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Fair Value (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, including those items for which the Company has elected the FVO, are presented below at:
 
September 30, 2018
 
Fair Value Hierarchy
 
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total Estimated
Fair Value
 
(In millions)
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. corporate
$

 
$
22,820

 
$
584

 
$
23,404

U.S. government and agency
3,699

 
6,806

 

 
10,505

RMBS

 
7,129

 
1,078

 
8,207

Foreign corporate

 
6,040

 
1,005

 
7,045

State and political subdivision

 
3,990

 

 
3,990

CMBS

 
4,015

 
130

 
4,145

ABS

 
1,917

 
61

 
1,978

Foreign government

 
1,353

 

 
1,353

Total fixed maturity securities
3,699

 
54,070

 
2,858

 
60,627

Equity securities
15

 
13

 
122

 
150

Short-term investments
56

 
60

 

 
116

Real estate joint ventures (1)

 

 
15

 
15

Other limited partnership interests (1)

 

 
25

 
25

Commercial mortgage loans held by CSEs — FVO

 
93

 

 
93

Derivative assets: (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate

 
629

 

 
629

Foreign currency exchange rate

 
176

 

 
176

Credit

 
24

 
10

 
34

Equity market
1

 
854

 
152

 
1,007

Total derivative assets
1

 
1,683

 
162

 
1,846

Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (3)

 

 
166

 
166

Separate account assets
202

 
103,692

 
4

 
103,898

Total assets
$
3,973

 
$
159,611

 
$
3,352

 
$
166,936

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities: (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate
$

 
$
1,044

 
$

 
$
1,044

Foreign currency exchange rate

 
92

 
1

 
93

Credit

 
1

 

 
1

Equity market
1

 
1,716

 
449

 
2,166

Total derivative liabilities
1

 
2,853

 
450

 
3,304

Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (3)

 

 
1,831

 
1,831

Long-term debt of CSEs — FVO

 
3

 

 
3

Total liabilities
$
1

 
$
2,856

 
$
2,281

 
$
5,138

 
December 31, 2017
 
Fair Value Hierarchy
 
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total Estimated
Fair Value
 
(In millions)
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. corporate
$

 
$
21,491

 
$
889

 
$
22,380

U.S. government and agency
8,002

 
7,911

 

 
15,913

RMBS

 
6,836

 
981

 
7,817

Foreign corporate

 
5,723

 
1,048

 
6,771

State and political subdivision

 
4,098

 

 
4,098

CMBS

 
3,155

 
136

 
3,291

ABS

 
1,691

 
105

 
1,796

Foreign government

 
1,262

 
5

 
1,267

Total fixed maturity securities
8,002

 
52,167

 
3,164

 
63,333

Equity securities (4)
18

 
19

 
124

 
161

Short-term investments
135

 
120

 
14

 
269

Commercial mortgage loans held by CSEs — FVO

 
115

 

 
115

Derivative assets: (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate
1

 
1,111

 

 
1,112

Foreign currency exchange rate

 
155

 

 
155

Credit

 
30

 
10

 
40

Equity market
15

 
773

 
149

 
937

Total derivative assets
16

 
2,069

 
159

 
2,244

Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts (3)

 

 
227

 
227

Separate account assets
410

 
109,741

 
5

 
110,156

Total assets
$
8,581

 
$
164,231

 
$
3,693

 
$
176,505

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities: (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate
$

 
$
837

 
$

 
$
837

Foreign currency exchange rate

 
117

 
1

 
118

Credit

 
1

 

 
1

Equity market

 
1,736

 
437

 
2,173

Total derivative liabilities

 
2,691

 
438

 
3,129

Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts (3)

 

 
2,234

 
2,234

Long-term debt of CSEs — FVO

 
11

 

 
11

Total liabilities
$

 
$
2,702

 
$
2,672

 
$
5,374

__________________
(1)
In connection with the adoption of new guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial instruments (see Note 1), effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis, the Company carries real estate joint ventures and other limited partnership interests previously accounted under the cost method of accounting at estimated fair value.
(2)
Derivative assets are presented within other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, but are presented net for purposes of the rollforward in the Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) tables.
(3)
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables and other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within policyholder account balances on the consolidated balance sheets. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, debt and equity securities also included embedded derivatives of $0 and ($52) million, respectively.
(4)
The Company reclassified Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock in the prior period from equity securities to other invested assets.
Fair Value Inputs, Quantitative Information
The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Impact of
Increase in Input
on Estimated
Fair Value (2)
 
