional lenders. We finance our development projects principally with variable interest rate construction loans that are converted to long-term, fixed rate amortizing mortgages when the development project is completed and occupancy has been stabilized. We will, from time to time, also enter into partnerships with various investors to acquire income-producing properties or land and to sell interests in certain of our wholly-owned properties. When we sell assets, we may carry a portion of the sales price generally in the form of a short-term, interest bearing seller-financed note receivable. We generate operating revenues primarily by leasing apartment units to residents and leasing office, retail and industrial space to commercial tenants. We have no employees.

We have historically engaged in and may continue to engage in certain business transactions with related parties, including, but not limited to, asset acquisition and dispositions. Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s length basis due to the absence of free market forces that naturally exist in business dealings between two or more unrelated entities. Related party transactions may not always be favorable to our business and may include terms, conditions and agreements that are not necessarily beneficial to or in our best interest.

Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”) is the Company’s external Advisor and Cash Manager. Although the Board of Directors is directly responsible for managing the affairs of TCI, and for setting the policies which guide it, the day-to-day operations of TCI are performed by Pillar, as the contractual Advisor, under the supervision of the Board. Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities and arranging debt and equity financing for the Company with third party lenders and investors. Additionally, Pillar serves as a consultant to the Board with regard to their decisions in connection with TCI’s business plan and investment policy. Pillar also serves as an Advisor and Cash Manager to ARL and IOR.

Regis Realty Prime, LLC (“Regis”) manages our commercial properties and provides brokerage services for our real estate portfolio. TCI engages third-party companies to lease and manage its apartment properties.

Critical Accounting Policies

We present our Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) is the single source of authoritative accounting principles recognized by the FASB to be applied by nongovernmental entities in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include our accounts, our subsidiaries, generally all of which are wholly-owned, and all entities in which we have a controlling interest. Arrangements that are not controlled through voting or similar rights are accounted for as a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”), in accordance with the provisions and guidance of ASC Topic 810 “Consolidation”, whereby we have determined that we are a primary beneficiary of the VIE and meet certain criteria of a sole general partner or managing member as identified in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue 04-5, Investor’s Accounting for an Investment in a Limited Partnership when the Investor is the Sole General Partner and the Limited Partners have Certain Rights (“EITF 04-5”). VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders as a group lack adequate decision making ability, the obligation to absorb expected losses or residual returns of the entity, or have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests. The primary beneficiary generally is the entity that provides financial support and bears a majority of the financial risks, authorizes certain capital transactions, or makes operating decisions that materially affect the entity’s financial results. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

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In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: the amount and characteristics of our investment; the obligation or likelihood for us or other investors to provide financial support; our and the other investors’ ability to control or significantly influence key decisions for the VIE; and the similarity with and significance to the business activities of us and the other investors. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions.

For entities in which we have less than a controlling financial interest or entities where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary, the entities are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, our share of the net earnings or losses of these entities are included in consolidated net income. Our investment in ARL is accounted for under the equity method.

Real Estate

Upon acquisitions of real estate, we assess the fair value of acquired tangible and intangible assets, including land, buildings, tenant improvements, “above-market” and “below-market” leases, origination costs, acquired in-place leases, other identified intangible assets and assumed liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 805 “Business Combinations”, and allocate the purchase price to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including land at appraised value and buildings at replacement cost.

We assess and consider fair value based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount and/or capitalization rates, as well as available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors, including the historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant. We also consider an allocation of purchase price of other acquired intangibles, including acquired in-place leases that may have a customer relationship intangible value, including (but not limited to) the nature and extent of the existing relationship with the tenants, the tenants’ credit quality and expectations of lease renewals. Based on our acquisitions to date, our allocation to customer relationship intangible assets has been immaterial.

A variety of costs are incurred in the acquisition, development and leasing of properties. After determination is made to capitalize a cost, it is allocated to the specific component of a project that is benefited. Determination of when a development project is substantially complete and capitalization must cease involves a degree of judgment. Our capitalization policy on development properties is guided by ASC Topic 835-20 “Interest – Capitalization of Interest” and ASC Topic 970 “Real Estate - General”. The costs of land and buildings under development include specifically identifiable costs. The capitalized costs include pre-construction costs essential to the development of the property, development costs, construction costs, interest costs, real estate taxes, salaries and related costs and other costs incurred during the period of development. We cease capitalization when a building is considered substantially complete and ready for its intended use, but no later than one year from the cessation of major construction activity.

Depreciation and Impairment

Real estate is stated at depreciated cost. The cost of buildings and improvements includes the purchase price of property, legal fees and other acquisition costs. Costs directly related to the development of properties are capitalized. Capitalized development costs include interest, property taxes, insurance, and other project costs incurred during the period of development.

Management reviews its long-lived assets used in operations for impairment when there is an event or change in circumstances that indicates impairment in value. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of its assets is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. If such impairment is present, an impairment loss is recognized based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its fair value. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods.

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Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Ventures

Except for ownership interests in variable interest entities, we account for our investments in unconsolidated real estate ventures under the equity method of accounting because we exercise significant influence over, but do not control, these entities. These investments are recorded initially at cost, as investments in unconsolidated real estate ventures, and subsequently adjusted for equity in earnings and cash contributions and distributions. Any difference between the carrying amount of these investments on our balance sheet and the underlying equity in net assets is amortized as an adjustment to equity in earnings of unconsolidated real estate ventures over the life of the related asset. Under the equity method of accounting, our net equity is reflected within the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and our share of net income or loss from the joint ventures is included within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The joint venture agreements may designate different percentage allocations among investors for profits and losses; however, our recognition of joint venture income or loss generally follows the joint venture’s distribution priorities, which may change upon the achievement of certain investment return thresholds. For ownership interests in variable interest entities, we consolidate those in which we are the primary beneficiary.

Recognition of Rental Income

Rental income for commercial property leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms. On our Consolidated Balance Sheets, we include as a receivable the excess of rental income recognized over rental payments actually received pursuant to the terms of the individual commercial lease agreements.

Reimbursements of operating costs, as allowed under most of our commercial tenant leases, consist of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes and other recoverable costs, and are recognized as revenue in the period in which the recoverable expenses are incurred. We record these reimbursements on a “gross” basis, since we generally are the primary obligor with respect to purchasing goods and services from third-party suppliers, have discretion in selecting the supplier and have the credit risk with respect to paying the supplier.

Rental income for residential property leases is recorded when due from residents and is recognized monthly as earned, which is not materially different than on a straight-line basis as lease terms are generally for periods of one year or less. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded for all past due rents and operating expense reimbursements considered to be uncollectible.

Revenue Recognition on the Sale of Real Estate

Sales and the associated gains or losses of real estate are recognized in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 360-20, “Property, Plant and Equipment – Real Estate Sale”. The specific timing of a sale is measured against various criteria in ASC 360-20 related to the terms of the transaction and any continuing involvement in the form of management or financial assistance associated with the properties. If the sales criteria for the full accrual method are not met, we defer some or all of the gain recognition and account for the continued operations of the property by applying the finance, leasing, deposit, installment or cost recovery methods, as appropriate, until the sales criteria are met.

Non-Performing Notes Receivable

We consider a note receivable to be non-performing when the maturity date has passed without principal repayment and the borrower is not making interest payments in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

Interest Recognition on Notes Receivable

We record interest income as earned in accordance with the terms of the related loan agreements.

Allowance for Estimated Losses

We assess the collectability of notes receivable on a periodic basis, of which the assessment consists primarily of an evaluation of cash flow projections of the borrower to determine whether estimated cash flows are sufficient to repay principal and interest in accordance with the contractual terms of the note. We recognize impairments on notes receivable when it is probable that principal and interest will not be received in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. The amount of the impairment to be recognized generally is based on the fair value of the partnership’s real estate that represents the primary source of loan repayment. See Note 4 “Notes and Interest Receivable” for details on our notes receivable.

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We apply the guidance in ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, to the valuation of real estate assets. These provisions define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction between market participants at the measurement date, establish a hierarchy that prioritizes the information used in developing fair value estimates and require disclosure of fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 measurements), such as the reporting entity’s own data.

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The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date and includes three levels defined as follows:

Level 1 –	Unadjusted quoted prices for identical and unrestricted assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 –	Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 –	Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Related Parties

We apply ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations”, to evaluate business relationships. Related parties are persons or entities who have one or more of the following characteristics, which include entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, trust for the benefit of persons including principal owners of the entities and members of their immediate families, management personnel of the entity and members of their immediate families and other parties with which the entity may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the decision making of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests, or affiliates of the entity.

Results of Operations

The discussion of our results of operations is based on management’s review of operations, which is based on our operating segments. Our operating segments consist of apartments, commercial properties, land and other. For discussion purposes, we break these segments down into the following sub-categories; same property portfolio, acquired properties and developed properties in the lease-up phase. The same property portfolio consists of properties that were held by us for the entire period for both years being compared. The acquired property portfolio consists of properties that we acquired but have not been held for the entire period for both periods being compared. Developed properties in the lease-up phase consist of completed projects that are being leased-up. As we complete each phase of the project, we lease-up that phase and include those revenues in our continued operations. Once a developed property becomes leased-up and is held the entire period for both periods under comparison, it is considered to be included in the same property portfolio.

Prior to January 1, 2015, the operating results of real estate assets held for sale and sold were reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Income from discontinued operations includes the revenues and expenses, including depreciation and interest expense, associated with the assets. The Company adopted ASU 2014-08, effective January 1, 2015, which substantially changed the criteria for determining whether a disposition qualifies for discontinued operations presentation. As a result, we had no dispositions that met the criteria for discontinued operations during the nine months ending September 30, 2018.

The following discussion is based on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, as included in Part I, Item 1. “Financial Statements” of this report. As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, we owned or had interests in a portfolio of fifty five and fifty eight income-producing properties, respectively.

Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2018 to the same period ended 2017:

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, we reported a net income applicable to common shares of $21.9 million or $2.52 income per diluted share, compared to a net income applicable to common shares of $6.9 million or $0.79 income per diluted share for the same period in 2017.

Revenues

Rental and other property revenues were $33.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of $2.0 million compared to rental and other operating revenues in the same period in 2017 of $31.5 million. The increase is driven primarily by an increase in revenues of $2.0 million from our apartment operating segment.

Expense

Property operating expenses were $15.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of $0.7 million compared to property operating expenses in the same period in 2017 of $15.2 million. The increase is due to increases in operating expenses in the apartment portfolio of $0.7 million.

26

Depreciation and amortization expense was $6.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 for an increase of $0.6 million as compared to depreciation and amortization expense in the same period in 2017 of $6.3 million. The change is attributable to the depreciation on acquired apartments.

General and Administrative expense was $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of $0.3 million compared to general and administrative expense in the same period in 2017 of $1.6 million. The increase is primarily due to $1.8 million of transaction costs.

Other income (expense)

Other income was $18.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of $18.5 million compared to other expense in the same period in 2017 of $0.2 million. The increase is primarily the result of a $17.6 million gain recognized in September 2018 for deferred income associated with the sale of assets.

Mortgage and loan interest expense was $15.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of $1.4 million in mortgage and loan interest expense compared to the same period in 2017 of $14.2 million. The change by segment is an increase in the other portfolio of $0.9 million, apartment portfolio of $0.6 million, offset by a decrease in the land portfolio of $0.1 million.

Foreign currency transaction was a loss of $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. This represents a decrease of $3.2 million compared to foreign currency transaction gain in the same period in 2017 of $1.9 million. The increase is the result of a loss in foreign currency exchange as a result of the unfavorable exchange rate between the Israel Shekels and the U.S. Dollar related to our Bond program.

There was no sale of income-producing properties during the three months ended September 30, 2018. For the same period in 2017, we recognized a gain on sale of income-producing properties of $9.8 million as a result of a deferred gain from property sales of two apartment communities.

Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2018 to the same period ended 2017:

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we reported net income applicable to common shares of $28.5 million or $3.27 income per diluted share compared to a net loss applicable to common shares of $9.1 million or $1.05 loss per diluted share for the same period in 2017.

Revenues

Rental and other property revenues were $96.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of approximately $1.9 million compared to rental and other property revenues in the same period in 2017 of $94.3 million. The increase is the result of a decrease in revenues in the commercial portfolio segment of $2.1 million offset by an increase in the apartment portfolio segment of approximately $4.0 million.

Expense

Property operating expenses were $45.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 which represents a decrease of $0.4 million compared to property and operating expenses in the same period in 2017 of $46.3 million. The decrease was driven primarily by a decrease in operating expenses of $1.4 million in our commercial portfolio segment.

Depreciation and amortization expense was $19.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 for an increase of $0.9 million compared to depreciation and amortization expense in the same period in 2017 of $19 million. The increase was driven primarily by an increase of $0.6 million in depreciation expense in our apartment portfolio segment.

General and Administrative expenses was $6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of $1.5 million compared to general and administrative expenses in the same period in 2017 of $4.7 million. The increase is due to an increase in expense reimbursements paid to our advisor of approximately $1.3 million and a $1.8 million of transaction costs.

Other income (expense)

Other income was $28.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of $26.5 million compared to other income in the same period in 2017 of $1.5 million. The increase is primarily the result of a $17.6 million gain recognized in September 2018 for deferred income associated with the sale of assets.

Mortgage and loan interest expense was $43.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This represents a decrease of $1.4 million compared to mortgage and loan interest expense in the same  period in 2017 of $45.2 million. The decrease is the result of decreases in the apartment segment of $0.4 million, and land segment of $1.0 million.

27

Foreign currency transaction was a gain of $6.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This represents an increase of $8.2 million compared to foreign currency transaction loss in the same period in 2017 of $1.8 million. The increase is the result of a gain in foreign currency exchange as a result of the favorable exchange rate between the Israel Shekels and the U.S. Dollar related to our Bond program.

Gain on land sales increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 we sold 62 acres of land and certain land holdings at Mercer Crossing for a sales price of $38.5 million and recorded a gain of $13.6 million. For the same period in 2017, we recorded a gain on land sales of $0.5 million on the sale of 14.2 acres of land for a total sales price of $2.4 million.  In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we sold six income-producing properties and a golf course for total sales price of approximately $10.8 million and recorded no gain or loss on the sale.  For the same period in 2017, we recorded a gain of $9.8 million on the sale of income-producing properties from the sale of two apartment properties.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal liquidity needs are:

● fund normal recurring expenses;

● meet debt service and principal repayment obligations including balloon payments on maturing debt;

● fund capital expenditures, including tenant improvements and leasing costs;

● fund development costs not covered under construction loans; and

● fund possible property acquisitions.

Our principal sources of cash have been and will continue to be:

● property operations;

● proceeds from land and income-producing property sales;

● collection of mortgage notes receivable;

● collection of receivables from related party companies;

● refinancing of existing debt; and

● additional borrowing, including mortgage notes, mezzanine financing and lines of credit.

