10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from ___ to ___

Commission File Number 1-14523

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

California	95-2086631
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification Number)
Block 1008 Toa Payoh North
Unit 03-09 Singapore	318996
(Address of Principal Executive Office)	(Zip Code)

Registrant's Telephone Number: (65)6265 3300

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

		Name of each exchange
Title of each class	Trading Symbol	on which registered
Common Stock, no par value	TRT	NYSE American

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:   None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in rule 405 of the Securities Act.  ☐Yes ☑No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  ☐Yes ☑ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  ☑Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  ☑Yes    ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-Accelerated Filer	☑	Smaller Reporting Company	☑
		Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

☐ Yes   ☑ No

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes   ☑ No

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of Registrant, based upon the closing price of $4.5 for shares of the registrant’s common stock on December 31, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter as reported by the NYSE American, was approximately $10,863,000. In calculating such aggregate market value, shares of common stock held by each officer, director and holder of 5% or more of the outstanding common stock (including shares with respect to which a holder has the right to acquire beneficial ownership within 60 days) were excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

The number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock, no par value, outstanding as of September 1, 2023 was 4,096,680.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference information from Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Commission under Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL

INDEX

		Page
	Part I
Item 1	Business	1
Item 1A	Risk factors	4
Item 1B	Unresolved staff comments	4
Item 2	Properties	4
Item 3	Legal proceedings	5
Item 4	Mine safety disclosures	5
	Part II
Item 5	Market for registrant’s common equity, related stockholder matters and issuer purchases of equity securities	6
Item 6	[Reserved]	6
Item 7	Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations	6
Item 7A	Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk	18
Item 8	Financial statements and supplementary data	19
Item 9	Changes in and disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure	19
Item 9A	Controls and procedures	19
Item 9B	Other information	19
Item 9C	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	19
	Part III
Item 10	Directors, executive officers and corporate governance
Item 11	Executive compensation
Item 12	Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters
Item 13	Certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence
Item 14	Principal accountant fees and services
	Part IV
Item 15	Exhibits and financial statement schedules	20
Item 16	Form 10-K summary	20
Signatures		21
Exhibits		22
	Report of independent registered public accounting firm	F-1
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 and 2022	F-2
	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	F-3
	Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	F-5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	F-6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL

PART I

ITEM 1 – BUSINESS (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PERCENTAGES AND SHARE AMOUNTS)

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

The business and activities of Trio-Tech International, a California corporation (the “Company”) discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) and in other past and future reports and announcements by the Company may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and assumptions regarding future activities and results of operations of the Company. In light of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Company:

● market acceptance of Company’s products and services;

● changing business conditions or technologies and volatility in the semiconductor industry, which could affect demand for the Company’s products and services;

● the impact of competition;

● problems with technology, product development schedules or delivery schedules;

● changes in military or commercial testing specifications which could affect the market for the Company’s products and services;

● difficulties in profitably integrating acquired businesses, if any, into the Company; risks associated with conducting business internationally and particularly in Asia, including currency fluctuations and devaluation, currency restrictions, local laws and restrictions and possible social, political and economic instability;

● credit risks in the Chinese real estate industry;

● changes in macroeconomic conditions and credit market conditions; and

● other economic, financial and regulatory factors beyond the Company’s control.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “potential,” “believes,” “can impact,” “continue,” or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology.

Unless otherwise required by law, the Company undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events, changed circumstances, or the occurrence of unanticipated events. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

General

Trio-Tech International was incorporated in 1958 under the laws of the State of California. As used herein, the term “Trio-Tech”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or the “Registrant” includes Trio-Tech International and its subsidiaries unless the context otherwise indicates. The mailing address and executive offices are located at Block 1008 Toa Payoh North, Unit 03-09 Singapore 318996, Singapore, and the telephone number is (65) 6265-3300.

We make available through our website, free of charge, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and any amendments to those reports or statements filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC also maintains an internet site at www.sec.gov that contains such reports and statements that have been filed electronically with the SEC by the Company. Additional information about Trio-Tech is available on our website at www.triotech.com.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023(“Fiscal 2023”), the Company operated its business in four segments: manufacturing, testing services, distribution, and real estate. Geographically, the Company operates in the United States (“U.S.”), Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and China.

The Company’s major customers are concentrated in Asia and are either semiconductor chip manufacturers or testing facilities who rely on the Company to verify that their semiconductor components meet or exceed the rigorous reliability standards demanded for automotive electronics, industrial electronics, computing and data storage, consumer electronics, and communication markets. The Company acts as a global one-stop solution for its customers by designing and building reliability test solutions and offering comprehensive equipment services and testing services through its manufacturing facilities and testing laboratories in Asia and the U.S. For information relating to revenue, profit and loss and total assets for each of the segments, see Note 18 - Business Segments contained in the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

1

Company History – Certain Highlights for the Five Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2023

2019	Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co. Ltd. recertified to ISO 14001:2015 standards. (Jul 2019) Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co. Ltd. recertified to OHSAS 18001:2007 standards. (Jul 2019)
2020	Trio-Tech International recertified for BizSafe re-certification (March 2020)
2021	Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co. Ltd. recertified to ISO 9001:2015 standards. (Mar 2021) Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co. Ltd. recertified to ISO 14001:2015 standards. (Mar 2021) Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co. Ltd. certified to ISO 45001:2018 standards. (Mar 2021) Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd. (Singapore) recertified to ISO 9001:2015 standards. (Jul 2021) Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd. (Singapore) recertified to ISO 14001:2015 standards. (Jul 2021) Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. recertified to ISO 9001:2015 standards. (Jul 2021) Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. recertified to ISO 14001:2015 standards. (Jul 2021) Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co. Ltd. recertified to ISO 9001:2015 standards. (Jul 2021)
2022	Trio-Tech(Jiangsu) Co. Ltd was established. (Jan 2022)
2023	Trio-Tech (Jiangsu) Co. Ltd certified to ISO 9001:2015 standards. (Jun 2023)

Overall Business Strategies

Our core business is and historically has been in the semiconductor industry, including manufacturing of test equipment (“Manufacturing”), testing services (“Testing”) and distribution of test and other semiconductor equipment and electronic components (“Distribution”). Revenue from the semiconductor industry accounted for 99.9% of our total revenue for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The semiconductor industry has experienced periods of rapid growth, but has also experienced downturns, often in connection with, or in anticipation of, maturing product cycles of both semiconductor companies’ and their customers’ products and decline in general economic conditions. To reduce our risks associated with sole industry focus and customer concentration, we continue to put effort into expanding its line of businesses.

To achieve our strategic plan for our semiconductor business, we believe that we must pursue and win new business in the following areas:

• Primary markets – Capturing additional market share within our primary markets by offering superior products and services to address the needs of our major customers.

• Growing markets – Expanding our geographic reach in areas of the world with significant growth potential.

• New markets – Developing new products and technologies that serve wholly new markets.

• Complementary strategic relationships – Through complementary acquisitions or similar arrangements, we believe we can expand our markets and strengthen our competitive position. As part of our growth strategy, the Company continues to selectively assess opportunities to develop strategic relationships, including acquisitions, investments and joint development projects with key partners and other businesses.

Business Segments

Manufacturing

Trio-Tech International (“TTI”) develops and manufactures an extensive range of test equipment used in the “front-end” and the “back-end” manufacturing processes of semiconductors. Our equipment includes leak detectors, autoclaves, centrifuges, burn-in systems and boards, HAST testers, temperature-controlled chucks, and more. We also act as an extended development team of Integrated Device Manufacturers (“IDMs”) and Fabless semiconductor companies in the testing process with our expert technical skills, especially in the New Product Introduction (“NPI”) process.

Testing

TTI provides comprehensive electrical, environmental, and burn-in testing services to semiconductor manufacturers in our testing laboratories in Asia and the U.S. Our customers include both manufacturers and end users of semiconductors and electronic components who look to us when they decide to outsource their testing process. We also support the asset-light strategy of our customers by setting up test facilities and providing component level, package level and system level testing services with expert technology that improves the productivity of our customers. The independent tests are performed to industry and customer specific standards.

2

Distribution

In addition to marketing our proprietary products, we distribute complementary products made by manufacturers around the world. The products include environmental chambers, mechanical shock and vibration testers, and other semiconductor equipment. We also distribute a wide range of components such as connectors, sockets, cables, LCD displays and touch screen panels. We act as value-added resellers by enhancing the value of the distributed products by customizing each to the needs of our customers through our expert engineering, integration, and sub-assembly services. We also support our customers as their extended research & development arm in product design, leveraging the expert skills of our component engineers and design engineers.

Real Estate

Our real estate segment generates rental income and investment income from real estate investments made in Chongqing, China.

Product Research and Development

We focus our research and development activities on improving and enhancing both product design and process technology. We conduct product and system research and development activities for our products in Singapore and the U.S. Research and development expense was $397 and $375 for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Marketing, Distribution and Services

We market our products and services worldwide, directly and through independent sales representatives and our own marketing sales team. We have approximately five independent sales representatives operating in the U.S. and another twenty in foreign countries. All sales representatives represented the testing services and manufacturing segments for products and services produced and provided from our facilities in different locations.

Customer Concentration

During the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, combined sales of equipment and services to our three largest customers accounted for approximately 59.4% and 65.9%, respectively, of our total net revenue. Of those sales, $14,595 (33.5%) and $17,780 (40.3%) of our total net revenue were from one major customer for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Although the major customer is a U.S. company, the revenue generated from it was from facilities located outside of the U.S. The majority of our sales and services in the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were made or provided to customers outside of the U.S.

Backlog

The following table sets forth the Company’s backlog as of June 30, 2023 and 2022:	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Manufacturing backlog	$	8,056	$	6,977
Testing services backlog		5,402		5,698
Distribution backlog		3,882		4,687
Real estate backlog*		97		101
		17,437		17,463

*Real estate backlog represents the rental income from a non-cancellable lease.

Based on our past experience, we do not anticipate any significant cancellations or renegotiation of sales. The purchase orders for the manufacturing, testing services and distribution businesses generally require delivery within 12 months from the date of the purchase order and certain costs are incurred before delivery. In the event of a cancellation of a confirmed purchase order, we require our customers to reimburse us for all costs incurred. We do not anticipate any difficulties in meeting delivery schedules. For testing services, purchase orders are provided only during the process of delivery. Hence, the backlog is based on estimates provided by our customers and not based on a customer’s purchase order.

Materials and Supplies

Our products are designed by our engineers and are assembled and tested at our facilities in the U.S., China and Singapore. We purchase all parts and certain components from outside vendors for assembly purposes. We have no written contracts with any of our key suppliers. As these parts and components are available from a variety of sources, we believe that the loss of any one of our suppliers would not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations taken as a whole.

3

Competition

Our ability to compete is dependent on our ability to develop, introduce and sell new products, or enhanced versions of existing products, on a timely basis and at competitive prices, while reducing our costs.

Manufacturing Segment

The principal competitive factors in the manufacturing industry include product performance, reliability, service and technical support, product improvements, price, established relationships with customers and product familiarity. Although we have competitors for our various products, we believe that our products compete favorably with respect to each of the above factors. We have been in business for more than 60 years which has helped us to establish and nurture long-term relationships with customers.

Testing Segment

There are numerous testing laboratories located in the areas where we operate that perform testing similar to the testing that we offer. However, due to such competition in the industry, there has been a reduction in the total number of competitors in Asia. The existence of competing laboratories and the purchase of testing equipment by semiconductor manufacturers and users are potential threats to our future testing services revenue and earnings. Although these laboratories and competitors may challenge us at any time, we believe that other factors, including reputation, a long service history and strong customer relationships are instrumental in both maintaining and strengthening our position in the market.

Distribution Segment

Our distribution segment sells a wide range of components and semiconductor equipment. While the semiconductor equipment industry is highly competitive, we offer the advantage of a one-stop service alternative for customers by complementing our products with design consultancy and other value-added services.

Patents

During the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we did not register any patents within the U.S.

It is typical in the semiconductor industry to receive notices from time to time, alleging infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights of others. We do not believe that we infringe on the intellectual property rights of any others. However, should any claims be brought against us, the cost of litigating such claims and any damages could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Employees

As of June 30, 2023, we had approximately 573 full-time employees and no part-time employees. Geographically, approximately 8 full-time employees were located in the U.S. and approximately 565 full-time employees in Asia. None of our employees are represented by a labor union.

There were approximately 56 employees in the manufacturing segment, 481 employees in the testing services segment, 3 employees in the distribution segment, 3 employees in the real estate segment and 30 employees in general administration, logistics and others as of June 30, 2023.

ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 1B – UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2 – PROPERTIES

As of the date of filing of this Form 10-K, we believe that our existing facilities are adequate and suitable to cover any sudden increase in our needs in the foreseeable future.

4

The following table presents the relevant information regarding the location and general character of our principal manufacturing and testing facilities:

Location	Segment	Approx. Sq. Ft. Occupied	Owned (O) or Leased (L) & Expiration Date
16139 Wyandotte Street, Van Nuys, CA 91406, United States of America	Corporate, Testing Services / Manufacturing	5,200	(L) Mar 2026
1004, Toa Payoh North, Singapore Unit No. HEX 07-01/07	Testing Services	6,864	(L) Sep 2025
Unit No. HEX 07-01/07, (ancillary site)	Testing Services	2,532	(L) Sep 2025
Unit No. HEX 03-01/02/03	Testing Services / Manufacturing	2,959	(L) Sep 2025
Unit No. HEX 01-08/15	Testing Services / Manufacturing / Logistics Store	6,864	(L) Jan 2026
Unit No. HEX 01-08/15, (ancillary site)	Testing Services / Manufacturing	449	(L) Jan 2026
Unit No. HEX 07-10/11	Testing Services / Manufacturing	1,953	(L) Dec 2024
1008, Toa Payoh North, Singapore Unit No. HEX 03-09/17	Manufacturing	6,099	(L) Jan 2026
Unit No. HEX 03-09/17, (ancillary site)	Manufacturing	70	(L) Jan 2026
Unit No. HEX 01-09/10/11	Manufacturing	2,202	(L) Nov 2026
Unit No. HEX 01-15/16	Manufacturing	1,400	(L) Sep 2026
Unit No. HEX 01-08	Manufacturing	603	(L) Sep 2026
Unit No. HEX 01-12/14	Manufacturing	1,664	(L) Jul 2025
Lot No. 11A, Jalan SS8/2, Sungai Way Free Industrial Zone, 47300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia	Testing Services	78,706	(O)
327, Chalongkrung Road, Lamplathew, Lat Krabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand	Testing Services	34,433	(O)
No. 5, Xing Han Street, Block A #04-15/16, Suzhou Industrial Park China 215021	Testing Services	6,200	(L) Jan 2025
Room 102, Zone B, Building 3, 99 West Suhong Road, Suzhou industrial Park. China 215021	Testing Services	26,479 (Phase 1)	(L) Oct 2026
Room 102, Zone B, Building 3, 99 West Suhong Road, Suzhou industrial Park. China 215021	Testing Services	55,219 (Phase 2)	(L) May 2024
27-05, Huang Jin Fu Pan. No. 26 Huang Jin Qiao Street Hechuan District Chongqing China 401520	Real Estate	969	(L) Aug 2024
B7-2, Xiqing Economic Development Area International Industrial Park Tianjin City, China 300385	Testing Services	45,940	(L) Apr 2026

ITEM 3 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is, from time to time, the subject of litigation claims and assessments arising out of matters occurring in its normal business operations. In the opinion of management, resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

There are no material proceedings to which any director, officer or affiliate of the Company, any beneficial owner of more than five percent of the Company’s common stock, or any associate of such person, is a party that is adverse to the Company or its properties.

ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

5

PART II

ITEM 5 – MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Shares of the Company’s common stock, no par value (“Common Stock”), are traded on the NYSE American exchange under the symbol “TRT.”

As of September 1, 2023, there were 4,096,680 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding, and the Company had approximately 55 record holders of Common Stock. The number of record holders does not include the number of persons whose stock is in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.

Dividend Policy

We did not declare any cash dividends during the years ended June 30, 2023 or June 30, 2022.

The determination as to whether to pay any future cash dividends will depend upon our earnings and financial position at that time and other factors as the Board of Directors may deem appropriate. In general, California law prohibits the payment of dividends unless the corporation’s retained earnings prior to the dividend equals or exceeds the dividend or, immediately after payment of the dividends, the corporation’s assets would equal or exceed its total liabilities. There is no assurance that dividends will be paid to holders of Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

ITEM 6 – [Reserved]

ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PERCENTAGES AND SHARE AMOUNTS)

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our disclaimer on “Forward-Looking Statements,” “Item 1. Business,” and our Consolidated Financial Statements, the notes to those statements and other financial information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”). For purposes of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis within this Annual Report, all monetary amounts are stated in thousands except for par values and per share amounts, unless otherwise stated.

During the years ended June 30, 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”) and June 30, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”), Trio-Tech International operated in four segments: Manufacturing, Testing, Distribution, and Real Estate as defined below. During Fiscal 2023, revenue from the Manufacturing, Testing, Distribution, and Real Estate segments represented 32.0%, 53.4%, 14.5% and 0.1% of our revenue, respectively, as compared to 30.7%, 44.2%, 25.0% and 0.1% respectively, during Fiscal 2022.

Overview

Our core business is and historically has been in the semiconductor industry, including manufacturing of test equipment (“Manufacturing”), testing services (“Testing”) and distribution of test and other semiconductor equipment and electronic components (“Distribution”). TTI develops and manufactures an extensive range of test equipment used in the “front-end” and the “back-end” manufacturing processes of semiconductors. Our equipment includes leak detectors, autoclaves, centrifuges, burn-in systems and boards, HAST testers, temperature-controlled chucks, and more. TTI provides comprehensive electrical, environmental, and burn-in testing services to semiconductor manufacturers in our testing laboratories.

In addition to marketing our proprietary products, we distribute complementary products made by manufacturers around the world. We act as value-added resellers by enhancing the value of the distributed products by customizing them to the needs of our customers through our expert engineering, integration, and sub-assembly services. We also support our customers as their extended research  and development arm in product design, leveraging the expert skills of our component engineers and design engineers.

Revenue from the semiconductor industry accounted for more than 99.9% of our total revenue for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our real estate segment generates rental income and investment income from real estate investments made in Chongqing, China. No other investment income was recorded as revenue by the Real Estate segment in either Fiscal 2023 or Fiscal 2022.

6

Fiscal 2023 Highlights

● Total revenue decreased by $815, or 1.8%, to $43,250 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $44,065 in Fiscal 2022.

● Manufacturing segment revenue increased by $301, or 2.2%, to $13,827 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $13,526 in Fiscal 2022.

● Testing segment revenue was $23,130 in Fiscal 2023, an increase of $3,653, or 18.8%, as compared to $19,477 in Fiscal 2022.

● Distribution segment revenue was $6,270 in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of $4,767, or 43.2%, as compared to $11,037 in Fiscal 2022.

● Real Estate segment revenue decreased by $2 to $23 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $25 in Fiscal 2022.

● Overall gross profit margin increased by 0.5% to 27.1% in Fiscal 2023, as compared to 26.6% in Fiscal 2022.

● General and administrative expense increased by $42 to $8,403 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $8,361 in Fiscal 2022.

● Selling expense increased by $27, or 4.2%, to $670 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $643 in Fiscal 2022.

● Profit from operations was $2,228 in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of $125, as compared to profit from operations of $2,353 in Fiscal 2022.

● Net other income decreased by $489 to $106 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $595 in Fiscal 2022.

● Profit from continuing operations before income taxes was $2,382 in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of $672, as compared to profit from continuing operations of $3,054 in Fiscal 2022.

● Net profit attributable to Trio-Tech International for Fiscal 2023 was $1,544, as compared to net profit of $2,395 in Fiscal 2022.

● Net profit attributable to non-controlling interest for Fiscal 2023 was $214, as compared to net loss of $96 in Fiscal 2022.

● Working capital increased by $2,228, or 12.9%, to $19,501 as of June 30, 2023, as compared to $17,273 as of June 30, 2022.

The highlights above are intended to identify certain of the Company’s significant events and transactions during Fiscal 2023. These highlights are not intended to be a full discussion of our results for the year, and should be read in conjunction with the discussion of these items in Item 7 and with our consolidated financial statements and footnotes accompanying this Annual Report.

General Financial Information

Total assets as of June 30, 2023 were $42,186 a decrease of $1,235, or 2.8%, compared to $43,421 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in cash and cash equivalents, trade account receivables, other receivables, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, operating lease right-of-use assets deferred tax assets, other assets, investment properties and property, plant and equipment. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in short-term deposits, assets held for sale and restricted term deposits.

Cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2023 were $7,583, a decrease of $115, or 1.5%, compared to $7,698 at June 30, 2022, primarily due to the placement of fixed deposits.

Short-term deposits and restricted term deposits as of June 30, 2023 were $9,082, an increase of $1,984, or 28% compared to $7,098 at June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributed to the new placement of fixed deposits in the Singapore operation.

Trade account receivables as of June 30, 2023 was $9,804, representing an decrease of $1,788 or 15.4%, compared to $11,592 as of June 30, 2022. The reduction corresponds to the decline in sales during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023 when compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022. The number of days’ sales outstanding in account receivables was 82 days and 81 days for the years ended June 30, 2023, and 2022 respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, other receivables were $939 a slight decrease of $59, or 5.9%, compared to $998 as of June 30, 2022.

Inventories as of June 30, 2023 were $2,151, a decrease of $107, or 4.7%, compared to $2,258 as of June 30, 2022, mainly due to currency translation effect. The number of days’ inventory held was 73 days at the end of Fiscal 2023, compared to 58 days at the end of Fiscal 2022.

Prepaid expenses as of June 30, 2023 were $694, a decrease of $521 from $1,215 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease was attributable to the asset capitalization of down payments made for the purchase of equipment in the China operation.

Investment properties in China as of June 30, 2023 were $474, a decrease of $111 from $585 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease was attributable to the depreciation charged for the year.

Property, plant and equipment as of June 30, 2023 was $8,344, a decrease of $137 compared to $8,481 as of June 30, 2022. This was mainly due to depreciation charged for the year and the foreign currency exchange movement between Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022. The decrease was partially offset by the new acquisition of property, plant and equipment in the Singapore, Malaysia, China and Thailand operations.

Other assets as of June 30, 2023 were $116, a decrease of $21, or 15.3%, compared to $137 as of June 30, 2022.

Total liabilities as of June 30, 2023 were $12,615, a decrease of $2,804, or 18.2%, compared to $15,419 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease in liabilities was primarily due to a decrease in lines of credits, accounts payable, accrued expense, income tax payable, operating leases, bank loans payable and finance lease, partially offset by an increase in deferred tax liabilities and other non-current liabilities.

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Lines of credit as of June 30, 2023 decreased by $929 to $0 as of June 30, 2023. The decrease in lines of credit was due to repayment of lines of credit in the Singapore operation during the year ended June 30, 2023.

Accounts payable as of June 30, 2023 decreased by $741, or 30.9% to $1,660 from $2,401 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease in accounts payable is in line with the reduction in related cost of goods sold in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

Accrued expense as of June 30, 2023 decreased by $436, or 7.3% to $5,568 from $6,004 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease was mainly due to a decrease in payroll and related expenses and sales tax.

Income tax payable as of June 30, 2023 decreased by $251 to $673 from $924 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease was mainly due to lower taxable profit in Fiscal 2023.

Bank loans payable decreased by $392 to $1,352 as of June 30, 2023, as compared to $1,744 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease was due to the repayments made in the Malaysia operation.