Valuation
Techniques
 
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
 

Range
 
Weighted
Average (1)
 
Range
 
Weighted
Average (1)
 
Fixed maturity securities (3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. corporate and foreign corporate
Matrix pricing
 
Offered quotes (4)
 
86
-
126
 
104
 
93
-
142
 
110
 
Increase
 
Market pricing
 
Quoted prices (4)
 
53
-
316
 
101
 
-
443
 
76
 
Increase
RMBS
Market pricing
 
Quoted prices (4)
 
59
-
107
 
95
 
3
-
107
 
94
 
Increase (5)
ABS
Market pricing
 
Quoted prices (4)
 
99
-
101
 
100
 
100
-
104
 
101
 
Increase (5)
 
Consensus pricing
 
Offered quotes (4)
 
100
-
100
 
100
 
100
-
100
 
100
 
Increase (5)
Derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency exchange rate
Present value techniques
 
Swap yield (17)
 
(23)
-
2
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
Increase (6)
Credit
Present value techniques
 
Credit spreads (7)
 
97
-
99
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
Decrease (6)
 
Consensus pricing
 
Offered quotes (8)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity market
Present value techniques or option pricing models
 
Volatility (9)
 
12%
-
26%
 
 
 
11%
-
31%
 
 
 
Increase (6)
 
 
 
 
Correlation (10)
 
30%
-
30%
 
 
 
10%
-
30%
 
 
 
 
Embedded derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Direct, assumed and ceded guaranteed minimum benefits
Option pricing techniques
 
Mortality rates:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ages 0 - 40
 
0%
-
0.08%
 
 
 
0%
-
0.09%
 
 
 
Decrease (11)
 
 
 
 
 
Ages 41 - 60
 
0.04%
-
0.60%
 
 
 
0.04%
-
0.65%
 
 
 
Decrease (11)
 
 
 
 
 
Ages 61 - 115
 
0.26%
-
100%
 
 
 
0.26%
-
100%
 
 
 
Decrease (11)
 
 
 
 
Lapse rates:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Durations 1 - 10
 
0.25%
-
100%
 
 
 
0.25%
-
100%
 
 
 
Decrease (12)
 
 
 
 
 
Durations 11 - 20
 
2%
-
100%
 
 
 
2%
-
100%
 
 
 
Decrease (12)
 
 
 
 
 
Durations 21 - 116
 
2%
-
100%
 
 
 
2%
-
100%
 
 
 
Decrease (12)
 
 
 
 
Utilization rates
 
0%
-
25%
 
 
 
0%
-
25%
 
 
 
Increase (13)
 
 
 
 
Withdrawal rates
 
0.25%
-
10%
 
 
 
0.25%
-
10%
 
 
 
(14)
 
 
 
 
Long-term equity volatilities
 
17.40%
-
25%
 
 
 
17.40%
-
25%
 
 
 
Increase (15)
 
 
 
 
Nonperformance risk spread
 
1.05%
-
1.91%
 
 
 
0.64%
-
1.43%
 
 
 
Decrease (16)
___________________
(1)
The weighted average for fixed maturity securities is determined based on the estimated fair value of the securities.
(2)
The impact of a decrease in input would have the opposite impact on estimated fair value. For embedded derivatives, changes to direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits are based on liability positions; changes to ceded guaranteed minimum benefits are based on asset positions.
(3)
Significant increases (decreases) in expected default rates in isolation would result in substantially lower (higher) valuations.
(4)
Range and weighted average are presented in accordance with the market convention for fixed maturity securities of dollars per hundred dollars of par.
(5)
Changes in the assumptions used for the probability of default is accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for prepayment rates.
(6)
Changes in estimated fair value are based on long U.S. dollar net asset positions and will be inversely impacted for short U.S. dollar net asset positions.
(7)
Represents the risk quoted in basis points of a credit default event on the underlying instrument. Credit derivatives with significant unobservable inputs are primarily comprised of written credit default swaps.
(8)
At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, independent non-binding broker quotations were used in the determination of less than 1% and 1% of the total net derivative estimated fair value, respectively.
(9)
Ranges represent the underlying equity volatility quoted in percentage points. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across multiple volatility surfaces to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
(10)
Ranges represent the different correlation factors utilized as components within the valuation methodology. Presenting a range of correlation factors is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation. Increases (decreases) in correlation in isolation will increase (decrease) the significance of the change in valuations.
(11)
Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Mortality rate assumptions are based on company experience. A mortality improvement assumption is also applied. For any given contract, mortality rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(12)
Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in the money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies. For any given contract, lapse rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(13)
The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contract holders with a GMIB or lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible. The rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contract’s withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder. For any given contract, utilization rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(14)
The withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value.
(15)
Long-term equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(16)
Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration and by currency. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(17)
Ranges represent the rates across different yield curves and are presented in basis points. The swap yield curves are utilized among different types of derivatives to project cash flows, as well as to discount future cash flows to present value. Since this valuation methodology uses a range of inputs across a yield curve to value the derivative, presenting a range is more representative of the unobservable input used in the valuation.
Fair Value, Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation
The following tables summarize the change of all assets and (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 
 
