ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. These estimates also impact the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Key estimates include the allowance for doubtful accounts, based on both current and historical practices with customers; variable consideration in revenue recognition, estimated based on agreements that include guarantees of specified profit margins, requiring adjustments based on actual sales performance and market conditions, stock option forfeiture rates, calculated using historical data; and inventory obsolescence, where inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value (NRV) and assessed through judgments based on projected and historical usage of materials. The valuation of lease liabilities and right-of-use assets also involves assumptions such as the borrowing rate at lease commencement and the likelihood of lease extensions.

These estimates are critical to our financial reporting, and actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company has financial instruments whereby the fair market value of the financial instruments could be different than the amount recorded on a historical basis. The Company’s consolidated financial instruments consist of its cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments approximate their fair values. The Company also maintains an investment in privately held company (see below).

GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION

GEOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATION

As of May 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately $537,000 and $626,000, respectively, of Biomerica’s gross inventory was located in Mexicali, Mexico, respectively.

As of May 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately $14,000 and $17,000, respectively, of Biomerica’s property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, was located in Mexicali, Mexico.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET

The Company extends unsecured credit to its customers on a regular basis. International accounts are usually required to prepay until they establish a history with the Company and at that time, they are extended credit at levels based on a number of criteria. Based on various criteria, initial credit levels for individual distributors are approved by designated officers and managers of the Company. All increases in credit limits are also approved by designated upper-level management.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (codified as Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326) on June 1, 2023. ASC 326 adds to U.S. GAAP the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model, a measurement model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Prior to the adoption of ASC 326, the Company evaluated receivables on a quarterly basis and adjusted the allowance for doubtful accounts accordingly. Balances over ninety days old were usually reserved for unless collection was reasonably assured. Under the application of ASC 326, the Company’s historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, as well as current economic and business conditions, and anticipated future economic events that may impact collectability. In developing its expected credit loss estimate, the Company evaluated the appropriate grouping of financial assets based upon its evaluation of risk characteristics, including consideration of the types of products and services sold. Account balances are written off against the allowance for expected credit losses after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Occasionally, certain long-standing customers who routinely place large orders will have unusually large receivable balances relative to the total gross receivables. Management monitors the payments for these large balances closely and very often requires payment of existing invoices before shipping new sales orders.

As of May 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has established an allowance of approximately $19,000 and $29,000, respectively, for credit losses.

INVENTORIES, NET

INVENTORIES, NET

The Company values inventory at the lower of cost (determined using a combination of specific lot identification and the first-in, first-out methods) or net realizable value. Management periodically reviews inventory for excess quantities and obsolescence. Management evaluates quantities on hand, physical condition, and technical functionality as these characteristics may be impacted by anticipated customer demand for current products and new product introductions. The reserve is adjusted based on such evaluation, with a corresponding provision included in cost of sales. Abnormal amounts of idle facility expenses, freight, handling costs, and wasted material are recognized as current period charges and the allocation of fixed production overhead is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities.

The following is a summary of approximate net inventories:

SCHEDULE OF NET INVENTORIES

	2024			2023
	May 31,
	2024			2023
Raw materials	$	1,519,000		$	1,677,000
Work in progress		1,145,000			869,000
Finished products		179,000			182,000
Total gross inventory	$	2,843,000		$	2,728,000
Inventory reserve		(467,000	)		(672,000	)
Net inventory	$	2,376,000		$	2,056,000

Reserves for inventory obsolescence are recorded as necessary to reduce obsolete inventory to estimated net realizable value or to specifically reserve for obsolete inventory. As of May 31, 2024 and 2023, inventory reserves were approximately $467,000 and $672,000, respectively.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

Intangible assets include trademarks, product rights, technology rights, and patents, and are accounted for based on Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), ASC 350 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”). In that regard, intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested at least annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.

Intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over the useful life, not to exceed 18 years for marketing and distribution rights, 10 years for purchased technology use rights, and patents are based on their individual useful lives which average around 15 years. Amortization amounted to approximately $18,000 for the years ended May 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company assesses the recoverability of these intangible assets by determining whether the amortization of the asset’s balance over its remaining life can be recovered through projected undiscounted future cash flows. The Company uses a qualitative assessment to determine whether there was any impairment. There was no impairment of intangible assets for the years ended May 31, 2024 and 2023.

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 718, Share-based Compensation (“ASC 718”), which requires the use of the fair-value based method to determine compensation for all arrangements under which employees and others receive shares of stock or equity instruments (options). The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses assumptions for expected volatility, expected dividends, expected forfeiture rate, expected term, and the risk-free interest rate. The Company has not paid dividends historically and does not expect to pay them in the foreseeable future. Expected volatilities are based on weighted averages of the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock estimated over the expected term of the options. The expected forfeiture rate is based on historical forfeitures experienced. The expected term of options granted is derived using the “simplified method” which computes expected term as the average of the sum of the vesting term plus the contract term as historically the Company had limited exercise activity surrounding its options. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the period of the expected term. The grant date fair value of the award is recognized under the straight-line attribution method.

The Company expensed approximately $837,000 and $1,185,000 of share-based compensation during the years ended May 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In applying the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, the following assumptions used in the valuation of awards issued for years ended May 31, 2024 and 2023:

	For the year ended May 31,
	2024			2023
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Expected volatility		100.54 - 111.98	%		98.81 - 101.77	%
Risk free interest rate		4.0 - 4.59	%		3.12 - 3.35	%
Expected term		4.69 - 6.25 years			6.25 years

SHIPPING AND HANDLING FEES

SHIPPING AND HANDLING FEES

The Company includes shipping and handling fees billed to customers in net sales.

INCOME TAXES

INCOME TAXES

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years and the benefits of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. These temporary differences and the benefits of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are measured using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the extent that management considers it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In determining the valuation allowance, the Company considers factors such as the reversal of deferred income tax assets, projected taxable income, and the character of income tax assets and tax planning strategies. A change to these factors could impact the estimated valuation allowance and income tax expense. As of May 31, 2024 and 2023, in accordance with ASC 740, the Company has a valuation allowance for all of its net deferred tax assets. During the year ended May 31, 2024, this valuation allowance was increased to $10,369,000, which fully covers the net deferred tax asset of $10,369,000.

The Company accounts for its uncertain tax provisions by using a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not, based solely on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained in an audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the appropriate amount of the benefit to recognize. The amount of benefit to recognize is measured as the maximum amount which is more likely than not to be realized. The tax position is derecognized when it is no longer more likely than not capable of being sustained. On subsequent recognition and measurement, the maximum amount which is more likely than not to be recognized at each reporting date will represent the Company’s best estimate, given the information available at the reporting date, although the outcome of the tax position is not absolute or final. The Company elected to follow an accounting policy to classify accrued interest related to liabilities for income taxes within the “Interest expense” line and penalties related to liabilities for income taxes within the “Other expense” line of the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION

FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION

The subsidiary located in Mexico operates primarily using the Mexican peso. The subsidiary located in Germany operates primarily using the U.S. dollar, with an immaterial amount of transactions occurring using the Euro. Accordingly, assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated using exchange rates in effect at the end of the year, and revenues and costs are translated using average exchange rates for the year. The resulting adjustments to assets and liabilities are presented as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. There are no foreign currency transaction gains or losses that are included in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended May 31, 2024 and 2023.

NET LOSS PER SHARE

NET LOSS PER SHARE

Basic loss per share is computed as net loss divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur from common shares issuable through stock options, warrants and other convertible securities using the treasury stock method. The total amounts of anti-dilutive stock options not included in the loss per share calculation for the years ended May 31, 2024 and 2023 were 3,479,616 and 2,342,616, respectively.

REPORTING COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

REPORTING COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

Comprehensive loss represents net loss and any revenues, expenses, gains and losses that, under GAAP, are excluded from net loss and recognized directly as a component of shareholders’ equity. Items of other comprehensive loss consist solely of foreign currency translation adjustments for the years ended May 31, 2024 and 2023.