Finance leases decreased by $88 to $149 as of June 30, 2023, as compared to $237 as of June 30, 2022. The decrease was due to the repayments made in the Singapore and Malaysia operations.

Other non-current liabilities increased by $566 to $594 as of June 30,2023, as compared to $28 as of June 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to an increase in accruals relating to acquisition of property, plant and equipment in the China operations where the payments term is more than 12 months.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and the corresponding lease liabilities decreased by $543 to $2,609 as of June 30, 2023, as compared to $3,152 as of June 30, 2022. This was due to the repayment made and the operating lease expense charged for the period. The decrease was partially offset by additional cost and liabilities created by renewal of lease agreements during the period.

Uncertainties and Remedies

There are several influencing factors which create uncertainties when forecasting performance, such as the changing nature of technology, specific customer requirements, decline in demand for certain types of burn-in devices or equipment, decline in demand for testing services and fabrication services, and other factors. One factor that influences uncertainty is the highly competitive nature of the semiconductor industry. Additionally, certain customers are unable to provide a forecast of the products required in the upcoming weeks, rendering it, difficult to plan adequate resources needed to meet these customers’ requirements as a result of short lead time and last-minute order confirmation. This will normally result in a lower margin for these products as it is often more expensive to purchase materials in a short time frame. However, the Company has taken certain actions and formulated certain plans to deal with and to help mitigate these unpredictable factors. For example, in order to meet manufacturing customers’ demands upon short notice, the Company maintains higher inventories but continues to work closely with its customers to avoid stockpiling. We believe that we have improved customer service through our efforts to keep our staff up to date on the newest technology, and stressing the importance of understanding and meeting the stringent requirements of our customers. Finally, the Company is exploring new markets and products, looking for new customers, and upgrading and improving burn-in technology while at the same time searching for improved testing methods for higher technology chips.

The Company’s primary exposure to movements in foreign currency exchange rates relates to non-U.S. dollar-denominated sales and operating expense in its subsidiaries. Strengthening of the United States dollar (“U.S. Dollar”) relative to foreign currencies adversely affects the U.S. Dollar value of the Company’s foreign currency-denominated sales and earnings, and generally leads the Company to raise international pricing, potentially reducing demand for the Company’s products. Margins on sales of the Company’s products in foreign countries and on sales of products that include components obtained from foreign suppliers could be materially adversely affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. In some circumstances, for competitive or other reasons, the Company may decide not to raise local prices to fully offset the U.S. Dollar’s strengthening, or at all, which would adversely affect the U.S. Dollar value of the Company’s foreign currency-denominated sales and earnings. Conversely, a strengthening of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar, while generally beneficial to the Company’s foreign currency denominated sales and earnings, could cause the Company to reduce international pricing, thereby limiting the benefit. Additionally, strengthening of foreign currencies may also increase the Company’s cost of product components denominated in those currencies, thus adversely affecting gross margins.

As of June 2023, although we have seen improvements in both our operations and those of our suppliers, we may continue to experience supply shortages as well as inflationary cost pressures in at least the near term. Risks and uncertainties related to supply chain challenges, and inflationary pressures may continue to negatively impact our revenue and gross margin. We continue to monitor and evaluate the business impact to react proactively.

On August 9, 2022, the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 (CHIPS Act) was enacted in the United States. The CHIPS Act will provide financial incentives to the semiconductor industry which are primarily directed at manufacturing activities within the United States. We continue to evaluate the business impact and potential opportunities related to the CHIPS Act. As of date, we do not see any direct effect of the CHIPS Act on the Company in the foreseeable future.

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We sell our products and services worldwide, and our business is subject to risks inherent in conducting business activities in geographic regions outside of the United States. Periods of macroeconomic weakness or recession and heightened market volatility caused by adverse geopolitical developments could increase these risks, potentially resulting in adverse impacts on our business operations. We expect the sales of products for delivery outside of the United States will continue to represent a substantial portion of our future net sales. Our future performance will depend significantly upon our ability to continue to compete in foreign markets which in turn will depend, in part, upon a continuation of current trade relations between the United States and foreign countries in which semiconductor manufactures or assemblers have operations.

Critical Accounting Estimates & Policies

The discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition presented in this section are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. During the preparation of the consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expense, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to sales, returns, pricing concessions, bad debts, inventories, investments, fixed assets, intangible assets, income taxes and other impairments. Due to the events listed above, there has been uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. These estimates and assumptions may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

In response to the SEC’s Release No. 33-8040, Cautionary Advice Regarding Disclosure about Critical Accounting Policy, we have identified the most critical accounting policies upon which our financial statements depends. We determined that those critical accounting policies are related to the inventory valuation; allowance for doubtful accounts; revenue recognition; impairment of property, plant and equipment; investment properties and income tax. These accounting policies are discussed in the relevant sections in this management’s discussion and analysis, including the Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements discussed below.

Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

During the normal course of business, we extend unsecured credit to our customers in all segments. Typically, credit terms require payment to be made between 30 to 90 days from the date of the sale. We generally do not require collateral from customers. We maintain our cash accounts at credit-worthy financial institutions.

The Company’s management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer creditworthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. The Company includes any account balances that are determined to be uncollectible, along with a general reserve, in the overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to management, the Company believed that its allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate as of June 30, 2023.

Inventory Valuation

Inventories of our manufacturing and distribution segments, consisting principally of raw materials, works in progress, and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid technological change, short-term customer commitments and swiftly changing demand. Provisions for estimated excess and obsolete inventory are based on regular reviews of inventory quantities on hand and the latest forecasts of product demand and production requirements from our customers. Inventories are written down for not-saleable, excess or obsolete raw materials, works-in-process and finished goods by charging such write-downs to cost of sales. In addition to write-downs based on newly introduced parts, statistics and judgments are used for assessing provisions of the remaining inventory based on saleability and obsolescence.

Property, Plant and Equipment & Investment Properties

Property, plant and equipment and investment properties are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided for over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided for over the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter, using the straight-line method.

Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred. Additions and improvements to property and equipment are capitalized. When assets are disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation thereon are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

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Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions

The United States dollar (“U.S. dollar”) is the functional currency of the U.S. parent company. The Singapore dollar, the national currency of Singapore, is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the operations in Singapore are conducted. We also have business entities in Malaysia, Thailand, China and Indonesia, of which the Malaysian ringgit (“RM”), Thai baht, Chinese renminbi (“RMB”) and Indonesian rupiah are the national currencies. The Company uses the U.S. dollar for financial reporting purposes.

The Company translates assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries outside the U.S. into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date, and the statement of operations is measured using average rates in effect for the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the subsidiaries’ financial statements from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars are recorded in shareholders' equity as part of accumulated comprehensive income or loss translation adjustment. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies of the Company’s subsidiaries are reflected in income for the reporting period.

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”). This standard outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers.

We apply a five-step approach as defined in ASC Topic 606 in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contracts; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the corresponding performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue derived from testing services is recognized when testing services are rendered. Revenue generated from sale of products in the manufacturing and distribution segments are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the products has occurred, customer acceptance has been obtained (which means the control has been transferred to the customer), the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Certain customers can request for installation and training services to be performed for certain products sold in the manufacturing segment. These services are mainly for helping customers with the test runs of the machines sold and are considered a separate performance obligation. Such services can be provided by other entities as well, and these do not significantly modify the product. The Company recognizes the revenue at the point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation.

In the real estate segment: (1) revenue from property development is earned and recognized on the earlier of the dates when the underlying property is sold or upon the maturity of the agreement; if this amount is uncollectible, the agreement empowers the repossession of the property, and (2) rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. This means that, with respect to a particular lease, actual amounts billed in accordance with the lease during any given period may be higher or lower than the amount of rental revenue recognized for the period. Straight-line rental revenue is commenced when the tenant assumes possession of the leased premises. Accrued straight-line rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

Investment

The Company (a) evaluates the sufficiency of the total equity at risk, (b) reviews the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group, and whether there are any guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group and (c) establishes whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) determination. The Company would consolidate a venture that is determined to be a VIE if it was the primary beneficiary. Beginning January 1, 2010, a new accounting standard became effective and changed the method by which the primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined. Through a primarily qualitative approach, the variable interest holder, if any, who has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities is the primary beneficiary. To the extent that the investment does not qualify as VIE, the Company further assesses the existence of a controlling financial interest under a voting interest model to determine whether the venture should be consolidated.

Equity Method

The Company analyzes its investments in joint ventures to determine if the joint venture should be accounted for using the equity method. Management evaluates both Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock as to whether they give the Company the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the joint venture even though the Company holds less than 50% of the Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock. If so, the net income of the joint venture will be reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

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Cost Method

Investee companies not accounted for under the consolidation or the equity method of accounting are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of such investee companies is not included in the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. However, impairment charges are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. If circumstances suggest that the value of the investee company has subsequently recovered, such recovery is not recorded.

Long-Lived Assets & Impairment

Our business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly underutilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand. We have recorded intangible assets with finite lives related to our acquisitions.

We evaluate our long-lived assets with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, significant negative industry or economic trends, and a significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period of time. Impairment is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analysis, if there is significant adverse change.

We have not identified any changes in circumstances requiring further impairment test in Fiscal 2023 except the phasing out of burn-in service contract with a customer in our Malaysia operation. In June 2023, our Malaysia operation received notification of termination of contract from a customer effective January 2024. In consideration of this impairment indicator, Management has performed further impairment test and concluded that the carrying amount of the primary assets used solely for servicing this customer is fully recoverable during the phase-out period until December 2023 and hence no specific impairment will be recognized in this regard as at 30th June 2023. We will continue to monitor impairment indicators, such as disposition activity, stock price declines or changes in forecasted cash flows in future periods. If the fair value of our reporting unit declines below the carrying value in the future, we may incur additional impairment charges.

Fair Value Measurements

Under the standard ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC Topic 820”), fair value refers to the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between participants in the market in which the reporting entity transacts its business. ASC Topic 820 clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. In support of this principle, ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. Under the standard, fair value measurements would be separately disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.

Income Tax

We account for income taxes using the liability method in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”), which requires an entity to recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequence attributable to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Further, the effects of enacted tax laws or rate changes are included as part of deferred tax expense or benefits in the period that covers the enactment date. Management believed it was more likely than not that the future benefits from these timing differences would not be realized. Accordingly, a valuation allowance was provided as of June 30, 2023 and 2022.

The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. We recognize potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Stock-Based Compensation

We calculate compensation expense related to stock option awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. We determine the grant date fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and for awards without performance condition, the related stock-based compensation is recognized over the period in which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for the stock-based award, which is generally four years. We recognize stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity based on awards ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates.

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Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires significant judgment. The determination of the grant date fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by our estimated common stock fair value as well as other subjective assumptions including the expected term of the awards, the expected volatility over the expected term of the awards, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates and are as follows:

● Fair Value of Common Stock. We determined the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.

● Expected Term. The expected term of employee stock options reflects the period for which we believe the option will remain outstanding based on historical experience and future expectations.

● Expected Volatility. We base expected volatility on our historical information over a similar expected term.

Non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements

ASC Topic 810, Consolidation (“ASC Topic 810”) establishes accounting and reporting standards for the non-controlling interest in a subsidiary. This guidance requires that non-controlling interests in subsidiaries be reported in the equity section of the controlling company’s balance sheet. It also changes the way the net income of the subsidiary is reported and disclosed in the controlling company’s income statement.

Loan Receivables

The loan receivables are classified as current assets carried at face value and are individually evaluated for impairment. The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses determined principally on the basis of historical experience and specific allowances for known loan accounts. All loans or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible or require an excessive collection cost are written off to the allowance for losses.

Interest Income

Interest income on loans is recognized on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. The amortization of discounts into income is discontinued on loans that are contractually 90 days past due or when collection of interest appears doubtful.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2022-02 updating Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 326: Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR") and Vintage Disclosures (“ASU 2022-02”), which require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that ASU 2022-02 has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06: Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivative and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) ) (“ASU 2020-06”). ASU 2020-06 reduces the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock, as well as amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. In addition, ASU 2020-06 improves and amends the related EPS guidance. The amendments in ASU 2020-06 were effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Adoption is either a modified retrospective method or a fully retrospective method of transition. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that ASU 2020-06 update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (“ASC Topic 326”) for the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. ASC Topic 326 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that ASC Topic 326 has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Other new pronouncements issued but not yet effective until after June 30, 2023 are not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

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Comparison of Operating Results

The following table presents certain data from the consolidated statements of operating income as a percentage of net sales for Fiscal 2023 and 2022:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue		100.0	%		100.0	%
Cost of sales		72.9	%		73.4	%
Gross Margin		27.1	%		26.6	%
Operating expense:
General and administrative	19.4		%	19.0		%
Selling		1.5	%		1.5	%
Research and development		0.9	%		0.9	%
Total operating expense		21.8	%		21.4	%
Income from Operations		5.3	%		5.2	%

Revenue

Revenue is comprised of revenue from the Manufacturing, Testing, Distribution and Real Estate segments. The components of l revenue for Fiscal 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Manufacturing		32.0	%		30.7	%
Testing		53.4	%		44.2	%
Distribution		14.5	%		25.0	%
Real estate		0.1	%		0.1	%
Total		100	%		100	%

Revenue during Fiscal 2023 was $43,250, a decrease of $815, or 1.8%, compared to $44,065 during Fiscal 2022. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to the decrease in sales from the distribution segments resulting from inventory corrections made by customers.

Manufacturing Segment

The Manufacturing segment accounted for 32.0% of revenue during Fiscal 2023, an increase of 1.3%, compared to 30.7% during Fiscal 2022. Revenue generated by the Manufacturing segment during Fiscal 2023 was $13,827, reflecting an increase of $301, or 2.2%, compared to $13,526 during Fiscal 2022. The increase in revenue generated by the Manufacturing segment was due to an increase in board sales in the Singapore operations.

Backlog in the Manufacturing segment was $8,056 as of June 30, 2023, representing an increase of $1,079 from $6,977 as of June 30, 2022. The increase is backlog is attributed to orders received in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2023, as market demand for testing equipment shows signs of gradual recovery, following the weakening of the global semiconductor industry that began in 2023. These orders are expected to be fulfilled over the next four quarters of Fiscal 2024.

Testing Segment

Revenue generated by the Testing segment accounted for 53.4% of total revenue during Fiscal 2023, as compared to 44.2% during Fiscal 2022. Revenue generated by the Testing segment for Fiscal 2023 was $23,130, reflecting an increase of $3,653, or 18.8%, compared to $19,477 for Fiscal 2022. The increase is mainly attributed to the new subsidiary in China which was not fully operational in Fiscal 2022. The increase was partially offset by a drop in volume in Singapore and other China operations due to the lower demand resulting from weakening of global semiconductor industry.

Backlog in the Testing segment as of June 30, 2023 was $5,402, a decrease of $296, compared to $5,698 at June 30, 2022. The decrease in backlog was mainly from the China and Malaysia operations. Backlog is dependent on the estimated volume provided by customers, which is dependent on the customers’ inventory levels and demand.

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Distribution Segment

Revenue generated by the Distribution segment during Fiscal 2023 accounted for 14.5% of total revenue, a decrease of 10.5% compared to 25% for Fiscal 2022. Revenue for Fiscal 2023 was $6,270, a decrease of $4,767, or 43.2%, compared to $11,037 for Fiscal 2022. The decrease in revenue in our Distribution segment was mainly due to inventory adjustments made by our end customers who are currently carrying excess inventory, due to which demand is decreased and deliveries are being pushed out to next fiscal year.

Backlog in the Distribution segment as of June 30, 2023 was $3,882, reflecting a decrease of $805 compared to the backlog of $4,687 at June 30, 2022. The decrease in backlog was mainly due to a decreased demand from customers. Equipment and electronic component sales are very competitive, as the products are readily available in the market. We believe that our competitive advantage in the distribution segment is that we act as value-added resellers by enhancing the value of the distributed products by customizing them to the needs of our customers through our expert design, engineering, integration, and sub-assembly services. We expect the demand for our products in the distribution segment to increase in Fiscal 2024 as compared to Fiscal 2023, aligned with the expected semiconductor industry rebounds in 2024.

Real Estate Segment

Revenue generated by the Real Estate segment was 0.1% of total revenue for each of the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Revenue generated by the Real Estate segment for Fiscal 2023 was $23, a decrease of $2, or 8%, compared to $25 for Fiscal 2022. Our Real Estate segment saw a decrease in rental income due to the low occupancy rate in the MaoYe and FuLi properties due to slower post-pandemic recovery in China.

Backlog in the Real Estate segment as of June 30, 2023, was $97, a slight decrease of $4 as compared to $101 at June 30, 2022.

Gross Margin

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 27.1% in Fiscal 2023, an increase of 0.5% compared to 26.6% in Fiscal 2022. The increase in gross margin as a percentage of revenue was mainly attributable to the Testing segment. Overall gross profit for Fiscal 2023 was $11,705, a decrease of $28, or 0.2%, compared to $11,733 for Fiscal 2022. The decrease in the dollar value of the overall gross margin was mainly due to a decrease in overall sales.

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the Manufacturing segment was 23.4% in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of 1.6%, compared to 25% in Fiscal 2022. Gross profit for the Manufacturing segment in Fiscal 2023 was $3,240, a decrease of $139 or 4.1%, compared to $3,379 in Fiscal 2022. The decrease in gross margin was mainly due to higher lower-margin burn-in-board sales in our Singapore operations.

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the Testing segment was 32.3% in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of 1.2%, compared to 33.5% in Fiscal 2022. The decrease in gross profit margin as a percentage of revenue was primarily due to the lower volume in individual test laboratories in China and Malaysia, resulting from weaking of global semiconductor industry. Increased manpower costs and energy costs have a direct impact on the operating margin of the Testing segment. Gross profit in the Testing segment in Fiscal 2023 was $7,472, an increase of $955, or 14.6%, compared to $6,517 in Fiscal 2022 due to the additional sales contributed by the new subsidiary in China.

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the Distribution segment was 16.6% in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of 0.5%, compared to 17.1% in Fiscal 2022. Gross profit in the Distribution segment was $1,042, a decrease of $848, or 44.9%, compared to $1,890 in Fiscal 2022. The decrease in gross margin of the Distribution segment was mainly due to a decline in sales due to inventory adjustments made by our customers.

Gross loss in the Real Estate segment was $49 in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of $4 as compared to $53 in Fiscal 2022.

Operating Expense

Operating expense for the years ended June 30, 2023, and 2022 was as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
General and administrative	$	8,403	$	8,361
Selling		670		643
Research and development		397		375
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment		7		1
Total	$	9,477	$	9,380

General and administrative expense was $8,403 in Fiscal 2023, an increase of $42 or 0.5%, compared to $8,361 in Fiscal 2022. The increase in general and administrative expense was mainly due to the administrative expense relating to the Company's new subsidiary Trio-Tech Jiangsu which was setup in the third quarter of Fiscal 2022 and became operational in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in stock compensation costs and effective cost control in the China operations in response to reduced volume.

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Selling expense increased by $27, or 4.2%, to $670 in Fiscal 2023, compared to $643 in Fiscal 2022. The increase in selling expense was primarily attributable to an increase in commission expense in the Singapore operations as a result of higher commissionable sales, and an increase in travel costs due to increased business travel in Fiscal 2023, compared to Fiscal 2022.

Profit from Operations

Profit from operations was $2,228 in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of $125, compared to profit from operations of $2,353 in Fiscal 2022. The decrease in profit from operations was mainly due to increased operating expenses as disclosed elsewhere in this Report .

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Interest expense	$	105	$	122

Interest expense decreased by $17 to $105 in Fiscal 2023, compared to $122 in Fiscal 2022. The bank loan payable decreased by $392 to $1,352 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $1,744 in Fiscal 2022.

Other Income

Other income for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Interest income	$	174		$	69
Other rental income		115			116
Exchange (loss) / gain		(269	)		129
Commission income		-			189
Dividend income		-			10
Other miscellaneous income		86			82
Total	$	106		$	595

Other income decreased by $489 to $106 for Fiscal 2023, compared to $595 for Fiscal 2022. The decrease was mainly a result of a negative foreign currency impact due to the strengthening of the Singapore dollars against U.S. Dollars in the second quarter of Fiscal 2023, and the absence of one-time commission income that was earned in Fiscal 2022. The decrease was partially offset by an increase in interest income due to higher interest rates on short term deposits in Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022.

Government Grant

During Fiscal 2023, the Company received government grants amounting to $153, $107 of which was financial assistance received from the Singapore government.

During Fiscal 2022, the Company received government grants amounting to $228, $139 of which was financial assistance received from the Singapore and Malaysia governments amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Income Tax (Expense) / Benefits

Income tax expense for Fiscal 2023 was $622, representing a decrease of $135, as compared to income tax expense of $757 for Fiscal 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower taxable income in Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022.

At June 30, 2023, the Company had no federal net operating loss carry-forwards, and a state net operating loss carry-forward of $1,940, which expires in 2033. These carryovers may be subject to limitations under I.R.C. Section 382. In assessing the ability to realize the deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on these criteria, management believes it is more likely than not the Company will not realize the benefits of the federal, state, and foreign deductible differences. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been established against deferred tax assets recorded in the US and various foreign jurisdictions.

15

(Loss) / Profit from Discontinued Operations

Loss from discontinued operations was $2 in Fiscal 2023, compared to profit from discontinued operations of $2 in Fiscal 2022. The Company discontinued its fabrication segment in Fiscal 2013.

Non-controlling Interest

As of June 30, 2023, the Company held an indirect 55% interest each in Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (“TTM”), Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd. (“TTKL”), 55% interest in SHI International Pte Ltd (“SHI”), 52% interest in PT SHI Indonesia (“PT SHI”) and PT SHI, 76% interest in Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd. (“Prestal”) and an interest of 51% in Trio-Tech Jiangsu Co., Ltd. (“TTJS”). The non-controlling interest for Fiscal 2023, in the net profit of subsidiaries, was $214, a change of $310 compared to a non-controlling interest in the net loss of $96 for the previous fiscal year. The change in the non-controlling interest was primarily attributable to the net income generated by TTJS.

Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders for Fiscal 2023 was $1,544 compared to the net income attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders of $2,395 for Fiscal 2022.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share from continuing operations was $0.38 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to basic earnings per share of $0.61 in Fiscal 2022. Basic loss per share from discontinued operations was $nil for Fiscal 2023 and $0.01 for Fiscal 2022.

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations was $0.37 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to diluted earnings per share $0.57 in Fiscal 2022. Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations was $nil for both Fiscal 2023 and 2022.

Segment Information

The revenue, gross margin and income / (loss) from each segment for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 are presented below. As the segment revenue and gross margin for each segment has been discussed in previous sections, only the comparison of income / (loss) from operations is discussed below.

Manufacturing Segment

The revenue, gross margin and (loss) / income from operations for the Manufacturing segment for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue	$	13,827		$	13,526
Gross margin		23.4	%		25	%
(Loss) / Income from operations	$	(58	)	$	275

Loss from operations in the Manufacturing segment was $58 in Fiscal 2023, a decrease of $333, as compared to an income from operation of $275 in Fiscal 2022. The decrease in net income was attributable to a decrease of gross margin of $137 and increase in the operating expense of $194. Operating expense was $3,298 and $3,104 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in operating expense was mainly due to an increase in selling expense of $126 and general and administrative expense of $226. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $192 in corporate overhead compared to Fiscal 2022. The increase in selling expense was primarily due to an increase in travel expense as travel restriction eased and economic activities resumed and also increase of warranty expenses. The increase in general and administrative expense is attributable to higher payroll related expenses.

