Derivatives

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

5. Derivatives

Accounting for Derivatives

Freestanding Derivatives

Freestanding derivatives are carried on the Company’s balance sheet either as assets within other invested assets or as liabilities within other liabilities at estimated fair value. The Company does not offset the estimated fair value amounts recognized for derivatives executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting agreement.

Accruals on derivatives are generally recorded in accrued investment income or within other liabilities. However, accruals that are not scheduled to settle within one year are included with the derivatives carrying value in other invested assets or other liabilities.

If a derivative is not designated as an accounting hedge or its use in managing risk does not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivative are generally reported in net derivative gains (losses) except for economic hedges of variable annuity guarantees which are presented in future policy benefits and claims.

Hedge Accounting

The Company primarily designates derivatives as a hedge of a forecasted transaction or a variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge). When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge and is determined to be highly effective, changes in fair value are recorded in OCI and subsequently reclassified into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item. The Company also designates derivatives as a hedge of the estimated fair value of a recognized asset or liabilities (fair value hedge). When a derivative is designated as fair value hedge and is determined to be highly effective, changes in fair value are recorded in net derivative gains (losses), consistent with the change in estimated fair value of the hedged item attributable to the designated risk being hedged.

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, the Company formally documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as its designation of the hedge. In its hedge documentation, the Company sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness and the method that will be used to measure ineffectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and at least quarterly throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship.

The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur; or (iv) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative is not highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated fair value or cash flows of a hedged item, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in net derivative gains (losses). The carrying value of the hedged recognized asset or liability under a fair value hedge is no longer adjusted for changes in its estimated fair value due to the hedged risk, and the cumulative adjustment to its carrying value is amortized into income over the remaining life of the hedged item. Provided the hedged forecasted transaction is still probable of occurrence, the changes in estimated fair value of derivatives recorded in OCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges are released into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.

In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is carried at its estimated fair value on the balance sheet, with changes in its estimated fair value recognized in the current period as net derivative gains (losses).

Embedded Derivatives

The Company sells variable annuities and issues certain insurance products and investment contracts and is a party to certain reinsurance agreements that have embedded derivatives. The Company assesses each identified embedded derivative to determine whether it is required to be bifurcated. The embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for as a freestanding derivative if:


•	the combined instrument is not accounted for in its entirety at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value recorded in earnings;


•	the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract; and


•	a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would qualify as a derivative instrument.

Such embedded derivatives are carried on the balance sheet at estimated fair value with the host contract and changes in their estimated fair value are generally reported in net derivative gains (losses), except for those in policyholder benefits and claims related to ceded reinsurance of GMIB.

See “— Variable Annuity Guarantees” in Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2017 Annual Report for additional information on the accounting policy for embedded derivatives bifurcated from variable annuity host contracts.

Derivative Strategies

The Company is exposed to various risks relating to its ongoing business operations, including interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate, credit and equity market. The Company uses a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivatives.

Derivatives are financial instruments with values derived from interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and/or other financial indices. Derivatives may be exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC-cleared”), while others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“OTC-bilateral”). The types of derivatives the Company uses include swaps, forwards, futures and option contracts. To a lesser extent, the Company uses credit default swaps to synthetically replicate investment risks and returns which are not readily available in the cash markets.

Interest Rate Derivatives

The Company uses a variety of interest rate derivatives to reduce its exposure to changes in interest rates, including interest rate swaps, interest rate total return swaps, caps, floors, swaptions, futures and forwards.