Fixed Maturity Securities
 
 
 
 
Corporate (1)
 
Structured Securities
 
State and
Political
Subdivision
 
Foreign
Government
 
Equity
Securities
 
 
(In millions)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
1,815

 
$
1,261

 
$
8

 
$

 
$
120

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in net income (loss) (6) (7)
 

 
10

 
2

 

 
(2
)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in AOCI
 
(44
)
 
(8
)
 
(2
)
 

 

Purchases (8)
 
56

 
287

 

 

 

Sales (8)
 
(50
)
 
(114
)
 
(6
)
 

 

Issuances (8)
 

 

 

 

 

Settlements (8)
 

 

 

 

 

Transfers into Level 3 (9)
 
20

 
3

 

 

 
9

Transfers out of Level 3 (9)
 
(208
)
 
(170
)
 
(2
)
 

 
(5
)
Balance, end of period
 
$
1,589

 
$
1,269

 
$

 
$

 
$
122

Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
2,295

 
$
1,481

 
$

 
$

 
$
134

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in net income (loss) (6) (7)
 
1

 
13

 

 

 

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in AOCI
 
34

 
6

 

 

 
(1
)
Purchases (8)
 
92

 
147

 

 

 

Sales (8)
 
(56
)
 
(230
)
 
(1
)
 

 
(3
)
Issuances (8)
 

 

 

 

 

Settlements (8)
 

 

 

 

 

Transfers into Level 3 (9)
 
191

 

 
10

 

 

Transfers out of Level 3 (9)
 
(19
)
 
(14
)
 

 

 

Balance, end of period
 
$
2,538

 
$
1,403

 
$
9

 
$

 
$
130

Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included
in net income (loss) for the instruments still
held at September 30, 2018 (10)
 
$

 
$
4

 
$

 
$

 
$

Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included
in net income (loss) for the instruments still
held at September 30, 2017 (10)
 
$
1

 
$
10

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 
 
Real Estate Joint Ventures (2)
 
Other Limited Partnership Interests (2)
 
Short-term
Investments
 
Net
Derivatives (3)
 
Net Embedded
Derivatives (4)
 
Separate
Account Assets (5)
 
 
(In millions)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
17

 
$
24

 
$

 
$
(284
)
 
$
(1,498
)
 
$
4

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in net income (loss) (6) (7)
 

 
3

 

 
(4
)
 
(15
)
 

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in AOCI
 

 
(1
)
 

 

 

 

Purchases (8)
 

 

 

 

 

 
1

Sales (8)
 
(2
)
 
(1
)
 

 

 

 

Issuances (8)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Settlements (8)
 

 

 

 

 
(152
)
 

Transfers into Level 3 (9)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Transfers out of Level 3 (9)
 

 

 

 

 

 
(1
)
Balance, end of period
 
$
15

 
$
25

 
$

 
$
(288
)
 
$
(1,665
)
 
$
4

Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$

 
$

 
$
91

 
$
(780
)
 
$
(2,477
)
 
$
6

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in net income (loss) (6) (7)
 

 

 

 
4

 
561

 

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in AOCI
 

 

 

 

 

 

Purchases (8)
 

 

 

 

 

 
2

Sales (8)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Issuances (8)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Settlements (8)
 

 

 

 
370

 
(153
)
 