16

Testing Segment

The revenue, gross margin and income from operations for the Testing segment for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue	$	23,130		$	19,477
Gross margin		32.3	%		33.5	%
Income from operations	$	1,648		$	1,313

Income from operations in the Testing segment in Fiscal 2023 was $1,648, as compared to $1,313 in Fiscal 2022. The significant increase in operating profit was attributable to an increased gross profit of $955 attributed to the new subsidiary in China which was not yet fully operational in the same period of Fiscal 2022. Operating expense was $5,824 and $5,205 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase of $620 in operating expense was mainly due to an increase of $359 in general and administrative expense and $320 in corporate overhead expense. The increase in general and administrative expense was mainly due to the new subsidiary in China operations as discussed earlier.

Distribution Segment

The revenue, gross margin and income from operations for the Distribution segment for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue	$	6,270		$	11,037
Gross margin		16.6	%		17.1	%
Income from operations	$	816		$	1,525

Income from operations in the Distribution segment was $816 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $1,525 in Fiscal 2022. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in gross margin of $848 and were partly offset by a decrease in operating expense. Operating expense was $224 and $363 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease of $139 in operating expense was mainly due to a decrease in general and administrative expenses and selling expenses. The decrease in selling expense was mainly due to lower commission expense as a result of a decrease in commissionable revenue in distribution segment.

Real Estate Segment

The revenue, gross margin and loss from operations for the Real Estate segment for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue	$	23		$	25
Gross loss		(213.0	)%		(212.0	)%
Loss from operations	$	(98	)	$	(119	)

Loss from operations in the Real Estate segment was $98 in Fiscal 2023, as compared to $119 in Fiscal 2022. Operating expense was $49 and $67 in each of the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 respectively.

Corporate

The loss from operations for corporate for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Loss from operations	$	(80	)	$	(641	)

In Fiscal 2023, corporate operating loss was $80, a change of $561, compared to $641 in Fiscal 2022. The significant fluctuation was mainly due to decreased stock option expenses and professional expenses in Fiscal 2023.

Liquidity

Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $5,987 to $8,110 for the year ended June 30, 2023, compared to $2,123 for the prior year. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to an increase in depreciation and amortization of $2,013, trade receivables receipts of $5,058, other receivables of $395, inventories of $482, and prepaid expenses and other current assets of $1,337 offset by a decrease in cash inflow from other assets of $402, an increase in payments for accounts payable and accrued expenses of $2,343, and income taxes payable of $673.

17

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $5,630 to an outflow of $6,074 for the year ended June 30, 2023, from $444 in the prior year. The increase in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to an increase in outflow of $4,715 used for investments in unrestricted deposits and $3,030 used on additional property, plant and equipment. The increase was partially offset by increase in cash inflows of $2,037 from the withdrawal of unrestricted deposits.

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2023, was $1,243, compared to an inflow of $911 during the prior year. Net cash used in financing activities increased mainly due to repayment of lines of credit availed in the prior year.

We believe that our projected cash flows from operations, borrowing availability under our revolving lines of credit, cash on hand, trade credit and the secured bank loans will provide the necessary financial resources to meet our projected cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. The Company filed a Shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 on December 3, 2021, under which we may raise capital of US$10,000,000 from any combination of securities (common stock, warrants, debt securities or units) for business expansion and working capital purposes if necessary.

Capital Resources

Our working capital (defined as current assets minus current liabilities) has historically been generated primarily from the following sources: operating cash flow, availability under our revolving line of credit, and short-term loans. Working capital was $19,501 as of June 30, 2023, representing an increase of $2,228, or 12.9%, compared to working capital of $17,273 as of June 30, 2022. The increase in working capital was mainly due to increases in current assets, including short-term deposits, and restricted term deposits, and decreases in current liabilities, including lines of credit, accounts payable, income taxes payable, finance leases, and operating leases. Such fluctuations were partially offset by decreases in current assets, including cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts and other accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid expenses and other current assets, and finance sales receivable, and increases in current liabilities, including accrued and bank loans payable.

The majority of our capital expenditures are based on demands from our customers, as we are operating in a capital-intensive industry. Our capital expenditures were $4,584 and $1,468 for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The capital expenditures in Fiscal 2023 were mainly in the Singapore, China, Malaysia and Thailand operations, which provide testing services to our customers. We financed our capital expenditures and other operating expense through operating cash flows and long-term debts.

Our credit rating provides us with ready and adequate access to funds in the global market. At June 30, 2023, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Entity with	Type of	Interest	Credit		Unused
Facility	Facility	Rate	Limitation		Credit
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore	Lines of Credit	Cost of Funds Rate +1.25% to +1.3%	$	3,907	$	3,701
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.	Lines of Credit	Cost of Funds Rate +1.25% to +1.3%	$	1,843	$	1,559
Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.	Revolving credit	Cost of Funds Rate +2%	$	319	$	319

As of June 30, 2022, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Entity with	Type of	Interest	Credit		Unused
Facility	Facility	Rate	Limitation		Credit
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore	Lines of Credit	Ranging from 1.85% to 5.5%	$	4,090	$	3,651
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.	Lines of Credit	Ranging from 1.85% to 5.5%	$	1,076	$	586
Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.	Revolving credit	Cost of Funds Rate +2%	$	338	$	338

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not consider the Company to have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expense, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

ITEM 7A – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

18

ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The information called for by this item is included in the Company's consolidated financial statements beginning on page 27 of this Annual Report.

ITEM 9 – CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

An evaluation was carried out by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (the principal executive and principal financial officers, respectively, of the Company) of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of June 30, 2023, the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2023.

Additionally, management has the responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company and thus also assessed the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023. Management used the framework set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control – Integrated Framework” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013 to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purpose in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:

1. Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

2. Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorization of management and directors of the Company; and

3. Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, and use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, the risk.

Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of June 30, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2023, which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B – OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C – DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

19

PART III

The information required by Items 10 through 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K (information regarding our directors and executive officers, executive compensation, security ownership of certain beneficial owners, management, related stockholder matters, and certain relationships and related transactions and principal accountant fees and services) is hereby incorporated by reference from the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of Fiscal 2023.

PART IV

ITEM 15 – EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) (1 and 2)       FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES:

The following financial statements, including notes thereto and the independent auditors' report with respect thereto, are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10‑K, starting on page 34 hereof:

1. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

2. Consolidated Balance Sheets

3. Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

4. Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

5. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

6. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(b) The exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10K are set forth on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding such exhibits and are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 16 – FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable.

20

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

TRIO‑TECH INTERNATIONAL

By: /s/ Srinivasan Anitha

Srinivasan Anitha         

Chief Financial Officer

September 27, 2023

Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated.

By: /s/ S.W.Yong

S. W. Yong, Director

Chairman and Chief

Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

September 27, 2023

By: /s/ Srinivasan Anitha

Srinivasan Anitha          

Chief Financial Officer                            

(Principal Financial Officer)

September 27, 2023

By: /s/ A. Charles Wilson

A. Charles Wilson, Director

September 27, 2023

By: /s/ Jason T. Adelman

Jason T. Adelman, Director

September 27, 2023

By: /s/ Richard M. Horowitz

Richard M. Horowitz, Director

September 27, 2023

By: /s/ Victor Ting Hock Ming

Victor Ting Hock Ming, Director

September 27, 2023

21

EXHIBITS: 7

Number	Description
3.1	Articles of Incorporation, as currently in effect. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for June 30, 1988)
3.2	Bylaws, as currently in effect. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for June 30, 1988)
10.1	Amendment to 2007 Employee Stock Option Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting held December 14, 2010)**
10.2	Amendment to 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting held December 14, 2010)**
10.3	Amendment to 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting held December 9, 2013)**
10.4	2017 Employee Stock Option Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix 1 to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting held December 4, 2017.)**
10.5	2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix 2 to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting held December 4, 2017.)**
10.6	Amendment to 2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on October 1, 2021)**
10.7	Employment Agreement by and between the Registrant and Siew Kuan Soon, dated April 17, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on December 2, 2021).**
10.8	Joint Venture Agreement between Trio-Tech SIP Co., Ltd and Suzhou Anchuang Technology Management LLP dated December 1, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed February 13, 2022)
21.1	Subsidiaries *
23.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm*
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer of Registrant*
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer of Registrant*
32	Section 1350 Certification. *
101.INS	The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.*
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema*
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase*
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase*
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase*
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase*
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)*

* Filed electronically herewith.

** Indicates management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as an exhibit to this report.

22

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of independent registered public accounting firm	F-1
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 and 2022	F-2
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

23

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Trio‑Tech International

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Trio-Tech International and its Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

Mazars LLP

PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS AND CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS

We have served as the company’s auditors since 2009

_/s_/ Mazars LLP

Singapore

September 27, 2023

PCAOB ID Number 2136 

F-1

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

AUDITED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT NUMBER OF SHARES)

	June 30, 2023		June 30, 2022
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	7,583	$	7,698
Short-term deposits		6,627		5,420
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $217 and $243, as of June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, respectively		9,804		11,592
Other receivables		939		998
Inventories, less provision for obsolete inventories of $648 and $674, as of June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, respectively		2,151		2,258
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		694		1,215
Assets held for sale		274		-
Financed sales receivable		16		21
Restricted term deposits		739		-
Total current assets		28,827		29,202
NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
Deferred tax assets		100		169
Investment properties, net		474		585
Property, plant and equipment, net		8,344		8,481
Operating lease right-of-use assets		2,609		3,152
Other assets		116		137
Financed sales receivable		-		17
Restricted term deposits		1,716		1,678
Total non-current assets		13,359		14,219
TOTAL ASSETS	$	42,186	$	43,421
LIABILITIES
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Lines of credit	$	-	$	929
Accounts payable		1,660		2,401
Accrued expenses		5,568		6,004
Income taxes payable		418		787
Current portion of bank loans payable		475		472
Current portion of finance leases		107		118
Current portion of operating leases		1,098		1,218
Total current liabilities		9,326		11,929
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Bank loans payable, net of current portion		877		1,272
Finance leases, net of current portion		42		119
Operating leases, net of current portion		1,511		1,934
Income taxes payable, net of current portion		255		137
Deferred tax liabilities		10		-
Other non-current liabilities		594		28
Total non-current liabilities		3,289		3,490
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	12,615	$	15,419
EQUITY
TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL’S SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Common stock, no par value, 15,000,000 shares authorized; 4,096,680 and 4,071,680 shares issued outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively	$	12,819	$	12,750
Paid-in capital		5,066		4,708
Accumulated retained earnings		10,763		9,219
Accumulated other comprehensive income-translation adjustments		758		1,197
Total Trio-Tech International shareholders’ equity		29,406		27,874
Non-controlling interest		165		128
TOTAL EQUITY	$	29,571	$	28,002
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	42,186	$	43,421

See notes to consolidated financial statements. 

F-2

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

AUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT EARNINGS PER SHARE)

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue
Manufacturing	$	13,827		$	13,526
Testing services		23,130			19,477
Distribution		6,270			11,037
Real estate		23			25
		43,250			44,065
Cost of Sales
Cost of manufactured products sold		10,587			10,147
Cost of testing services rendered		15,658			12,960
Cost of distribution		5,228			9,147
Cost of real estate		72			78
		31,545			32,332
Gross Margin		11,705			11,733
Operating Expenses:
General and administrative		8,403			8,361
Selling		670			643
Research and development		397			375
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment		7			1
Total operating expenses		9,477			9,380
Income from Operations		2,228			2,353
Other Income
Interest expenses		(105	)		(122	)
Other income		106			595
Government Grant		153			228
Total other income		154			701
Income from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes		2,382			3,054
Income Tax Expenses		(622	)		(757	)
Income from Continuing Operations before Non-controlling Interest, Net of Tax		1,760			2,297
Discontinued Operations
(Loss) / Income from discontinued operations, net of tax		(2	)		2
NET INCOME		1,758			2,299
Less: net income / (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest		214			(96	)
Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$	1,544		$	2,395
Amounts Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders:
Income from continuing operations, net of tax		1,545			2,396
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1	)		(1	)
Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$	1,544		$	2,395
Basic Earnings per Share:
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.38		$	0.61
Loss per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	-		$	(0.01	)
Basic Earnings per Share from Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.38		$	0.60
Diluted Earnings per Share:
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.37		$	0.57
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	-		$	-
Diluted Earnings per Share from Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.37		$	0.57
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
Basic		4,082			3,972
Dilutive effect of stock options		83			202
Number of shares used to compute earnings per share diluted		4,165			4,174

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-3

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(IN THOUSANDS)

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders:
Net income	$	1,758		$	2,299
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		(616	)		(1,275	)
Comprehensive Income		1,142			1,024
Less: comprehensive income / (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest		37			(169	)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$	1,105		$	1,193

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

(IN THOUSANDS) 

	Common Stock				Paid-in		Accumulated Retained		Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Non- controlling
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Earnings		Income			Interest			Total
				$		$		$		$			$			$
Balance at June 30, 2021		3,913		12,178		4,233		6,824		2,399			419			26,053
Stock option expenses		-		-		475		-		-			-			475
Net income		-		-		-		2,395		-			(96	)		2,299
Dividend declared by subsidiary		-		-		-		-		-			(122	)		(122	)
Exercise of stock option		159		572		-		-		-			-			572
Translation adjustment		-		-		-		-		(1,202	)		(73	)		(1,275	)
Balance at June 30, 2022		4,072		12,750		4,708		9,219		1,197			128			28,002
Stock option expenses		-		-		358		-		-			-			358
Net income		-		-		-		1,544		-			214			1,758
Exercise of stock option		25		69		-		-		-			-			69
Translation adjustment		-		-		-		-		(439	)		(177	)		(616	)
Balance at June 30, 2023		4,097		12,819		5,066		10,763		758			165			29,571

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (IN THOUSANDS)

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Net income	$	1,758		$	2,299
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flow provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization		5,088			3,075
Stock compensation		358			475
Addition of provision for obsolete inventories		61			-
Reversal of obsolete inventories		(40	)		4
Payment of interest portion of finance lease		(10	)		(21	)
Bad debt recovery, net of allowance charged		(11	)		(58	)
(Accrued interest income), net accrued interest expense		(12	)		78
Reversal of income tax provision		93			(7	)
Assurance warranty recovery, net		5			-
Deferred tax (benefit) / expenses		106			40
Loss on sale of property, plant and equipment		7			76
Repayment of operating lease		(1,300	)		(1,151	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisition effects
Trade accounts receivable		1,812			(3,246	)
Other receivables		59			(336	)
Other assets		(10	)		118
Inventories		230			(252	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		511			(826	)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(811	)		1,532
Income taxes payable		(350	)		323
Other non-current liabilities		566			-
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities	$	8,110		$	2,123
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Withdrawal from unrestricted term deposits		5,140			3,103
Investment in unrestricted term deposits		(6,794	)		(2,079	)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment		78			-
Additions to property, plant and equipment		(4,498	)		(1,468	)
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities		(6,074	)		(444	)
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Payment on lines of credit		(1,502	)		(1,543	)
Payment of bank loans		(480	)		(451	)
Payment of principal portion of finance leases		(120	)		(193	)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest		-			(125	)
Proceeds from exercising stock options		69			572
Proceeds from lines of credit		580			2,403
Proceeds from bank loans		210			248
Net Cash (Used in) / Provided by Financing Activities		(1,243	)		911
Effect of Changes in Exchange Rate		(130	)		(791	)
Net Increase in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash		662			1,799
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Period		9,376			7,577
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Period	$	10,038		$	9,376
Supplementary Information of Cash Flows
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	104		$	121
Income taxes	$	558		$	403
Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
Cash		7,583			7,698
Restricted Term-Deposits in Current Assets		739			-
Restricted Term-Deposits in Non-Current Assets		1,716			1,678
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash Shown in Statements of Cash Flows	$	10,038		$	9,376

Restricted deposits represent the amount of cash pledged to secure loans payable or trade financing granted by financial institutions, serve as collateral for public utility agreements such as electricity and water, and performance bonds related to customs duty payable. Restricted deposits are classified as current and non-current depending on whether they relate to long-term or short-term obligations. Restricted deposits of $739 as at June 30, 2023 are classified as current assets as they relates to short-term trade financing. On the other hand, restricted deposits of $1,716 as at June 30, 2023 are classified as non-current assets as they relate to long-term obligations and will become unrestricted only upon discharge of the obligations.

F-6

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 2023 AND 2022

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT EARNINGS PER SHARE)         

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation - Trio-Tech International (the “Company” or “TTI” hereafter) was incorporated in fiscal 1958 under the laws of the State of California. TTI provides third-party semiconductor testing and burn-in services primarily through its laboratories in Southeast Asia. In addition, TTI operates manufacturing and testing facilities in the United States. The Company also designs, develops, manufactures and markets a broad range of equipment and systems used in the manufacturing and testing of semiconductor devices and electronic components. During the year ended June 30, 2023, TTI conducted business in four business segments: Manufacturing, Testing Services, Distribution and Real Estate. TTI has subsidiaries in the U.S., Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Ireland and China, as follows:

	Ownership	Location
Express Test Corporation (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
Trio-Tech Reliability Services (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
KTS Incorporated, dba Universal Systems (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
European Electronic Test Centre (Dormant)	100%	Dublin, Ireland
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.	100%	Singapore
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.*	100%	Singapore
Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)	55%	Penang and Selangor, Malaysia
Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd.	55%	Selangor, Malaysia
(100% owned by Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.)
Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.	76%	Selangor, Malaysia
(76% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)
Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd. *	100%	Suzhou, China
Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Chongqing, China
SHI International Pte. Ltd. (Dormant) (55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd)	55%	Singapore
PT SHI Indonesia (Dormant) (95% owned by SHI International Pte. Ltd.)	52%	Batam, Indonesia
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. *	100%	Tianjin, China
Trio-Tech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd. (51% owned by Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd.)	51%	Suzhou, China

* 100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP’’). The basis of accounting differs from that used in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries and equity investee companies, which are prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in their respective countries of incorporation. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements have reflected all costs incurred by the Company and its subsidiaries in operating the business.

All dollar amounts in the consolidated financial statements and in the notes herein are presented in thousands of United States dollars (US$’000) unless otherwise designated.

Liquidity — The Company earned net income attributable to common shareholders of $1,544 during the year ended June 30, 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”) and net income attributable to common shareholders of $2,395 during the year ended June 30, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”), respectively.

The Company’s core businesses, testing services, manufacturing and distribution, operate in a volatile industry, where average selling prices and product costs are influenced by competitive factors. These factors create pressures on sales, costs, earnings and cash flows, which can impact liquidity.  

F- 7

 

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions — The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the U.S. parent company. The Singapore dollar (“SGD”), the national currency of Singapore, is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the operations in Singapore are conducted. The Company also has business entities in Malaysia, Thailand, China and Indonesia of which the Malaysian ringgit (“RM”), Thai baht, Chinese renminbi (“RMB”) and Indonesian rupiah, are the national currencies. The Company uses the U.S. dollar for financial reporting purposes.

The Company translates assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries outside the U.S. into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the fiscal year end, and the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss is translated at average rates during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the subsidiaries’ financial statements from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars are recorded in shareholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive gain - translation adjustments. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies of the Company’s subsidiaries are reflected in income for the reporting period.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Among the more significant estimates included in these consolidated financial statements are the estimated allowance for doubtful account receivables, reserve for obsolete inventory, reserve for warranty, impairments and the deferred income tax asset allowance. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition — The Company follows ASU No. 2014-09, ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”). This standard update outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers.

We apply a five-step approach as defined in ASC Topic 606 in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contracts; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the corresponding performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue derived from Testing is recognized when testing services are rendered. Revenue generated from sale of products in the Manufacturing and Distribution segments are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the products has occurred, customer acceptance has been obtained (which means the control has been transferred to the customer), the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Certain customers can request for installation and training services to be performed for certain products sold in the Manufacturing segment. These services are mainly for helping customers with the test runs of the machines sold and are considered a separate performance obligation. Such services can be provided by other entities as well and these do not significantly modify the product. The Company recognizes the revenue at a point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation.

In the Real Estate segment: (1) revenue from property development is earned and recognized on the earlier of the dates when the underlying property is sold or upon the maturity of the agreement; if this amount is uncollectible, the agreement empowers the repossession of the property, and (2) rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. This means that, with respect to a particular lease, actual amounts billed in accordance with the lease during any given period may be higher or lower than the amount of rental revenue recognized for the period. Straight-line rental revenue is commenced when the tenant assumes possession of the leased premises. Accrued straight-line rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

GST / Indirect Taxes — The Company’s policy is to present taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis. The Company records the amounts collected as a current liability and relieves such liability upon remittance to the taxing authority without impacting revenue or expense.

Trade Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts — During the normal course of business, the Company extends unsecured credit to its customers in all segments. Typically, credit terms require payment to be made between 30 to 90 days from the date of the sale. The Company generally does not require collateral from our customers.

The Company’s management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer creditworthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. The Company includes any account balances that are determined to be uncollectible, along with a general reserve, in the overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to management, the Company believed that its allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate as of June 30, 2023 and 2022.

F- 8

 

Assurance Warranty Costs — The Company provides for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its warranty program at the time the sale is recorded in its Manufacturing segment. The Company estimates warranty costs based on the historical rates of warranty returns. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

Cash and Cash Equivalents — The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Term Deposits — Term deposits consist of bank balances and interest-bearing deposits with maturities less than three months..

Restricted Term Deposits — The Company held certain term deposits in Singapore and Malaysia operations which were considered restricted, as they were held as security against certain facilities granted by the financial institutions.

Inventories — Inventories in the Company’s Manufacturing and Distribution segments, consisting principally of raw materials, works in progress, and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid technological change, short-term customer commitments and rapid fluctuations in demand. Provisions for estimated excess and obsolete inventory are based on our regular reviews of inventory quantities on hand and the latest forecasts of product demand and production requirements from our customers. Inventories are written down for not-saleable, excess or obsolete raw materials, works-in-process and finished goods by charging such write-downs to cost of sales. In addition to write-downs based on newly introduced parts, statistics and judgments are used for assessing provisions of the remaining inventory based on salability and obsolescence.

Property, Plant and Equipment and Investment Properties — Property, plant and equipment and investment properties are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided for over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided for over the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter, using the straight-line method.

Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred. Additions and improvements to the assets are capitalized. When assets are disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation thereon are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Long-Lived Assets and Impairment – The Company’s business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly underutilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand.

The Company evaluates the long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and investment property, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, significant negative industry or economic trends, and a significant decline in the stock price for a sustained period of time. Impairment is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analysis, if there is significant adverse change.

The Company applies the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets (“ASC Topic 360”), to property, plant and equipment. ASC Topic 360 requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. Whenever any such impairment exists, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

Leases – The Company applies the guidance in ASC Topic 842 to its individual leases of assets. When the Company receives substantially all the economic benefits from and directs the use of specified property, plant and equipment, the transactions give rise to leases. The Company’s classes of assets include real estate leases. The Company determine if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at the inception of the arrangement and evaluate whether the lease is an operating lease or a finance lease at the commencement date.

When discount rates implicit in leases cannot be readily determined, the Company uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to perform lease classification tests on lease components and to measure lease liabilities and ROU assets. The incremental borrowing rate used by the Company was based on baseline rates and adjusted by the credit spreads commensurate with the Company’s secured borrowing rate over a similar term. At each reporting period when there is a new lease initiated, the rates established for that quarter will be used.

All of the leases under which the Company is the lessor will continue to be classified as operating leases and sales-type lease under the new standard. The new standard did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements and will not have a significant change in our leasing activities.