We draw on multiple financing sources to fund our long-term capital needs. We generally fund our development projects with construction loans. Management anticipates that our available cash from property operations may not be sufficient to meet all of our cash requirements. Management intends to selectively sell land and income-producing assets, refinance or extend real estate debt and seek additional borrowing secured by real estate to meet its liquidity requirements. Although the past cannot predict the future, historically, management has been successful at extending a portion of our current maturity obligations and selling assets as necessary to meet current obligations.

Cash Flow Summary

The following summary discussion of our cash flows is based on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as presented in Part I, Item 1. “Financial Statements” and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flow (dollars in thousands):

	September 30,
	2018			2017			Incr / (Decr)
Net cash (used in) operating activities	$	(20,311	)	$	(18,257	)	$	(2,054	)
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(49,813	)	$	(40,441	)	$	(9,372	)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	90,179		$	99,159		$	(8,980	)

Our primary use of cash for operations is daily operating costs, general and administrative expenses, advisory fees, and land holding costs. Our primary source of cash from operating activities is from rental income on properties. In addition, we have a related party account in which excess cash is transferred to or from.

Our primary cash outlays for investing activities are for construction and development, acquisition of land and income-producing properties, and capital improvements to existing properties. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we advanced $ 11.5 million toward various notes receivable and $ 66.6 million for development of new properties. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we advanced $10.7 million toward various notes receivable and $41.5 million for development of new properties.

28

Our primary sources of cash from investing activities are from the proceeds on the sale of land and income-producing properties. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we received aggregate sales proceeds of $10.4 million from the sale of 242 acres of land and recorded a gain of $13.6 million. In addition, we received aggregate sale proceeds of $2.7 million from the sale of six income producing properties and a golf course, and collected $ 6.5 million from a related party note receivable. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we received aggregate sales proceeds of $2.4 million from the sale of approximately 14.16 acres of land and recorded a gain on the sale of approximately $0.5 million. In addition, we collected $26.1 million from a related party note receivable.

Our primary sources of cash from financing activities are from proceeds on notes payables either through refinancing our existing loans or by obtaining new financing. Our primary cash outlays are for recurring debt payments and payments on maturing notes payable. The increase in cash flow from financing activities is due primarily to $59.2 million of proceeds received from the sale of nonconvertible Series B Bonds by Southern Properties Capital LTD, a British Virgin Islands corporation (“Southern”), which is an indirect subsidiary of TCI. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we had a $106.6 million increase in cash flow from financing activities as a result of proceeds received from the sale of nonconvertible Series A Bonds by Southern.

Environmental Matters

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, we may be potentially liable for removal or remediation costs, as well as certain other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including governmental fines and injuries to persons and property) where property-level managers have arranged for the removal, disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances. In addition, certain environmental laws impose liability for release of asbestos-containing materials into the air, and third parties may seek recovery for personal injury associated with such materials.

Management is not aware of any environmental liability relating to the above matters that would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets or results of operations.

Inflation

The effects of inflation on our operations are not quantifiable. Revenues from property operations tend to fluctuate proportionately with inflationary increases, market conditions and decreases in real estate costs. Fluctuations in the rate of inflation also affect sales values of properties and the ultimate gain to be realized from property sales. To the extent that inflation affects interest rates, earnings from short-term investments, the cost of new financings and the cost of variable interest rate debt will be affected.

Tax Matters 

TCI is a member of the May Realty Holdings, Inc., (“MRHI”) consolidated group for federal income tax reporting.  There is a tax sharing and compensating agreement between American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”), Income Opportunities Realty Investors, Inc. (“IOR”), and TCI.

Financial statement income varies from taxable income principally due to the accounting for income and losses of investees, gains and losses from asset sales, depreciation on owned properties, amortization of discounts on notes receivable and payable and the difference in the allowance for estimated losses. TCI had a taxable loss for federal income tax purposes in the first nine months of 2018, and net operating losses for 2017 and 2016.   However, due to activities arising from its subsidiary IOR, a current federal income expense of $792,000 has been booked.

At September 30th, 2018, TCI had a net deferred tax asset of approximately $42 million due to tax deductions available to it in future years.  However, management is in the process of reviewing the 100% valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets in light of potential developments.  Currently, management has kept the valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets for the nine months ending September 30, 2018, but this may change as management reevaluates future events.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS

We may be exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of long-term debt used to acquire properties and make loans and other permitted investments.  Our management’s objectives, with regard to interest rate risks, are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower overall borrowing costs.  To achieve these objectives, we will borrow primarily at fixed rates or variable rates with the lowest margins available and in some cases, with the ability to convert variable rates to fixed rates.  Of our $980.0 million in notes payable at September 30, 2018, $65.1 million represented debt subject to variable interest rates. If our variable interest rates increased 100 basis points, we estimate that total annual interest cost, including interest expensed and interest capitalized, would increase by $0.65 million, and would result in a decrease of $0.07 in our earnings per share.

29

At September 30, 2018, the Company’s weighted average borrowing rate was 5.96%.  Our variable rate exposure is mitigated through the ability to secure long-term fixed rate HUD financing on the residential apartment complexes.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

As indicated in the certifications in Exhibit 31 of this report, the Company’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have evaluated the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2018. Based on that evaluation, these officers have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is accumulated and communicated to them in  a manner that allows for timely decisions regarding required disclosures and are effective in ensuring that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. There were no changes during the Company’s last fiscal quarter that materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

In December 1989, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of a total of 687,000 shares of TCI’s common stock. In June 2000, the Board increased this authorization to 1,387,000 shares. On August 10, 2010, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the share repurchase program for up to an additional 250,000 shares of common stock which results in a total authorization under the repurchase program for up to 1,637,000 shares of our common stock. This repurchase program has no termination date. There were no shares purchased under this program during the first nine months ended September 30, 2018. As of September 30, 2018, 1,230,535 shares have been purchased and 406,465 shares may be purchased under the program.

30

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

The following exhibits are filed with this report or incorporated by reference as indicated;

Exhibit Number	Description
3.0	Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 3.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1991).
3.1	Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 3, 1996).
3.2	Certificate of Amendment of Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., dated October 10, 2000 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000).
3.3	Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., setting forth the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, dated October 20, 1998 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1998).
3.4	Certificate of Designation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., setting forth the Voting Powers, Designations, References, Limitations, Restriction and Relative Rights of Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, dated October 23, 2000 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000).
3.5	Certificate of Designation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., setting forth the Voting Powers, Designating, Preferences, Limitations, Restrictions and Relative Rights of Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, dated September 28, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2001).
3.6	Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., Decreasing the Number of Authorized Shares of and Eliminating Series B Preferred Stock dated December 14, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001).
3.7	By-Laws of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 3.2 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1991).
3.8	Certificate of Designation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., setting forth the Voting Powers, Designations, Preferences, Limitations, Restrictions and Relative Rights of Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock filed August 14, 2006 with the Secretary of State of Nevada (incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for event dated November 21, 2006 at Exhibit 3.8 thereof).
10.1	Advisory Agreement dated as of April 30, 2011, between Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., and Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s current report on Form 8-K for event occurring May 2, 2011).
31.1*	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 and 15d-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2*	Certification by the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 and 15d-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1*	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed herewith.

31

SIGNATURE PAGE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
Date: November 14, 2018	By:	/s/ Daniel J. Moos
		Daniel J. Moos
		President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 14, 2018	By:	/s/ Gene S. Bertcher
		Gene S. Bertcher
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

32

EX-31.1

Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. 10-Q

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Daniel J. Moos, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officers(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal controls over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluations; and

(d) Disclosed in the report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2018	/s/ Daniel J. Moos
	Daniel J. Moos
	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

33

EX-31.2

Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. 10-Q

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Gene S. Bertcher, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officers(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal controls over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluations; and

(d) Disclosed in the report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officers(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 14, 2018	/s/ Gene S. Bertcher
	Gene S. Bertcher
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

34

EX-32.1

Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. 10-Q 

Exhibit 32.1

Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906

of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Each of the undersigned officers of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”) hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 that:

(i) The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2018, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and

(ii) The information contained in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2018, fairly presents in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company, at and for the periods indicated.

	TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
Date: November 14, 2018	By:	/s/ Daniel J. Moos
		Daniel J. Moos
		President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 14, 2018	By:	/s/ Gene S. Bertcher
		Gene S. Bertcher
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

35

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Nov. 13, 2018
Document And Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS INC
Entity Central Index Key	0000733590
Document Type	10-Q
Trading Symbol	TCI
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2018
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity's Reporting Status Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		8,717,767
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Assets
Real estate, at cost	$ 326,800	$ 1,112,721
Real estate subject to sales contracts at cost	43,767	45,739
Real estate held for sale at cost, net of depreciation ($113,606 in 2018)	760,497
Less accumulated depreciation	(77,612)	(178,590)
Total real estate	1,053,452	979,870
Notes and interest receivable (including $48,637 in 2018 and $45,155 in 2017 from related parties)	82,239	70,166
Cash and cash equivalents	23,763	42,705
Restricted cash	72,688	45,637
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and investees	2,774	2,472
Receivable from related party	127,791	111,665
Other assets	60,223	60,907
Total assets	1,422,930	1,313,422
Liabilities:
Notes and interest payable	314,198	892,149
Notes related to real estate held for sale	651,025	376
Notes related to real estate subject to sales contracts		1,957
Bonds and bond interest payable	161,010	113,047
Deferred revenue (including $16,701 in 2018 and $40,574 in 2017 to related parties)	23,044	60,949
Accounts payable and other liabilities (including $7,852 in 2018 and $7,236 in 2017 to related parties)	35,675	36,683
Total liabilities	1,184,952	1,105,161
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, Series C: $0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding zero shares in 2018 and 2017. Series D: $0.01 par value, authorized, issued and outstanding 100,000 shares in 2018 and 2017 (liquidation preference $100 per share)	1	1
Common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued 8,717,967 shares in 2018 and 2017; outstanding 8,717,767 shares in 2018 and 2017	87	87
Treasury stock at cost, 200 shares in 2018 and 2017	(2)	(2)
Paid-in capital	268,276	268,949
Retained deficit	(50,648)	(79,865)
Total Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. shareholders' equity	217,714	189,170
Non-controlling interest	20,264	19,091
Total shareholders' equity	237,978	208,261
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 1,422,930	$ 1,313,422

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Notes and interest receivable	$ 82,239	$ 70,166
Deferred revenue from related parties	23,044	60,949
Accumulated depreciation	$ 77,612	$ 178,590
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock, issued	8,717,967	8,717,967
Common stock, outstanding	8,717,767	8,717,767
Treasury stock, shares	200	200
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, issued	0	0
Preferred stock, outstanding	0	0
Series D Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, authorized	100,000	100,000
Preferred stock, issued	100,000	100,000
Preferred stock, outstanding	100,000	100,000
Preferred stock, liquidation preference per share (in dollars per share)	$ 100	$ 100
Related Parties [Member]
Notes and interest receivable	$ 48,637	$ 45,155
Deferred revenue from related parties	16,701	40,574
Accounts payable and other liabilities to related parties (in dollars)	7,852	$ 7,236
Real Estate Held For Sale [Member]
Accumulated depreciation	$ 113,606

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Revenues:
Rental and other property revenues (including $207 and $199 for the three months and $623 and $589 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)	$ 33,505	$ 31,491	$ 96,194	$ 94,328
Expenses:
Property operating expenses (including $231 and $236 for the three months and $689 and $696 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)	15,867	15,157	45,814	46,256
Depreciation and amortization	6,891	6,326	19,859	19,008
General and administrative (including $1,119 and $1,018 for the three months and $3,309 and $2,134 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)	1,858	1,594	6,223	4,669
Net income fee to related party	383	53	489	189
Advisory fee to related party	2,735	2,595	8,209	7,402
Total operating expenses	27,734	25,725	80,594	77,524
Net operating income	5,771	5,766	15,600	16,804
Other income (expenses):
Interest income (including $3,303 and $3,041 for the three months and $9,380 and $10,670 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)	4,021	3,175	11,441	10,305
Other income (expense)	18,722	190	28,030	1,529
Mortgage and loan interest (including $364 and $347 for the three months and $1,009 and $784 for the nine months ended 2018 and 2017, respectively, from related parties)	(15,555)	(14,245)	(43,823)	(45,218)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)	(1,288)	1,906	6,357	(1,841)
Earnings (losses) from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees	(4)	7	(2)	(11)
Total other income (expenses)	5,896	(8,967)	2,003	(35,236)
Gain (Loss) before gain on land sales, non-controlling interest, and taxes	11,667	(3,201)	17,603	(18,432)
Gain on sale of income producing properties		9,841		9,841
Gain on land sales	12,243	530	13,577	500
Net income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes	23,910	7,170	31,181	(8,091)
Income tax (expense)	(792)		(792)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	23,118	7,170	30,389	(8,091)
Net income (loss)	23,118	7,170	30,389	(8,091)
Net (income) attributable to non-controlling interest	(915)	(96)	(1,173)	(378)
Net income (loss) attributable to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.	22,203	7,074	29,216	(8,469)
Preferred dividend requirement	(227)	(224)	(673)	(670)
Net income (loss) applicable to common shares	$ 21,976	$ 6,850	$ 28,543	$ (9,139)
Earnings per share - basic
Net income (loss) from continuing operations (in dollars per share)	$ 2.52	$ 0.79	$ 3.27	$ (1.05)
Earnings per share - diluted
Net income (loss) from continuing operations (in dollars per share)	$ 2.52	$ 0.79	$ 3.27	$ (1.05)
Weighted average common shares used in computing earnings per share	8,717,767	8,717,767	8,717,767	8,717,767
Weighted average common shares used in computing diluted earnings per share	8,717,767	8,717,767	8,717,767	8,717,767
Amounts attributable to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$ 22,203	$ 7,074	$ 29,216	$ (8,469)
Net income (loss) applicable to Transcontinental Realty, Investors, Inc.	$ 22,203	$ 7,074	$ 29,216	$ (8,469)

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Rental and other property revenues	$ 33,505	$ 31,491	$ 96,194	$ 94,328
Property operating expenses	15,867	15,157	45,814	46,256
General and administrative	1,858	1,594	6,223	4,669
Interest income	4,021	3,175	11,441	10,305
Mortgage and loan interest	15,555	14,245	43,823	45,218
Related Parties [Member]
Rental and other property revenues	207	199	623	589
Property operating expenses	231	236	689	696
General and administrative	1,119	1,018	3,309	2,134
Interest income	3,303	3,041	9,380	10,670
Mortgage and loan interest	$ 364	$ 347	$ 1,009	$ 784

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited) - 9 months ended Sep. 30, 2018 - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]	Preferred Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Treasury Stock [Member]	Paid-In Capital [Member]	Retained Deficit [Member]	Non - controlling Interest [Member]
Balance, at beginning at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 208,261	$ (80,168)	$ 1	$ 87	$ (2)	$ 268,949	$ (79,865)	$ 19,091
Balance, at beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017				8,717,967
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Series D preferred stock dividends (9.0% per year)	(1,673)					(1,673)
Net income (loss)	30,389	29,216					30,572	1,173
Balance, at the end at Sep. 30, 2018	$ 237,978	$ (50,952)	$ 1	$ 87	$ (2)	$ 268,276	$ (50,469)	$ 20,264
Balance, at the end (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2018				8,717,967