Interest rate swaps are used by the Company primarily to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). In an interest rate swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. The Company utilizes interest rate swaps in fair value, cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

Interest rate total return swaps are swaps whereby the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and the LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate), calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Interest rate total return swaps are used by the Company to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates and to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches). The Company utilizes interest rate total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

The Company purchases interest rate caps and floors primarily to protect its floating rate liabilities against rises in interest rates above a specified level, and against interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities, as well as to protect its minimum rate guarantee liabilities against declines in interest rates below a specified level, respectively. In certain instances, the Company locks in the economic impact of existing purchased caps and floors by entering into offsetting written caps and floors. The Company utilizes interest rate caps and floors in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

In exchange-traded interest rate (Treasury and swap) futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of interest rate securities. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded interest rate (Treasury and swap) futures are used primarily to hedge mismatches between the duration of assets in a portfolio and the duration of liabilities supported by those assets, to hedge against changes in value of securities the Company owns or anticipates acquiring, to hedge against changes in interest rates on anticipated liability issuances by replicating Treasury or swap curve performance, and to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products offered by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded interest rate futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

Swaptions are used by the Company to hedge interest rate risk associated with the Company’s long-term liabilities and invested assets. A swaption is an option to enter into a swap with a forward starting effective date. In certain instances, the Company locks in the economic impact of existing purchased swaptions by entering into offsetting written swaptions. The Company pays a premium for purchased swaptions and receives a premium for written swaptions. The Company utilizes swaptions in nonqualifying hedging relationships. Swaptions are included in interest rate options.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Derivatives

The Company uses foreign currency swaps to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. In a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at a fixed exchange rate, generally set at inception, calculated by reference to an agreed upon notional amount. The notional amount of each currency is exchanged at the inception and termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company utilizes foreign currency swaps in cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.

To a lesser extent, the Company uses foreign currency forwards in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

Credit Derivatives

The Company enters into purchased credit default swaps to hedge against credit-related changes in the value of its investments. In a credit default swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to pay, at specified intervals, a premium to hedge credit risk. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the delivery of par quantities of the referenced investment equal to the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the payment of cash amounts by the counterparty equal to the par value of the investment surrendered. Credit events vary by type of issuer but typically include bankruptcy, failure to pay debt obligations, repudiation, moratorium, involuntary restructuring or governmental intervention. In each case, payout on a credit default swap is triggered only after the Credit Derivatives Determinations Committee of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) deems that a credit event has occurred. The Company utilizes credit default swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

The Company enters into written credit default swaps to create synthetic credit investments that are either more expensive to acquire or otherwise unavailable in the cash markets. These transactions are a combination of a derivative and one or more cash instruments, such as U.S. government and agency securities or other fixed maturity securities. These credit default swaps are not designated as hedging instruments.

Equity Derivatives

The Company uses a variety of equity derivatives to reduce its exposure to equity market risk, including equity index options, equity variance swaps, exchange-traded equity futures and equity total return swaps.

Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products offered by the Company. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, the Company enters into contracts to sell the equity index within a limited time at a contracted price. The contracts will be net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. Certain of these contracts may also contain settlement provisions linked to interest rates. In certain instances, the Company may enter into a combination of transactions to hedge adverse changes in equity indices within a pre-determined range through the purchase and sale of options. The Company utilizes equity index options in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

Equity variance swaps are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products offered by the Company. In an equity variance swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange amounts in the future, based on changes in equity volatility over a defined period. The Company utilizes equity variance swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

In exchange-traded equity futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the different classes of equity securities, and to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily market values of those contracts and to pledge initial margin based on futures exchange requirements. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange. Exchange-traded equity futures are used primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products offered by the Company. The Company utilizes exchange-traded equity futures in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

In an equity total return swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the economic risk and reward of an asset or a market index and the LIBOR, calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. No cash is exchanged at the outset of the contract. Cash is paid and received over the life of the contract based on the terms of the swap. The Company uses equity total return swaps to hedge its equity market guarantees in certain of its insurance products. Equity total return swaps can be used as hedges or to create synthetic investments. The Company utilizes equity total return swaps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.