F- 9

 

Comprehensive Income or Loss — ASC Topic 220, Reporting Comprehensive Income, (“ASC Topic 220”), establishes standards for reporting and presentation of comprehensive income or loss and its components in a full set of general-purpose consolidated financial statements. The Company has chosen to report comprehensive income or loss in the statements of operations. Comprehensive income or loss is comprised of net income or loss and all changes to shareholders’ equity except those due to investments by owners and distributions to owners.

Income Taxes — The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”). ASC Topic 740 requires an entity to recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequence attributable to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Further, the effects of enacted tax laws or rate changes are included as part of deferred tax expense or benefits in the period that covers the enactment date.

The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. The Company recognizes potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Retained Earnings — It is the intention of the Company to re-invest earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in the operations of those subsidiaries. These taxes are undeterminable as of the date of this Annual Report. The amount of earnings retained in subsidiaries was $21,001 and $18,755 as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Research and Development Costs — The Company incurred research and development costs of $397 and $375 during Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively, which were charged to operating expense as incurred.

Stock-based compensation — The Company calculates compensation expense related to stock option awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. The Company determines the grant date fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and for awards without performance condition the related stock-based compensation is recognized over the period in which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for the stock-based award, which is generally four years. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity based on awards ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates.

Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires significant judgment. The determination of the grant date fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by our estimated common stock fair value as well as other subjective assumptions including the expected term of the awards, the expected volatility over the expected term of the awards, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates and are as follows:

• Fair Value of Common Stock. We determined the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.

• Expected Term. The expected term of employee stock options reflects the period for which we believe the option will remain outstanding based on historical experience and future expectations.

• Expected Volatility. We base expected volatility on our historical information over a similar expected term.

Earnings per Share — Computation of basic earnings per share is conducted by dividing net income available to common shares (numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during a reporting period. Computation of diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a reporting period. In computing diluted earnings per share, the average market price of common shares for a reporting period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments — Carrying values of trade account receivables, accounts payable, accrued expense, and term deposits approximate their fair value due to their short-term maturities. Carrying values of the Company’s lines of credit and long-term debt are considered to approximate their fair value because the interest rates associated with the lines of credit and long-term debt are adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company tries to borrow funds with similar terms and remaining maturities. See Note 16 for detailed discussion of the fair value measurement of financial instruments.

F- 10

 

ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The financial assets and financial liabilities that require recognition under the guidance include available-for-sale investments, employee deferred compensation plan and foreign currency derivatives. The guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available under the circumstances. As such, fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:

● Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we can access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Financial assets utilizing Level 1 inputs include U.S. treasuries, most money market funds, marketable equity securities and our employee deferred compensation plan;

● Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, directly or indirectly. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include foreign currency forward exchange contracts, most commercial paper and corporate notes and bonds; and

● Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

Concentration of Credit Risk — Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk compose trade account receivables. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers for potential credit losses. The Company generally does not require collateral. The Company believes that its credit policies do not result in significant adverse risk and historically it has not experienced significant credit related losses.

Investments — The Company (a) evaluates the sufficiency of the total equity at risk, (b) reviews the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group, and whether there are any guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group, and (c) establishes whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this VIE determination. The Company would consolidate an investment that is determined to be a VIE if it was the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined by a primarily qualitative approach, whereby the variable interest holder, if any, has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary. A standard became effective and changed the method by which the primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined. Through a primarily qualitative approach, the variable interest holder who has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities is determined to be the primary beneficiary. To the extent that the investment does not qualify as VIE, the Company further assesses the existence of a controlling financial interest under a voting interest model to determine whether the investment should be consolidated.

Equity Method — The Company analyzes its investments to determine if they should be accounted for using the equity method. Management evaluates both Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock to determine whether they give the Company the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investment even though the Company holds less than 50% of the Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock. The net income of the investment, if any, will be reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Cost Method — Investee companies not accounted for under the consolidation or the equity method of accounting are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of such Investee companies is not included in the consolidated balance sheet or statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. However, impairment charges are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. If circumstances suggest that the value of the investee Company has subsequently recovered, such recovery is not recorded.

Loan Receivables from Property Development Projects — The loan receivables from property development projects are classified as current assets, carried at face value, and are individually evaluated for impairment. The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses determined principally on the basis of historical experience and specific allowances for known loan accounts. All loans or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible or to require an excessive collection cost are written off to the allowance for losses.

Interest income on the loan receivables from property development projects are recognized on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. The amortization of discounts into income is discontinued on loans that are contractually 90 days past due or when collection of interest appears doubtful.

F- 11

 

Contingent Liabilities — Certain conditions may exist as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company’s management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company’s legal counsel evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims, as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable, but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed.

2.  NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In March 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-02 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR") and Vintage Disclosures, which require that an entity disclose current-period gross write offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04 ASC Topic 848: Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The amendments are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (“ASC Topic 326”) for the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. ASC Topic 326 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Other new pronouncements issued but not yet effective until after June 30, 2023 are not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

3.  TERM DEPOSITS

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Short-term deposits	$	6,901		$	5,619
Currency translation effect on short-term deposits		(274	)		(199	)
Total short-term deposits		6,627			5,420
Restricted term deposits - Current		755			-
Currency translation effect on restricted term deposits		(16	)		-
Total restricted term deposits - Current		739			-
Restricted term deposits - Non-Current		1,763			1,746
Currency translation effect on restricted term deposits		(47	)		(68	)
Total restricted term deposits - Non-Current		1,716			1,678
Total term deposits	$	9,082		$	7,098

F- 12

 

Restricted deposits represent the amount of cash pledged to secure loans payable or trade financing granted by financial institutions and serve as collateral for public utility agreements such as electricity and water, and performance bonds related to customs duty payable. Restricted deposits are classified as current and non-current depending on whether they relate to long-term or short-term obligations. As at year ended June 30, 2023, restricted deposits of $739 are classified as current assets as they relates to short-term trade financing. Restricted deposits of $1,716 are classified as non-current assets as they relate to long-term obligations and will become unrestricted only upon discharge of the obligations. Short-term deposits represent bank deposits, which do not qualify as cash equivalents.

4.  TRADE ACCOUNT RECEIVABLES AND ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS

Account receivables are customer obligations due under normal trade terms. The Company performs continuing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial conditions, and although management generally does not require collateral, letters of credit may be required from its customers in certain circumstances.

Senior management reviews trade account receivables on a periodic basis to determine if any receivables will potentially be uncollectible. Management includes any trade account receivables balances that are determined to be uncollectible in the allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to us, management believed the allowance for doubtful accounts as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 was adequate.  

The following table represents the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	243		$	311
Additions charged to expenses		9			48
Recovered		(20	)		(106	)
Currency translation effect		(15	)		(10	)
Ending	$	217		$	243

5.  LOANS RECEIVABLE FROM PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

The following table presents Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd (“TTCQ”)’s loan receivable from property development projects in China as of June 30, 2023.

	Loan Expiry	Loan Amount			Loan Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Short-term loan receivables
JiangHuai (Project – Yu Jin Jiang An)	May 31, 2013		2,000			276
Less: allowance for doubtful receivables			(2,000	)		(276	)
Net loan receivables from property development projects			-			-
Long-term loan receivables
Jun Zhou Zhi Ye	Oct 31, 2016		5,000			689
Less: transfer – down-payment for purchase of investment property			(5,000	)		(689	)
Net loan receivables from property development projects			-			-

The short-term loan receivables of renminbi (“RMB”) 2,000, or approximately $276, arose due to TTCQ entering into a Memorandum Agreement with JiangHuai Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiangHuai”) to invest in their property development projects located in Chongqing City, China (“Project - Yu Jin Jiang An”) during the year ended June 30, 2011. TTCQ did not generate other income from JiangHuai during Fiscal 2023 or Fiscal 2022. TTCQ is in the legal process of recovering the outstanding amount of $276.

The long-term loan receivable of RMB 5,000, or approximately $689, arose from TTCQ entering into a Memorandum Agreement with JiaSheng Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiaSheng”) to invest in JiaSheng’s property development projects (“Project B-48 Phase 2”) located in Chongqing City, China during the year ended June 30, 2011. The loan receivable was secured and repayable at the end of the term. During the year ended June 30, 2015, the loan receivable was transferred to a down payment for purchase of investment property that is being developed in the Singapore Themed Resort Project (See Note 10).

F- 13

     

6.  INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Raw materials	$	1,389		$	1,764
Work in progress		1,132			683
Finished goods		178			238
Less: provision for obsolete inventories		(648	)		(674	)
Currency translation effect		100			247
	$	2,151		$	2,258

The following table represents the changes in provision for obsolete inventories:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	674		$	679
Additions charged to expenses		61			17
Usage – disposition		(40	)		(34	)
Currency translation effect		(47	)		12
Ending	$	648		$	674

7.  ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the China operations had two equipment that were held for sale which had a net book value of RMB 1,985, or approximately $274, to assets held for sale. As of August 2023, a purchaser had submitted deposits, and the finalization of the transaction is currently in progress.

8.  INVESTMENT PROPERTIES

The following table presents the Company’s investment in properties in China as of June 30, 2023. The exchange rate is based on the market rate as of June 30, 2023.

	Investment Date / Reclassification	Investment Amount			Investment Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	Jan 04, 2008		5,554			894
Currency translation			-			(87	)
Reclassification as “Assets held for sale”	July 01, 2018		(5,554	)		(807	)
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”	Mar 31, 2019		2,024			301
			2,024			301
Purchase of rental property – Property II - JiangHuai	Jan 06, 2010		3,600			580
Purchase of rental property – Property III - FuLi	Apr 08, 2010		4,025			648
Currency translation			-			(199	)
Gross investment in rental property			9,649			1,330
Accumulated depreciation on rental property	Jun 30, 2023		(7,884	)		(1,123	)
Reclassified as “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	July 01, 2018		2,822			410
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	Mar 31, 2019		(1,029	)		(143	)
			(6,091	)		(856	)
Net investment in property – China			3,558			474

F- 14

 

The following table presents the Company’s investment in properties in China as of June 30, 2022. The exchange rate is based on the market rate as of June 30, 2022.

	Investment Date / Reclassification	Investment Amount			Investment Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	Jan 04, 2008		5,554			894
Currency translation			-			(87	)
Reclassification as “Assets held for sale”	July 01, 2018		(5,554	)		(807	)
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”	Mar 31, 2019		2,024			301
			2,024			301
Purchase of rental property – Property II - JiangHuai	Jan 06, 2010		3,600			580
Purchase of rental property – Property III - FuLi	Apr 08, 2010		4,025			648
Currency translation			-			(89	)
Gross investment in rental property			9,649			1,440
Accumulated depreciation on rental property	Jun 30, 2022		(7,523	)		(1,122	)
Reclassified as “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	July 01, 2018		2,822			410
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	Mar 31, 2019		(1,029	)		(143	)
			(5,730	)		(855	)
Net investment in property – China			3,919			585

Rental Property I - MaoYe Property         

During the year ended June 30, 2008, TTCQ purchased an office in Chongqing, China from MaoYe Property Ltd. (“MaoYe”) for a total cash purchase price of RMB 5,554, or approximately $894. During the year ended June 30, 2019, the Company sold thirteen of the fifteen units constituting the MaoYe Property. Management has decided not to sell the remaining two units of MaoYe properties in the near future, due to current conditions of the property market in China. A new lease agreement was entered into on February 1, 2023 for a period of 4 years at a monthly rate of RMB14, or approximately $2, after termination of the previous agreement. Pursuant to the agreement, monthly rental will increase by 5% each year.

Property purchased from MaoYe generated a rental income of $14 and $4 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Depreciation expense for MaoYe was $15 and $16 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Rental Property II - JiangHuai

During the year ended June 30, 2010, TTCQ purchased 8 units of commercial property in Chongqing, China from Chongqing JiangHuai Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. (“JiangHuai”) for a total purchase price of RMB 3,600, or approximately $580. As of June 30, 2023, TTCQ had not received the title deed for properties purchased from JiangHuai. While the above is not expected to affect the property’s market value, the COVID-19 pandemic and current economic situation are likely to cause delays in court to consummate the execution of the sale.

Property purchased from JiangHuai did not generate any rental income for Fiscal 2023 and 2022.         

Depreciation expense for JiangHuai was $26 and $28 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Rental Property III – FuLi

In Fiscal 2010, TTCQ entered into a Memorandum Agreement with Chongqing FuLi Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. (“FuLi”) to purchase two commercial properties totalling 311.99 square meters (“Office Space”) located in Jiang Bei District Chongqing. The total purchase price committed and paid was RMB 4,025, or approximately $648. The development was completed, the property was transferred to TTCQ in April 2013 and the title deed was received during the third quarter of Fiscal 2014.

In August 2022, TTCQ signed a tenancy agreement for one of the two commercial properties for a period of 1 year at a monthly rate of RMB6, or approximately $1. TTCQ is actively searching for tenants to occupy the other commercial property, which is vacant as of the date of this Report.

Properties purchased from FuLi generated a rental income of $10 and $21 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Depreciation expense for FuLi was $30 and $31 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Summary

Total rental income for all investment properties in China was $24 and $25 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Depreciation expense for all investment properties in China was $71 and $75 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

F- 15

     

9.  PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

	Estimated Useful		For the Year Ended June 30,
	Life in Years		2023			2022
Building and improvements		3-20	$	5,243		$	5,190
Leasehold improvements		3-27		9,623			6,545
Machinery and equipment		3-7		28,001			27,172
Furniture and fixtures		3-5		1,308			1,234
Equipment under finance leases		3-5		1,525			1,413
Property, plant and equipment, gross			$	45,700		$	41,554
Less: accumulated depreciation				(33,110	)		(30,116	)
Accumulated amortization on equipment under finance leases				(1,402	)		(1,330	)
Total accumulated depreciation			$	(34,512	)	$	(31,446	)
Property, plant and equipment before currency translation effect, net			$	11,188		$	10,108
Currency translation effect				(2,844	)		(1,627	)
Property, plant and equipment, net			$	8,344		$	8,481

Depreciation and amortization expense for property, plant and equipment during Fiscal 2023 and 2022 was $3,727 and $2,126, respectively.

10.  OTHER ASSETS

Other assets consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Deposits for rental and utilities and others		117			142
Currency translation effect		(1	)		(5	)
Total	$	116		$	137

*Down payment for purchase of investment properties included:

	2023
	RMB			U.S. Dollars
Original Investment (10% of Junzhou equity)	$	10,000		$	1,606
Less: Management Fee		(5,000	)		(803	)
Net Investment		5,000			803
Less: Share of Loss on Joint Venture		(137	)		(22	)
Net Investment as Down Payment (Note *a)		4,863			781
Loans Receivable		5,000			689
Interest Receivable		1,250			172
Less: Impairment of Interest		(906	)		(125	)
Transferred to Down Payment (Note *b)		5,344			736
* Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties		10,207			1,407
Add: Effect of foreign currency exchange		-			133
Less: Provision of Impairment loss on other assets		(10,207	)		(1,580	)
* Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties	$	-		$	-

a) In Fiscal 2011, the Company signed a Joint Venture agreement (the “Agreement”) with Jia Sheng Property Development Co. Ltd. (the “Developer”) to form a new company, Junzhou Co. Limited (“Joint Venture” or “Junzhou”), to jointly develop the “Singapore Themed Park” project (the “Project”). The Company paid RMB10,000 for the 10% investment in the Joint Venture. The Developer paid the Company a management fee of RMB 5,000 in cash upon signing of the Agreement, with a remaining fee of RMB 5,000 payable upon fulfilment of certain conditions in accordance with the Agreement. The Company further reduced its investment by RMB 137, or approximately $22, through the losses from operations incurred by the Joint Venture.

F- 16

 

In Fiscal 2014, the Company disposed of its entire 10% interest in the Joint Venture but, to date, has not received payment in full therefor. The Company recognized a disposal based on the recorded net book value of RMB 5 million, or equivalent to $803K, from net considerations paid, in accordance with GAAP under ASC Topic 845 Non-monetary Consideration. It is presented under “Other Assets” as non-current assets to defer the recognition of the gain on the disposal of the 10% interest in the Joint Venture investment until such time that the consideration is paid, so the gain can be ascertained.

b) Amounts of RMB 5,000, or approximately $689, as disclosed in Note 5, plus the interest receivable on long-term loan receivable of RMB 1,250, or approximately $172, and impairment on interest of RMB 906, or approximately $125.

The shop lots are to be delivered to TTCQ upon completion of the construction of the shop lots in Singapore Themed Resort Project. The initial targeted date of completion was in Fiscal 2017. However, the progress has been delayed as the developer is currently undergoing asset reorganization process, to re-negotiate with their creditors to complete the project.

During the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company accrued an impairment charge of $1,580 related to the doubtful recovery of the down payment on property in the Singapore Theme Resort Project in Chongging, China. The Company elected to take this non-cash impairment charge due to increased uncertainties regarding the project’s viability, given the developers weakening financial condition as well as uncertainties arising from the negative real-estate environment in China, implementation of control measures on real-estate lending in China and its relevant government policies, together with effects of the ongoing pandemic. The local court is verifying the documents due to the sizable number of creditors as of June 30, 2023.

11.  LINES OF CREDIT

The carrying value of the Company’s lines of credit approximates its fair value, because the interest rates associated with the lines of credit are adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company borrowed funds with similar terms and remaining maturities.

The Company’s credit rating provides it with readily and adequate access to funds in global markets.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Entity with	Type of	Interest	Credit		Unused
Facility	Facility	Rate	Limitation		Credit
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore	Lines of Credit	Cost of Funds Rate +1.25% to +1.3%	$	3,907	$	3,701
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.	Lines of Credit	Cost of Funds Rate +1.25% to +1.3%	$	1,843	$	1,559
Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.	Revolving credit	Cost of Funds Rate +2%	$	319	$	319

As of June 30, 2022, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Entity with	Type of	Interest	Credit		Unused
Facility	Facility	Rate	Limitation		Credit
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore	Lines of Credit	Ranging from 1.85% to 5.5%	$	4,090	$	3,651
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.	Lines of Credit	Ranging from 1.85% to 5.5%	$	1,076	$	586
Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.	Revolving credit	Cost of Funds Rate +2%	$	338	$	338

F- 17

      

12.  ACCRUED EXPENSE

Accrued expense consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Payroll and related costs	$	1,880		$	2,158
Commissions		158			116
Legal and audit		280			320
Sales tax		140			531
Utilities		236			273
Warranty		24			16
Accrued purchase of materials and property, plant and equipment		1,214			905
Provision for reinstatement		380			308
Contract liabilities		1,275			988
Other accrued expense		50			581
Currency translation effect		(69	)		(192	)
Total	$	5,568		$	6,004

13.  ASSURANCE WARRANTY ACCRUAL

The Company provides for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its warranty program at the time the sale is recorded. The warranty period for products manufactured by the Company is generally one year or the warranty period agreed upon with the customer. The Company estimates the warranty costs based on the historical rates of warranty returns. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	16		$	14
Additions charged to cost and expense		32			7
(Utilization)/ Recovery		(25	)		(4	)
Currency translation effect		1			(1	)
Ending	$	24		$	16

14.  BANK LOANS PAYABLE

Bank loans payable consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Note payable denominated in the Malaysian Ringgit for expansion plans in Malaysia, maturing in August 2028, bearing interest at the bank’s prime rate less 2% (4.6% and 3.791% at June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022) per annum, respectively, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through August 2028, collateralized by the acquired building with a carrying value of $2,208 and $2,372 as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively.	$	957		$	1,392
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.2% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through July 2025.		84			128
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.0% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through December 2026.		169			224
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.0% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through August 2027.		142			-
Total bank loans payable	$	1,352		$	1,744
Current portion of bank loans payable		503			503
Currency translation effect on current portion of bank loans		(28	)		(31	)
Current portion of bank loans payable		475			472
Long-term portion of bank loans payable		933			1,357
Currency translation effect on long-term portion of bank loans		(56	)		(85	)
Long-term portion of bank loans payable	$	877			1,272

F- 18

 

Future minimum payments (excluding interest) as of June 30, 2023, were as follows:

2024	$	475
2025		262
2026		231
2027		212
Thereafter		172
Total obligations and commitments	$	1,352

Future minimum payments (excluding interest) as of June 30, 2022, were as follows:

2023	$	472
2024		481
2025		246
2026		214
2027		190
Thereafter		141
Total obligations and commitments	$	1,744

15.  COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Deposits with banks are not insured by the local government or agency and are consequently exposed to risk of loss. The Company believes that the probability of bank failure, causing loss to the Company, is remote.

The Company is, from time to time, the subject of litigation claims and assessments arising out of matters occurring in its normal business operations. In the opinion of management, resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

16.  FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

In accordance with ASC Topic 825 and 820, the following presents assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value and classified by level of fair value measurement hierarchy:

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the year ended June 30, 2023, or for the same period in the prior year.

Term deposits (Level 2) – The carrying amount approximates fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

Restricted term deposits (Level 2) – The carrying amount approximates fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

Lines of credit (Level 3) – The carrying value of the lines of credit approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the obligations.

Bank loans payable (Level 3) – The carrying value of the Company’s bank loans payable approximates its fair value as the interest rates associated with long-term debt is adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company borrowed funds with similar terms and remaining maturities.

17.  CONCENTRATION OF CUSTOMERS

During the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 3 major customers that accounted for the following revenue and trade account receivables:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue
- Customer A		33.5	%		40.3	%
- Customer B		14.7	%		5.5	%
- Customer C		11.2	%		19.4	%
Trade Account Receivables
- Customer A		31.2	%		36.0	%
- Customer B		24.0	%		8.8	%
- Customer C		15.9	%		24.2	%

F- 19

      

18.  BUSINESS SEGMENTS

In Fiscal 2023, the Company operated in four segments; the testing service industry (which performs structural and electronic tests of semiconductor devices), the designing and manufacturing of equipment (assembly of equipment that tests the structural integrity of integrated circuits and other products), distribution of various products from other manufacturers in Singapore and Asia and the real estate segment in China.

The cost of equipment, current year investment in new equipment and depreciation expense are allocated into respective segments based on the primary purpose for which the equipment was acquired.

All intersegment sales were sales from the Manufacturing segment to the Testing and Distribution segment. Total intersegment sales were $517 in the year ended June 30, 2023 and $439 in the year ended June 30, 2022. Corporate assets consisted primarily of cash and prepaid expense. Corporate expense consisted primarily of stock option expense, salaries, insurance, professional expenses and directors' fees. Corporate expenses are allocated to the four segments on a predetermined fixed amount calculated based on the annual budgeted sales, except the Malaysia and China operations, which is calculated based on actual sales. The following segment information table includes segment operating income or loss after including corporate expenses allocated to the segments, which gets eliminated in the consolidation.

F- 20

 

				Operating
	Year Ended			Income /			Total		Depr. And		Capital
	Jun. 30,	Revenue		(Loss)			Assets		Amort.		Expenditures
Manufacturing	2023	$	13,827	$	(58	)	$	13,864	$	481	$	143
	2022	$	13,526	$	275		$	14,652	$	417	$	116
Testing Services	2023		23,130		1,648			24,559		4,532		4,329
	2022		19,477		1,313			25,148		2,577		1,351
Distribution	2023		6,270		816			1,275		-		-
	2022		11,037		1,525			1,740		-		-
Real Estate	2023		23		(98	)		1,988		75		-
	2022		25		(119	)		1,608		81		1
Corporate & Unallocated	2023		-		(80	)		500		-		26
	2022		-		(641	)		273		-		-
Total Company	2023	$	43,250	$	2,228		$	42,186	$	5,088	$	4,498
	2022	$	44,065	$	2,353		$	43,421	$	3,075	$	1,468

19.  OTHER INCOME

Other income consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Interest income	$	174		$	69
Other rental income		115			116
Exchange (loss) / gain		(269	)		129
Commission income		-			189
Dividend income		-			10
Other miscellaneous income		86			82
Total	$	106		$	595

20.  GOVERNMENT GRANTS

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Government grants	$	153	$	228

During Fiscal 2023, the Company received government grants amounting to $153, $107 of which was financial assistance received from the Singapore government.