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Parenthetical)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Preferred stock dividend (in percent)	9.00%

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	$ 30,389	$ (8,091)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	30,389	(8,091)
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest	(1,173)	(378)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.	$ 29,216	$ (8,469)

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Cash Flow From Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 30,389	$ (8,091)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss applicable to common shares to net cash flows from operating activities:
Gain on sale of income-producing properties		(9,841)
Gain on sale of land	(13,577)	(500)
Depreciation and amortization	19,859	19,008
Amortization of deferred borrowing costs	1,293	2,872
Amortization of bond issuance costs	2,346	462
(Earnings) loss from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees	(2)	11
(Increase) decrease in assets:
Accrued interest receivable	(15,096)	1,044
Other assets	21	11,798
Prepaid expense	1,407	(5,661)
Rent receivables	(744)	544
Related party receivables	(769)	(5,357)
Increase (decrease) in liabilities:
Accrued interest payable	(3,303)	1,508
Other liabilities	(42,135)	(21,518)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(20,311)	(13,721)
Cash Flow From Investing Activities:
Proceeds from notes receivable	6,541	26,077
Originations or advances on notes receivable	(12,044)	(10,665)
Acquisition of land held for development		(11,440)
Proceeds from sale of income-producing properties	2,706
Proceeds from sale of land	10,439	2,446
Improvement of land held for development		(908)
Improvement of income-producing properties	(3,688)	(4,462)
Construction and development of new properties	(66,567)	(41,489)
Net cash used in investing activities	(62,613)	(40,441)
Cash Flow From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from bonds	59,213	106,583
Proceeds from notes payable	68,943	54,231
Recurring payment of principal on notes payable	(14,443)	(7,279)
Payments on maturing notes payable	(16,750)	(59,068)
Bond issuance costs	(5,257)	6,182
Deferred financing costs		(820)
Preferred stock dividends - Series D	(673)	(670)
Net cash provided by financing activities	91,033	99,159
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	8,109	44,997
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	88,342	55,733
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	96,451	100,730
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	39,514	$ 36,393
Schedule of noncash investing and financing activities:
Notes receivable received from sale of income-producing properties	1,735
Seller finanncing note - acquisition of income-producing properties	1,895
Notes payable issued on acquisition of income-producing properties	$ 31,175

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ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Organization

As used herein, the terms “TCI”, “the Company”, “we”, “our” or “us” refer to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., a Nevada corporation which was formed in 1984. The Company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas and its common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol (“TCI”). Subsidiaries of American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”) own approximately 77.68% of the Company’s common stock. Accordingly, TCI’s financial results are consolidated with those of ARL’s on Form 10-K and related Consolidated Financial Statements. ARL’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol (“ARL”). We have no employees.

TCI is a “C” corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and files an annual consolidated tax return with ARL and its ultimate parent, May Realty Holdings, Inc. (“MRHI”).

TCI owns approximately 81.25% of the common stock of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. (“IOR”). Accordingly IOR’s financial results are consolidated with those of TCI and its subsidiaries. Shares of IOR are traded on the New York Stock Exchange Euronext (“NYSE American”) under the symbol (“IOR”).

TCI invests in real estate through direct ownership, leases and partnerships and also invests in mortgage loans on real estate. Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”) is the Company’s external Advisor and Cash Manager. Although the Board of Directors is directly responsible for managing the affairs of TCI, and for setting the policies which guide it, the day-to-day operations of TCI are performed by Pillar, as the contractual Advisor, under the supervision of the Board. Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to: locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities, and arranging debt and equity financing for the Company with third party lenders and investors. Additionally, Pillar serves as a consultant to the Board with regard to their decisions in connection with TCI’s business plan and investment policy. Pillar also serves as an Advisor and Cash Manager to ARL and IOR.

Regis Realty Prime, LLC (“Regis”) manages our commercial properties and provides brokerage services for our real estate portfolio. TCI engages third-party companies to lease and manage its apartment properties.

Properties

We own or had interests in a total property portfolio of fifty five income-producing properties as of September 30, 2018. The properties consisted of:

● Seven commercial properties consisting of five office buildings and two retail centers comprising in aggregate approximately 1.7 million rentable square feet;

● Forty eight apartment communities totaling 8,494 units; excluding apartments being developed; and

● 3,218 acres of developed and undeveloped land.

We join with various third-party development companies to construct residential apartment communities. We are in the predevelopment process on several residential apartment communities that have not yet begun construction. At September 30, 2018, we had ten apartment projects in development. The third-party developer typically holds a general partner interest in a limited partnership formed for the purpose of building a single property, we generally are a majority of the limited partner interests in the limited partnership. We may contribute land to the partnership as part of our equity contribution or we may contribute the necessary funds to the partnership to acquire the land. We are required to fund all necessary equity contributions while the third-party developer is responsible for obtaining construction financing, hiring a general contractor and for the overall management, successful completion and delivery of the project. We generally bear all the economic risks and rewards of ownership in these partnerships and therefore include these partnerships in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The third-party developer is paid a developer fee typically equal to a percentage of the construction costs. When the project reaches stabilized occupancy, we acquire the third-party developer’s partnership interests in exchange for any remaining unpaid developer fees. 

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with such rules and regulations, although management believes the disclosures are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring matters) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other interim periods or for the full fiscal year.

The year-end Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2017, was derived from the audited Consolidated Financial Statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Certain 2017 Consolidated Financial Statement amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, its subsidiaries, generally all of which are wholly-owned, and all entities in which we have a controlling interest. Arrangements that are not controlled through voting or similar rights are accounted for as a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”), in accordance with the provisions and guidance of ASC Topic 810 “Consolidation”, whereby we have determined that we are a primary beneficiary of the VIE and meet certain criteria of a sole general partner or managing member as identified in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue 04-5, Investor’s Accounting for an Investment in a Limited Partnership when the Investor is the Sole General Partner and the Limited Partners have Certain Rights (“EITF 04-5”). VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders as a group lack adequate decision making ability, the obligation to absorb expected losses or residual returns of the entity, or have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests. The primary beneficiary is generally the entity that provides financial support and bears a majority of the financial risks, authorizes certain capital transactions, or makes operating decisions that materially affect the entity’s financial results. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: the amount and characteristics of our investment; the obligation or likelihood for us or other investors to provide financial support; our and the other investors’ ability to control or significantly influence key decisions for the VIE; and the similarity with and significance to the business activities of us and the other investors. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions.

For entities in which we have less than a controlling financial interest or entities where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary, the entities are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, our share of the net earnings or losses of these entities is included in consolidated net income. Our investment in ARL is accounted for under the equity method.

Real Estate, Depreciation and Impairment

Real estate assets are stated at the lower of depreciated cost or fair value, if deemed impaired. Major replacements and betterments are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the properties (buildings and improvements: 10-40 years; furniture, fixtures and equipment: 5-10 years). The Company continually evaluates the recoverability of the carrying value of its real estate assets using the methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 360 (“ASC 360”), “Property, Plant and Equipment”. Factors considered by management in evaluating impairment of its existing real estate assets held for investment include significant declines in property operating profits, annually recurring property operating losses and other significant adverse changes in general market conditions that are considered permanent in nature. Under ASC 360, a real estate asset held for investment is not considered impaired if the undiscounted, estimated future cash flows of an asset (both the annual estimated cash flow from future operations and the estimated cash flow from the theoretical sale of the asset) over its estimated holding period are in excess of the asset’s net book value at the balance sheet date. If any real estate asset held for investment is considered impaired, a loss is provided to reduce the carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value. 

Real Estate Held for Sale

We periodically classify real estate assets as “held for sale.” An asset is classified as held for sale after the approval of our Board of Directors, after an active program to sell the asset has commenced and if the sale is probable. One of the deciding factors in determining whether a sale is probable is whether the firm purchase commitment is obtained and whether the sale is probable within the year. Upon the classification of a real estate asset as held for sale, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to the lower of its net book value or its estimated fair value, less costs to sell the asset. Subsequent to the classification of assets as held for sale, no further depreciation expense is recorded. Real estate assets held for sale are stated separately on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Upon a decision that the sale is no longer probable, the asset is classified as an operating asset and depreciation expense is reinstated.

Prior to January 1, 2015, the operating results of real estate assets held for sale and sold were reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Income from discontinued operations includes the revenues and expenses, including depreciation and interest expense, associated with the assets.  Effective January 1, 2015, Accounting Standards Update 2014-08, “Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity” (“ASU 2014-08”) substantially changed the criteria for determining whether a disposition qualifies for discontinued operations presentation. Since the Company adopted ASU 2014-08, effective January 1, 2015, we have had no dispositions that met the discontinued operations criteria.

Cost Capitalization

Costs related to planning, developing, leasing and constructing a property are capitalized and classified as Real Estate in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We capitalize interest to qualifying assets under development based on average accumulated expenditures outstanding during the period. In capitalizing interest to qualifying assets, we first use the interest incurred on specific project debt, if any, and next use the weighted average interest rate of non-project specific debt. We capitalize interest, real estate taxes and certain operating expenses until building construction is substantially complete and the building is ready for its intended use, but no later than one year from the cessation of major construction activity.

We capitalize leasing costs, which include commissions paid to outside brokers, legal costs incurred to negotiate and document a lease agreement and any internal costs that may be applicable. We allocate these costs to individual tenant leases and amortize them over the related lease term.

Fair Value Measurement

We apply the guidance in ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, to the valuation of real estate assets. These provisions define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction between market participants at the measurement date, establish a hierarchy that prioritizes the information used in developing fair value estimates and require disclosure of fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 measurements), such as the reporting entity’s own data.

The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date and includes three levels defined as follows:

Level 1 –	Unadjusted quoted prices for identical and unrestricted assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 –	Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 –	Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Deferred Costs

Costs relating to the financing of properties are deferred and amortized over the life of the related financing agreement.  Amortization is reflected as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, with remaining terms ranging from 6 months to 40 years.  Unamortized financing costs are written off when the financing agreement is extinguished before the maturity date. 

Related Parties

We apply ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations”, to evaluate business relationships. Related parties are persons or entities who have one or more of the following characteristics, which include entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, trust for the benefit of persons including principal owners of the entities and members of their immediate families, management personnel of the entity and members of their immediate families and other parties with which the entity may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the decision making of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests, or affiliates of the entity. 

Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” was issued. This new guidance established a new single comprehensive revenue recognition model and provides for enhanced disclosures. Under the new policy, the nature, timing and amount of revenue recognized for certain transactions could differ from those recognized under existing accounting guidance. This new standard does not affect revenue recognized under lease contracts. ASU 2014-09 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance had a material impact on its financial statements.

In February 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), Leases. This guidance establishes a new model for accounting for leases and provides for enhanced disclosures. ASU 2016-02 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on its financial position and results of operations, if any.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addresses how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years; however, early adoption is permitted. Entities must apply the guidance retrospectively to all periods presented but may apply it prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. The Company adopted this standard effective on January 1, 2018. ASU 2016-15 will impact our presentation of operating, investing and financing activities related to certain cash receipts and payments on our consolidated statements of cash flows.  

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which clarifies guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. Upon adoption, restricted cash balances will be included along with cash and cash equivalents as of the end of the period and beginning period, respectively, in the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for all periods presented. Upon adoption, separate line items showing changes in restricted cash balances will be eliminated from the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. The Company adopted this guidance effective on January 1, 2018. ASU 2016-18 will impact our presentation of operating, investing and financing activities related to restricted cash on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which clarifies the definition of a business when evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects that acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate will not meet the revised definition of a business and thus will be treated as asset acquisitions. Acquisition costs for those acquisitions that are not businesses will be capitalized rather than expensed. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Topic 610-20), which requires that all entities account for the derecognition of a business in accordance with ASC 810, including instances in which the business is considered in-substance real estate. The ASU requires the Company to measure at fair value any retained interest in a partial sale of real estate. The ASU is effective for annual periods, and interim periods therein, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2017-05 effective January 1, 2018. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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REAL ESTATE ACTIVITY

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Real Estate [Abstract]

REAL ESTATE ACTIVITY

NOTE 2. REAL ESTATE ACTIVITY

Below is a summary of the real estate owned as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Apartments		87,834
Apartments under construction		19,502
Commercial properties		203,329
Real estate held for sale		841,207
Land held for development		88,681
Land subject to sales contract		4,117
Total real estate	$	1,244,670
Less accumulated depreciation		(191,218	)
Total real estate, net of depreciation	$	1,053,452

The highlights of our significant real estate transactions for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, are listed below:

Purchases

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company purchased through one of its subsidiaries, three residential apartment communities. A multi-family 80 unit community located in Baton Rouge, LA for a total purchase price of $12 million, paid through a seller’s financing note of $1.9 million, issuance of note payable of $8.6 million, and exercising an option to purchase of $1.5 million paid in the previous year. A multi-family 99 unit residential apartment community located in Mansfield, TX for a total purchase price of $14.8 million, paid through a seller’s financing note of $2.3 million, and an issuance of a note payable of $11.0 million. A multi-family 200 unit residential apartment community located in Golf Shores, AL for a total purchase price of $18.1 million, paid through an issuance of a note payable of $11.5 million.

Sales

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, TCI sold 62 acres of land to an independent third party for a total sales price of $3.0 million and recorded a gain of $1.3 million from the land sale. In the second quarter, a golf course comprising approximately 96.09 acres sold for an aggregate sales price of $2.3 million, out of which, $0.6 million was received in cash and $1.7 million in note receivables. In addition, during the first quarter, the Company sold six income-producing properties to a related party for an aggregate purchase price of $8.5 million, out of which, $2.1 million was received in cash and $6.4 million in note receivables. No gain or loss was recorded from the sale of income-producing properties.

Mercer Crossing

In addition to the real estate sales noted above the Company recorded sales from a development project known as Mercer Crossing.

At November 2015, our real estate land holdings at Mercer Crossing consisted of land developable into residential homes and commercial projects, located in Farmers Branch, Texas. In November 2015, the Company entered into a sales contract with an unrelated party.  The contract was for all of the developable land owned by the Company. In addition, IOR and ARL also sold land in this transaction. Total consideration for the sale was $75 million. The agreement among the parties to this transaction provides for TCI to hold the subordinated note from the buyer in the amount of $50 million. At the closing, due to the inadequate down payment from the buyer and the level of seller financing involved, the transaction was accounted for under the deposit method. Under the deposit method, no revenue is recognized and the asset sold remains on the books until the criteria for full revenue recognition are met.

During the third quarter of 2018, due to significant cumulative sales of real estate to unrelated third parties and cash received by TCI, the criteria for recording full accrual accounting had been met. Through the period ended August 21, 2018 approximately $28.1 million of the assets previously held by the Company were sold, resulting in a gain of $7.5 million.

