Upon initial recognition, we measure intangible assets at cost unless they are acquired through a business combination, in which case they are measured at fair value. We begin amortizing intangible assets with finite useful lives when the asset is ready for its intended use. Subsequently, the asset is carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

We amortize intangible assets with finite useful lives, other than acquired program rights, into depreciation and amortization on the Consolidated Statements of Income on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as noted in the table below. We monitor and review the useful lives, residual values, and amortization methods at least once per year and change them if they are different from our previous estimates. We recognize the effects of changes in estimates in net income prospectively.

Program rights are contractual rights we acquire from third parties to broadcast programs, including rights to broadcast live sporting events. We recognize them at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. We capitalize program rights on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position when the licence period begins and the program is available for use and amortize them to other external purchases in operating costs on the Consolidated Statements of Income over the expected exhibition period. If we have no intention to air programs, we consider the related program rights impaired and write them off. Otherwise, we test them for impairment as intangible assets with finite useful lives.

The costs for multi-year sports and television broadcast rights agreements are recognized in operating expenses during the applicable seasons based on the pattern in which the programming is aired or rights are expected to be consumed. To the extent that prepayments are made at the commencement of a multi-year contract towards future years' rights fees, these prepayments are recognized as intangible assets and amortized to operating expenses over the contract term. To the

extent that prepayments are made for annual contractual fees within a season, they are included in other current assets on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, as the rights will be consumed within the next twelve months.

We recognize goodwill arising from business combinations when the fair value of the separately identifiable assets we acquired and liabilities we assumed is lower than the consideration we paid (including the recognized amount of the non-controlling interest, if any). If the fair value of the consideration transferred is lower than that of the separately identified assets and liabilities, we immediately recognize the difference as a gain in net income.

We test intangible assets with finite useful lives for impairment whenever an event or change in circumstances indicates that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We test indefinite-life intangible assets and goodwill for impairment annually as at October 1, or more frequently if we identify indicators of impairment.

If we cannot estimate the recoverable amount of an individual intangible asset because it does not generate independent cash inflows, we test the entire cash-generating unit (CGU) to which it belongs for impairment.

Goodwill is allocated to CGUs (or groups of CGUs) based on the level at which management monitors goodwill, which cannot be higher than an operating segment. The allocation of goodwill is made to CGUs (or groups of CGUs) that are expected to benefit from the synergies and future growth of the business combination from which the goodwill arose.

We reverse a previously recognized impairment loss, except in respect of goodwill, if our estimate of the recoverable amount of a previously impaired asset or CGU has increased such that the impairment recognized in a previous year has reversed. The reversal is recognized by increasing the asset's or CGU's carrying amount to our new estimate of its recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset or CGU subsequent to the reversal cannot be greater than its carrying amount had we not recognized an impairment loss in previous years.

We use estimates in determining the recoverable amount of long-lived assets. The determination of the recoverable amount for the purpose of impairment testing requires the use of significant estimates, such as:

We estimate value in use for impairment tests by discounting estimated future cash flows to their present value. We estimate the discounted future cash flows for periods of up to five years, depending on the CGU, and a terminal value. The future cash flows are based on our estimates and expected future operating results of the CGU after considering economic conditions and a general outlook for the CGU's industry. Our discount rates consider market rates of return, debt to equity ratios, and certain risk premiums, among other things. The terminal value is the value attributed to the CGU's operations beyond the projected time period of the cash flows using a perpetuity rate based on expected economic conditions and a general outlook for the industry.

•analyzing discounted cash flows - we estimate the discounted future cash flows for five-year periods and a terminal value, similar to the value in use methodology described above, while applying assumptions consistent with those a market participant would make. Future cash flows are based on our estimates of expected future operating results of the CGU. Our estimates of future cash flows, terminal values, and discount rates consider similar factors to those described above for value in use estimates; or

We make certain assumptions when deriving expected future cash flows, which may include assumptions pertaining to discount and terminal growth rates. These assumptions may differ or change quickly depending on economic conditions or other events. It is therefore possible that future changes in assumptions may negatively affect future valuations of CGUs and goodwill, which could result in impairment losses.