During Fiscal 2022, the Company received government grants amounting to $228, $146 of which was financial assistance received from the Singapore and Malaysia governments amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

21.  INCOME TAXES

(Loss) / Income before provision for income taxes consists of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
United States		550		(1,156	)
International		1,832		4,210
Total	$	2,382	$	3,054

F- 21

 

The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Current:
Federal	$	104	$	72
State		2		2
Foreign		410		643
	$	516	$	717
Deferred:
Federal	$	-	$	-
State		-		-
Foreign		106		40
		106		40
Total	$	622	$	757

A reconciliation of income tax benefit compared to the amount of income tax expense that would result by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income is as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Statutory federal tax rate		21.00	%		21.00	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit		(1.19	)		(2.0	)
Permanent items and credits		16.08			2.44
Foreign rate differential		(0.44	)		(18.50	)
Other		(0.09	)		-
Changes in valuation allowance		(9.43	)		21.88
Effective rate		26.141	%		24.82	%

The provision for income taxes has been determined based upon the tax laws and rates in the countries in which we operate. The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes and income tax assets and liabilities, including evaluating uncertainties in the application of accounting principles and complex tax laws.

Due to the enactment of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Company is subject to a tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”). GILTI is a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. Companies subject to GILTI have the option to account for the GILTI tax as a period cost if and when incurred, or to recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences including outside basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI. The Company has elected to account for GILTI as a period cost, and therefore has included GILTI expense in its effective tax rate calculation for the year ended June 30, 2023.

The Company accrues penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits when necessary as a component of penalties and interest expenses, respectively. The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits or related accrued penalties or interest expenses at June 30, 2023.

In assessing the ability to realize the deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on these criteria, management believes it is more likely than not the Company will not realize the benefits of the federal, state, and foreign deductible differences. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been established against deferred tax assets recorded in the US and various foreign jurisdictions.

F- 22

 

Temporary differences that give rise to a significant portion of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses and credits	$	704		$	789
Inventory valuation		68			125
Right-of-use assets		61
Provision for bad debts		-			223
Accrued vacation		11			8
Accrued expense		172			265
Fixed asset basis		9			4
Investment		71			77
General business credit		22			-
Other		-			(106	)
Total deferred tax assets	$	1,118		$	1,385
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation	$	(342	)	$	(371	)
		(61	)
Other		(8	)		(3	)
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	(411	)	$	(374	)
Subtotal		707			1,011
Valuation allowance		(617	)		(842	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	90		$	169
Presented as follows in the balance sheets:
Deferred tax assets	$	100		$	169
Deferred tax liabilities		(10	)		-
Net deferred tax assets	$	90		$	169

The valuation allowance decreased by $225 and increased by $220 in Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

At June 30, 2023, the Company had no federal net operating loss carry-forward and state net operating loss carry-forward of $1,940, which expire through 2033. These carryovers may be subject to limitations under I.R.C. Section 382. Management of the Company is uncertain whether it is more likely than not that these future benefits will be realized. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance was established.

Generally, U.S. federal, state, and foreign authorities may examine the Company’s tax returns for three years, four years, and five years, respectively, from the date an income tax return is filed. However, the taxing authorities may continue to adjust the Company’s net operating loss carry-forwards until the statute of limitations closes on the tax years in which the net operating losses are utilized.

22.  REVENUE

The Company generates revenue primarily from 3 different segments: Manufacturing, Testing and Distribution. The Company accounts for a contract with a customer when there is approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. The Company’s revenues are measured based on consideration stipulated in the arrangement with each customer, net of any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties, such as sales taxes. The revenues are recognized as separate performance obligations that are satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to the customer.

Significant Judgments

The Company’s arrangements with its customers include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. A product or service is considered distinct if it is separately identifiable from other deliverables in the arrangement and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer.

The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis (“SSP”). Determining the SSP for each distinct performance obligation and allocation of consideration from an arrangement to the individual performance obligations and the appropriate timing of revenue recognition are significant judgments with respect to these arrangements. The Company typically establishes the SSP based on observable prices of products or services sold separately in comparable circumstances to similar clients. The Company may estimate SSP by considering internal costs, profit objectives and pricing practices in certain circumstances.

Warranties, discounts and allowances are estimated using historical and recent data trends. The Company includes estimates in the transaction price only to the extent that a significant reversal of revenue is not probable in subsequent periods. The Company’s products and services are generally not sold with a right of return, nor has the Company experienced significant returns from or refunds to its customers.

F- 23

 

Manufacturing

The Company primarily derives revenue from the sale of both front-end and back-end semiconductor test equipment and related peripherals, maintenance and support of all these products, installation and training services, and the sale of spare parts. The Company’s revenues are measured based on consideration stipulated in the arrangement with each customer, net of any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties, such as sales taxes.

The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation by transferring control of the product to the customer. The Company uses judgment to evaluate whether the control has transferred by considering several indicators, including whether:

● the Company has a present right to payment;

● the customer has legal title;

● the customer has physical possession;

● the customer has significant risk and rewards of ownership; and

● the customer has accepted the product, or whether customer acceptance is considered a formality based on history of acceptance of similar products (for example, when the customer has previously accepted the same equipment, with the same specifications, and when we can objectively demonstrate that the tool meets all of the required acceptance criteria, and when the installation of the system is deemed perfunctory).

Not all the indicators need to be met for the Company to conclude that control has transferred to the customer. In circumstances in which revenue is recognized prior to the product acceptance, the portion of revenue associated with its performance obligations of product installation and training services are deferred and recognized upon acceptance.

Majority of sales under the Manufacturing segment include a 12-month warranty. The Company generally provides a limited warranty that our products comply with applicable specifications at the time of delivery. Under our standard terms and conditions of sale, liability for certain failures of product during a stated warranty period is usually limited to repair or replacement of defective parts. The Company has concluded that the warranty provided for standard products are assurance type warranties and are not separate performance obligations.

Customized products are generally more complex and, as a result, may contain unforeseen faults that could lead to additional costs for us, including increased servicing or the need to provide product modifications. Warranty provided for customized products are service warranties and are separate performance obligations. Transaction prices are allocated to this performance obligation using cost plus method. The portion of revenue associated with warranty service is deferred and recognized as revenue over the warranty period, as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of warranty services provided by the Company.

Testing

The Company renders testing services to manufacturers and purchasers of semiconductors and other entities who either lack testing capabilities or whose in-house screening facilities are insufficient. The Company primarily derives testing revenue from burn-in services, manpower supply and other associated services. SSP is directly observable from the sales orders. Revenue is allocated to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time depending upon terms of the sales order. Generally, there is no other performance obligation other than what has been stated inside the sales order for each of these sales.

Terms of contract that may indicate potential variable consideration included warranty, late delivery penalty and reimbursement to solve nonconformance issues for rejected products. Based on historical and recent data trends, it is concluded that these terms of the contract do not represent potential variable consideration. The transaction price is not contingent on the occurrence of any future event.

Distribution

The Company distributes complementary products, made by manufacturers around the world. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at a point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation by transferring control of the product to the customer. The Company uses judgment to evaluate whether the control has transferred by considering several indicators discussed above. The Company recognizes the revenue at a point in time, generally upon shipment or delivery of the products to the customer or distributors, depending upon terms of the sales order.

F- 24

 

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and collections may result in billed account receivables, unbilled receivables, contract assets, and customer advances, deposits and contract liabilities. The Company’s payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment of 70% to 90% of total contract consideration within 30 to 60 days of shipment, with the remainder payable within 30 days of acceptance. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined that its contracts generally do not include a significant financing component.

Contract assets were recorded under other receivable while contract liabilities were recorded under accrued expense in the balance sheet. 

The following table is the reconciliation of contract balances.

	Jun. 30,		Jun. 30,
	2023		2022
Trade Accounts Receivable	$	9,804	$	11,592
Accounts Payable		1,667		2,401
Contract Liabilities		1,275		988

Remaining Performance Obligation

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $55 of remaining performance obligations, which represents our obligation to deliver products and services. Given the profile of contract terms, this amount is expected to be recognized as revenue over the next two years.

As at June 30, 2022, the Company had $326 of remaining performance obligations, which represents our obligation to deliver products and services.

Practical Expedients

The Company applies the following practical expedients:

● The Company accounts for shipping and handling costs as activities to fulfil the promise to transfer the goods, instead of a promised service to its customer.

● The Company has not elected to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component as the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the entity transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will generally be one year or less.

● The Company has elected to adopt the practical expedient for contract costs, specifically in relation to incremental costs of obtaining a contract.

Costs to obtain a contract are not material, and the Company generally expenses such costs as incurred because the amortization period is one year or less.

23.  EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company follows ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) are computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders (numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during the period. Diluted EPS give effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a period. In computing diluted EPS, the average price for the period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options and warrants.

F- 25

 

Options to purchase 656,375 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $2.53 to $7.76 per share were outstanding as of June 30, 2023. 285,500 stock options were excluded in the computation of diluted EPS for Fiscal 2023 because they were anti-dilutive.

Options to purchase 656,375 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $2.53 to $7.76 per share were outstanding as of June 30, 2022. 310,500 stock options were excluded in the computation of diluted EPS for Fiscal 2022 because they were anti-dilutive.

The following table is a reconciliation of the weighted average shares used in the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the years presented herein:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Income attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from continuing operations, net of tax	$	1,545		$	2,396
Loss attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1	)		(1	)
Net income attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$	1,544		$	2,395
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic		4,082			3,972
Dilutive effect of stock options		83			202
Number of shares used to compute earnings per share - diluted		4,165			4,174
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.38		$	0.61
Basic loss per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International		-			(0.01	)
Basic earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.38		$	0.60
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.37		$	0.57
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International		-			-
Diluted earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.37		$	0.57

24.  STOCK OPTIONS

On September 24, 2007, the Company’s Board of Directors unanimously adopted the 2007 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Employee Plan”) and the 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Directors Plan” and, together with the 2007 Employee Plan, the “2007 Plans”), each of which was approved by the shareholders on December 3, 2007. Each of the 2007 Plans were amended during the term of such plan to increase the number of shares covered thereby. Each of the 2007 Plans terminated by their respective terms on September 24, 2017.

On September 14, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors unanimously adopted the 2017 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2017 Employee Plan”) and the 2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Directors Plan”) each of which was approved by the shareholders on December 4, 2017.

Assumptions

The fair value for the stock options granted to both employees and directors was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions, assuming: 

● An expected life varying from 2.50 to 3.25 years, calculated in accordance with the guidance provided in SEC Staff bulletin No. 110 for plain vanilla options using the simplified method, since our equity shares have been publicly traded for only a limited period and we did not have sufficient historical exercise data at the grant date of the options;

● A risk-free interest rate varying from 0.11% to 4.17% (2022: 0.11% to 2.35%);

● No expected dividend payments and;

● Expected volatility of 47.3% to 73.85% (2022: 45.38% to 55.59%).

F- 26

 

The expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s Common Stock. Due to higher volatility, the observation was made on a daily basis for the 12 months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 respectively. The observation period covered is consistent with the expected life of the options. The expected life of the options granted to employees has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method as prescribed by ASC Topic 718 Stock Based Compensation, which, among other provisions, allows companies without access to adequate historical data about employee exercise behavior to use a simplified approach for estimating the expected life of a "plain vanilla" option grant. The simplified rule for estimating the expected life of such an option is the average of the time to vesting and the full term of the option. The risk-free rate is consistent with the expected life of the stock options and is based on the United States Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

2017 Employee Stock Option Plan

The Company’s 2017 Employee Plan permits the grant of stock options to its employees, and initially covered up to an aggregate of 300,000 shares of Common Stock. In December 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment to the 2017 Employee Plan to increase the shares covered thereby from 300,000 shares to an aggregate of 600,000 shares, which amendment was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the annual meeting held in December 2021.

Under the 2017 Employee Plan, all options must be granted with an exercise price of no less than fair value as of the grant date and the options granted must be exercisable within a maximum of ten years after the date of grant, or such lesser period of time as is set forth in the stock option agreements. The options may be exercisable (a) immediately as of the effective date of the stock option agreement granting the option, or (b) in accordance with a schedule related to the date of the grant of the option, the date of first employment, or such other date as may be set by the Compensation Committee. Generally, options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan are exercisable within five years after the date of grant, and vest over the period as follows: 25% vesting on the grant date and the remaining balance vesting in equal instalments on the next three succeeding anniversaries of the grant date. The share-based compensation will be recognized in terms of the grade method on a straight-line basis for each separately vesting portion of the award. Certain option awards provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control (as defined in the 2017 Employee Plan).

During the year ended June 30, 2023, the Company granted options to purchase 65,000 shares of its Common Stock to employees pursuant to the 2017 Employee Plan, with a weighted average grant-date fair value of $4.84.

There were 5,000 stock options exercised under the 2017 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2023. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $145 in the year ended June 30, 2023 under the 2017 Employee Plan. The balance of unamortized stock-based compensation of $144 based on fair value on the grant date related to options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan is to be recognized over a period of 3 years. The weighted average remaining contractual term for non-vested options outstanding under the 2017 Employee Plan was 1.99 years.

As of June 30, 2023, there were vested employee stock options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan covering a total of 134,625 shares of Common Stock, with a weighted average exercise price was $4.49, and weighted average contractual term of 2.57 years. The total fair value of vested employee stock options outstanding under the 2017 Employee Plan as of June 30, 2023, was $605.

A summary of option activities under the 2017 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2023, is presented as follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		236,375			5.21		2.61		87
Granted		65,000			4.84		-		-
Exercised		(5,000	)		3.75		-		-
Forfeited or expired		(80,000	)		-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2023		216,375			4.89		2.92		140
Exercisable at June 30, 2023		134,625			4.49		2.57		125

F- 27

 

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested employee stock options during the year ended June 30, 2023, is presented below:

				Weighted Average
	Options			Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at July 1, 2022		75,875		$	5.98
Granted		65,000			4.77
Vested		(49,125	)		-
Forfeited		(10,000	)		-
Non-vested at June 30, 2023		81,750		$	5.53

During the year ended June 30, 2022, the Company granted options to purchase 40,500 shares of its Common Stock to employees pursuant to the 2017 Employee Plan, with a weighted average grant-date fair value of $3.69.

There were 71,125 stock options exercised under the 2017 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $117 in the year ended June 30, 2022 under the 2017 Employee Plan. The balance of unamortized stock-based compensation of $130 based on fair value on the grant date related to options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan is to be recognized over a period of three years. The weighted average remaining contractual term for non-vested options outstanding under the 2017 Employee Plan was 1.94 years.

As of June 30, 2022, there were vested employee stock options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan covering a total of 160,500 shares of Common Stock, with a weighted average exercise price was $4.93, and weighted average contractual term of 1.98 years. The total fair value of vested employee stock options outstanding under the 2017 Employee Plan as of June 30, 2022, was $632.

A summary of option activities under the 2017 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented as follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		267,000			4.21		3.22		290
Granted		40,500			7.76		4.73		-
Exercised		(71,125	)		2.93		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		236,375			5.21		2.61		87
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		160,500			4.93		1.98		66

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested employee stock options during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented below:

				Weighted Average
	Options			Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at July 1, 2021		102,250		$	2.29
Granted		40,500			3.69
Vested		(66,875	)		-
Non-vested at June 30, 2022		75,875		$	5.98

2007 Employee Stock Option Plan

The Company’s 2007 Employee Plan permitted the issuance of options to employees. As of the last amendment thereof, the 2007 Employee Plan covered an aggregate of 600,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The 2007 Employee Plan terminated by its terms on September 24, 2017 and no further options may be granted thereunder. Options outstanding thereunder continue to remain outstanding and in effect in accordance with their terms.

There were no options exercised during the year ended June 30, 2023 and 37,500 options exercised during the year ended June 30, 2022. The Company did not recognize any stock-based compensation expense in both Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, under the 2007 Employee Plan.

F- 28

 

As of June 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no vested or unvested stock options outstanding under the 2007 Employee Plan.

A summary of option activities under the 2007 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented as follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		37,500		$	4.14		0.75	$	34
Granted		-			-		-		-
Exercised		(37,500	)		4.14		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-

2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan

The 2017 Directors Plan permits the grant of options to its directors in the form of non-qualified options and restricted stock, and initially covered up to an aggregate of 300,000 shares of Common Stock. In September 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment to the 2017 Directors Plan to increase the shares covered thereby from 300,000 shares to an aggregate of 600,000 shares, which amendment was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the annual meeting held in December 2020.

Under the 2017 Plan, the exercise price of the non-qualified options is required to be 100% of the fair value of the underlying shares on the grant date. The options have five-year contractual terms and are exercisable immediately as of the grant date.

During the year ended June 30, 2023, the Company granted options to purchase 100,000 shares of its Common Stock to directors pursuant to the 2017 Directors Plan, with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Common Stock (as defined under the 2017 Directors Plan in conformity with Regulation 409A or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) at the date of grant, and a fair value of approximately $213, based on the fair value of $2.13 per share determined by the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

As all stock options granted under the 2017 Directors Plan vest immediately on the date of grant, there were no unvested stock options granted under the 2017 Directors Plan as of June 30, 2023.

There were 20,000 stock options exercised under the 2017 Directors Plan during the year ended June 30, 2023. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $213 in the year ended June 30, 2023 under the 2017 Directors Plan.

A summary of option activities under the 2017 Directors Plan during the year ended June 30, 2023, is presented as follows: 

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		420,000		$	5.10		2.85	$	228
Granted		100,000			4.51		-		-
Exercised		20,000			2.53		-
Forfeited or expired		(80,000	)		5.98		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2023		420,000		$	4.91		2.91	$	309
Exercisable at June 30, 2023		420,000			4.91		2.91		309

During the year ended June 30, 2022, the Company granted options to purchase 100,000 shares of its Common Stock to directors pursuant to the 2017 Directors Plan, with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Common Stock (as defined under the 2017 Directors Plan in conformity with Regulation 409A or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) at the date of grant, and a fair value of approximately $353, based on the fair value of $3.53 per share determined by the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

F- 29

 

As all stock options granted under the 2017 Directors Plan vest immediately on the date of grant, there were no unvested stock options granted under the 2017 Directors Plan as of June 30, 2022.

There were no options under the 2017 Directors Plan exercised during the year ended June 30, 2022. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $353 in the year ended June 30, 2022 under the 2017 Directors Plan.

A summary of option activities under the 2017 Directors Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented as follows: 

			Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
			Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options		Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		320,000	$	4.27		3.22	$	340
Granted		100,000		7.76		4.73		-
Exercised		-		-		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-		-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		420,000	$	5.10		2.85	$	228
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		420,000		5.10		2.85		228

2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan

The Company’s 2007 Directors Plan permitted the grant of stock options to its directors in the form of nonqualified options and restricted stock. As of the last amendment thereof, the 2007 Directors Plan covered an aggregate of 500,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The 2007 Directors Plan terminated by its terms on September 24, 2017, and no further options may be granted thereunder. Options outstanding thereunder continue to remain outstanding and in effect in accordance with their terms.

There were no stock options exercised during the year ended June 30, 2023. The Company did not recognize any stock-based compensation expense during the year ended June 30, 2023.

There were 50,000 options exercised during the year ended June 30, 2022. The Company did not recognize any stock-based compensation expense during the year ended June 30, 2022.

As of June 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no vested or unvested stock options outstanding under 2007 Directors Plan.

A summary of option activities under the 2007 Directors Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented as follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		50,000		$	4.14		0.75	$	45
Granted		-			-		-		-
Exercised		(50,000	)		4.14		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-			-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-

F- 30

     

25.  LEASES

Company as Lessor

Operating leases under which the Company is the lessor arise from leasing the Company’s commercial real estate investment property to third parties. Initial lease terms generally range from 12 to 60 months. Depreciation expense for assets subject to operating leases is taken into account primarily on the straight-line method over a period of 20 years in amounts necessary to reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated residual value. Depreciation expense relating to the property held as investments in operating leases were $71 and $75 for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Future minimum rental income in China and Thailand to be received from fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 to fiscal year ended June 30, 2027 on non-cancellable operating leases, and is contractually due as of June 30, 2023, as follows:

2024	$	141
2025		141
2026		46
2027		16
	$	344

Future minimum rental income in China and Thailand to be received from Fiscal 2023 to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2027 on non-cancellable operating leases, and is contractually due as of June 30, 2022, as follows:

2023	$	6
2024	$	27
2025		28
2026		29
2027		10
	$	100

Sales-type leases under which the Company is the lessor arise from the lease of 4 units of chiller systems. The Company classifies its lease arrangements at inception of the arrangement. The lease term is 3 years, contains an automatic transfer of title at the end of the lease term and a guarantee of residual value at the end of the lease term. The customer is required to pay for executory cost such as taxes.

Financing receivables, consisting of net investment in sales-type leases and receivables from financed sales of 4 units of chiller systems are as follows:

Components of Lease Balances	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Assets
Gross financial sales receivable	$	17		$	41
Unearned finance income		(1	)		(3	)
Financed sales receivable	$	16		$	38
Net financed sales receivables due within one year	$	16		$	21
Net financed sales receivables due after one year	$	-		$	17

As of June 30, 2023, the financed sale receivables had a weighted average effective interest rate of 11.16% and weighted average remaining lease term of 0.75 years.

As of June 30, 2022, the financed sale receivables had a weighted average effective interest rate of 11.16% and weighted average remaining lease term of 1.75 years.

Company as Lessee

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices and research and development facilities with remaining lease terms of one year to four years and finance leases for plant and equipment.

F- 31

 

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows (in thousands):

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Finance Leases (Plant and Equipment)
Plant and equipment, at cost	$	1,734		$	1,727
Accumulated depreciation		(1,075	)		(1,179	)
Plant and Equipment, Net	$	658		$	548
Current portion of finance leases	$	107		$	118
Net of current portion of finance leases		42			119
Total Finance Lease Liabilities	$	149		$	237
Operating Leases (Corporate Offices, Research and Development Facilities)
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,609		$	3,152
Operating lease right-of-use assets, Net	$	2,609		$	3,152
Current portion of operating leases		1,098			1,218
Net of current portion of operating leases		1,511			1,934
Total Operating Lease Liabilities	$	2,609		$	3,152

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Lease Cost
Finance lease cost:
Interest on finance lease	$	2	$	29
Amortization of right-of-use assets		43		209
Total finance lease cost		45		238
Operating Lease Costs	$	1,518	$	949

Other information related to leases was as follows (in thousands except lease term and discount rate):

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Cash Paid for Amounts Included in the Measurement of Lease Liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	(10	)	$	(21	)
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(1,300	)		(1,151	)
Finance cash from finance leases		-			-
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained in Exchange for New Operating Lease Liabilities		1,297			1,276
Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term:
Finance leases		1.59			2.02
Operating leases		2.42			2.83
Weighted-Average Discount Rate:
Finance leases		3.22	%		3.26	%
Operating leases		5.68	%		5.53	%

As of June 30, 2023, the maturities of the Company's operating and finance lease liabilities were as follow:

	Operating Lease Liabilities			Finance Lease Liabilities
Fiscal Year
2024		1,321			112
2025		846			33
2026		570			12
Thereafter		64			-
Total future minimum lease payments	$	2,801		$	157
Less: amount representing interest		(192	)		(8	)
Present value of net minimum lease payments	$	2,609		$	149
Presentation on statement of financial position
Current		1,098			107
Non-Current		1,511			42

F- 32

 

As of June 30, 2022, future minimum lease payments under finance leases and noncancelable operating leases were as follows:

	Operating Lease Liabilities			Finance Lease Liabilities
Fiscal Year
2023	$	1,357		$	129
2024		1,032			104
2025		554			20
2026		423			-
Thereafter		69			-
Total future minimum lease payments	$	3,435		$	253
Less: amount representing interest		(283	)		(16	)
Present value of net minimum lease payments	$	3,152		$	237
Presentation on statement of financial position
Current		1,218			118
Non-Current		1,934			119

26.  NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 810, the Company has classified the non-controlling interest as a component of stockholders’ equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Additionally, the Company has presented the net income attributable to the Company and the non-controlling ownership interests separately in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Non-controlling interest represents the minority stockholders’ share of 45% of the equity of Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd., SHI International Pte. Ltd., 48% of PT. SHI Indonesia, 24% interest in Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd., and 49% interest in Trio-Tech Jiangsu Co., Ltd., which are subsidiaries of the Company.