On August 22, 2018 the Company reacquired all the unsold portions of the real estate from the November 2015 transaction for the amount that remained from the original sales price.

During the period August 23, 2018 through September 30, 2018 additional Mercer Crossing real estate was sold resulting in a net gain on sale of real estate of $4.8 million.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company has approximately 86 acres of land, at various locations that were sold to related parties in multiple transactions.  These transactions are treated as “subject to sales contract” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.  Due to the related party nature of the transactions TCI has deferred the recording of the sales in accordance with ASC 360-20.

We continue to invest in the development of apartment projects. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we have invested $81.4 million related to the construction or predevelopment of various apartment complexes and capitalized $6.6 million of interest costs.

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ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

NOTE 3. ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

In March 2018, TCI and global diversified financial group Macquarie Group Limited (“Macquarie”) entered into an agreement to form a special purpose entity Victory Abode Apartment, LLC (“Joint Venture”) that will principally own and operate a portfolio of existing TCI Class A multi-family residential properties that are currently owned 100% by TCI subsidiaries, including the Company’s existing multi-family assets.  The Joint Venture will also actively participate in the development and/or acquisitions of additional Class A multi-family assets. It is anticipated that the Company and Macquarie will each have a 49% ownership interest and a 50% voting interest in the Joint Venture.  The remaining 2% ownership interest would be allotted to Daniel J. Moos, the current President and Chief Executive Officer of TCI and Abode Properties. The closing of the agreement is expected to occur in the fourth quarter of 2018.

At September 30, 2018, $760.5 million were included in assets held for sale, consisting of $727.6 million related to the Joint Venture, $21.1 million related to Mercer Crossing properties (Note 2), and $11.8 million other.

The following table presents income before tax associated with assets held for sale.

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues:
Rental and other property revenues	$	22,371		$	20,410		$	65,056		$	59,672
Total operating revenues		22,371			20,410			65,056			59,672
Expenses:
Property operating expenses		9,953			9,190			29,250			26,964
Depreciation and amortization		3,780			3,397			11,080			9,971
General and administrative		6			12			276			389
Total operating expenses		13,739			12,599			40,606			37,324
Operating Income		8,632			7,811			24,450			22,348
Other Income (Expense):
Interest income from notes receivable		2			3			3			6
Other income (loss)		3			(47	)		267			(70	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(4,973	)		(4,401	)		(14,449	)		(12,738	)
Loan fee expense		—			—			—			(707	)
Total other (expense)		(4,968	)		(4,445	)		(14,179	)		(13,509	)
Net Income	$	3,664		$	3,366		$	10,271		$	8,839

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SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

NOTE 4. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid interest expense of $ 39.5 million and $36.4 million, respectively.

Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $96.5 million and $100.7 million, respectively. The following is a reconciliation of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the total presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows:

	September 30,
	2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	23,763	$	52,328
Restricted cash (cash held in escrow)		57,135		38,407
Restricted cash (certificate of deposits)		9,155		5,650
Restricted cash (held with Trustee)		6,398		4,345
	$	96,451	$	100,730

Amounts included in restricted cash represent funds required to be set aside to meet contractual obligations with certain financial institutions for the payment of reserve replacement, tax and insurance escrow. In addition, restricted cash includes funds held with the Trustee for payment of bonds interest and other bond related expenses.

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NOTES AND INTEREST RECEIVABLE

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Receivables [Abstract]

NOTES AND INTEREST RECEIVABLE

NOTE 5. NOTES AND INTEREST RECEIVABLE

A portion of our assets are invested in mortgage notes receivable, principally secured by real estate. We may originate mortgage loans in conjunction with providing purchase money financing of property sales. Notes receivable are generally collateralized by real estate or interests in real estate and guarantees, unless noted otherwise, are so secured. Management intends to service and hold for investment the mortgage notes in our portfolio. A majority of the notes receivable provide for principal to be paid at maturity. Below is a summary of our notes receivable as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Borrower	Maturity Date		Interest Rate			Amount		Collateral
Performing loans:
H198, LLC (Las Vegas Land)		01/20		12.00	%	$	5,907	Secured
H198, LLC (McKinney Ranch Land)		09/20		6.00	%		4,554	Secured
Oulan-Chikh Family Trust		03/21		8.00	%		174	Secured
Spyglass Apartments of Ennis, LP		11/19		5.00	%		4,927	Secured
D4DS, LLC (Bellwether Ridge)		05/20		5.00	%		3,336	Secured
Parc at Windmill Farms		05/20		5.00	%		5,919	Secured
2818 Ventures LLC (Forest Pines)		11/20		5.00	%		2,223	Secured
ABC Land & Development (Mandahl Bay)		05/38		6.00	%		1,735	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Echo Station)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,481	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Lakeshore Villas)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		2,000	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Lakeshore Villas)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,369	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Limestone Ranch)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,000	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Limestone Ranch)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,953	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Timbers of Terrell)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,323	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Tivoli)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,140	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		12/18		12.00	%		3,994	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		12/18		12.00	%		6,407	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		06/20		12.00	%		5,760	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		03/21		12.00	%		5,314	Unsecured
Other related party notes(1)		Various		Various			510	Various unsecured interests
Other non-related party notes		Various		Various			796	Various secured interests
Other non-related party notes		Various		Various			300	Various unsecured interests
Accrued interest							5,117
Total Performing						$	82,239

(1) Related party notes.

We invest in mortgage loans, secured by mortgages that are subordinate to one or more prior liens either on the fee or a leasehold interest in real estate. Recourse on such loans ordinarily includes the real estate on which the loan is made, other collateral and guarantees.

At September 30, 2018, we had mortgage loans and accrued interest receivable from related parties, net of allowances, totaling $48.6 million. We recognized interest income of $4.4 million related to these notes receivables for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The Company has various notes receivable from Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (“UHF”) and Foundation for Better Housing, Inc. (“FBH”). UHF and FBH are determined to be related parties due to our reliance upon the performance of the collateral secured under the notes receivable. Payments are due from surplus cash flow of operations of the properties. A sale or refinance of any of the properties underlying these notes will be used to repay outstanding interest and principal for the remaining notes for the specific borrower. These notes are cross-collateralized for the specific borrower, but to the extent cash is received from a specific UHF or FBH property, it is applied first against any outstanding interest for the related-property note. The allowance on the UHF notes was a purchase allowance that was netted against the notes when acquired.

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INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES AND INVESTEES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES AND INVESTEES

NOTE 6. INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES AND INVESTEES

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and other investees in which we have a 20% to 50% interest or otherwise exercise significant influence, are carried at cost and adjusted for the Company’s proportionate share of their undistributed earnings or losses under the equity method of accounting. ARL is our parent company and is considered as an unconsolidated joint venture.

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and investees consist of the following:

	Percentage ownership as of
	September 30, 2018			September 30, 2017
American Realty Investors, Inc.(1)		0.90	%		0.90	%

(1) Unconsolidated investment in parent company owning 140,000 shares of ARL Common Stock

Our interest in the common stock of ARL in the amount of 0.90% is accounted for under the equity method because we exercise significant influence over the operations and financial activities. Accordingly, the investments are carried at cost, adjusted for the Company’s proportionate share of earnings or losses.

The following is a summary of the financial position and results of operations from our unconsolidated parent (dollars in thousands):

As of September 30	2018			2017
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation	$	549		$	14,411
Notes receivable		41,782			39,857
Other assets		64,352			54,703
Notes payable		(6,043	)		(6,618	)
Other liabilities		(30,746	)		(37,184	)
Shareholders’ equity		(69,894	)		(65,169	)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30	2018			2017
Rents and interest and other income	$	5,222		$	4,655
Depreciation		—			(142	)
Operating expenses		(1,941	)		(2,607	)
Gain on land sales		—			1,360
Interest expense		(5,231	)		(4,641	)
Net income/(loss)	$	(1,950	)	$	(1,375	)
Company’s proportionate share of net income/(loss)	$	(18	)	$	(12	)

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NOTES AND INTEREST PAYABLE

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

NOTES AND INTEREST PAYABLE

NOTE 7. NOTES AND INTEREST PAYABLE

Below is a summary of our notes and interest payable as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Notes Payable			Accrued Interest			Total Debt
Apartments	$	62,103		$	176		$	62,279
Apartments under Construction		20,580			—			20,580
Commercial		125,429			617			126,046
Land		15,823			191			16,014
Real estate subject to sales contract		649,541			1,484			651,025
Mezzanine financing		93,423			503			93,926
Other		14,071			(777	)		13,294
Total	$	980,970		$	2,194		$	983,164
Unamortized deferred borrowing costs		(17,941	)		—			(17,941	)
	$	963,029		$	2,194		$	965,223

The segment labeled as “Other” consists of unsecured or stock-secured notes payable.

There are various land mortgages, secured by the property, that are in the process of a modification or extension to the original note due to expiration of the loan. We are in constant contact with these lenders, working together in order to modify the terms of these loans and we anticipate a timely resolution that is similar to the existing agreement or subsequent modification.

In conjunction with the development of various apartment projects and other developments, we drew down $66.6 million in construction loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The properties that we have sold to a related party and have deferred the recognition of the sale are treated as “subject to sales contract” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These properties were sold to a related party in order to help facilitate an appropriate debt or organizational restructure and may or may not be transferred back to the seller upon resolution. These properties have mortgages that are secured by the property and many have corporate guarantees. According to the loan documents, the maker is currently in default on these mortgages primarily due to lack of payment and is actively involved in discussions with every lender in order to settle or cure the default situation. We have reviewed each asset and taken impairment to the extent we feel the value of the property was less than our current basis.

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BONDS PAYABLE

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes to Financial Statements

BONDS PAYABLE

NOTE 8. BONDS PAYABLE

In August 2016, Southern Properties Capital LTD (“Southern”), a British Virgin Islands corporation was incorporated for the purpose of raising funds by issuing Bonds to be traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”).  The Company transferred certain residential and commercial properties located in the United States to Southern, its wholly owned subsidiary. 

On February 13, 2017, Southern filed a final prospectus with the TASE for an offering and sale of nonconvertible Series A Bonds to be issued by Southern. The bonds are obligations of Southern.  During the year ended December 31, 2017 on three separate occasions Southern issued nonconvertible Series A Bonds with a total value of approximately NIS400 million New Israeli Shekels (“NIS”) or approximately $115 million dollars.  The Series A Bonds have a stated interest rate of 7.3%.  At March 31, 2018 the effective interest rate is 9.17%. The bonds require semi-annual equal installments on January 31 and July 31 of each year from 2019 to 2023 (inclusive). The interest will be repaid on January 31 and July 31 of each of the years 2018 to 2023 (inclusive), with the first payment commencing on July 31, 2017.

On January 25, 2018, interest payment of approximately NIS 14.6 million (or approximately $4.3 million) was paid to the Series A bondholders.

On February 15, 2018, Southern issued Series B bonds in the amount of NIS 137.7 million par value (approximately $39.2 million as of February 15, 2018). The Series B bonds are registered on the TASE. The bonds are reported in NIS and bear annual interest rate of 6.8%. Interest shall be repaid January 31 and July 31 of each of the years 2019 to 2023 (inclusive), first payment commencing on July 31, 2018. The principal shall be repaid in ten equal installments on January 31 and July 31 of each of the years from 2021 to 2025 (inclusive). The total bond issuance cost of $1.4 million was incurred. The effective interest rate is 7.99%.

On July 19, 2018, Southern closed a private placement of its Series B bonds in the amount of NIS 72.3 million (or approximately $19.8 million). The bonds are reported in NIS, are registered on the TASE, bear an annual interest rate of 6.8% and have an effective interest rate of 9.60%. Interest will be paid on January 31 and July 31 of each of the years 2019 and 2013 (inclusive). The principal will be repaid in ten equal installment on January 31 and July 31 of each of the years from 2021 to 2012 (inclusive). The Company incurred bonds issuance costs of approximately $1.9 million.

On July 26, 2018, interest payment of approximately NIS 18.9 million (or approximately $5.2 million) was paid to the Series A and B bondholders.

The outstanding balance of these Bonds at September 30, 2018 is as follows:

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
Bonds (Series A)	$	110,246		$	115,336
Bonds (Series B)		37,965			—
Bonds (Series B expansion)		19,934			—
Less: deferred issuance expense, net		(8,827	)		(5,916	)
Accrued Interest		1,692			3,627
	$	161,010		$	113,047

The aggregate maturity of the bonds are as follows:

Year
2018	$	—
2019		22,049
2020		22,049
2021		22,049
2022		33,629
Thereafter		68,369
	$	168,145

The funds were used primarily for the acquisition and development of additional real estate operations in the United States. The funds were raised and will be repaid in NIS, however the funds raised have been converted to US dollars. The Company records unrealized gains or losses each quarter based upon the relative exchange values of the US dollar and the NIS; however, no gain or loss will be realized until a conversion from US dollars to NIS actually occurs in the future. The recorded unrealized gain or loss is reflected as a separate line item to highlight the fact that it is a non-cash transaction until such time as actual payment of principal and interest on the bonds is made. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a gain on foreign currency transaction of approximately $6.4 million.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

NOTE 9. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The following table provides the reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of accounts receivable from and (accounts payable) to related parties as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Pillar			ARL		Total
Related party receivable, December 31, 2017	$	—		$	111,665	$	111,665
Cash transfers		26,637			—		26,637
Advisory fees		(8,208	)		—		(8,208	)
Net income fee		(489	)		—		(489	)
Fees and commissions		(1,205	)		—		(1,205	)
Cost reimbursements		(3,264	)		—		(3,264	)
Interest income		—			5,135		5,135
Notes receivable purchased		(5,314	)		—		(5,314	)
Expenses (paid)/received by advisor		4,946			—		4,946
Financing (mortgage payments)		5,714			—		5,714
Sales/Purchases transactions		(7,826	)		—		(7,826	)
Related party receivable, September 30, 2018	$	10,991		$	116,800	$	127,791

During the ordinary course of business, we have related party transactions that include, but are not limited to, rental income, interest income, interest expense, general and administrative costs, commissions, management fees, and property expenses. In addition, we have assets and liabilities that include related party amounts. The related party amounts included in assets and liabilities, and the related party revenues and expenses received/paid are shown on the face of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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DEFERRED INCOME

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Deferred Income

DEFERRED INCOME

NOTE 10. DEFERRED INCOME

On July 17, 2009, the Company acquired from Syntek West, Inc., (“SWI”), 2,518,934 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share of IOR at an aggregate price of $17,884,431 (approximately $7.10 per share), the full amount of which was paid by the Company through an assumption of an aggregate amount of indebtedness of $17,884,431 on the outstanding balance owed by SWI to IOR. The 2,518,934 shares of IOR Common Stock acquired by the Company constituted approximately 60.4% of the issued and outstanding Common Stock of IOR. The Company has owned for several years an aggregate of 1,037,184 shares of Common Stock of IOR (approximately 25% of the issued and outstanding). After giving effect to the transaction on July 17, 2009, the Company owns an aggregate of 3,556,118 shares of IOR Common Stock which constitutes approximately 85.3% of the shares of Common Stock of IOR outstanding (which is a total of 4,168,214 shares). Shares of IOR are traded on the NYSE American.