Transfers into Level 3 (9)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Transfers out of Level 3 (9)
 

 

 
(90
)
 

 

 
(2
)
Balance, end of period
 
$

 
$

 
$
1

 
$
(406
)
 
$
(2,069
)
 
$
6

Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included
in net income (loss) for the instruments still
held at September 30, 2018 (10)
 
$

 
$
3

 
$

 
$
(4
)
 
$
(13
)
 
$

Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included
in net income (loss) for the instruments still
held at September 30, 2017 (10)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
4

 
$
341

 
$

 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 
 
Fixed Maturity Securities
 
 
 
 
Corporate (1)
 
Structured Securities
 
State and
Political
Subdivision
 
Foreign
Government
 
Equity
Securities
 
 
(In millions)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
1,937

 
$
1,222

 
$

 
$
5

 
$
124

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in net income (loss) (6) (7)
 
2

 
21

 

 

 
(4
)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in AOCI
 
(118
)
 
(10
)
 

 

 

Purchases (8)
 
164

 
339

 

 

 

Sales (8)
 
(183
)
 
(227
)
 

 

 
(3
)
Issuances (8)
 

 

 

 

 

Settlements (8)
 

 

 

 

 

Transfers into Level 3 (9)
 
20

 

 

 

 
10

Transfers out of Level 3 (9)
 
(233
)
 
(76
)
 

 
(5
)
 
(5
)
Balance, end of period
 
$
1,589

 
$
1,269

 
$

 
$

 
$
122

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
2,310

 
$
1,695

 
$
17

 
$

 
$
137

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in net income (loss) (6) (7)
 
(2
)
 
22

 

 

 

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in AOCI
 
176

 
43

 

 

 
2

Purchases (8)
 
235

 
186

 

 

 
4

Sales (8)
 
(230
)
 
(460
)
 
(1
)
 

 
(13
)
Issuances (8)
 

 

 

 

 

Settlements (8)
 

 

 

 

 

Transfers into Level 3 (9)
 
180

 

 
3

 

 

Transfers out of Level 3 (9)
 
(131
)
 
(83
)
 
(10
)
 

 

Balance, end of period
 
$
2,538

 
$
1,403

 
$
9

 
$

 
$
130

Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included
in net income (loss) for the instruments still
held at September 30, 2018 (10)
 
$
(1
)
 
$
14

 
$

 
$

 
$
(4
)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included
in net income (loss) for the instruments still
held at September 30, 2017 (10)
 
$
1

 
$
19

 
$

 
$

 
$


 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 
 
Real Estate Joint Ventures (2)
 
Other Limited Partnership Interests (2)
 
Short-term
Investments
 
Net
Derivatives (3)
 
Net Embedded
Derivatives (4)
 
Separate
Account Assets (5)
 
 
(In millions)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
22

 
$
28

 
$
14

 
$
(279
)
 
$
(2,007
)
 
$
5

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in net income (loss) (6) (7)
 
(1
)
 
2

 

 
(12
)
 
767

 

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in AOCI
 

 
(1
)
 

 

 

 

Purchases (8)
 

 

 

 
3

 

 
1

Sales (8)
 
(6
)
 
(4
)
 
(14
)
 

 

 
(1
)
Issuances (8)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Settlements (8)
 

 

 

 

 
(425
)
 
(1
)
Transfers into Level 3 (9)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Transfers out of Level 3 (9)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance, end of period
 
$
15

 
$
25

 
$

 
$
(288
)
 
$
(1,665
)
 
$
4

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
 
$

 
$

 
$
2

 
$
(954
)
 
$
(2,761
)
 
$
10

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in net income (loss) (6) (7)
 

 

 

 
100

 
1,029

 

Total realized/unrealized gains (losses)
included in AOCI
 

 

 

 

 

 

Purchases (8)
 

 

 
1

 
4

 

 
2

Sales (8)
 

 

 
(1
)
 

 

 
(3
)
Issuances (8)
 

 

 

 

 

 

Settlements (8)
 

 

 

 
444

 
(337
)
 

Transfers into Level 3 (9)
 

 

 

 

 

 
1

Transfers out of Level 3 (9)
 

 

 
(1
)
 

 

 
(4
)
Balance, end of period
 
$

 
$

 
$
1

 
$
(406
)
 
$
(2,069
)
 