The table below reflects a reconciliation of the equity attributable to non-controlling interest:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Non-controlling interest
Beginning balance	$	128		$	419
Net income / (loss)		214			(96	)
Dividend declared by a subsidiary		-			(122	)
Translation adjustment		(177	)		(73	)
Ending balance	$	165		$	128

27.  COMPARATIVE FIGURES

Certain amounts in the prior periods presented have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation. These reclassifications have no effect on previously reported net income.

F-33

EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

Subsidiaries of the Registrant

(100% owned by the Registrant except as otherwise stated)

Express Test Corporation (Dormant)	a California Corporation
Trio-Tech Reliability Services (Dormant)	a California Corporation
KTS Incorporated, dba Universal Systems (Dormant)	a California Corporation
European Electronic Test Center. Ltd.	a Cayman Islands Corporation (Operation ceased on November 1, 2005)
Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation	a Singapore Corporation
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation	a Singapore Corporation (100% owned by Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co., Ltd., a Thailand Corporation	a Thailand Corporation (100% owned by Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co., Ltd., a Thailand Corporation	(100% owned by Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd., a Malaysia Corporation	(55% owned by Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn Bhd., a Malaysia Corporation	(100% owned by Trio-Tech Malaysia)
Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysia Corporation	(76% owned by Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd., a China Corporation	(100% owned by Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd., a China Corporation	(100% owned by Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
SHI International Pte. Ltd, a Singapore Corporation	(55% owned Trio‑Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
PT SHI Indonesia, an Indonesia Corporation	(95% owned by SHI International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., a China Corporation	(100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
Trio-Tech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., a China Corporation	(51% owned by Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd, a China Corporation)

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Trio‑Tech International

Van Nuys, California

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (No. 333-261485), Form S-8 (No. 333-263728, No. 333-252841, No. 333-222920, No. 333-193515, No. 171569, No. 333-147817 and No. 333-70632, No. 333-40102) of Trio-Tech International of our report dated September 27, 2023, relating to the consolidated financial statements which appear in this Form 10-K.

Mazars LLP

PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS

AND CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS

/s/ Mazars LLP

Singapore

September 27, 2023

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, S. W. Yong, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Trio-Tech International, a California corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

 (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

 (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal year quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal year quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

    (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

    (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: September 27, 2023

/s/ S.W.Yong

S. W. Yong, Chairman and

Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

I, Srinivasan Anitha, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Trio-Tech International, a California corporation;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal year quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal year quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: September 27, 2023

/s/ Srinivasan Anitha

Srinivasan Anitha,

Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32

Exhibit 32

SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION

Each of the undersigned, S.W. Yong, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Trio-Tech International, a California corporation (the “Company”), and Srinivasan Anitha, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of his knowledge (1) the annual report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended June 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and (2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ S.W.Yong
Name:	S. W. Yong
Title:	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date:	September 27, 2023

/s/ Srinivasan Anitha
Name:	Srinivasan Anitha
Title:	Chief Financial Officer
Date:	September 27, 2023

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Document And Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 01, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Central Index Key	0000732026
Entity Registrant Name	TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--06-30
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-14523
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	CA
Entity Tax Identification Number	95-2086631
Entity Address, Address Line One	Block 1008
Entity Address, City or Town	Toa Payoh North
Entity Address, Country	SG
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	318996
City Area Code	65
Local Phone Number	6265 3300
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, no par value
Trading Symbol	TRT
Security Exchange Name	NYSEAMER
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 10,863,000
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		4,096,680
Auditor Name	Mazars LLP
Auditor Location	Singapore
Auditor Firm ID	2136

XML

Audited Consolidated Balance Sheets ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 7,583	$ 7,698
Short-term deposits	6,627	5,420
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $217 and $243, as of June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, respectively	9,804	11,592
Other receivables	939	998
Inventories, less provision for obsolete inventories of $648 and $674, as of June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, respectively	2,151	2,258
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	694	1,215
Assets held for sale	274	0
Financed sales receivable	16	21
Restricted term deposits	739	0
Total current assets	28,827	29,202
NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
Deferred tax assets	100	169
Investment properties, net	474	585
Property, plant and equipment, net	8,344	8,481
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,609	3,152
Other assets	116	137
Financed sales receivable	0	17
Restricted term deposits	1,716	1,678
Total non-current assets	13,359	14,219
TOTAL ASSETS	42,186	43,421
Bank loans payable, net of current portion	877	1,272
Finance leases, net of current portion	42	119
Operating leases, net of current portion	1,511	1,934
Income taxes payable, net of current portion	255	137
Deferred tax liabilities	10	0
Other non-current liabilities	594	28
Total non-current liabilities	3,289	3,490
TOTAL LIABILITIES	12,615	15,419
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Lines of credit	0	929
Accounts payable	1,660	2,401
Accrued expenses	5,568	6,004
Income taxes payable	418	787
Current portion of bank loans payable	475	472
Current portion of finance leases	107	118
Current portion of operating leases	1,098	1,218
Total current liabilities	9,326	11,929
TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL’S SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Common stock, no par value, 15,000,000 shares authorized; 4,096,680 and 4,071,680 shares issued outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively	12,819	12,750
Paid-in capital	5,066	4,708
Accumulated retained earnings	10,763	9,219
Accumulated other comprehensive income-translation adjustments	758	1,197
Total Trio-Tech International shareholders’ equity	29,406	27,874
Non-controlling interest	165	128
TOTAL EQUITY	29,571	28,002
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$ 42,186	$ 43,421

XML

Audited Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ / shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 217	$ 243
Provision for obsolete inventory	$ 648	$ 674
Common stock, no par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	15,000,000	15,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	4,096,680	4,071,680
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	4,096,680	4,071,680

XML

Audited Consolidated Statements Of Operations and Comprehensive Income - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Revenue
Revenues	$ 43,250	$ 44,065
Cost of Sales
Cost of goods and services sold	31,545	32,332
Gross Margin	11,705	11,733
Operating Expenses:
General and administrative	8,403	8,361
Selling	670	643
Research and development	397	375
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment	7	1
Total operating expenses	9,477	9,380
Income from Operations	2,228	2,353
Other Income
Interest expenses	(105)	(122)
Other income	106	595
Government Grant	153	228
Total other income	154	701
Income from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes	2,382	3,054
Income Tax Expenses	(622)	(757)
Income from Continuing Operations before Non-controlling Interest, Net of Tax	1,760	2,297
Discontinued Operations
(Loss) / Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	(2)	2
NET INCOME	1,758	2,299
Less: net income / (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest	214	(96)
Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	1,544	2,395
Amounts Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders:
Income from continuing operations, net of tax	1,545	2,396
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(1)	(1)
Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$ 1,544	$ 2,395
Basic Earnings per Share:
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	$ 0.38	$ 0.61
Loss per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	0	(0.01)
Basic Earnings per Share from Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	0.38	0.60
Diluted Earnings per Share:
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	0.37	0.57
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	0	0
Diluted Earnings per Share from Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	$ 0.37	$ 0.57
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
Basic (in shares)	4,082	3,972
Dilutive effect of stock options (in shares)	83	202
Number of shares used to compute earnings per share diluted (in shares)	4,165	4,174
Manufacturing [Member]
Revenue
Revenues	$ 13,827	$ 13,526
Cost of Sales
Cost of goods and services sold	10,587	10,147
Testing Services [Member]
Revenue
Revenues	23,130	19,477
Cost of Sales
Cost of goods and services sold	15,658	12,960
Distribution [Member]
Revenue
Revenues	6,270	11,037
Cost of Sales
Cost of goods and services sold	5,228	9,147
Real Estate Segment [Member]
Revenue
Revenues	23	25
Cost of Sales
Cost of goods and services sold	$ 72	$ 78

XML

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders:
Net income	$ 1,758	$ 2,299
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	(616)	(1,275)
Comprehensive Income	1,142	1,024
Less: comprehensive income / (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest	37	(169)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$ 1,105	$ 1,193

XML

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]	Noncontrolling Interest [Member]	Total
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2021	3,913
Balance at Jun. 30, 2021	$ 12,178	$ 4,233	$ 6,824	$ 2,399	$ 419	$ 26,053
Stock option expenses	0	475	0	0	0	475
Net income	0	0	2,395	0	(96)	2,299
Dividend declared by subsidiary	$ 0	0	0	0	(122)	(122)
Exercise of stock option (in shares)	159
Exercise of stock option	$ 572	0	0	0	0	572
Translation adjustment	$ 0	0	0	(1,202)	(73)	(1,275)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022	4,072
Balance at Jun. 30, 2022	$ 12,750	4,708	9,219	1,197	128	28,002
Stock option expenses	0	358	0	0	0	358
Net income	$ 0	0	1,544	0	214	1,758
Exercise of stock option (in shares)	25
Exercise of stock option	$ 69	0	0	0	0	69
Translation adjustment	$ 0	0	0	(439)	(177)	(616)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023	4,097
Balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 12,819	$ 5,066	$ 10,763	$ 758	$ 165	$ 29,571

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows $ in Thousands, ¥ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Net income	$ 1,758	$ 2,299
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flow provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	5,088	3,075
Stock compensation	358	475
Addition of provision for obsolete inventories	61	0
Reversal of obsolete inventories	(40)	4
Payment of interest portion of finance lease	(10)	(21)
Bad debt recovery, net of allowance charged	(11)	(58)
(Accrued interest income), net accrued interest expense	(12)	78
Reversal of income tax provision	93	(7)
Assurance warranty recovery, net	5	0
Deferred tax (benefit) / expenses	106	40
Loss on sale of property, plant and equipment	7	76
Repayment of operating lease	(1,300)	(1,151)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisition effects
Trade accounts receivable	1,812	(3,246)
Other receivables	59	(336)
Other assets	(10)	118
Inventories	230	(252)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	511	(826)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(811)	1,532
Income taxes payable	(350)	323
Other non-current liabilities	566	0
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities	8,110	2,123
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Withdrawal from unrestricted term deposits	5,140	3,103
Investment in unrestricted term deposits	(6,794)	(2,079)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment	78	0
Additions to property, plant and equipment	(4,498)	(1,468)
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities	(6,074)	(444)
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Payment on lines of credit	(1,502)	(1,543)
Payment of bank loans	(480)	(451)
Payment of principal portion of finance leases	(120)	(193)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest	0	(125)
Proceeds from exercising stock options	69	572
Proceeds from lines of credit	580	2,403
Proceeds from bank loans	210	248
Net Cash (Used in) / Provided by Financing Activities	(1,243)	911
Effect of Changes in Exchange Rate	(130)	(791)
Net Increase in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash	662	1,799
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Period	9,376	7,577
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Period	10,038	9,376
Supplementary Information of Cash Flows
Interest	104	121
Income taxes	558	403
Cash	7,583	7,698
Restricted term deposits	739	0
Restricted Term-Deposits in Non-Current Assets	1,716	1,678
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash Shown in Statements of Cash Flows	$ 10,038	$ 9,376

XML

Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements Disclosure [Text Block]

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation - Trio-Tech International (the “Company” or “TTI” hereafter) was incorporated in fiscal 1958 under the laws of the State of California. TTI provides third-party semiconductor testing and burn-in services primarily through its laboratories in Southeast Asia. In addition, TTI operates manufacturing and testing facilities in the United States. The Company also designs, develops, manufactures and markets a broad range of equipment and systems used in the manufacturing and testing of semiconductor devices and electronic components. During the year ended June 30, 2023, TTI conducted business in four business segments: Manufacturing, Testing Services, Distribution and Real Estate. TTI has subsidiaries in the U.S., Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Ireland and China, as follows:

	Ownership	Location
Express Test Corporation (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
Trio-Tech Reliability Services (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
KTS Incorporated, dba Universal Systems (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
European Electronic Test Centre (Dormant)	100%	Dublin, Ireland
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.	100%	Singapore
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.*	100%	Singapore
Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)	55%	Penang and Selangor, Malaysia
Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd.	55%	Selangor, Malaysia
(100% owned by Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.)
Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.	76%	Selangor, Malaysia
(76% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)
Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd. *	100%	Suzhou, China
Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Chongqing, China
SHI International Pte. Ltd. (Dormant) (55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd)	55%	Singapore
PT SHI Indonesia (Dormant) (95% owned by SHI International Pte. Ltd.)	52%	Batam, Indonesia
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. *	100%	Tianjin, China
Trio-Tech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd. (51% owned by Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd.)	51%	Suzhou, China

* 100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP’’). The basis of accounting differs from that used in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries and equity investee companies, which are prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in their respective countries of incorporation. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements have reflected all costs incurred by the Company and its subsidiaries in operating the business.

All dollar amounts in the consolidated financial statements and in the notes herein are presented in thousands of United States dollars (US$’000) unless otherwise designated.

Liquidity — The Company earned net income attributable to common shareholders of $1,544 during the year ended June 30, 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”) and net income attributable to common shareholders of $2,395 during the year ended June 30, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”), respectively.

The Company’s core businesses, testing services, manufacturing and distribution, operate in a volatile industry, where average selling prices and product costs are influenced by competitive factors. These factors create pressures on sales, costs, earnings and cash flows, which can impact liquidity.  

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions — The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the U.S. parent company. The Singapore dollar (“SGD”), the national currency of Singapore, is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the operations in Singapore are conducted. The Company also has business entities in Malaysia, Thailand, China and Indonesia of which the Malaysian ringgit (“RM”), Thai baht, Chinese renminbi (“RMB”) and Indonesian rupiah, are the national currencies. The Company uses the U.S. dollar for financial reporting purposes.

The Company translates assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries outside the U.S. into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the fiscal year end, and the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss is translated at average rates during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the subsidiaries’ financial statements from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars are recorded in shareholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive gain - translation adjustments. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies of the Company’s subsidiaries are reflected in income for the reporting period.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Among the more significant estimates included in these consolidated financial statements are the estimated allowance for doubtful account receivables, reserve for obsolete inventory, reserve for warranty, impairments and the deferred income tax asset allowance. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition — The Company follows ASU No. 2014-09, ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”). This standard update outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers.

We apply a five-step approach as defined in ASC Topic 606 in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contracts; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the corresponding performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue derived from Testing is recognized when testing services are rendered. Revenue generated from sale of products in the Manufacturing and Distribution segments are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the products has occurred, customer acceptance has been obtained (which means the control has been transferred to the customer), the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Certain customers can request for installation and training services to be performed for certain products sold in the Manufacturing segment. These services are mainly for helping customers with the test runs of the machines sold and are considered a separate performance obligation. Such services can be provided by other entities as well and these do not significantly modify the product. The Company recognizes the revenue at a point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation.

In the Real Estate segment: (1) revenue from property development is earned and recognized on the earlier of the dates when the underlying property is sold or upon the maturity of the agreement; if this amount is uncollectible, the agreement empowers the repossession of the property, and (2) rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. This means that, with respect to a particular lease, actual amounts billed in accordance with the lease during any given period may be higher or lower than the amount of rental revenue recognized for the period. Straight-line rental revenue is commenced when the tenant assumes possession of the leased premises. Accrued straight-line rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

GST / Indirect Taxes — The Company’s policy is to present taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis. The Company records the amounts collected as a current liability and relieves such liability upon remittance to the taxing authority without impacting revenue or expense.

Trade Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts — During the normal course of business, the Company extends unsecured credit to its customers in all segments. Typically, credit terms require payment to be made between 30 to 90 days from the date of the sale. The Company generally does not require collateral from our customers.

The Company’s management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer creditworthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. The Company includes any account balances that are determined to be uncollectible, along with a general reserve, in the overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to management, the Company believed that its allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate as of June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Assurance Warranty Costs — The Company provides for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its warranty program at the time the sale is recorded in its Manufacturing segment. The Company estimates warranty costs based on the historical rates of warranty returns. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

Cash and Cash Equivalents — The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Term Deposits — Term deposits consist of bank balances and interest-bearing deposits with maturities less than three months..

Restricted Term Deposits — The Company held certain term deposits in Singapore and Malaysia operations which were considered restricted, as they were held as security against certain facilities granted by the financial institutions.

Inventories — Inventories in the Company’s Manufacturing and Distribution segments, consisting principally of raw materials, works in progress, and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid technological change, short-term customer commitments and rapid fluctuations in demand. Provisions for estimated excess and obsolete inventory are based on our regular reviews of inventory quantities on hand and the latest forecasts of product demand and production requirements from our customers. Inventories are written down for not-saleable, excess or obsolete raw materials, works-in-process and finished goods by charging such write-downs to cost of sales. In addition to write-downs based on newly introduced parts, statistics and judgments are used for assessing provisions of the remaining inventory based on salability and obsolescence.

Property, Plant and Equipment and Investment Properties — Property, plant and equipment and investment properties are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided for over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided for over the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter, using the straight-line method.

Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred. Additions and improvements to the assets are capitalized. When assets are disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation thereon are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Long-Lived Assets and Impairment – The Company’s business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly underutilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand.

The Company evaluates the long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and investment property, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, significant negative industry or economic trends, and a significant decline in the stock price for a sustained period of time. Impairment is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analysis, if there is significant adverse change.

The Company applies the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets (“ASC Topic 360”), to property, plant and equipment. ASC Topic 360 requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. Whenever any such impairment exists, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

Leases – The Company applies the guidance in ASC Topic 842 to its individual leases of assets. When the Company receives substantially all the economic benefits from and directs the use of specified property, plant and equipment, the transactions give rise to leases. The Company’s classes of assets include real estate leases. The Company determine if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at the inception of the arrangement and evaluate whether the lease is an operating lease or a finance lease at the commencement date.

When discount rates implicit in leases cannot be readily determined, the Company uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to perform lease classification tests on lease components and to measure lease liabilities and ROU assets. The incremental borrowing rate used by the Company was based on baseline rates and adjusted by the credit spreads commensurate with the Company’s secured borrowing rate over a similar term. At each reporting period when there is a new lease initiated, the rates established for that quarter will be used.

All of the leases under which the Company is the lessor will continue to be classified as operating leases and sales-type lease under the new standard. The new standard did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements and will not have a significant change in our leasing activities.

Comprehensive Income or Loss — ASC Topic 220, Reporting Comprehensive Income, (“ASC Topic 220”), establishes standards for reporting and presentation of comprehensive income or loss and its components in a full set of general-purpose consolidated financial statements. The Company has chosen to report comprehensive income or loss in the statements of operations. Comprehensive income or loss is comprised of net income or loss and all changes to shareholders’ equity except those due to investments by owners and distributions to owners.

Income Taxes — The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”). ASC Topic 740 requires an entity to recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequence attributable to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Further, the effects of enacted tax laws or rate changes are included as part of deferred tax expense or benefits in the period that covers the enactment date.

The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. The Company recognizes potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Retained Earnings — It is the intention of the Company to re-invest earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in the operations of those subsidiaries. These taxes are undeterminable as of the date of this Annual Report. The amount of earnings retained in subsidiaries was $21,001 and $18,755 as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Research and Development Costs — The Company incurred research and development costs of $397 and $375 during Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively, which were charged to operating expense as incurred.

Stock-based compensation — The Company calculates compensation expense related to stock option awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. The Company determines the grant date fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and for awards without performance condition the related stock-based compensation is recognized over the period in which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for the stock-based award, which is generally four years. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity based on awards ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates.

Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires significant judgment. The determination of the grant date fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by our estimated common stock fair value as well as other subjective assumptions including the expected term of the awards, the expected volatility over the expected term of the awards, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates and are as follows:

• Fair Value of Common Stock. We determined the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.

• Expected Term. The expected term of employee stock options reflects the period for which we believe the option will remain outstanding based on historical experience and future expectations.

• Expected Volatility. We base expected volatility on our historical information over a similar expected term.

Earnings per Share — Computation of basic earnings per share is conducted by dividing net income available to common shares (numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during a reporting period. Computation of diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a reporting period. In computing diluted earnings per share, the average market price of common shares for a reporting period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments — Carrying values of trade account receivables, accounts payable, accrued expense, and term deposits approximate their fair value due to their short-term maturities. Carrying values of the Company’s lines of credit and long-term debt are considered to approximate their fair value because the interest rates associated with the lines of credit and long-term debt are adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company tries to borrow funds with similar terms and remaining maturities. See Note 16 for detailed discussion of the fair value measurement of financial instruments.

ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The financial assets and financial liabilities that require recognition under the guidance include available-for-sale investments, employee deferred compensation plan and foreign currency derivatives. The guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available under the circumstances. As such, fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:

● Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we can access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Financial assets utilizing Level 1 inputs include U.S. treasuries, most money market funds, marketable equity securities and our employee deferred compensation plan;

● Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, directly or indirectly. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include foreign currency forward exchange contracts, most commercial paper and corporate notes and bonds; and

● Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

Concentration of Credit Risk — Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk compose trade account receivables. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers for potential credit losses. The Company generally does not require collateral. The Company believes that its credit policies do not result in significant adverse risk and historically it has not experienced significant credit related losses.

Investments — The Company (a) evaluates the sufficiency of the total equity at risk, (b) reviews the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group, and whether there are any guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group, and (c) establishes whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this VIE determination. The Company would consolidate an investment that is determined to be a VIE if it was the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined by a primarily qualitative approach, whereby the variable interest holder, if any, has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary. A standard became effective and changed the method by which the primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined. Through a primarily qualitative approach, the variable interest holder who has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities is determined to be the primary beneficiary. To the extent that the investment does not qualify as VIE, the Company further assesses the existence of a controlling financial interest under a voting interest model to determine whether the investment should be consolidated.

Equity Method — The Company analyzes its investments to determine if they should be accounted for using the equity method. Management evaluates both Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock to determine whether they give the Company the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investment even though the Company holds less than 50% of the Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock. The net income of the investment, if any, will be reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Cost Method — Investee companies not accounted for under the consolidation or the equity method of accounting are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of such Investee companies is not included in the consolidated balance sheet or statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. However, impairment charges are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. If circumstances suggest that the value of the investee Company has subsequently recovered, such recovery is not recorded.

Loan Receivables from Property Development Projects — The loan receivables from property development projects are classified as current assets, carried at face value, and are individually evaluated for impairment. The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses determined principally on the basis of historical experience and specific allowances for known loan accounts. All loans or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible or to require an excessive collection cost are written off to the allowance for losses.