With the Company’s acquisition of the additional shares on July 17, 2009, which increased the aggregate ownership to in excess of 80%, beginning in July 2009, IOR’s results of operations are now consolidated with those of the Company for tax and financial reporting purposes. At the time of the acquisition, the historical accounting value of IOR’s assets was $112 million and liabilities were $43 million. In that the shares of IOR acquired by TCI were from a related party, the values recorded by TCI are IOR’s historical accounting values at the date of transfer. The Company’s fair valuation of IOR assets and liabilities at the acquisition date approximated IOR’s book value. The net difference between the purchase price and historical accounting basis of the assets and liabilities acquired was $35 million and has been reflected by TCI as deferred income. At the time of the transaction it was determined that the deferred income would be recognized upon the sale of the land that IOR held on its books to an independent third party as of the date of sale.

On August 22, 2018, IOR sold approximately 80% of the remaining land held on the date of the acquisition of the additional shares. During the quarter ending September 30, 2018 the Company recognized the proportionate share of the remaining deferred income, approximately $18 million, as a result of the sale of assets.

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OPERATING SEGMENTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

OPERATING SEGMENTS

NOTE 11. OPERATING SEGMENTS

Our segments are based on our method of internal reporting, which classifies our operations by property type. Our property types are grouped into commercial, apartments, land and other operating segments. Significant differences among the accounting policies of the operating segments as compared to the Consolidated Financial Statements principally involve the calculation and allocation of administrative and other expenses. Management evaluates the performance of each of the operating segments and allocates resources to them based on their net operating income and cash flow.

Items of income that are not reflected in the segments are interest, other income, gain on debt extinguishment, gain on condemnation award, equity in partnerships, and gains on sale of real estate. Expenses that are not reflected in the segments are provision for losses, advisory fees, net income and incentive fees, general and administrative, non-controlling interests and net loss from discontinued operations before gains on sale of real estate.

The segment labeled as “Other” consists of revenue and operating expenses related to notes receivable and corporate debt.

Presented below is our reportable segments’ operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, including segment assets and expenditures (dollars in thousands):

	Commercial
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	8,228		$	25,275		$	—		$	2		$	33,505
Property operating expenses		(4,236	)		(11,345	)		(78	)		(206	)		(15,867	)
Depreciation and amortization		(2,523	)		(4,364	)		—			(4	)		(6,891	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(1,921	)		(5,722	)		(212	)		(7,699	)		(15,555	)
Interest income		—			—			—			4,021			4,021
Gain on land sales		—			—			12,243			—			12,243
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(452	)	$	3,844		$	11,953		$	(3,886	)	$	11,456
Balance Sheet Data as of September 30, 2018
Capital expenditures		962			—			(74	)		—			888
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	35,518		$	—		$	35,518
Cost of sale		—			—			(23,275	)		—			(23,275	)
Gain (loss) on sale	$	—		$	—		$	12,243		$	—		$	12,243

	Commercial
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	8,170		$	23,231		$	86		$	4		$	31,491
Property operating expenses		(4,252	)		(10,659	)		(115	)		(131	)		(15,157	)
Depreciation and amortization		(2,298	)		(4,028	)		—			—			(6,326	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(1,902	)		(5,168	)		(387	)		(6,788	)		(14,245	)
Interest income		—			—			—			3,175			3,175
Recognition of deferred gain on sale of income - producing properties		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on land sales		—			—			530			—			530
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(282	)	$	13,217		$	114		$	(3,740	)	$	9,309
Balance Sheet Data as of September 30, 2017
Capital expenditures	$	689		$	543		$	55		$	—		$	1,287
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	850		$	—		$	850
Cost of sale		—			—			(320	)		—			(320	)
Recognized prior deferred gain		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on sale	$	—		$	9,841		$	530		$	—		$	10,371

The table below provides the reconciliation of segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended  September 30,
	2018			2017
Segment operating income (loss)	$	11,456		$	9,309
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
General and administrative		(1,858	)		(1,594	)
Net income fee to related party		(383	)		(53	)
Advisory fee to related party		(2,735	)		(2,595	)
Other income		17,434			2,096
Income tax (expense)		(792	)		—
Earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		(4	)		7
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	23,118		$	7,170

Presented below is our reportable segments’ operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, including segment assets and expenditures (dollars in thousands):

	Commercial
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	23,187		$	73,001		$	—		$	6		$	96,194
Property operating expenses		(12,222	)		(33,127	)		(162	)		(301	)		(45,814	)
Depreciation and amortization		(7,138	)		(12,709	)		—			(12	)		(19,859	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(5,662	)		(16,520	)		(175	)		(21,465	)		(43,823	)
Interest income		—			—			—			11,441			11,441
Gain on land sales		—			—			13,578			—			13,578
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(1,835	)	$	10,645		$	13,241		$	(10,331	)	$	11,717
Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2018
Capital expenditures	$	3,688		$	(2,398	)	$	(692	)	$	—		$	598
Real estate assets	$	134,148		$	825,863		$	92,798		$	643		$	1,053,452
Property Sales
Sales price	$	2,313		$	8,512		$	38,503		$	—		$	49,328
Cost of sale		(2,313	)		(8,512	)		(24,925	)		—			(35,750	)
Gain on sale	$	—		$	—		$	13,578		$	—		$	13,578

	Commercial
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	25,308		$	68,922		$	87		$	11		$	94,328
Property operating expenses		(13,629	)		(31,615	)		(429	)		(583	)		(46,256	)
Depreciation and amortization		(6,903	)		(12,105	)		—			—			(19,008	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(5,629	)		(16,955	)		(1,248	)		(21,386	)		(45,218	)
Interest income		—			—			—			10,305			10,305
Recognition of deferred gain on sale of income - producing properties		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on land sales		—			—			500			—			500
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(853	)	$	18,088		$	(1,090	)	$	(11,653	)	$	4,492
Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2017
Capital expenditures	$	2,586		$	543		$	641		$	—		$	3,770
Real estate assets	$	145,321		$	665,972		$	117,642		$	—		$	928,935
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	2,446		$	—		$	2,446
Cost of sale		—			—			(1,946	)		—			(1,946	)
Recognized prior deferred gain		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on sale	$	—		$	9,841		$	500		$	—		$	10,341

The tables below reconcile the segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Segment operating income (loss)	$	11,717		$	4,492
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
General and administrative		(6,223	)		(4,669	)
Net income fee to related party		(489	)		(189	)
Advisory fee to related party		(8,209	)		(7,402	)
Other income		34,387			(312	)
Income tax (expense)		(792	)		—
Loss from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		(2	)		(11	)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	30,389		$	(8,091	)

The tables below reconcile the segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of September 30,
	2018		2017
Segment assets	$	1,053,452	$	928,935
Investments in real estate partnerships		2,774		2,435
Notes and interest receivable		82,239		62,698
Other assets		284,465		256,659
Total assets	$	1,422,930	$	1,250,727

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TAXES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

TAXES

NOTE 12. TAXES

TCI had a taxable loss for federal income tax purposes during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. However, due to activities arising from our subsidiary IOR during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, a federal income expense of $792,000 was incurred. This expense consists of $1.9 million current income tax expense and ($1.1) million of deferred tax income related to the change in the valuation allowance of the deferred tax asset.

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES AND LIQUIDITY

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES AND LIQUIDITY

NOTE 13. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES AND LIQUIDITY

Liquidity. Management believes that TCI will generate excess cash from property operations in 2018; such excess, however, will not be sufficient to discharge all of TCI’s obligations as they become due. Management intends to sell land and income-producing real estate, refinance real estate and obtain additional borrowings primarily secured by real estate to meet its liquidity requirements.

Partnership Buyouts. TCI is the limited partner in various partnerships related to the construction of residential properties. As permitted in the respective partnership agreements, TCI intends to purchase the interests of the general and any other limited partners in these partnerships subsequent to the completion of these projects. The amounts paid to buy out the non-affiliated partners are limited to development fees earned by the non-affiliated partners and are outlined in the respective partnership agreements.

Dynex Capital, Inc.

On July 20, 2015, the 68th Judicial District Court in Dallas County, Texas issued its Final Judgment in Cause No. DC-03-00675, styled Basic Capital Management, Inc., American Realty Trust, Inc., Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., Continental Poydras Corp., Continental Common, Inc. and Continental Baronne, Inc. v. Dynex Commercial, Inc. The case, which was litigated for more than a decade, had its origin with Dynex Commercial making loans to Continental Poydras Corp., Continental Common, Inc. and Continental Baronne, Inc. (subsidiaries of Continental Mortgage & Equity Trust (“CMET”), an entity which merged into TCI in 1999 after the original suit was filed). Under the original loan commitment, $160 million in loans were to be made to the entities. The loans were conditioned on the execution of a commitment between Dynex Commercial and Basic Capital Management, Inc. (“Basic”).

An original trial in 2004, which also included Dynex Capital, Inc. as a defendant, resulted in a jury awarding damages in favor of Basic for “lost opportunity,” as well as damages in favor of ART and in favor of TCI and its subsidiaries for “increased costs” and “lost opportunity.” The original Trial Court judge ignored the jury’s findings, however, and entered a “Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict” (“JNOV”) in favor of the Dynex entities (the judge held the Plaintiffs were not entitled to any damages from the Dynex entities). After numerous appeals by all parties, Dynex Capital, Inc. was ultimately dismissed from the case and the remaining claims against Dynex Commercial were remanded to the Trial Court for a new judgment consistent with the jury’s findings. The Court entered the new Final Judgment against Dynex Commercial, Inc. on July 20, 2015. 

The Final Judgment entered against Dynex Commercial, Inc. on July 20, 2015 awarded Basic $0.256 million in damages, plus pre-judgment interest of $0.192 million for a total amount of $0.448 million. The Judgment awarded ART $14.2 million in damages, plus pre-judgment interest of $10.6 million for a total amount of $24.8 million. The Judgment awarded TCI $11.1 million, plus pre-judgment interest of $8.4 million for a total amount of $19.5 million. The Judgment also awarded Basic, ART, and TCI post-judgment interest at the rate of 5% per annum from April 25, 2014 until the date their respective damages are paid. Lastly, the Judgement awarded Basic, ART, and TCI $1.6 million collectively in attorneys’ fees from Dynex Commercial, Inc.

The Company is working with counsel to identify assets and collect on the Final Judgement against Dynex Commercial, Inc., as well as explore possible additional claims, if any, against Dynex Capital, Inc.

Litigation. The ownership of property and provision of services to the public as tenants entails an inherent risk of liability. Although the Company and its subsidiaries are involved in various items of litigation incidental to and in the ordinary course of its business, in the opinion of management, the outcome of such litigation will not have a material adverse impact upon the Company’s financial condition, results of operation or liquidity.

Guarantees. The Company is the primary guarantor on a $39.1 million mezzanine loan between UHF and a lender. In addition, ARI and an officer of the Company are limited recourse guarantors of the loan. As of September 30, 2018, UHF was in compliance with the covenants to the loan agreement.

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EARNINGS PER SHARE

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

EARNINGS PER SHARE

NOTE 14. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Earnings per share (“EPS”) have been computed pursuant to the provisions of ASC 260 “Earnings per Share.” Basic EPS is calculated by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Shares issued during the period shall be weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding.

Prior to July 9, 2014, TCI had 30,000 shares of Series C cumulative convertible preferred stock issued and outstanding. These 30,000 shares were owned by RAI, a related party, and had accrued dividends unpaid of $0.9 million. The stock had a liquidation preference of $100.00 per share and could be converted into common stock at 90% of the daily average closing price of the common stock for the prior five trading days. On July 9, 2014, RAI converted all 30,000 shares into the requisite number of shares of common stock. The conversion resulted in the issuance of 304,298 new shares of common stock. The effects of the Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock are no longer included in the dilutive earnings per share calculation for the current period, but are considered in the calculation for the prior periods if applying the if-converted method is dilutive.

As of September 30, 2018, there are no preferred stock or stock options that are required to be included in the calculation of EPS.

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SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

NOTE 15. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The date to which events occurring after September 30, 2018, the date of the most recent balance sheet, have been evaluated for possible adjustment to the Consolidated Financial Statements or disclosure is November 13, 2018, which is the date on which the Consolidated Financial Statements were available to be issued.

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ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization

Organization

As used herein, the terms “TCI”, “the Company”, “we”, “our” or “us” refer to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., a Nevada corporation which was formed in 1984. The Company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas and its common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol (“TCI”). Subsidiaries of American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”) own approximately 77.68% of the Company’s common stock. Accordingly, TCI’s financial results are consolidated with those of ARL’s on Form 10-K and related Consolidated Financial Statements. ARL’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol (“ARL”). We have no employees.

TCI is a “C” corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and files an annual consolidated tax return with ARL and its ultimate parent, May Realty Holdings, Inc. (“MRHI”).

TCI owns approximately 81.25% of the common stock of Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. (“IOR”). Accordingly IOR’s financial results are consolidated with those of TCI and its subsidiaries. Shares of IOR are traded on the New York Stock Exchange Euronext (“NYSE American”) under the symbol (“IOR”).

TCI invests in real estate through direct ownership, leases and partnerships and also invests in mortgage loans on real estate. Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”) is the Company’s external Advisor and Cash Manager. Although the Board of Directors is directly responsible for managing the affairs of TCI, and for setting the policies which guide it, the day-to-day operations of TCI are performed by Pillar, as the contractual Advisor, under the supervision of the Board. Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to: locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities, and arranging debt and equity financing for the Company with third party lenders and investors. Additionally, Pillar serves as a consultant to the Board with regard to their decisions in connection with TCI’s business plan and investment policy. Pillar also serves as an Advisor and Cash Manager to ARL and IOR.

Regis Realty Prime, LLC (“Regis”) manages our commercial properties and provides brokerage services for our real estate portfolio. TCI engages third-party companies to lease and manage its apartment properties.

Properties

Properties

We own or had interests in a total property portfolio of fifty five income-producing properties as of September 30, 2018. The properties consisted of:

● Seven commercial properties consisting of five office buildings and two retail centers comprising in aggregate approximately 1.7 million rentable square feet;

● Forty eight apartment communities totaling 8,494 units; excluding apartments being developed; and

● 3,218 acres of developed and undeveloped land.

We join with various third-party development companies to construct residential apartment communities. We are in the predevelopment process on several residential apartment communities that have not yet begun construction. At September 30, 2018, we had ten apartment projects in development. The third-party developer typically holds a general partner interest in a limited partnership formed for the purpose of building a single property, we generally are a majority of the limited partner interests in the limited partnership. We may contribute land to the partnership as part of our equity contribution or we may contribute the necessary funds to the partnership to acquire the land. We are required to fund all necessary equity contributions while the third-party developer is responsible for obtaining construction financing, hiring a general contractor and for the overall management, successful completion and delivery of the project. We generally bear all the economic risks and rewards of ownership in these partnerships and therefore include these partnerships in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The third-party developer is paid a developer fee typically equal to a percentage of the construction costs. When the project reaches stabilized occupancy, we acquire the third-party developer’s partnership interests in exchange for any remaining unpaid developer fees.