Judgment is applied when deciding to designate our spectrum and broadcast licences as assets with indefinite useful lives since we believe the licences are likely to be renewed for the foreseeable future such that there is no limit to the period over which these assets are expected to generate net cash inflows. We make judgments to determine that these assets have indefinite lives, analyzing all relevant factors, including the expected usage of the asset, the typical life cycle of the asset, and anticipated changes in the market demand for the products and services the asset helps generate. After review of the competitive, legal, regulatory, and other factors, it is our view that these factors do not limit the useful lives of our spectrum and broadcast licences.

Judgment is also applied in choosing methods of amortizing our intangible assets and program rights that we believe most accurately represent the consumption of those assets and are most representative of the economic substance of the intended use of the underlying assets.


	Indefinite-life			Finite-life
(In millions of dollars)	Spectrum licences	Broadcast licences	Brand names	Customer relationships	Acquired program rights	Total intangible assets	Goodwill	Total intangible assets and goodwill
Cost
As at January 1, 2021	8,371	333	420	1,623	233	10,980	4,194	15,174
Accumulated impairment losses	—	(99)	(14)	—	(5)	(118)	(221)	(339)
Cost, net of impairment losses	8,371	234	406	1,623	228	10,862	3,973	14,835
Additions	3,343	—	—	46	54	3,443	51	3,494
Disposals and other 1	—	(3)	—	—	(77)	(80)	—	(80)
As at December 31, 2021	11,714	231	406	1,669	205	14,225	4,024	18,249

Accumulated amortization
As at January 1, 2021	—	—	270	1,589	77	1,936	—	1,936
Amortization 2	—	—	—	17	68	85	—	85
Disposals and other 1	—	—	—	—	(77)	(77)	—	(77)
As at December 31, 2021	—	—	270	1,606	68	1,944	—	1,944

Net carrying amount
As at January 1, 2021	8,371	234	136	34	151	8,926	3,973	12,899
As at December 31, 2021	11,714	231	136	63	137	12,281	4,024	16,305

2 Of the $85 million of total amortization, $68 million related to acquired program rights is included in other external purchases in operating costs (see note 6), and $17 million in depreciation and amortization on the Consolidated Statements of Income.


	Indefinite-life			Finite-life
(In millions of dollars)	Spectrum licences	Broadcast licences	Brand names	Customer relationships	Acquired program rights	Total intangible assets	Goodwill	Total intangible assets and goodwill
Cost
As at January 1, 2020	8,331	333	420	1,611	253	10,948	4,144	15,092
Accumulated impairment losses	—	(99)	(14)	—	(5)	(118)	(221)	(339)
Cost, net of impairment losses	8,331	234	406	1,611	248	10,830	3,923	14,753
Additions	40	—	—	12	57	109	50	159
Disposals and other 1	—	—	—	—	(77)	(77)	—	(77)
As at December 31, 2020	8,371	234	406	1,623	228	10,862	3,973	14,835

Accumulated amortization
As at January 1, 2020	—	—	270	1,578	77	1,925	—	1,925
Amortization 2	—	—	—	11	77	88	—	88
Disposals and other 1	—	—	—	—	(77)	(77)	—	(77)
As at December 31, 2020	—	—	270	1,589	77	1,936	—	1,936

Net carrying amount
As at January 1, 2020	8,331	234	136	33	171	8,905	3,923	12,828
As at December 31, 2020	8,371	234	136	34	151	8,926	3,973	12,899

2 Of the $88 million of total amortization, $77 million related to acquired program rights is included in other external purchases in operating costs (see note 6), and $11 million in depreciation and amortization on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

In July 2021, Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada announced the results of the 3500 MHz spectrum licence auction that began in June 2021. We were awarded 325 spectrum licences covering the vast majority of the Canadian population at a total cost of $3.3 billion. In December 2021, we made the final payment and obtained these licences.

Below is an overview of the methods and key assumptions we used in 2021, as of October 1, to determine recoverable amounts for CGUs, or groups of CGUs, with indefinite-life intangible assets or goodwill that we consider significant.


(In millions of dollars, except periods used and rates)
	Carrying value of goodwill	Carrying value of indefinite-life intangible assets	Recoverable amount method	Period of projected cash flows (years)	Terminal growth rates (%)	Pre-tax discount rates (%)

Wireless	1,160	8,517	Value in use	5	2.0	8.5
Cable	1,895	—	Value in use	5	1.5	8.0
Media	969	232	Fair value less cost to sell	5	2.0	10.6