Primary Risks Managed by Derivatives

The following table presents the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount, and estimated fair value of the Company’s derivatives, excluding embedded derivatives, held at:



		September 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Primary Underlying Risk Exposure	Gross Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value				Gross Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value
	Primary Underlying Risk Exposure	Gross Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Gross Notional Amount		Assets		Liabilities
		(In millions)
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	175	$	44	$	—
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	—		—		—		27		5		—
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency exchange rate	2,283		108		65		1,762		86		75
Subtotal		2,283		108		65		1,789		91		75
Total qualifying hedges		2,283		108		65		1,964		135		75
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	15,237		546		940		20,213		922		774
Interest rate caps	Interest rate	3,350		32		—		2,671		7		—
Interest rate futures	Interest rate	54		—		—		282		1		—
Interest rate options	Interest rate	13,819		51		104		24,600		133		63
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency exchange rate	1,127		67		28		1,103		69		41
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency exchange rate	125		1		—		130		—		2
Credit default swaps — purchased	Credit	86		3		1		65		—		1
Credit default swaps — written	Credit	1,872		31		—		1,878		40		—
Equity futures	Equity market	2,215		1		1		2,713		15		—
Equity index options	Equity market	51,044		862		1,657		47,066		794		1,664
Equity variance swaps	Equity market	9,713		143		445		8,998		128		430
Equity total return swaps	Equity market	2,516		1		63		1,767		—		79
Total non-designated or nonqualifying derivatives		101,158		1,738		3,239		111,486		2,109		3,054
Total		$	103,441	$	1,846	$	3,304	$	113,450	$	2,244	$	3,129

Based on gross notional amounts, a substantial portion of the Company’s derivatives was not designated or did not qualify as part of a hedging relationship at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The Company’s use of derivatives includes (i) derivatives that serve as macro hedges of the Company’s exposure to various risks and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting due to the criteria required under the portfolio hedging rules; (ii) derivatives that economically hedge insurance liabilities that contain mortality or morbidity risk and that generally do not qualify for hedge accounting because the lack of these risks in the derivatives cannot support an expectation of a highly effective hedging relationship; (iii) derivatives that economically hedge embedded derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting because the changes in estimated fair value of the embedded derivatives are already recorded in net income; and (iv) written credit default swaps that are used to create synthetic credit investments and that do not qualify for hedge accounting because they do not involve a hedging relationship. For these nonqualified derivatives, changes in market factors can lead to the recognition of fair value changes on the statement of operations without an offsetting gain or loss recognized in earnings for the item being hedged.

The following table presents earned income on derivatives:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(In millions)
Qualifying hedges:
Net investment income	$	6	$	5	$	18	$	16
Nonqualifying hedges:
Net derivative gains (losses)	34		67		124		253
Policyholder benefits and claims	—		1		—		8
Total	$	40	$	73	$	142	$	277

The following tables present the amount and location of gains (losses) recognized for derivatives and gains (losses) pertaining to hedged items presented in net derivative gains (losses):



	Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives (1)			Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items (2)			Net Investment Income (3)		Policyholder Benefits and Claims (4)			Amount of Gains (Losses) deferred in AOCI
	(In millions)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Fair value hedges (5):
Interest rate derivatives	$	(2	)	$	2		$	—	$	—		$	—
Total fair value hedges	(2		)	2			—		—			—
Cash flow hedges (5):
Interest rate derivatives	45			—			1		—			(3		)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	—			—			—		—			(4		)
Total cash flow hedges	45			—			1		—			(7		)
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives	(281		)	—			—		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	2			(2		)	—		—			—
Credit derivatives	8			—			—		—			—
Equity derivatives	(458		)	—			—		—			—
Embedded derivatives	(13		)	—			—		(2		)	—
Total non-qualifying hedges	(742		)	(2		)	—		(2		)	—
Total	$	(699	)	$	—		$	1	$	(2	)	$	(7	)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Fair value hedges (5):
Interest rate derivatives	$	1		$	(1	)	$	—	$	—		$	—
Total fair value hedges	1			(1		)	—		—			—
Cash flow hedges (5):
Interest rate derivatives	—			—			1		—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	—			—			—		—			(50		)
Total cash flow hedges	—			—			1		—			(50		)
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives	(81		)	—			—		6			—
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	(30		)	3			—		—			—
Credit derivatives	5			—			—		—			—
Equity derivatives	(711		)	—			—		(64		)	—
Embedded derivatives	585			—			—		(21		)	—
Total non-qualifying hedges	(232		)	3			—		(79		)	—
Total	$	(231	)	$	2		$	1	$	(79	)	$	(50	)



	Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives (1)			Net Derivative Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items (2)			Net Investment Income (3)			Policyholder Benefits and Claims (4)			Amount of Gains (Losses) deferred in AOCI
	(In millions)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Fair value hedges (5):
Interest rate derivatives	$	(12	)	$	12		$	—		$	—		$	—
Total fair value hedges	(12		)	12			—			—			—
Cash flow hedges (5):
Interest rate derivatives	62			—			4			—			(5		)
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	(1		)	—			—			—			33
Total cash flow hedges	61			—			4			—			28
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives	(1,255		)	—			—			—			—
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	17			(4		)	—			—			—
Credit derivatives	(2		)	—			—			—			—
Equity derivatives	(942		)	—			—			—			—
Embedded derivatives	771			—			—			(4		)	—
Total non-qualifying hedges	(1,411		)	(4		)	—			(4		)	—
Total	$	(1,362	)	$	8		$	4		$	(4	)	$	28
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Fair value hedges (5):
Interest rate derivatives	$	2		$	(2	)	$	—		$	—		$	—
Total fair value hedges	2			(2		)	—			—			—
Cash flow hedges (5):
Interest rate derivatives	—			—			4			—			1
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	9			(9		)	—			—			(102		)
Total cash flow hedges	9			(9		)	4			—			(101		)
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Interest rate derivatives	(145		)	—			—			8			—
Foreign currency exchange rate derivatives	(72		)	(29		)	—			—			—
Credit derivatives	16			—			—			—			—
Equity derivatives	(2,123		)	—			(1		)	(341		)	—
Embedded derivatives	1,036			—			—			(22		)	—
Total non-qualifying hedges	(1,288		)	(29		)	(1		)	(355		)	—
Total	$	(1,277	)	$	(40	)	$	3		$	(355	)	$	(101	)

______________


(1)	Includes gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI for cash flow hedges.


(2)	Includes foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items in cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships. Hedged items in fair value hedging relationship includes fixed rate liabilities reported in policyholder account balances or future policy benefits and fixed maturity securities. Ineffective portion of the gains (losses) recognized in income is not significant.


(3)	Includes changes in estimated fair value related to economic hedges of equity method investments in joint ventures and gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI for cash flow hedges.


(4)	Changes in estimated fair value related to economic hedges of variable annuity guarantees included in future policy benefits.


(5)	All components of each derivative's gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

In certain instances, the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transactions were no longer probable of occurring. Because certain of the forecasted transactions also were not probable of occurring within two months of the anticipated date, the Company reclassified amounts from AOCI into net derivative gains (losses). These amounts were $0 for both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, and $0 and $9 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

There were no hedged forecasted transactions, other than the receipt of payment of variable interest payments, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. At December 31, 2017, the maximum length of time over which the Company was hedging its exposure to variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions did not exceed two years.

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the balance in AOCI associated with cash flow hedges was $194 million and $231 million, respectively.

Credit Derivatives

In connection with synthetically created credit investment transactions, the Company writes credit default swaps for which it receives a premium to insure credit risk. Such credit derivatives are included within the nonqualifying derivatives and derivatives for purposes other than hedging table. If a credit event occurs, as defined by the contract, the contract may be cash settled or it may be settled gross by the Company paying the counterparty the specified swap notional amount in exchange for the delivery of par quantities of the referenced credit obligation. The Company can terminate these contracts at any time through cash settlement with the counterparty at an amount equal to the then current estimated fair value of the credit default swaps.

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of written credit default swaps at:



	September 30, 2018					December 31, 2017
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations (1)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps		Weighted Average Years to Maturity (2)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps		Weighted Average Years to Maturity (2)
	(Dollars in millions)
Aaa/Aa/A	$	10	$	677	2.4	$	12	$	558	2.8
Baa	21		1,195		5.2	28		1,295		4.7
Ba	—		—		—	—		25		4.5
Total	$	31	$	1,872	4.2	$	40	$	1,878	4.1

__________________

(1)

Includes both single name credit default swaps that may be referenced to the credit of corporations, foreign governments, or state and political subdivisions and credit default swaps referencing indices. The rating agency designations are based on availability and the midpoint of the applicable ratings among Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings. If no rating is available from a rating agency, then an internally developed rating is used.