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with such rules and regulations, although management believes the disclosures are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring matters) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for other interim periods or for the full fiscal year.

The year-end Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2017, was derived from the audited Consolidated Financial Statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Certain 2017 Consolidated Financial Statement amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, its subsidiaries, generally all of which are wholly-owned, and all entities in which we have a controlling interest. Arrangements that are not controlled through voting or similar rights are accounted for as a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”), in accordance with the provisions and guidance of ASC Topic 810 “Consolidation”, whereby we have determined that we are a primary beneficiary of the VIE and meet certain criteria of a sole general partner or managing member as identified in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue 04-5, Investor’s Accounting for an Investment in a Limited Partnership when the Investor is the Sole General Partner and the Limited Partners have Certain Rights (“EITF 04-5”). VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders as a group lack adequate decision making ability, the obligation to absorb expected losses or residual returns of the entity, or have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests. The primary beneficiary is generally the entity that provides financial support and bears a majority of the financial risks, authorizes certain capital transactions, or makes operating decisions that materially affect the entity’s financial results. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: the amount and characteristics of our investment; the obligation or likelihood for us or other investors to provide financial support; our and the other investors’ ability to control or significantly influence key decisions for the VIE; and the similarity with and significance to the business activities of us and the other investors. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions.

For entities in which we have less than a controlling financial interest or entities where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary, the entities are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, our share of the net earnings or losses of these entities is included in consolidated net income. Our investment in ARL is accounted for under the equity method.

Real Estate, Depreciation and Impairment

Real Estate, Depreciation and Impairment

Real estate assets are stated at the lower of depreciated cost or fair value, if deemed impaired. Major replacements and betterments are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the properties (buildings and improvements: 10-40 years; furniture, fixtures and equipment: 5-10 years). The Company continually evaluates the recoverability of the carrying value of its real estate assets using the methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 360 (“ASC 360”), “Property, Plant and Equipment”. Factors considered by management in evaluating impairment of its existing real estate assets held for investment include significant declines in property operating profits, annually recurring property operating losses and other significant adverse changes in general market conditions that are considered permanent in nature. Under ASC 360, a real estate asset held for investment is not considered impaired if the undiscounted, estimated future cash flows of an asset (both the annual estimated cash flow from future operations and the estimated cash flow from the theoretical sale of the asset) over its estimated holding period are in excess of the asset’s net book value at the balance sheet date. If any real estate asset held for investment is considered impaired, a loss is provided to reduce the carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value.

Real Estate Held for Sale

Real Estate Held for Sale

We periodically classify real estate assets as “held for sale.” An asset is classified as held for sale after the approval of our Board of Directors, after an active program to sell the asset has commenced and if the sale is probable. One of the deciding factors in determining whether a sale is probable is whether the firm purchase commitment is obtained and whether the sale is probable within the year. Upon the classification of a real estate asset as held for sale, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to the lower of its net book value or its estimated fair value, less costs to sell the asset. Subsequent to the classification of assets as held for sale, no further depreciation expense is recorded. Real estate assets held for sale are stated separately on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Upon a decision that the sale is no longer probable, the asset is classified as an operating asset and depreciation expense is reinstated.

Prior to January 1, 2015, the operating results of real estate assets held for sale and sold were reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Income from discontinued operations includes the revenues and expenses, including depreciation and interest expense, associated with the assets.  Effective January 1, 2015, Accounting Standards Update 2014-08, “Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity” (“ASU 2014-08”) substantially changed the criteria for determining whether a disposition qualifies for discontinued operations presentation. Since the Company adopted ASU 2014-08, effective January 1, 2015, we have had no dispositions that met the discontinued operations criteria.

Cost Capitalization

Cost Capitalization

Costs related to planning, developing, leasing and constructing a property are capitalized and classified as Real Estate in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We capitalize interest to qualifying assets under development based on average accumulated expenditures outstanding during the period. In capitalizing interest to qualifying assets, we first use the interest incurred on specific project debt, if any, and next use the weighted average interest rate of non-project specific debt. We capitalize interest, real estate taxes and certain operating expenses until building construction is substantially complete and the building is ready for its intended use, but no later than one year from the cessation of major construction activity.

We capitalize leasing costs, which include commissions paid to outside brokers, legal costs incurred to negotiate and document a lease agreement and any internal costs that may be applicable. We allocate these costs to individual tenant leases and amortize them over the related lease term.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair Value Measurement

We apply the guidance in ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, to the valuation of real estate assets. These provisions define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction between market participants at the measurement date, establish a hierarchy that prioritizes the information used in developing fair value estimates and require disclosure of fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 measurements), such as the reporting entity’s own data.

The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date and includes three levels defined as follows:

Level 1 –	Unadjusted quoted prices for identical and unrestricted assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 –	Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 –	Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Deferred Costs

Deferred Costs

Costs relating to the financing of properties are deferred and amortized over the life of the related financing agreement.  Amortization is reflected as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, with remaining terms ranging from 6 months to 40 years.  Unamortized financing costs are written off when the financing agreement is extinguished before the maturity date. 

Related Parties

Related Parties

We apply ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations”, to evaluate business relationships. Related parties are persons or entities who have one or more of the following characteristics, which include entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, trust for the benefit of persons including principal owners of the entities and members of their immediate families, management personnel of the entity and members of their immediate families and other parties with which the entity may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the decision making of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests, or affiliates of the entity.

Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” was issued. This new guidance established a new single comprehensive revenue recognition model and provides for enhanced disclosures. Under the new policy, the nature, timing and amount of revenue recognized for certain transactions could differ from those recognized under existing accounting guidance. This new standard does not affect revenue recognized under lease contracts. ASU 2014-09 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance had a material impact on its financial statements.

In February 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), Leases. This guidance establishes a new model for accounting for leases and provides for enhanced disclosures. ASU 2016-02 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on its financial position and results of operations, if any.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addresses how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years; however, early adoption is permitted. Entities must apply the guidance retrospectively to all periods presented but may apply it prospectively if retrospective application would be impracticable. The Company adopted this standard effective on January 1, 2018. ASU 2016-15 will impact our presentation of operating, investing and financing activities related to certain cash receipts and payments on our consolidated statements of cash flows.  

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which clarifies guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. Upon adoption, restricted cash balances will be included along with cash and cash equivalents as of the end of the period and beginning period, respectively, in the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for all periods presented. Upon adoption, separate line items showing changes in restricted cash balances will be eliminated from the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. The Company adopted this guidance effective on January 1, 2018. ASU 2016-18 will impact our presentation of operating, investing and financing activities related to restricted cash on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which clarifies the definition of a business when evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects that acquisitions of real estate or in-substance real estate will not meet the revised definition of a business and thus will be treated as asset acquisitions. Acquisition costs for those acquisitions that are not businesses will be capitalized rather than expensed. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Topic 610-20), which requires that all entities account for the derecognition of a business in accordance with ASC 810, including instances in which the business is considered in-substance real estate. The ASU requires the Company to measure at fair value any retained interest in a partial sale of real estate. The ASU is effective for annual periods, and interim periods therein, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2017-05 effective January 1, 2018. The Company does not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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REAL ESTATE ACTIVITY (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Real Estate [Abstract]

Schedule of the real estate owned

Below is a summary of the real estate owned as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Apartments		87,834
Apartments under construction		19,502
Commercial properties		203,329
Real estate held for sale		841,207
Land held for development		88,681
Land subject to sales contract		4,117
Total real estate	$	1,244,670
Less accumulated depreciation		(191,218	)
Total real estate, net of depreciation	$	1,053,452

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ASSETS HELD FOR SALE (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of income before tax associated with assets held for sale

The following table presents income before tax associated with assets held for sale.

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues:
Rental and other property revenues	$	22,371		$	20,410		$	65,056		$	59,672
Total operating revenues		22,371			20,410			65,056			59,672
Expenses:
Property operating expenses		9,953			9,190			29,250			26,964
Depreciation and amortization		3,780			3,397			11,080			9,971
General and administrative		6			12			276			389
Total operating expenses		13,739			12,599			40,606			37,324
Operating Income		8,632			7,811			24,450			22,348
Other Income (Expense):
Interest income from notes receivable		2			3			3			6
Other income (loss)		3			(47	)		267			(70	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(4,973	)		(4,401	)		(14,449	)		(12,738	)
Loan fee expense		—			—			—			(707	)
Total other (expense)		(4,968	)		(4,445	)		(14,179	)		(13,509	)
Net Income	$	3,664		$	3,366		$	10,271		$	8,839

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SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash

The following is a reconciliation of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the total presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows:

	September 30,
	2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	23,763	$	52,328
Restricted cash (cash held in escrow)		57,135		38,407
Restricted cash (certificate of deposits)		9,155		5,650
Restricted cash (held with Trustee)		6,398		4,345
	$	96,451	$	100,730

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NOTES AND INTEREST RECEIVABLE (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of notes receivable

Below is a summary of our notes receivable as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

Borrower	Maturity Date		Interest Rate			Amount		Collateral
Performing loans:
H198, LLC (Las Vegas Land)		01/20		12.00	%	$	5,907	Secured
H198, LLC (McKinney Ranch Land)		09/20		6.00	%		4,554	Secured
Oulan-Chikh Family Trust		03/21		8.00	%		174	Secured
Spyglass Apartments of Ennis, LP		11/19		5.00	%		4,927	Secured
D4DS, LLC (Bellwether Ridge)		05/20		5.00	%		3,336	Secured
Parc at Windmill Farms		05/20		5.00	%		5,919	Secured
2818 Ventures LLC (Forest Pines)		11/20		5.00	%		2,223	Secured
ABC Land & Development (Mandahl Bay)		05/38		6.00	%		1,735	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Echo Station)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,481	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Lakeshore Villas)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		2,000	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Lakeshore Villas)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,369	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Limestone Ranch)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,000	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Limestone Ranch)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,953	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Timbers of Terrell)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		1,323	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Tivoli)(1)		12/32		12.00	%		6,140	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		12/18		12.00	%		3,994	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		12/18		12.00	%		6,407	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		06/20		12.00	%		5,760	Unsecured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc.(1)		03/21		12.00	%		5,314	Unsecured
Other related party notes(1)		Various		Various			510	Various unsecured interests
Other non-related party notes		Various		Various			796	Various secured interests
Other non-related party notes		Various		Various			300	Various unsecured interests
Accrued interest							5,117
Total Performing						$	82,239

(1) Related party notes.

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INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES AND INVESTEES (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Schedule of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and investees consist of the following:

	Percentage ownership as of
	September 30, 2018			September 30, 2017
American Realty Investors, Inc.(1)		0.90	%		0.90	%

(1) Unconsolidated investment in parent company owning 140,000 shares of ARL Common Stock

Schedule of the financial position and results of operations - unconsolidated parent

The following is a summary of the financial position and results of operations from our unconsolidated parent (dollars in thousands):

As of September 30	2018			2017
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation	$	549		$	14,411
Notes receivable		41,782			39,857
Other assets		64,352			54,703
Notes payable		(6,043	)		(6,618	)
Other liabilities		(30,745	)		(37,184	)
Shareholders’ equity		(69,894	)		(65,169	)
For the Nine Months Ended September 30	2018			2017
Rents and interest and other income	$	5,222		$	4,655
Depreciation		(0	)		(142	)
Operating expenses		(1,941	)		(2,607	)
Gain on land sales		—			1,360
Interest expense		(5,231	)		(4,641	)
Net income/(loss)	$	(1,950	)	$	(1,375	)
Company’s proportionate share of net income/(loss)	$	(18	)	$	(12	)

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NOTES AND INTEREST PAYABLE (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of notes and interest payable

Below is a summary of our notes and interest payable as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Notes Payable			Accrued Interest			Total Debt
Apartments	$	62,103		$	176		$	62,279
Apartments under Construction		20,580			—			20,580
Commercial		125,429			617			126,046
Land		15,823			191			16,014
Real estate subject to sales contract		649,541			1,484			651,025
Mezzanine financing		93,423			503			93,926
Other		14,071			(777	)		13,294
Total	$	980,970		$	2,194		$	983,164
Unamortized deferred borrowing costs		(17,941	)		—			(17,941	)
	$	963,029		$	2,194		$	965,223

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BONDS PAYABLE (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Bonds Payable

Schedule of bonds and interest payable

The outstanding balance of these Bonds at September 30, 2018 is as follows:

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
Bonds (Series A)	$	110,246		$	115,336
Bonds (Series B)		37,965			—
Bonds (Series B expansion)		19,934			—
Less: deferred issuance expense, net		(8,827	)		(5,916	)
Accrued Interest		1,692			3,627
	$	161,010		$	113,047

Schedule of principal payments on the bonds payable

The aggregate maturity of the bonds are as follows:

Year
2018	$	—
2019		22,049
2020		22,049
2021		22,049
2022		33,629
Thereafter		68,369
	$	168,145

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS AND FEES (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Schedule of accounts receivable from and (accounts payable) to related parties

The following table provides the reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of accounts receivable from and (accounts payable) to related parties as of September 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Pillar			ARL		Total
Related party receivable, December 31, 2017	$	—		$	111,665	$	111,665
Cash transfers		26,637			—		26,637
Advisory fees		(8,208	)		—		(8,208	)
Net income fee		(489	)		—		(489	)
Fees and commissions		(1,205	)		—		(1,205	)
Cost reimbursements		(3,264	)		—		(3,264	)
Interest income		—			5,135		5,135
Notes receivable purchased		(5,314	)		—		(5,314	)
Expenses (paid)/received by advisor		4,946			—		4,946
Financing (mortgage payments)		5,714			—		5,714
Sales/Purchases transactions		(7,826	)		—		(7,826	)
Related party receivable, September 30, 2018	$	10,991		$	116,800	$	127,791

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OPERATING SEGMENTS (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of operating segment, including segment assets and expenditures

Presented below is our reportable segments’ operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, including segment assets and expenditures (dollars in thousands):

	Commercial
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	8,228		$	25,275		$	—		$	2		$	33,505
Property operating expenses		(4,236	)		(11,345	)		(78	)		(206	)		(15,867	)
Depreciation and amortization		(2,523	)		(4,364	)		—			(4	)		(6,891	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(1,921	)		(5,722	)		(212	)		(7,699	)		(15,555	)
Interest income		—			—			—			4,021			4,021
Gain on land sales		—			—			12,243			—			12,243
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(452	)	$	3,844		$	11,953		$	(3,886	)	$	11,456
Balance Sheet Data as of September 30, 2018
Capital expenditures		962			—			(74	)		—			888
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	35,518		$	—		$	35,518
Cost of sale		—			—			(23,275	)		—			(23,275	)
Gain (loss) on sale	$	—		$	—		$	12,243		$	—		$	12,243