Interest income on the loan receivables from property development projects are recognized on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. The amortization of discounts into income is discontinued on loans that are contractually 90 days past due or when collection of interest appears doubtful.

Contingent Liabilities — Certain conditions may exist as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company’s management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company’s legal counsel evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims, as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable, but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed.

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Note 2 - New Accounting Pronouncements

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Accounting Standards Update and Change in Accounting Principle [Text Block]

2.  NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In March 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-02 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR") and Vintage Disclosures, which require that an entity disclose current-period gross write offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04 ASC Topic 848: Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The amendments are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (“ASC Topic 326”) for the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. ASC Topic 326 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Other new pronouncements issued but not yet effective until after June 30, 2023 are not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

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Note 3 - Term Deposits

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Term Deposits [Text Block]

3.  TERM DEPOSITS

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Short-term deposits	$	6,901		$	5,619
Currency translation effect on short-term deposits		(274	)		(199	)
Total short-term deposits		6,627			5,420
Restricted term deposits - Current		755			-
Currency translation effect on restricted term deposits		(16	)		-
Total restricted term deposits - Current		739			-
Restricted term deposits - Non-Current		1,763			1,746
Currency translation effect on restricted term deposits		(47	)		(68	)
Total restricted term deposits - Non-Current		1,716			1,678
Total term deposits	$	9,082		$	7,098

Restricted deposits represent the amount of cash pledged to secure loans payable or trade financing granted by financial institutions and serve as collateral for public utility agreements such as electricity and water, and performance bonds related to customs duty payable. Restricted deposits are classified as current and non-current depending on whether they relate to long-term or short-term obligations. As at year ended June 30, 2023, restricted deposits of $739 are classified as current assets as they relates to short-term trade financing. Restricted deposits of $1,716 are classified as non-current assets as they relate to long-term obligations and will become unrestricted only upon discharge of the obligations. Short-term deposits represent bank deposits, which do not qualify as cash equivalents.

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Note 4 - Trade Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Loans, Notes, Trade and Other Receivables Disclosure [Text Block]

4.  TRADE ACCOUNT RECEIVABLES AND ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS

Account receivables are customer obligations due under normal trade terms. The Company performs continuing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial conditions, and although management generally does not require collateral, letters of credit may be required from its customers in certain circumstances.

Senior management reviews trade account receivables on a periodic basis to determine if any receivables will potentially be uncollectible. Management includes any trade account receivables balances that are determined to be uncollectible in the allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to us, management believed the allowance for doubtful accounts as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 was adequate.  

The following table represents the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	243		$	311
Additions charged to expenses		9			48
Recovered		(20	)		(106	)
Currency translation effect		(15	)		(10	)
Ending	$	217		$	243

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Note 5 - Loans Receivable From Property Development Projects

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Loan Receivable From Property Development Projects [Text Block]

5.  LOANS RECEIVABLE FROM PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

The following table presents Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd (“TTCQ”)’s loan receivable from property development projects in China as of June 30, 2023.

	Loan Expiry	Loan Amount			Loan Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Short-term loan receivables
JiangHuai (Project – Yu Jin Jiang An)	May 31, 2013		2,000			276
Less: allowance for doubtful receivables			(2,000	)		(276	)
Net loan receivables from property development projects			-			-
Long-term loan receivables
Jun Zhou Zhi Ye	Oct 31, 2016		5,000			689
Less: transfer – down-payment for purchase of investment property			(5,000	)		(689	)
Net loan receivables from property development projects			-			-

The short-term loan receivables of renminbi (“RMB”) 2,000, or approximately $276, arose due to TTCQ entering into a Memorandum Agreement with JiangHuai Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiangHuai”) to invest in their property development projects located in Chongqing City, China (“Project - Yu Jin Jiang An”) during the year ended June 30, 2011. TTCQ did not generate other income from JiangHuai during Fiscal 2023 or Fiscal 2022. TTCQ is in the legal process of recovering the outstanding amount of $276.

The long-term loan receivable of RMB 5,000, or approximately $689, arose from TTCQ entering into a Memorandum Agreement with JiaSheng Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiaSheng”) to invest in JiaSheng’s property development projects (“Project B-48 Phase 2”) located in Chongqing City, China during the year ended June 30, 2011. The loan receivable was secured and repayable at the end of the term. During the year ended June 30, 2015, the loan receivable was transferred to a down payment for purchase of investment property that is being developed in the Singapore Themed Resort Project (See Note 10).

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Note 6 - Inventories

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Inventory Disclosure [Text Block]

6.  INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Raw materials	$	1,389		$	1,764
Work in progress		1,132			683
Finished goods		178			238
Less: provision for obsolete inventories		(648	)		(674	)
Currency translation effect		100			247
	$	2,151		$	2,258

The following table represents the changes in provision for obsolete inventories:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	674		$	679
Additions charged to expenses		61			17
Usage – disposition		(40	)		(34	)
Currency translation effect		(47	)		12
Ending	$	648		$	674

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Note 7 - Assets Held for Sale

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Assets Held for Sale [Text Block]

7.  ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the China operations had two equipment that were held for sale which had a net book value of RMB 1,985, or approximately $274, to assets held for sale. As of August 2023, a purchaser had submitted deposits, and the finalization of the transaction is currently in progress.

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Note 8 - Investment Properties

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Investment Property In China [Text Block]

8.  INVESTMENT PROPERTIES

The following table presents the Company’s investment in properties in China as of June 30, 2023. The exchange rate is based on the market rate as of June 30, 2023.

	Investment Date / Reclassification	Investment Amount			Investment Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	Jan 04, 2008		5,554			894
Currency translation			-			(87	)
Reclassification as “Assets held for sale”	July 01, 2018		(5,554	)		(807	)
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”	Mar 31, 2019		2,024			301
			2,024			301
Purchase of rental property – Property II - JiangHuai	Jan 06, 2010		3,600			580
Purchase of rental property – Property III - FuLi	Apr 08, 2010		4,025			648
Currency translation			-			(199	)
Gross investment in rental property			9,649			1,330
Accumulated depreciation on rental property	Jun 30, 2023		(7,884	)		(1,123	)
Reclassified as “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	July 01, 2018		2,822			410
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	Mar 31, 2019		(1,029	)		(143	)
			(6,091	)		(856	)
Net investment in property – China			3,558			474

The following table presents the Company’s investment in properties in China as of June 30, 2022. The exchange rate is based on the market rate as of June 30, 2022.

	Investment Date / Reclassification	Investment Amount			Investment Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	Jan 04, 2008		5,554			894
Currency translation			-			(87	)
Reclassification as “Assets held for sale”	July 01, 2018		(5,554	)		(807	)
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”	Mar 31, 2019		2,024			301
			2,024			301
Purchase of rental property – Property II - JiangHuai	Jan 06, 2010		3,600			580
Purchase of rental property – Property III - FuLi	Apr 08, 2010		4,025			648
Currency translation			-			(89	)
Gross investment in rental property			9,649			1,440
Accumulated depreciation on rental property	Jun 30, 2022		(7,523	)		(1,122	)
Reclassified as “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	July 01, 2018		2,822			410
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	Mar 31, 2019		(1,029	)		(143	)
			(5,730	)		(855	)
Net investment in property – China			3,919			585

Rental Property I - MaoYe Property         

During the year ended June 30, 2008, TTCQ purchased an office in Chongqing, China from MaoYe Property Ltd. (“MaoYe”) for a total cash purchase price of RMB 5,554, or approximately $894. During the year ended June 30, 2019, the Company sold thirteen of the fifteen units constituting the MaoYe Property. Management has decided not to sell the remaining two units of MaoYe properties in the near future, due to current conditions of the property market in China. A new lease agreement was entered into on February 1, 2023 for a period of 4 years at a monthly rate of RMB14, or approximately $2, after termination of the previous agreement. Pursuant to the agreement, monthly rental will increase by 5% each year.

Property purchased from MaoYe generated a rental income of $14 and $4 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Depreciation expense for MaoYe was $15 and $16 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Rental Property II - JiangHuai

During the year ended June 30, 2010, TTCQ purchased 8 units of commercial property in Chongqing, China from Chongqing JiangHuai Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. (“JiangHuai”) for a total purchase price of RMB 3,600, or approximately $580. As of June 30, 2023, TTCQ had not received the title deed for properties purchased from JiangHuai. While the above is not expected to affect the property’s market value, the COVID-19 pandemic and current economic situation are likely to cause delays in court to consummate the execution of the sale.

Property purchased from JiangHuai did not generate any rental income for Fiscal 2023 and 2022.         

Depreciation expense for JiangHuai was $26 and $28 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Rental Property III – FuLi

In Fiscal 2010, TTCQ entered into a Memorandum Agreement with Chongqing FuLi Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. (“FuLi”) to purchase two commercial properties totalling 311.99 square meters (“Office Space”) located in Jiang Bei District Chongqing. The total purchase price committed and paid was RMB 4,025, or approximately $648. The development was completed, the property was transferred to TTCQ in April 2013 and the title deed was received during the third quarter of Fiscal 2014.

In August 2022, TTCQ signed a tenancy agreement for one of the two commercial properties for a period of 1 year at a monthly rate of RMB6, or approximately $1. TTCQ is actively searching for tenants to occupy the other commercial property, which is vacant as of the date of this Report.

Properties purchased from FuLi generated a rental income of $10 and $21 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Depreciation expense for FuLi was $30 and $31 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Summary

Total rental income for all investment properties in China was $24 and $25 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Depreciation expense for all investment properties in China was $71 and $75 for Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Note 9 - Property, Plant and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Property, Plant and Equipment Disclosure [Text Block]

9.  PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

	Estimated Useful		For the Year Ended June 30,
	Life in Years		2023			2022
Building and improvements		3-20	$	5,243		$	5,190
Leasehold improvements		3-27		9,623			6,545
Machinery and equipment		3-7		28,001			27,172
Furniture and fixtures		3-5		1,308			1,234
Equipment under finance leases		3-5		1,525			1,413
Property, plant and equipment, gross			$	45,700		$	41,554
Less: accumulated depreciation				(33,110	)		(30,116	)
Accumulated amortization on equipment under finance leases				(1,402	)		(1,330	)
Total accumulated depreciation			$	(34,512	)	$	(31,446	)
Property, plant and equipment before currency translation effect, net			$	11,188		$	10,108
Currency translation effect				(2,844	)		(1,627	)
Property, plant and equipment, net			$	8,344		$	8,481

Depreciation and amortization expense for property, plant and equipment during Fiscal 2023 and 2022 was $3,727 and $2,126, respectively.

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Note 10 - Other Assets

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Other Assets Disclosure [Text Block]

10.  OTHER ASSETS

Other assets consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Deposits for rental and utilities and others		117			142
Currency translation effect		(1	)		(5	)
Total	$	116		$	137

*Down payment for purchase of investment properties included:

	2023
	RMB			U.S. Dollars
Original Investment (10% of Junzhou equity)	$	10,000		$	1,606
Less: Management Fee		(5,000	)		(803	)
Net Investment		5,000			803
Less: Share of Loss on Joint Venture		(137	)		(22	)
Net Investment as Down Payment (Note *a)		4,863			781
Loans Receivable		5,000			689
Interest Receivable		1,250			172
Less: Impairment of Interest		(906	)		(125	)
Transferred to Down Payment (Note *b)		5,344			736
* Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties		10,207			1,407
Add: Effect of foreign currency exchange		-			133
Less: Provision of Impairment loss on other assets		(10,207	)		(1,580	)
* Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties	$	-		$	-

a) In Fiscal 2011, the Company signed a Joint Venture agreement (the “Agreement”) with Jia Sheng Property Development Co. Ltd. (the “Developer”) to form a new company, Junzhou Co. Limited (“Joint Venture” or “Junzhou”), to jointly develop the “Singapore Themed Park” project (the “Project”). The Company paid RMB10,000 for the 10% investment in the Joint Venture. The Developer paid the Company a management fee of RMB 5,000 in cash upon signing of the Agreement, with a remaining fee of RMB 5,000 payable upon fulfilment of certain conditions in accordance with the Agreement. The Company further reduced its investment by RMB 137, or approximately $22, through the losses from operations incurred by the Joint Venture.

In Fiscal 2014, the Company disposed of its entire 10% interest in the Joint Venture but, to date, has not received payment in full therefor. The Company recognized a disposal based on the recorded net book value of RMB 5 million, or equivalent to $803K, from net considerations paid, in accordance with GAAP under ASC Topic 845 Non-monetary Consideration. It is presented under “Other Assets” as non-current assets to defer the recognition of the gain on the disposal of the 10% interest in the Joint Venture investment until such time that the consideration is paid, so the gain can be ascertained.

b) Amounts of RMB 5,000, or approximately $689, as disclosed in Note 5, plus the interest receivable on long-term loan receivable of RMB 1,250, or approximately $172, and impairment on interest of RMB 906, or approximately $125.

The shop lots are to be delivered to TTCQ upon completion of the construction of the shop lots in Singapore Themed Resort Project. The initial targeted date of completion was in Fiscal 2017. However, the progress has been delayed as the developer is currently undergoing asset reorganization process, to re-negotiate with their creditors to complete the project.

During the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021, the Company accrued an impairment charge of $1,580 related to the doubtful recovery of the down payment on property in the Singapore Theme Resort Project in Chongging, China. The Company elected to take this non-cash impairment charge due to increased uncertainties regarding the project’s viability, given the developers weakening financial condition as well as uncertainties arising from the negative real-estate environment in China, implementation of control measures on real-estate lending in China and its relevant government policies, together with effects of the ongoing pandemic. The local court is verifying the documents due to the sizable number of creditors as of June 30, 2023.

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Note 11 - Lines of Credit

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Line of Credit [Text Block]

11.  LINES OF CREDIT

The carrying value of the Company’s lines of credit approximates its fair value, because the interest rates associated with the lines of credit are adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company borrowed funds with similar terms and remaining maturities.

The Company’s credit rating provides it with readily and adequate access to funds in global markets.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Entity with	Type of	Interest	Credit		Unused
Facility	Facility	Rate	Limitation		Credit
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore	Lines of Credit	Cost of Funds Rate +1.25% to +1.3%	$	3,907	$	3,701
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.	Lines of Credit	Cost of Funds Rate +1.25% to +1.3%	$	1,843	$	1,559
Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.	Revolving credit	Cost of Funds Rate +2%	$	319	$	319

As of June 30, 2022, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Entity with	Type of	Interest	Credit		Unused
Facility	Facility	Rate	Limitation		Credit
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore	Lines of Credit	Ranging from 1.85% to 5.5%	$	4,090	$	3,651
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.	Lines of Credit	Ranging from 1.85% to 5.5%	$	1,076	$	586
Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.	Revolving credit	Cost of Funds Rate +2%	$	338	$	338

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Note 12 - Accrued Expense

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities Disclosure [Text Block]

12.  ACCRUED EXPENSE

Accrued expense consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Payroll and related costs	$	1,880		$	2,158
Commissions		158			116
Legal and audit		280			320
Sales tax		140			531
Utilities		236			273
Warranty		24			16
Accrued purchase of materials and property, plant and equipment		1,214			905
Provision for reinstatement		380			308
Contract liabilities		1,275			988
Other accrued expense		50			581
Currency translation effect		(69	)		(192	)
Total	$	5,568		$	6,004

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Note 13 - Warranty Accrual

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Product Warranty Disclosure [Text Block]

13.  ASSURANCE WARRANTY ACCRUAL

The Company provides for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its warranty program at the time the sale is recorded. The warranty period for products manufactured by the Company is generally one year or the warranty period agreed upon with the customer. The Company estimates the warranty costs based on the historical rates of warranty returns. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	16		$	14
Additions charged to cost and expense		32			7
(Utilization)/ Recovery		(25	)		(4	)
Currency translation effect		1			(1	)
Ending	$	24		$	16

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Note 14 - Bank Loans Payable

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Debt Disclosure [Text Block]

14.  BANK LOANS PAYABLE

Bank loans payable consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Note payable denominated in the Malaysian Ringgit for expansion plans in Malaysia, maturing in August 2028, bearing interest at the bank’s prime rate less 2% (4.6% and 3.791% at June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022) per annum, respectively, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through August 2028, collateralized by the acquired building with a carrying value of $2,208 and $2,372 as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively.	$	957		$	1,392
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.2% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through July 2025.		84			128
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.0% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through December 2026.		169			224
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.0% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through August 2027.		142			-
Total bank loans payable	$	1,352		$	1,744
Current portion of bank loans payable		503			503
Currency translation effect on current portion of bank loans		(28	)		(31	)
Current portion of bank loans payable		475			472
Long-term portion of bank loans payable		933			1,357
Currency translation effect on long-term portion of bank loans		(56	)		(85	)
Long-term portion of bank loans payable	$	877			1,272

Future minimum payments (excluding interest) as of June 30, 2023, were as follows:

2024	$	475
2025		262
2026		231
2027		212
Thereafter		172
Total obligations and commitments	$	1,352

Future minimum payments (excluding interest) as of June 30, 2022, were as follows:

2023	$	472
2024		481
2025		246
2026		214
2027		190
Thereafter		141
Total obligations and commitments	$	1,744

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Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Text Block]

15.  COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Deposits with banks are not insured by the local government or agency and are consequently exposed to risk of loss. The Company believes that the probability of bank failure, causing loss to the Company, is remote.

The Company is, from time to time, the subject of litigation claims and assessments arising out of matters occurring in its normal business operations. In the opinion of management, resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Note 16 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Fair Value Disclosures [Text Block]

16.  FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

In accordance with ASC Topic 825 and 820, the following presents assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value and classified by level of fair value measurement hierarchy:

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the year ended June 30, 2023, or for the same period in the prior year.

Term deposits (Level 2) – The carrying amount approximates fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

Restricted term deposits (Level 2) – The carrying amount approximates fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

Lines of credit (Level 3) – The carrying value of the lines of credit approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the obligations.

Bank loans payable (Level 3) – The carrying value of the Company’s bank loans payable approximates its fair value as the interest rates associated with long-term debt is adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company borrowed funds with similar terms and remaining maturities.

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Note 17 - Concentration of Customers

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Concentration Risk Disclosure [Text Block]

17.  CONCENTRATION OF CUSTOMERS

During the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 3 major customers that accounted for the following revenue and trade account receivables:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue
- Customer A		33.5	%		40.3	%
- Customer B		14.7	%		5.5	%
- Customer C		11.2	%		19.4	%
Trade Account Receivables
- Customer A		31.2	%		36.0	%
- Customer B		24.0	%		8.8	%
- Customer C		15.9	%		24.2	%

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Note 18 - Business Segments

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Segment Reporting Disclosure [Text Block]

18.  BUSINESS SEGMENTS

In Fiscal 2023, the Company operated in four segments; the testing service industry (which performs structural and electronic tests of semiconductor devices), the designing and manufacturing of equipment (assembly of equipment that tests the structural integrity of integrated circuits and other products), distribution of various products from other manufacturers in Singapore and Asia and the real estate segment in China.

The cost of equipment, current year investment in new equipment and depreciation expense are allocated into respective segments based on the primary purpose for which the equipment was acquired.

All intersegment sales were sales from the Manufacturing segment to the Testing and Distribution segment. Total intersegment sales were $517 in the year ended June 30, 2023 and $439 in the year ended June 30, 2022. Corporate assets consisted primarily of cash and prepaid expense. Corporate expense consisted primarily of stock option expense, salaries, insurance, professional expenses and directors' fees. Corporate expenses are allocated to the four segments on a predetermined fixed amount calculated based on the annual budgeted sales, except the Malaysia and China operations, which is calculated based on actual sales. The following segment information table includes segment operating income or loss after including corporate expenses allocated to the segments, which gets eliminated in the consolidation.

				Operating
	Year Ended			Income /			Total		Depr. And		Capital
	Jun. 30,	Revenue		(Loss)			Assets		Amort.		Expenditures
Manufacturing	2023	$	13,827	$	(58	)	$	13,864	$	481	$	143
	2022	$	13,526	$	275		$	14,652	$	417	$	116
Testing Services	2023		23,130		1,648			24,559		4,532		4,329
	2022		19,477		1,313			25,148		2,577		1,351
Distribution	2023		6,270		816			1,275		-		-
	2022		11,037		1,525			1,740		-		-
Real Estate	2023		23		(98	)		1,988		75		-
	2022		25		(119	)		1,608		81		1
Corporate & Unallocated	2023		-		(80	)		500		-		26
	2022		-		(641	)		273		-		-
Total Company	2023	$	43,250	$	2,228		$	42,186	$	5,088	$	4,498
	2022	$	44,065	$	2,353		$	43,421	$	3,075	$	1,468

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Note 19 - Other Income

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Other Income and Other Expense Disclosure [Text Block]

19.  OTHER INCOME

Other income consisted of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Interest income	$	174		$	69
Other rental income		115			116
Exchange (loss) / gain		(269	)		129
Commission income		-			189
Dividend income		-			10
Other miscellaneous income		86			82
Total	$	106		$	595

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Note 20 - Government Grants

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Government Assistance [Text Block]

20.  GOVERNMENT GRANTS

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Government grants	$	153	$	228

During Fiscal 2023, the Company received government grants amounting to $153, $107 of which was financial assistance received from the Singapore government.

During Fiscal 2022, the Company received government grants amounting to $228, $146 of which was financial assistance received from the Singapore and Malaysia governments amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Note 21 - Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]

21.  INCOME TAXES

(Loss) / Income before provision for income taxes consists of the following:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
United States		550		(1,156	)
International		1,832		4,210
Total	$	2,382	$	3,054

The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Current:
Federal	$	104	$	72
State		2		2
Foreign		410		643
	$	516	$	717
Deferred:
Federal	$	-	$	-
State		-		-
Foreign		106		40
		106		40
Total	$	622	$	757

A reconciliation of income tax benefit compared to the amount of income tax expense that would result by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income is as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Statutory federal tax rate		21.00	%		21.00	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit		(1.19	)		(2.0	)
Permanent items and credits		16.08			2.44
Foreign rate differential		(0.44	)		(18.50	)
Other		(0.09	)		-
Changes in valuation allowance		(9.43	)		21.88
Effective rate		26.141	%		24.82	%

The provision for income taxes has been determined based upon the tax laws and rates in the countries in which we operate. The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes and income tax assets and liabilities, including evaluating uncertainties in the application of accounting principles and complex tax laws.

Due to the enactment of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Company is subject to a tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”). GILTI is a tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of foreign corporations. Companies subject to GILTI have the option to account for the GILTI tax as a period cost if and when incurred, or to recognize deferred taxes for temporary differences including outside basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI. The Company has elected to account for GILTI as a period cost, and therefore has included GILTI expense in its effective tax rate calculation for the year ended June 30, 2023.

The Company accrues penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits when necessary as a component of penalties and interest expenses, respectively. The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits or related accrued penalties or interest expenses at June 30, 2023.

In assessing the ability to realize the deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on these criteria, management believes it is more likely than not the Company will not realize the benefits of the federal, state, and foreign deductible differences. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been established against deferred tax assets recorded in the US and various foreign jurisdictions.