(2)	The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average gross notional amounts.

Counterparty Credit Risk

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by its counterparties to derivatives. Generally, the current credit exposure of the Company’s derivatives is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivatives at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of master netting or similar agreements and any collateral received pursuant to such agreements.

The Company manages its credit risk related to derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties and establishing and monitoring exposure limits. The Company’s OTC-bilateral derivative transactions are generally governed by ISDA Master Agreements which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties in the event of early termination of a transaction, which includes, but is not limited to, events of default and bankruptcy. In the event of an early termination, the Company is permitted to set off receivables from the counterparty against payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions. Substantially all of the Company’s ISDA Master Agreements also include Credit Support Annex provisions which require both the pledging and accepting of collateral in connection with its OTC-bilateral derivatives.

The Company’s OTC-cleared derivatives are effected through central clearing counterparties and its exchange-traded derivatives are effected through regulated exchanges. Such positions are marked to market and margined on a daily basis (both initial margin and variation margin), and the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to such derivatives.

See Note 6 for a description of the impact of credit risk on the valuation of derivatives.

The estimated fair values of the Company’s net derivative assets and net derivative liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral were as follows at:



	September 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
Derivatives Subject to a Master Netting Arrangement or a Similar Arrangement	Assets			Liabilities			Assets			Liabilities
	(In millions)
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives:
OTC-bilateral (1)	$	1,892		$	3,294		$	2,222		$	3,080
OTC-cleared and Exchange-traded (1), (6)	22			2			69			40
Total gross estimated fair value of derivatives (1)	1,914			3,296			2,291			3,120
Amounts offset on the consolidated balance sheets	—			—			—			—
Estimated fair value of derivatives presented on the consolidated balance sheets (1), (6)	1,914			3,296			2,291			3,120
Gross amounts not offset on the consolidated balance sheets:
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives: (2)
OTC-bilateral	(1,568		)	(1,568		)	(1,942		)	(1,942		)
OTC-cleared and Exchange-traded	(1		)	(1		)	(1		)	(1		)
Cash collateral: (3), (4)
OTC-bilateral	(228		)	—			(247		)	—
OTC-cleared and Exchange-traded	(20		)	—			(27		)	(39		)
Securities collateral: (5)
OTC-bilateral	(86		)	(1,726		)	(31		)	(1,138		)
OTC-cleared and Exchange-traded	—			(1		)	—			—
Net amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral	$	11		$	—		$	43		$	—

__________________


(1)	At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, derivative assets included income or (expense) accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $68 million and $47 million, respectively, and derivative liabilities included (income) or expense accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of ($8) million and ($9) million, respectively.


(2)	Estimated fair value of derivatives is limited to the amount that is subject to set-off and includes income or expense accruals.


(3)	Cash collateral received by the Company for OTC-bilateral and OTC-cleared derivatives is included in cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments or in fixed maturity securities, and the obligation to return it is included in payables for collateral under securities loaned and other transactions on the balance sheet.

(4)

The receivable for the return of cash collateral provided by the Company is inclusive of initial margin on exchange-traded and OTC-cleared derivatives and is included in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the balance sheet. The amount of cash collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company received excess cash collateral of $39 million and $93 million, respectively, and provided excess cash collateral of $0 and $5 million, respectively, which is not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.

(5)

Securities collateral received by the Company is held in separate custodial accounts and is not recorded on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but at September 30, 2018, none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. Securities collateral pledged by the Company is reported in fixed maturity securities on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the counterparties are permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral. The amount of securities collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements and cash collateral. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company received excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $69 million and $337 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company provided excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $307 million and $471 million, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives, and $79 million and $426 million, respectively, for its OTC-cleared derivatives, and $105 million and $118 million, respectively, for its exchange-traded derivatives, which are not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.