	Commercial
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	8,170		$	23,231		$	86		$	4		$	31,491
Property operating expenses		(4,252	)		(10,659	)		(115	)		(131	)		(15,157	)
Depreciation and amortization		(2,298	)		(4,028	)		—			—			(6,326	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(1,902	)		(5,168	)		(387	)		(6,788	)		(14,245	)
Interest income		—			—			—			3,175			3,175
Recognition of deferred gain on sale of income - producing properties		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on land sales		—			—			530			—			530
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(282	)	$	13,217		$	114		$	(3,740	)	$	9,309
Balance Sheet Data as of September 30, 2017
Capital expenditures	$	689		$	543		$	55		$	—		$	1,287
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	850		$	—		$	850
Cost of sale		—			—			(320	)		—			(320	)
Recognized prior deferred gain		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on sale	$	—		$	9,841		$	530		$	—		$	10,371

Presented below is our reportable segments’ operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, including segment assets and expenditures (dollars in thousands):

	Commercial
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	23,187		$	73,001		$	—		$	6		$	96,194
Property operating expenses		(12,222	)		(33,127	)		(162	)		(301	)		(45,814	)
Depreciation and amortization		(7,138	)		(12,709	)		—			(12	)		(19,859	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(5,662	)		(16,520	)		(175	)		(21,465	)		(43,823	)
Interest income		—			—			—			11,441			11,441
Gain on land sales		—			—			13,578			—			13,578
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(1,835	)	$	10,645		$	13,241		$	(10,331	)	$	11,717
Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2018
Capital expenditures	$	3,688		$	(2,398	)	$	(692	)	$	—		$	598
Real estate assets	$	134,148		$	825,863		$	92,798		$	643		$	1,053,452
Property Sales
Sales price	$	2,313		$	8,512		$	38,503		$	—		$	49,328
Cost of sale		(2,313	)		(8,512	)		(24,925	)		—			(35,750	)
Gain on sale	$	—		$	—		$	13,578		$	—		$	13,578

	Commercial
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017	Properties			Apartments			Land			Other			Total
Rental and other property revenues	$	25,308		$	68,922		$	87		$	11		$	94,328
Property operating expenses		(13,629	)		(31,615	)		(429	)		(583	)		(46,256	)
Depreciation and amortization		(6,903	)		(12,105	)		—			—			(19,008	)
Mortgage and loan interest		(5,629	)		(16,955	)		(1,248	)		(21,386	)		(45,218	)
Interest income		—			—			—			10,305			10,305
Recognition of deferred gain on sale of income - producing properties		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on land sales		—			—			500			—			500
Segment operating (loss) income	$	(853	)	$	18,088		$	(1,090	)	$	(11,653	)	$	4,492
Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2017
Capital expenditures	$	2,586		$	543		$	641		$	—		$	3,770
Real estate assets	$	145,321		$	665,972		$	117,642		$	—		$	928,935
Property Sales
Sales price	$	—		$	—		$	2,446		$	—		$	2,446
Cost of sale		—			—			(1,946	)		—			(1,946	)
Recognized prior deferred gain		—			9,841			—			—			9,841
Gain on sale	$	—		$	9,841		$	500		$	—		$	10,341

Schedule of reconciliaton of segment information to consolidated statements of operations

The table below provides the reconciliation of segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended  September 30,
	2018			2017
Segment operating income (loss)	$	11,456		$	9,309
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
General and administrative		(1,858	)		(1,594	)
Net income fee to related party		(383	)		(53	)
Advisory fee to related party		(2,735	)		(2,595	)
Other income		17,434			2,096
Income tax (expense)		(792	)		—
Earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		(4	)		7
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	23,118		$	7,170

The tables below reconcile the segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Segment operating income (loss)	$	11,717		$	4,492
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
General and administrative		(6,223	)		(4,669	)
Net income fee to related party		(489	)		(189	)
Advisory fee to related party		(8,209	)		(7,402	)
Other income		34,387			(312	)
Income tax (expense)		(792	)		—
Loss from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees		(2	)		(11	)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	30,389		$	(8,091	)

Schedule of reconciliaton segment information to consolidated balance sheets

The tables below reconcile the segment information to the corresponding amounts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of September 30,
	2018		2017
Segment assets	$	1,053,452	$	928,935
Investments in real estate partnerships		2,774		2,435
Notes and interest receivable		82,239		62,698
Other assets		284,465		256,659
Total assets	$	1,422,930	$	1,250,727

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ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Details Narrative)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 ft² Number
Number of apartment communities | Number	8,494
Rentable square feet | ft²	1,700
Acres of land | ft²	3,218
Commercial Properties [Member]
Number of apartment communities | Number	55
Minimum [Member]
Percentage of ownership	20.00%
Minimum [Member] | Buildings and Improvements [Member]
Useful life of property, plant and equipment	10 years
Minimum [Member] | Fixtures and Equipment [Member]
Useful life of property, plant and equipment	5 years
Maximum [Member]
Percentage of ownership	50.00%
Maximum [Member] | Buildings and Improvements [Member]
Useful life of property, plant and equipment	40 years
Maximum [Member] | Fixtures and Equipment [Member]
Useful life of property, plant and equipment	10 years
Southern Properties Capital LTD [Member]
Percentage of ownership in the company	77.68%
Income Opportunities Realty Investors, Inc. [Member]
Percentage of ownership	81.25%

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REAL ESTATE ACTIVITY (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Real Estate [Abstract]
Apartments	$ 87,834
Apartments under construction	19,502
Commercial properties	203,329
Real estate held for sale	841,207
Land held for development	88,681
Land subject to sales contract	4,117
Total real estate, at cost, less impairment	1,244,670
Less accumulated depreciation	(191,218)
Total real estate	$ 1,053,452

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REAL ESTATE ACTIVITY (Details Narrative) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Aug. 22, 2018 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2015 USD ($) ft²	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) ft² Number	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) ft²	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) ft² Number	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)
Number of units | Number			1,200			1,200
Acres of land | ft²			3,218			3,218
Payment for construction or predevelopment of various apartment complexes						$ 81,400
Capitalized interest costs			$ 6,600			6,600
Gain on land sales			$ 12,243		$ 530	13,577	$ 500
Proceeds from sale of land						$ 10,439	$ 2,446
Related Parties [Member]
Acres of land | ft²			86			86
Mercer Crossing [Member]
Acres of land | ft²		180
Sale of land, total consideration	$ 28,100
Notes receivable - land sales		$ 50,000
Gain on sale of property	$ 7,500		$ 4,800
Mercer Crossing [Member] | Land [Member]
Sale of land, total consideration		$ 75,000
Land [Member] | TEXAS
Area of land sold | ft²			180			180
Gain on land sales						$ 12,800
Proceeds from sale of land						32,200
Gain on sale of land						11,500
Sale of land, total consideration						$ 35,200
Residential Apartment Community Acquired [Member]
Number of properties | Number			1			1
Number of units | Number			3			3
Golf Course [Member]
Area of land sold | ft²				96
Land sales - cash received				$ 600
Land sales - notes receivables				1,700
Sale of land, total consideration				$ 2,300
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member]
Total purchase price						$ 12,000
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member] | Baton Rouge, LA [Member]
Number of units | Number			80			80
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member] | Baton Rouge, LA [Member] | Seller Financing Note Residential Apartment Acquisition [Member]
Issuance of note payable						$ 1,900
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member] | Baton Rouge, LA [Member] | Note Payable Residential Apartment Acquisition [Member]
Issuance of note payable						$ 8,600
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member] | Mansfield, TX [Member]
Number of units | Number			99			99
Total purchase price						$ 14,800
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member] | Mansfield, TX [Member] | Seller Financing Note Residential Apartment Acquisition [Member]
Issuance of note payable						2,300
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member] | Mansfield, TX [Member] | Note Payable Residential Apartment Acquisition [Member]
Issuance of note payable						$ 11,000
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member] | Golf Shores [Member]
Number of units | Number			200			200
Total purchase price						$ 18,100
Multi-Family Community Acquired [Member] | Golf Shores [Member] | Note Payable Residential Apartment Acquisition [Member]
Issuance of note payable						$ 11,500

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ASSETS HELD FOR SALE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Revenues:
Rental and other property revenues	$ 33,505	$ 31,491	$ 96,194	$ 94,328
Expenses:
Property operating expenses	15,867	15,157	45,814	46,256
General and administrative	1,858	1,594	6,223	4,669
Total operating expenses	27,734	25,725	80,594	77,524
Net operating income	5,771	5,766	15,600	16,804
Other income (expenses):
Mortgage and loan interest	(15,555)	(14,245)	(43,823)	(45,218)
Total other income (expenses)	5,896	(8,967)	2,003	(35,236)
Net income (loss)	23,118	7,170	30,389	(8,091)
Real Estate Held For Sale [Member]
Revenues:
Rental and other property revenues	22,371	20,410	65,056	59,672
Total operating revenues	22,371	20,410	65,056	59,672
Expenses:
Property operating expenses	9,953	9,190	29,250	26,964
Depreciation and amortization	3,780	3,397	11,080	9,971
General and administrative	6	12	276	389
Total operating expenses	13,739	12,599	40,606	37,324
Net operating income	8,632	7,811	24,450	22,348
Other income (expenses):
Interest income	2	3	3	6
Other income (loss)	3	(47)	267	(70)
Mortgage and loan interest	(4,973)	(4,401)	(14,449)	(12,738)
Loan fee expense				(707)
Total other income (expenses)	(4,968)	(4,445)	(14,179)	(13,509)
Net income (loss)	$ 3,664	$ 3,366	$ 10,271	$ 8,839

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ASSETS HELD FOR SALE (Details Narrative) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Real estate held for sale at cost	$ 760,497
Mercer Crossing [Member]
Real estate held for sale at cost	21,100
Real Estate Held For Sale [Member]
Real estate held for sale at cost	$ 11,800
Real Estate Held For Sale [Member] | Victory Abode Apartment, LLC [Member]
Ownership interest in joint interest	49.00%
Voting interest in joint interest	50.00%
Real estate held for sale at cost	$ 726,600
Real Estate Held For Sale [Member] | Victory Abode Apartment, LLC [Member] | Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Ownership interest in joint interest	2.00%

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SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 23,763		$ 52,328
Cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash	96,451	$ 88,342	100,730	$ 55,733
Held in Escrow [Member]
Restricted cash	57,135		38,407
Certificates of Deposit [Member]
Restricted cash	9,155		5,650
Held with Trustee [Member]
Restricted cash	$ 6,398		$ 4,345

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SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]
Interest expense paid	$ 39,500	$ 36,400
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 72,688	$ 100,700	$ 45,637

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NOTES AND INTEREST RECEIVABLE (Details) - Performing Loans [Member] $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Accrued interest	$ 5,117
Performing loans, total	$ 82,239
H198, LLC (Las Vegas Land) [Member]
Maturity Date	Jan. 31, 2020
Description of property	Las Vegas Land
Interest Rate	12.00%
Performing loans, total	$ 5,907
Description of Security	Secured
H198, LLC (McKinney Ranch Land) [Member]
Maturity Date	Sep. 30, 2020
Description of property	McKinney Ranch Land
Interest Rate	6.00%
Performing loans, total	$ 4,554
Description of Security	Secured
Oulan-Chikh Family Trust [Member]
Maturity Date	Mar. 31, 2021
Interest Rate	8.00%
Performing loans, total	$ 174
Description of Security	Secured
Spyglass Apartments of Ennis LP [Member]
Maturity Date	Nov. 30, 2019
Interest Rate	5.00%
Performing loans, total	$ 4,927
Description of Security	Secured
D4DS, LLC (Bellwether Ridge) [Member]
Maturity Date	May 31, 2020
Interest Rate	5.00%
Performing loans, total	$ 3,336
Description of Security	Secured
Parc at Windmill Farms [Member]
Maturity Date	May 31, 2020
Interest Rate	5.00%
Performing loans, total	$ 5,919
Description of Security	Secured
2818 Ventures LLC (Forest Pines) [Member]
Maturity Date	Nov. 30, 2020	[1]
Interest Rate	5.00%
Performing loans, total	$ 2,223
Description of Security	Secured
ABC Land & Development (Mandahl Bay) [Member]
Maturity Date	May 31, 2038
Interest Rate	6.00%
Performing loans, total	$ 1,735
Description of Security	Secured
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Echo Station) [Member]
Maturity Date	Dec. 31, 2032	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 1,481
Description of Security	Secured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Lakeshore Villas) [Member]
Maturity Date	Dec. 31, 2032	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 2,000
Description of Security	Secured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Lakeshore Villas) [Member]
Maturity Date	Dec. 31, 2032	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 6,369
Description of Security	Secured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Limestone Ranch) [Member]
Maturity Date	Dec. 31, 2032	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 6,000
Description of Security	Secured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Timbers of Terrell) [Member]
Maturity Date	Dec. 31, 2032	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Description of Security	Secured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Timbers of Terrell) [Member]
Performing loans, total	$ 1,323
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (Tivoli) [Member]
Maturity Date	Dec. 31, 2032	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 6,140
Description of Security	Secured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. #2 [Member]
Maturity Date	Dec. 31, 2018	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 3,994
Description of Security	Unsecured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. #3 [Member]
Maturity Date	Dec. 31, 2018	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 6,407
Description of Security	Unsecured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. #4 [Member]
Maturity Date	Jun. 30, 2020	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 5,760
Description of Security	Unsecured	[1]
Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. [Member]
Maturity Date	Mar. 31, 2021	[1]
Interest Rate	12.00%	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 5,314
Description of Security	Unsecured	[1]
Other Related Party Notes [Member]
Description of maturity date	Various	[1]
Description of Interest Rate	Various	[1]
Performing loans, total	$ 510
Description of Security	Various secured interests	[1]
Other Non-Related Party Notes [Member]
Description of maturity date	Various
Description of Interest Rate	Various
Description of Security	Various secured interests
Other Related Party-Non Notes [Member]
Performing loans, total	$ 796
Other Non-Related Party Notes [Member]
Description of maturity date	Various
Description of Interest Rate	Various
Performing loans, total	$ 300
Description of Security	Various secured interests

[1] Related party notes.