$
6

Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included
in net income (loss) for the instruments still
held at September 30, 2018 (10)
 
$
(1
)
 
$
2

 
$

 
$
(12
)
 
$
739

 
$

Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included
in net income (loss) for the instruments still
held at September 30, 2017 (10)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
98

 
$
862

 
$

________________
(1)
Comprised of U.S. and foreign corporate securities.
(2)
In connection with the adoption of new guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial instruments (see Note 1), effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis, the Company carries real estate joint ventures and other limited partnership interests previously accounted under the cost method of accounting at estimated fair value.
(3)
Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(4)
Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(5)
Investment performance related to separate account assets is fully offset by corresponding amounts credited to contract holders within separate account liabilities. Therefore, such changes in estimated fair value are not recorded in net income (loss). For the purpose of this disclosure, these changes are presented within net investment gains (losses).
(6)
Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments charged to net income (loss) on securities are included in net investment gains (losses). Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(7)
Interest and dividend accruals, as well as cash interest coupons and dividends received, are excluded from the rollforward.
(8)
Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements.
(9)
Gains and losses, in net income (loss) and OCI, are calculated assuming transfers into and/or out of Level 3 occurred at the beginning of the period. Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward.
(10)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net derivatives and net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
Fair Value Option
The following table presents information for certain assets and liabilities of CSEs, which are accounted for under the FVO. These assets and liabilities were initially measured at fair value.
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
(In millions)
Assets (1)
 
 
 
Unpaid principal balance
$
59

 
$
70

Difference between estimated fair value and unpaid principal balance
34

 
45

Carrying value at estimated fair value
$
93

 
$
115

Liabilities (1)
 
 
 
Contractual principal balance
$
3

 
$
10

Difference between estimated fair value and contractual principal balance

 
1

Carrying value at estimated fair value
$
3

 
$
11

__________________
(1)
These assets and liabilities are comprised of commercial mortgage loans and long-term debt. Changes in estimated fair value on these assets and liabilities and gains or losses on sales of these assets are recognized in net investment gains (losses). Interest income on commercial mortgage loans held by CSEs — FVO is recognized in net investment income. Interest expense from long-term debt of CSEs — FVO is recognized in other expenses.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value
The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
 
Fair Value Hierarchy
 
 
 
Carrying
Value
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
Estimated
Fair Value
 
(In millions)
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans
$
12,841

 
$

 
$

 
$
12,816

 
$
12,816

Policy loans
$
1,026

 
$

 
$
648

 
$
435

 
$
1,083

Other invested assets
$
77

 
$

 
$
64

 
$
13

 
$
77

Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables
$
1,434

 
$

 
$
59

 
$
1,549

 
$
1,608

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Policyholder account balances
$
15,876

 
$

 
$

 
$
14,736

 
$
14,736

Long-term debt
$
234

 
$

 
$
239

 
$

 
$
239

Other liabilities
$
545

 
$

 
$
196

 
$
343

 
$
539

Separate account liabilities
$
1,223

 
$

 
$
1,223

 
$

 
$
1,223

 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
Fair Value Hierarchy
 
 
 
Carrying
Value
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
Total
Estimated
Fair Value
 
(In millions)
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans
$
10,525

 
$

 
$

 
$
10,768

 
$
10,768

Policy loans
$
1,106

 
$

 
$
746

 
$
439

 
$
1,185

Real estate joint ventures (1)
$
5

 
$

 
$

 
$
22

 
$
22

Other limited partnership interests (1)
$
36

 
$

 
$

 
$
28

 
$
28

Other invested assets (2)
$
71

 
$

 
$
71

 
$

 
$
71

Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables
$
1,556

 
$

 
$
126

 
$
1,783

 
$
1,909

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Policyholder account balances
$
15,626

 
$

 
$

 
$
15,760

 
$
15,760

Long-term debt
$
35

 
$

 
$
42

 
$

 
$
42

Other liabilities
$
459

 
$

 
$
93

 
$
368

 
$
461

Separate account liabilities
$
1,206

 
$

 
$
1,206

 
$

 
$
1,206


__________________
(1)
In connection with the adoption of new guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial instruments (see Note 1), effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis, the Company carries real estate joint ventures and other limited partnership interests previously accounted under the cost method of accounting at estimated fair value.
(2)
The Company reclassified FHLB stock in the prior period from equity securities to other invested assets.