(6)	Effective January 16, 2018, the London Clearing House (“LCH”) amended its rulebook, resulting in the characterization of variation margin transfers as settlement payments, as opposed to adjustments to collateral. These amendments impacted the accounting treatment of the Company’s centrally cleared derivatives, for which the LCH serves as the central clearing party.

The Company’s collateral arrangements for its OTC-bilateral derivatives generally require the counterparty in a net liability position, after considering the effect of netting agreements, to pledge collateral when the amount owed by that counterparty reaches a minimum transfer amount. A small number of these arrangements also include credit-contingent provisions that include a threshold above which collateral must be posted. Such agreements provide for a reduction of these thresholds (on a sliding scale that converges toward zero) in the event of downgrades in the credit ratings of the Company and/or the counterparty. In addition, substantially all of the Company’s netting agreements for derivatives contain provisions that require both the Company and the counterparty to maintain a specific investment grade credit rating from each of Moody’s and S&P. If a party’s financial strength or credit ratings were to fall below that specific investment grade credit rating, that party would be in violation of these provisions, and the other party to the derivatives could terminate the transactions and demand immediate settlement and payment based on such party’s reasonable valuation of the derivatives.

The following table presents the estimated fair value of the Company’s OTC-bilateral derivatives that are in a net liability position after considering the effect of netting agreements, together with the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the collateral pledged. The Company’s collateral agreements require both parties to be fully collateralized, as such, the Company would not be required to post additional collateral as a result of a downgrade in its financial strength rating. OTC-bilateral derivatives that are not subject to collateral agreements are excluded from this table.



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(In millions)
Estimated fair value of derivatives in a net liability position (1)	$	1,726	$	1,138
Estimated Fair Value of Collateral Provided:
Fixed maturity securities	$	1,999	$	1,414

__________________


(1)	After taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements.

Embedded Derivatives

The Company issues certain products or purchases certain investments that contain embedded derivatives that are required to be separated from their host contracts and accounted for as freestanding derivatives. These host contracts principally include: variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits, including GMWBs, GMABs and certain GMIBs; related party ceded reinsurance of guaranteed minimum benefits related to GMWBs, GMABs and certain GMIBs; related party assumed reinsurance of guaranteed minimum benefits related to GMWBs and certain GMIBs; funds withheld on assumed and ceded reinsurance; assumed reinsurance on fixed deferred annuities; fixed annuities with equity-indexed returns; and certain debt and equity securities.

The following table presents the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivatives that have been separated from their host contracts at:



	Balance Sheet Location	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
		(In millions)
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts:
Ceded guaranteed minimum benefits	Premiums, reinsurance and other receivables	$	166	$	227
Options embedded in debt or equity securities (1)	Investments	—		(52		)
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts		$	166	$	175

Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts:
Direct guaranteed minimum benefits	Policyholder account balances	$	337	$	1,122
Assumed reinsurance on fixed deferred annuities	Policyholder account balances	—		1
Assumed guaranteed minimum benefits	Policyholder account balances	289		437
Fixed annuities with equity indexed returns	Policyholder account balances	1,205		674
Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts		$	1,831	$	2,234

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(1)

In connection with the adoption of new guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial instruments (see Note 1), effective January 1, 2018, the Company is no longer required to bifurcate and account separately for derivatives embedded in equity securities. Beginning January 1, 2018, the entire change in the estimated fair value of equity securities is recognized as a component of net investment gains and losses.

The following table presents changes in estimated fair value related to embedded derivatives:



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(In millions)
Net derivative gains (losses) (1), (2)	$	(13	)	$	585		$	771		$	1,036
Policyholder benefits and claims	$	(2	)	$	(21	)	$	(4	)	$	(22	)

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(1)

The valuation of direct and assumed guaranteed minimum benefits includes a nonperformance risk adjustment. The amounts included in net derivative gains (losses) in connection with this adjustment were ($164) million and ($121) million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and $525 million and $445 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.


(2)	See Note 11 for discussion of related party net derivative gains (losses).