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NOTES AND INTEREST RECEIVABLE (Details Narrative) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Interest income	$ 5,135
Mortgage Loans [Member] | Related Party [Member]
Total notes and interest receivable	48,600
Interest income	$ 4,400

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INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES AND INVESTEES (Details)		Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
American Realty Investors, Inc. [Member]
Percentage of ownership	[1]	0.90%	0.90%

[1] Unconsolidated investment in parent company owning 140,000 shares of ARL Common Stock

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INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES AND INVESTEES (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation	$ 1,053,452		$ 1,053,452		$ 979,870
Other assets	60,223		60,223		60,907
Notes payable	(314,198)		(314,198)		(892,149)
Shareholders' equity	(217,714)		(217,714)		$ (189,170)
Rents and interest and other income	33,505	$ 31,491	96,194	$ 94,328
Depreciation	(6,891)	(6,326)	(19,859)	(19,008)
Operating expenses	(27,734)	(25,725)	(80,594)	(77,524)
Net income (loss)	23,118	7,170	30,389	(8,091)
Company's proportionate share of net income/(loss)	(4)	7	(2)	(11)
American Realty Investors, Inc. [Member]
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation	549	14,411	549	14,411
Notes receivable	41,782	39,857	41,782	39,857
Other assets	64,352	54,703	64,352	54,703
Notes payable	(6,043)	(6,618)	(6,043)	(6,618)
Other liabilities	(30,745)	(37,184)	(30,745)	(37,184)
Shareholders' equity	$ (69,894)	$ (65,169)	(69,894)	(65,169)
Rents and interest and other income			5,222	4,655
Depreciation			0	(142)
Operating expenses			(1,941)	(2,607)
Gain on land sales				1,360
Interest expense			(5,231)	(4,641)
Net income (loss)			(1,950)	(1,375)
Company's proportionate share of net income/(loss)			$ (18)	$ (12)

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INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES AND INVESTEES (Details Narrative)	Sep. 30, 2018
American Realty Investors, Inc [Member]
Percentage of ownership	0.90%
Minimum [Member]
Percentage of ownership	20.00%
Maximum [Member]
Percentage of ownership	50.00%

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NOTES AND INTEREST PAYABLE (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Apartments [Member]
Notes Payable	$ 62,103
Accrued Interest	176
Total Debt	62,279
Apartments Under Construction [Member]
Notes Payable	20,580
Accrued Interest
Total Debt	20,580
Commercial [Member]
Notes Payable	125,429
Accrued Interest	617
Total Debt	126,046
Land [Member]
Notes Payable	15,823
Accrued Interest	191
Total Debt	16,014
Real Estate Subject To Sales Contract [Member]
Notes Payable	649,541
Accrued Interest	1,484
Total Debt	651,025
Mezzanine Financing [Member]
Notes Payable	93,423
Accrued Interest	503
Total Debt	93,926
Other [Member]
Notes Payable	14,071
Accrued Interest	(777)
Total Debt	13,294
Notes Payable [Member]
Notes Payable	980,970
Accrued Interest	2,194
Total Debt	983,164
Unamortized deferred borrowing costs	(17,941)
Notes Payable, Net [Member]
Notes Payable	963,029
Accrued Interest	2,194
Total Debt	965,223
Unamortized deferred borrowing costs	$ (17,941)

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NOTES AND INTEREST PAYABLE (Details Narrative) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Construction Loans [Member]
Proceeds from draw on loan facility	$ 66,600

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BONDS PAYABLE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Total	$ 161,010	$ 113,047
Series A Bonds [Member]
Bonds	110,246	115,336
Series B Bonds [Member]
Bonds	37,965
Bonds [Member]
Less: deferred issuance expense, net	(8,827)	(5,916)
Accrued Interest	1,692	3,627
Total	161,010	$ 113,047
Series B Bonds Expansion [Member]
Bonds	$ 19,934

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BONDS PAYABLE (Details 1) - Bonds [Member] $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Year ended December 31,
2019	$ 22,049
2020	22,049
2021	22,049
2022	33,629
Thereafter	68,369
Total	$ 168,145

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BONDS PAYABLE (Details Narrative) ₪ in Thousands, $ in Thousands					9 Months Ended
	Jul. 26, 2018 USD ($)	Jul. 26, 2018 ILS (₪)	Jan. 25, 2018 USD ($)	Jan. 25, 2018 ILS (₪)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jul. 19, 2018 USD ($)	Jul. 19, 2018 ILS (₪)	Feb. 15, 2018 USD ($)	Feb. 15, 2018 ILS (₪)	Feb. 14, 2017 USD ($)	Feb. 14, 2017 ILS (₪)
Interest paid to bondholders					$ 39,500	$ 36,400
Series A Bonds [Member]
Effective interest rate					9.17%
Interest paid to bondholders			$ 4,300
Series A Bonds [Member] | Israel Shekel [Member]
Interest paid to bondholders | ₪				₪ 14,600
Nonconvertible Series A Bonds [Member]
Debentures offering amount									$ 39,200
Interest rate									6.80%	6.80%
Series B Bonds [Member]
Debentures offering amount							$ 19,800		$ 39,200
Interest rate							6.80%	6.80%	6.80%	6.80%
Effective interest rate							9.60%	9.60%	7.99%	7.99%
Bond issuance cost							$ 1,900		$ 1,400
Series B Bonds [Member] | Israel Shekel [Member]
Debentures offering amount | ₪								₪ 72,300		₪ 137,700
Series A and B Bonds [Member]
Interest paid to bondholders	$ 5,200
Series A and B Bonds [Member] | Israel Shekel [Member]
Interest paid to bondholders | ₪		₪ 18,900
Southern Properties Capital LTD [Member] | Series A Bonds [Member]
Debentures offering amount											$ 115,000
Interest rate											7.30%	7.30%
Southern Properties Capital LTD [Member] | Series A Bonds [Member] | Israel Shekel [Member]
Debentures offering amount | ₪												₪ 400,000

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Due from Related Parties [RollForward]
Related party receivable, beginning			$ 111,665
Cash transfers			26,637
Advisory fees	$ (2,735)	$ (2,595)	(8,209)	$ (7,402)
Net income fee	(383)	$ (53)	(489)	$ (189)
Fees and commissions			(1,205)
Cost reimbursements			(3,264)
Interest income			5,135
Notes receivable purchased			(5,314)
Expenses (paid)/received by advisor			4,946
Financing (mortgage payments)			5,714
Sales/purchases transactions			(7,826)
Related party receivable, ending	127,791		127,791
Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc [Member]
Due from Related Parties [RollForward]
Cash transfers			26,637
Advisory fees			(8,208)
Net income fee			(489)
Fees and commissions			(1,205)
Cost reimbursements			(3,264)
Notes receivable purchased			(5,314)
Expenses (paid)/received by advisor			4,946
Financing (mortgage payments)			5,714
Sales/purchases transactions			(7,826)
Related party receivable, ending	10,991		10,991
American Realty Investors, Inc [Member]
Due from Related Parties [RollForward]
Related party receivable, beginning			111,665
Interest income			5,135
Related party receivable, ending	$ 116,800		$ 116,800

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DEFERRED INCOME (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Aug. 22, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jul. 17, 2009	Jul. 16, 2009
Common stock, authorized	10,000,000		10,000,000
Common stock, outstanding	8,717,767		8,717,767
Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. [Member]
Number of common shares acquired (in shares)				2,518,934	1,037,184
Par value of common share acquired (in dollars per share)				$ 0.01
Acquired price per share (in dollars per share)				$ 7.10
Transaction Costs		$ 21,000		$ 17,884
Percentage of ownership acquired				60.40%	25.00%
Business acquired, assets				$ 112,000
Business acquired, liability				$ 43,000
Percentage of land acquired		80.00%		85.30%
Common stock, authorized				4,168,214
Common stock, outstanding				3,556,118
Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. [Member] | Deferred Income [Member]
Goodwill				$ 35,000

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OPERATING SEGMENTS (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Rental and other property revenues	$ 33,505	$ 31,491	$ 96,194	$ 94,328
Property operating expenses	(15,867)	(15,157)	(45,814)	(46,256)
Depreciation and amortization	(6,891)	(6,326)	(19,859)	(19,008)
Segment operating (loss) income	5,771	5,766	15,600	16,804
Real estate assets	1,053,452		1,053,452
Commercial Properties [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Rental and other property revenues	8,228	8,170	23,187	25,308
Property operating expenses	(4,236)	(4,252)	(12,222)	(13,629)
Depreciation and amortization	(2,523)	(2,298)	(7,138)	(6,903)
Mortgage and loan interest	(1,921)	(1,902)	(5,662)	(5,629)
Segment operating (loss) income	(452)	(282)	(1,835)	(853)
Capital expenditures	962	689	3,688	2,586
Real estate assets	134,148	145,321	134,148	145,321
Property Sales
Sales price			2,313
Cost of sale			(2,313)
Apartments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Rental and other property revenues	25,275	23,231	73,001	68,922
Property operating expenses	(11,345)	(10,659)	(33,127)	(31,615)
Depreciation and amortization	(4,364)	(4,028)	(12,709)	(12,105)
Mortgage and loan interest	(5,722)	(5,168)	(16,520)	(16,955)
Recognition of deferred gain on sale of income - producing properties		9,841		9,841
Segment operating (loss) income	3,844	13,217	10,645	18,088
Capital expenditures		543	(2,398)	543
Real estate assets	825,863	665,972	825,863	665,972
Property Sales
Sales price			8,512
Cost of sale			(8,512)
Recognized prior deferred gain		9,841		9,841
Gain (loss) on sale		9,841		9,841
Land [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Rental and other property revenues		86		87
Property operating expenses	(78)	(115)	(162)	(429)
Mortgage and loan interest	(212)	(387)	(175)	(1,248)
Gain on land sales	12,243	530	13,578	500
Segment operating (loss) income	11,953	114	13,241	(1,090)
Capital expenditures	(74)	55	(692)	641
Real estate assets	92,798	117,642	92,798	117,642
Property Sales
Sales price	35,518	850	38,503	2,446
Cost of sale	(23,275)	(320)	(24,925)	(1,946)
Gain (loss) on sale	12,243	530	13,578	500
Other [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Rental and other property revenues	2	4	6	11
Property operating expenses	(206)	(131)	(301)	(583)
Depreciation and amortization	(4)		(12)
Mortgage and loan interest	(7,699)	(6,788)	(21,365)	(21,386)
Interest income	4,021	3,175	11,441	10,305
Segment operating (loss) income	(3,886)	(3,740)	(10,250)	(11,653)
Real estate assets	643		643
Total Segments [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Rental and other property revenues	33,505	31,491	96,194	94,328
Property operating expenses	(15,867)	(15,157)	(45,814)	(46,256)
Depreciation and amortization	(6,891)	(6,326)	(19,859)	(19,008)
Mortgage and loan interest	(15,555)	(14,245)	(43,823)	(45,218)
Interest income	4,021	3,175	11,441	10,305
Recognition of deferred gain on sale of income - producing properties		9,841		9,841
Gain on land sales	12,243	530	13,578	500
Segment operating (loss) income	11,456	9,309	11,717	4,492
Capital expenditures	888	1,287	598	3,770
Real estate assets	1,053,452	928,935	1,053,452	928,935
Property Sales
Sales price	35,518	850	38,503	2,446
Cost of sale	(23,275)	(320)	(24,925)	(1,946)
Recognized prior deferred gain		9,841		9,841
Gain (loss) on sale	$ 12,243	$ 10,371	$ 13,578	$ 10,341

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OPERATING SEGMENTS (Details 1) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Segment operating income (loss)	$ 5,771	$ 5,766	$ 15,600	$ 16,804
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
General and administrative	(1,858)	(1,594)	(6,223)	(4,669)
Net income fee to related party	(383)	(53)	(489)	(189)
Advisory fee to related party	(2,735)	(2,595)	(8,209)	(7,402)
Other income	18,722	190	28,030	1,529
Income tax (expense)	(792)		(792)
Earnings (losses) from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees	(4)	7	(2)	(11)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	23,118	7,170	30,389	(8,091)
Total Segments [Member]
Segment operating income (loss)	11,456	9,309	11,717	4,492
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
General and administrative	(1,858)	(1,594)	(6,223)	(4,669)
Net income fee to related party	(383)	(53)	(489)	(189)
Advisory fee to related party	(2,735)	(2,595)	(8,209)	(7,402)
Other income	17,434	2,096	34,387	(312)
Income tax (expense)	(792)		(792)
Earnings (losses) from unconsolidated joint ventures and investees	(4)	7	(2)	(11)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$ 23,118	$ 7,170	$ 30,389	$ (8,091)

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OPERATING SEGMENTS (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017
Segment assets	$ 1,053,452	$ 979,870
Investments in real estate partnerships	2,774	2,472
Total assets	1,422,930	$ 1,313,422
Total Segments [Member]
Segment assets	1,053,452		$ 928,935
Investments in real estate partnerships	2,774		2,435
Notes and interest receivable	82,239		62,698
Other assets	284,465		256,659
Total assets	$ 1,422,930		$ 1,250,727

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES AND LIQUIDITY (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 20, 2015	Sep. 30, 2018
Related Party [Member] | Mezzanine Financing [Member]
Guarantor - notes payable		$ 39,100
Dynex Litigation [Member]
Description of plaintiff	<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Basic Capital Management, Inc., American Realty Trust, Inc., Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., Continental Poydras Corp., Continental Common, Inc. and Continental Baronne, Inc.</p>
Description of defendant	<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Dynex Commercial, Inc.</p>
Domicile of Litigation	<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> 68th Judicial District Court in Dallas County, Texas</p>
Description of action taken by court	<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The Final Judgment entered against Dynex Commercial, Inc. on July 20, 2015 awarded Basic $0.256 million in damages, plus pre-judgment interest of $0.192 million for a total amount of $0.448 million. The Judgment awarded ART $14.2 million in damages, plus pre-judgment interest of $10.6 million for a total amount of $24.8 million. The Judgment awarded TCI $11.1 million, plus pre-judgment interest of $8.4 million for a total amount of $19.5 million. The Judgment also awarded Basic, ART, and TCI post-judgment interest at the rate of 5% per annum from April 25, 2014 until the date their respective damages are paid. Lastly, the Judgement awarded Basic, ART, and TCI $1.6 million collectively in attorneys’ fees from Dynex Commercial, Inc.</font></p>
Awarded attorney fees	$ 1,600
Post-judgment interest rate	5.00%
Unfunded loan commitment	$ 160,000
Dynex Litigation [Member] | Southern Properties Capital LTD [Member]
Damages - awarded amount	11,100
Damages - pre-judgement interest	8,400
Damages - total	19,500
Dynex Litigation [Member] | American Reality Trust, Inc. [Member]
Damages - awarded amount	14,200
Damages - pre-judgement interest	10,600
Damages - total	24,800
Dynex Litigation [Member] | Basic Capital Management, Inc. [Member]
Damages - awarded amount	256
Damages - pre-judgement interest	192
Damages - total	$ 448

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TAXES (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax (expense) - current	$ (792)	$ (792)
Current income tax expense		1,900
Chnage in valuation allowance		$ (1,100)

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EARNINGS PER SHARE (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		9 Months Ended
	Jul. 09, 2014	Sep. 30, 2018
Dividend rate		9.00%
RAI [Member]
Shares issued upon conversion	(304,298)
Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] | RAI [Member]
Preferred stock, shares issued	30,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	30,000
Dividend rate	90.00%
Shares issued upon conversion	(30,000)
Accrued Dividends	$ 900
Preferred stock, liquidation preference per share	$ 100.00