Temporary differences that give rise to a significant portion of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses and credits	$	704		$	789
Inventory valuation		68			125
Right-of-use assets		61
Provision for bad debts		-			223
Accrued vacation		11			8
Accrued expense		172			265
Fixed asset basis		9			4
Investment		71			77
General business credit		22			-
Other		-			(106	)
Total deferred tax assets	$	1,118		$	1,385
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation	$	(342	)	$	(371	)
		(61	)
Other		(8	)		(3	)
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	(411	)	$	(374	)
Subtotal		707			1,011
Valuation allowance		(617	)		(842	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	90		$	169
Presented as follows in the balance sheets:
Deferred tax assets	$	100		$	169
Deferred tax liabilities		(10	)		-
Net deferred tax assets	$	90		$	169

The valuation allowance decreased by $225 and increased by $220 in Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

At June 30, 2023, the Company had no federal net operating loss carry-forward and state net operating loss carry-forward of $1,940, which expire through 2033. These carryovers may be subject to limitations under I.R.C. Section 382. Management of the Company is uncertain whether it is more likely than not that these future benefits will be realized. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance was established.

Generally, U.S. federal, state, and foreign authorities may examine the Company’s tax returns for three years, four years, and five years, respectively, from the date an income tax return is filed. However, the taxing authorities may continue to adjust the Company’s net operating loss carry-forwards until the statute of limitations closes on the tax years in which the net operating losses are utilized.

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Note 22 - Revenue

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Text Block]

22.  REVENUE

The Company generates revenue primarily from 3 different segments: Manufacturing, Testing and Distribution. The Company accounts for a contract with a customer when there is approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. The Company’s revenues are measured based on consideration stipulated in the arrangement with each customer, net of any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties, such as sales taxes. The revenues are recognized as separate performance obligations that are satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to the customer.

Significant Judgments

The Company’s arrangements with its customers include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. A product or service is considered distinct if it is separately identifiable from other deliverables in the arrangement and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer.

The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis (“SSP”). Determining the SSP for each distinct performance obligation and allocation of consideration from an arrangement to the individual performance obligations and the appropriate timing of revenue recognition are significant judgments with respect to these arrangements. The Company typically establishes the SSP based on observable prices of products or services sold separately in comparable circumstances to similar clients. The Company may estimate SSP by considering internal costs, profit objectives and pricing practices in certain circumstances.

Warranties, discounts and allowances are estimated using historical and recent data trends. The Company includes estimates in the transaction price only to the extent that a significant reversal of revenue is not probable in subsequent periods. The Company’s products and services are generally not sold with a right of return, nor has the Company experienced significant returns from or refunds to its customers.

Manufacturing

The Company primarily derives revenue from the sale of both front-end and back-end semiconductor test equipment and related peripherals, maintenance and support of all these products, installation and training services, and the sale of spare parts. The Company’s revenues are measured based on consideration stipulated in the arrangement with each customer, net of any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties, such as sales taxes.

The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation by transferring control of the product to the customer. The Company uses judgment to evaluate whether the control has transferred by considering several indicators, including whether:

● the Company has a present right to payment;

● the customer has legal title;

● the customer has physical possession;

● the customer has significant risk and rewards of ownership; and

● the customer has accepted the product, or whether customer acceptance is considered a formality based on history of acceptance of similar products (for example, when the customer has previously accepted the same equipment, with the same specifications, and when we can objectively demonstrate that the tool meets all of the required acceptance criteria, and when the installation of the system is deemed perfunctory).

Not all the indicators need to be met for the Company to conclude that control has transferred to the customer. In circumstances in which revenue is recognized prior to the product acceptance, the portion of revenue associated with its performance obligations of product installation and training services are deferred and recognized upon acceptance.

Majority of sales under the Manufacturing segment include a 12-month warranty. The Company generally provides a limited warranty that our products comply with applicable specifications at the time of delivery. Under our standard terms and conditions of sale, liability for certain failures of product during a stated warranty period is usually limited to repair or replacement of defective parts. The Company has concluded that the warranty provided for standard products are assurance type warranties and are not separate performance obligations.

Customized products are generally more complex and, as a result, may contain unforeseen faults that could lead to additional costs for us, including increased servicing or the need to provide product modifications. Warranty provided for customized products are service warranties and are separate performance obligations. Transaction prices are allocated to this performance obligation using cost plus method. The portion of revenue associated with warranty service is deferred and recognized as revenue over the warranty period, as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of warranty services provided by the Company.

Testing

The Company renders testing services to manufacturers and purchasers of semiconductors and other entities who either lack testing capabilities or whose in-house screening facilities are insufficient. The Company primarily derives testing revenue from burn-in services, manpower supply and other associated services. SSP is directly observable from the sales orders. Revenue is allocated to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time depending upon terms of the sales order. Generally, there is no other performance obligation other than what has been stated inside the sales order for each of these sales.

Terms of contract that may indicate potential variable consideration included warranty, late delivery penalty and reimbursement to solve nonconformance issues for rejected products. Based on historical and recent data trends, it is concluded that these terms of the contract do not represent potential variable consideration. The transaction price is not contingent on the occurrence of any future event.

Distribution

The Company distributes complementary products, made by manufacturers around the world. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at a point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation by transferring control of the product to the customer. The Company uses judgment to evaluate whether the control has transferred by considering several indicators discussed above. The Company recognizes the revenue at a point in time, generally upon shipment or delivery of the products to the customer or distributors, depending upon terms of the sales order.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and collections may result in billed account receivables, unbilled receivables, contract assets, and customer advances, deposits and contract liabilities. The Company’s payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment of 70% to 90% of total contract consideration within 30 to 60 days of shipment, with the remainder payable within 30 days of acceptance. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined that its contracts generally do not include a significant financing component.

Contract assets were recorded under other receivable while contract liabilities were recorded under accrued expense in the balance sheet. 

The following table is the reconciliation of contract balances.

	Jun. 30,		Jun. 30,
	2023		2022
Trade Accounts Receivable	$	9,804	$	11,592
Accounts Payable		1,667		2,401
Contract Liabilities		1,275		988

Remaining Performance Obligation

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $55 of remaining performance obligations, which represents our obligation to deliver products and services. Given the profile of contract terms, this amount is expected to be recognized as revenue over the next two years.

As at June 30, 2022, the Company had $326 of remaining performance obligations, which represents our obligation to deliver products and services.

Practical Expedients

The Company applies the following practical expedients:

● The Company accounts for shipping and handling costs as activities to fulfil the promise to transfer the goods, instead of a promised service to its customer.

● The Company has not elected to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component as the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the entity transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will generally be one year or less.

● The Company has elected to adopt the practical expedient for contract costs, specifically in relation to incremental costs of obtaining a contract.

Costs to obtain a contract are not material, and the Company generally expenses such costs as incurred because the amortization period is one year or less.

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Note 23 - Earnings Per Share

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Earnings Per Share [Text Block]

23.  EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company follows ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) are computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders (numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during the period. Diluted EPS give effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a period. In computing diluted EPS, the average price for the period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options and warrants.

Options to purchase 656,375 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $2.53 to $7.76 per share were outstanding as of June 30, 2023. 285,500 stock options were excluded in the computation of diluted EPS for Fiscal 2023 because they were anti-dilutive.

Options to purchase 656,375 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $2.53 to $7.76 per share were outstanding as of June 30, 2022. 310,500 stock options were excluded in the computation of diluted EPS for Fiscal 2022 because they were anti-dilutive.

The following table is a reconciliation of the weighted average shares used in the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the years presented herein:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Income attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from continuing operations, net of tax	$	1,545		$	2,396
Loss attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1	)		(1	)
Net income attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$	1,544		$	2,395
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic		4,082			3,972
Dilutive effect of stock options		83			202
Number of shares used to compute earnings per share - diluted		4,165			4,174
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.38		$	0.61
Basic loss per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International		-			(0.01	)
Basic earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.38		$	0.60
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.37		$	0.57
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International		-			-
Diluted earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.37		$	0.57

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Note 24 - Stock Options

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Text Block]

24.  STOCK OPTIONS

On September 24, 2007, the Company’s Board of Directors unanimously adopted the 2007 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Employee Plan”) and the 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Directors Plan” and, together with the 2007 Employee Plan, the “2007 Plans”), each of which was approved by the shareholders on December 3, 2007. Each of the 2007 Plans were amended during the term of such plan to increase the number of shares covered thereby. Each of the 2007 Plans terminated by their respective terms on September 24, 2017.

On September 14, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors unanimously adopted the 2017 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2017 Employee Plan”) and the 2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Directors Plan”) each of which was approved by the shareholders on December 4, 2017.

Assumptions

The fair value for the stock options granted to both employees and directors was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions, assuming: 

● An expected life varying from 2.50 to 3.25 years, calculated in accordance with the guidance provided in SEC Staff bulletin No. 110 for plain vanilla options using the simplified method, since our equity shares have been publicly traded for only a limited period and we did not have sufficient historical exercise data at the grant date of the options;

● A risk-free interest rate varying from 0.11% to 4.17% (2022: 0.11% to 2.35%);

● No expected dividend payments and;

● Expected volatility of 47.3% to 73.85% (2022: 45.38% to 55.59%).

The expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s Common Stock. Due to higher volatility, the observation was made on a daily basis for the 12 months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 respectively. The observation period covered is consistent with the expected life of the options. The expected life of the options granted to employees has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method as prescribed by ASC Topic 718 Stock Based Compensation, which, among other provisions, allows companies without access to adequate historical data about employee exercise behavior to use a simplified approach for estimating the expected life of a "plain vanilla" option grant. The simplified rule for estimating the expected life of such an option is the average of the time to vesting and the full term of the option. The risk-free rate is consistent with the expected life of the stock options and is based on the United States Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

2017 Employee Stock Option Plan

The Company’s 2017 Employee Plan permits the grant of stock options to its employees, and initially covered up to an aggregate of 300,000 shares of Common Stock. In December 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment to the 2017 Employee Plan to increase the shares covered thereby from 300,000 shares to an aggregate of 600,000 shares, which amendment was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the annual meeting held in December 2021.

Under the 2017 Employee Plan, all options must be granted with an exercise price of no less than fair value as of the grant date and the options granted must be exercisable within a maximum of ten years after the date of grant, or such lesser period of time as is set forth in the stock option agreements. The options may be exercisable (a) immediately as of the effective date of the stock option agreement granting the option, or (b) in accordance with a schedule related to the date of the grant of the option, the date of first employment, or such other date as may be set by the Compensation Committee. Generally, options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan are exercisable within five years after the date of grant, and vest over the period as follows: 25% vesting on the grant date and the remaining balance vesting in equal instalments on the next three succeeding anniversaries of the grant date. The share-based compensation will be recognized in terms of the grade method on a straight-line basis for each separately vesting portion of the award. Certain option awards provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control (as defined in the 2017 Employee Plan).

During the year ended June 30, 2023, the Company granted options to purchase 65,000 shares of its Common Stock to employees pursuant to the 2017 Employee Plan, with a weighted average grant-date fair value of $4.84.

There were 5,000 stock options exercised under the 2017 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2023. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $145 in the year ended June 30, 2023 under the 2017 Employee Plan. The balance of unamortized stock-based compensation of $144 based on fair value on the grant date related to options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan is to be recognized over a period of 3 years. The weighted average remaining contractual term for non-vested options outstanding under the 2017 Employee Plan was 1.99 years.

As of June 30, 2023, there were vested employee stock options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan covering a total of 134,625 shares of Common Stock, with a weighted average exercise price was $4.49, and weighted average contractual term of 2.57 years. The total fair value of vested employee stock options outstanding under the 2017 Employee Plan as of June 30, 2023, was $605.

A summary of option activities under the 2017 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2023, is presented as follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		236,375			5.21		2.61		87
Granted		65,000			4.84		-		-
Exercised		(5,000	)		3.75		-		-
Forfeited or expired		(80,000	)		-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2023		216,375			4.89		2.92		140
Exercisable at June 30, 2023		134,625			4.49		2.57		125

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested employee stock options during the year ended June 30, 2023, is presented below:

				Weighted Average
	Options			Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at July 1, 2022		75,875		$	5.98
Granted		65,000			4.77
Vested		(49,125	)		-
Forfeited		(10,000	)		-
Non-vested at June 30, 2023		81,750		$	5.53

During the year ended June 30, 2022, the Company granted options to purchase 40,500 shares of its Common Stock to employees pursuant to the 2017 Employee Plan, with a weighted average grant-date fair value of $3.69.

There were 71,125 stock options exercised under the 2017 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $117 in the year ended June 30, 2022 under the 2017 Employee Plan. The balance of unamortized stock-based compensation of $130 based on fair value on the grant date related to options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan is to be recognized over a period of three years. The weighted average remaining contractual term for non-vested options outstanding under the 2017 Employee Plan was 1.94 years.

As of June 30, 2022, there were vested employee stock options granted under the 2017 Employee Plan covering a total of 160,500 shares of Common Stock, with a weighted average exercise price was $4.93, and weighted average contractual term of 1.98 years. The total fair value of vested employee stock options outstanding under the 2017 Employee Plan as of June 30, 2022, was $632.

A summary of option activities under the 2017 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented as follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		267,000			4.21		3.22		290
Granted		40,500			7.76		4.73		-
Exercised		(71,125	)		2.93		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		236,375			5.21		2.61		87
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		160,500			4.93		1.98		66

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested employee stock options during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented below:

				Weighted Average
	Options			Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at July 1, 2021		102,250		$	2.29
Granted		40,500			3.69
Vested		(66,875	)		-
Non-vested at June 30, 2022		75,875		$	5.98

2007 Employee Stock Option Plan

The Company’s 2007 Employee Plan permitted the issuance of options to employees. As of the last amendment thereof, the 2007 Employee Plan covered an aggregate of 600,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The 2007 Employee Plan terminated by its terms on September 24, 2017 and no further options may be granted thereunder. Options outstanding thereunder continue to remain outstanding and in effect in accordance with their terms.

There were no options exercised during the year ended June 30, 2023 and 37,500 options exercised during the year ended June 30, 2022. The Company did not recognize any stock-based compensation expense in both Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2022, under the 2007 Employee Plan.

As of June 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no vested or unvested stock options outstanding under the 2007 Employee Plan.

A summary of option activities under the 2007 Employee Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented as follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		37,500		$	4.14		0.75	$	34
Granted		-			-		-		-
Exercised		(37,500	)		4.14		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-

2017 Directors Equity Incentive Plan

The 2017 Directors Plan permits the grant of options to its directors in the form of non-qualified options and restricted stock, and initially covered up to an aggregate of 300,000 shares of Common Stock. In September 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment to the 2017 Directors Plan to increase the shares covered thereby from 300,000 shares to an aggregate of 600,000 shares, which amendment was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the annual meeting held in December 2020.

Under the 2017 Plan, the exercise price of the non-qualified options is required to be 100% of the fair value of the underlying shares on the grant date. The options have five-year contractual terms and are exercisable immediately as of the grant date.

During the year ended June 30, 2023, the Company granted options to purchase 100,000 shares of its Common Stock to directors pursuant to the 2017 Directors Plan, with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Common Stock (as defined under the 2017 Directors Plan in conformity with Regulation 409A or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) at the date of grant, and a fair value of approximately $213, based on the fair value of $2.13 per share determined by the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

As all stock options granted under the 2017 Directors Plan vest immediately on the date of grant, there were no unvested stock options granted under the 2017 Directors Plan as of June 30, 2023.

There were 20,000 stock options exercised under the 2017 Directors Plan during the year ended June 30, 2023. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $213 in the year ended June 30, 2023 under the 2017 Directors Plan.

A summary of option activities under the 2017 Directors Plan during the year ended June 30, 2023, is presented as follows: 

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		420,000		$	5.10		2.85	$	228
Granted		100,000			4.51		-		-
Exercised		20,000			2.53		-
Forfeited or expired		(80,000	)		5.98		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2023		420,000		$	4.91		2.91	$	309
Exercisable at June 30, 2023		420,000			4.91		2.91		309

During the year ended June 30, 2022, the Company granted options to purchase 100,000 shares of its Common Stock to directors pursuant to the 2017 Directors Plan, with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Common Stock (as defined under the 2017 Directors Plan in conformity with Regulation 409A or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) at the date of grant, and a fair value of approximately $353, based on the fair value of $3.53 per share determined by the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

As all stock options granted under the 2017 Directors Plan vest immediately on the date of grant, there were no unvested stock options granted under the 2017 Directors Plan as of June 30, 2022.

There were no options under the 2017 Directors Plan exercised during the year ended June 30, 2022. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $353 in the year ended June 30, 2022 under the 2017 Directors Plan.

A summary of option activities under the 2017 Directors Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented as follows: 

			Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
			Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options		Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		320,000	$	4.27		3.22	$	340
Granted		100,000		7.76		4.73		-
Exercised		-		-		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-		-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		420,000	$	5.10		2.85	$	228
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		420,000		5.10		2.85		228

2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan

The Company’s 2007 Directors Plan permitted the grant of stock options to its directors in the form of nonqualified options and restricted stock. As of the last amendment thereof, the 2007 Directors Plan covered an aggregate of 500,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The 2007 Directors Plan terminated by its terms on September 24, 2017, and no further options may be granted thereunder. Options outstanding thereunder continue to remain outstanding and in effect in accordance with their terms.

There were no stock options exercised during the year ended June 30, 2023. The Company did not recognize any stock-based compensation expense during the year ended June 30, 2023.

There were 50,000 options exercised during the year ended June 30, 2022. The Company did not recognize any stock-based compensation expense during the year ended June 30, 2022.

As of June 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no vested or unvested stock options outstanding under 2007 Directors Plan.

A summary of option activities under the 2007 Directors Plan during the year ended June 30, 2022, is presented as follows:

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		50,000		$	4.14		0.75	$	45
Granted		-			-		-		-
Exercised		(50,000	)		4.14		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-			-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-

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Note 25 - Leases

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Lessee and Lessor, Leases [Text Block]

25.  LEASES

Company as Lessor

Operating leases under which the Company is the lessor arise from leasing the Company’s commercial real estate investment property to third parties. Initial lease terms generally range from 12 to 60 months. Depreciation expense for assets subject to operating leases is taken into account primarily on the straight-line method over a period of 20 years in amounts necessary to reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated residual value. Depreciation expense relating to the property held as investments in operating leases were $71 and $75 for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Future minimum rental income in China and Thailand to be received from fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 to fiscal year ended June 30, 2027 on non-cancellable operating leases, and is contractually due as of June 30, 2023, as follows:

2024	$	141
2025		141
2026		46
2027		16
	$	344

Future minimum rental income in China and Thailand to be received from Fiscal 2023 to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2027 on non-cancellable operating leases, and is contractually due as of June 30, 2022, as follows:

2023	$	6
2024	$	27
2025		28
2026		29
2027		10
	$	100

Sales-type leases under which the Company is the lessor arise from the lease of 4 units of chiller systems. The Company classifies its lease arrangements at inception of the arrangement. The lease term is 3 years, contains an automatic transfer of title at the end of the lease term and a guarantee of residual value at the end of the lease term. The customer is required to pay for executory cost such as taxes.

Financing receivables, consisting of net investment in sales-type leases and receivables from financed sales of 4 units of chiller systems are as follows:

Components of Lease Balances	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Assets
Gross financial sales receivable	$	17		$	41
Unearned finance income		(1	)		(3	)
Financed sales receivable	$	16		$	38
Net financed sales receivables due within one year	$	16		$	21
Net financed sales receivables due after one year	$	-		$	17

As of June 30, 2023, the financed sale receivables had a weighted average effective interest rate of 11.16% and weighted average remaining lease term of 0.75 years.

As of June 30, 2022, the financed sale receivables had a weighted average effective interest rate of 11.16% and weighted average remaining lease term of 1.75 years.

Company as Lessee

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices and research and development facilities with remaining lease terms of one year to four years and finance leases for plant and equipment.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows (in thousands):

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Finance Leases (Plant and Equipment)
Plant and equipment, at cost	$	1,734		$	1,727
Accumulated depreciation		(1,075	)		(1,179	)
Plant and Equipment, Net	$	658		$	548
Current portion of finance leases	$	107		$	118
Net of current portion of finance leases		42			119
Total Finance Lease Liabilities	$	149		$	237
Operating Leases (Corporate Offices, Research and Development Facilities)
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,609		$	3,152
Operating lease right-of-use assets, Net	$	2,609		$	3,152
Current portion of operating leases		1,098			1,218
Net of current portion of operating leases		1,511			1,934
Total Operating Lease Liabilities	$	2,609		$	3,152

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Lease Cost
Finance lease cost:
Interest on finance lease	$	2	$	29
Amortization of right-of-use assets		43		209
Total finance lease cost		45		238
Operating Lease Costs	$	1,518	$	949

Other information related to leases was as follows (in thousands except lease term and discount rate):

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Cash Paid for Amounts Included in the Measurement of Lease Liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	(10	)	$	(21	)
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(1,300	)		(1,151	)
Finance cash from finance leases		-			-
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained in Exchange for New Operating Lease Liabilities		1,297			1,276
Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term:
Finance leases		1.59			2.02
Operating leases		2.42			2.83
Weighted-Average Discount Rate:
Finance leases		3.22	%		3.26	%
Operating leases		5.68	%		5.53	%

As of June 30, 2023, the maturities of the Company's operating and finance lease liabilities were as follow:

	Operating Lease Liabilities			Finance Lease Liabilities
Fiscal Year
2024		1,321			112
2025		846			33
2026		570			12
Thereafter		64			-
Total future minimum lease payments	$	2,801		$	157
Less: amount representing interest		(192	)		(8	)
Present value of net minimum lease payments	$	2,609		$	149
Presentation on statement of financial position
Current		1,098			107
Non-Current		1,511			42

As of June 30, 2022, future minimum lease payments under finance leases and noncancelable operating leases were as follows:

	Operating Lease Liabilities			Finance Lease Liabilities
Fiscal Year
2023	$	1,357		$	129
2024		1,032			104
2025		554			20
2026		423			-
Thereafter		69			-
Total future minimum lease payments	$	3,435		$	253
Less: amount representing interest		(283	)		(16	)
Present value of net minimum lease payments	$	3,152		$	237
Presentation on statement of financial position
Current		1,218			118
Non-Current		1,934			119

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Note 26 - Noncontrolling Interest

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Noncontrolling Interest Disclosure [Text Block]

26.  NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 810, the Company has classified the non-controlling interest as a component of stockholders’ equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Additionally, the Company has presented the net income attributable to the Company and the non-controlling ownership interests separately in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Non-controlling interest represents the minority stockholders’ share of 45% of the equity of Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd., SHI International Pte. Ltd., 48% of PT. SHI Indonesia, 24% interest in Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd., and 49% interest in Trio-Tech Jiangsu Co., Ltd., which are subsidiaries of the Company.

The table below reflects a reconciliation of the equity attributable to non-controlling interest:

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Non-controlling interest
Beginning balance	$	128		$	419
Net income / (loss)		214			(96	)
Dividend declared by a subsidiary		-			(122	)
Translation adjustment		(177	)		(73	)
Ending balance	$	165		$	128

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Note 27 - Comparative Figures

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Reclassifications [Text Block]

27.  COMPARATIVE FIGURES

Certain amounts in the prior periods presented have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation. These reclassifications have no effect on previously reported net income.

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Accounting, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation - Trio-Tech International (the “Company” or “TTI” hereafter) was incorporated in fiscal 1958 under the laws of the State of California. TTI provides third-party semiconductor testing and burn-in services primarily through its laboratories in Southeast Asia. In addition, TTI operates manufacturing and testing facilities in the United States. The Company also designs, develops, manufactures and markets a broad range of equipment and systems used in the manufacturing and testing of semiconductor devices and electronic components. During the year ended June 30, 2023, TTI conducted business in four business segments: Manufacturing, Testing Services, Distribution and Real Estate. TTI has subsidiaries in the U.S., Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Ireland and China, as follows:

	Ownership	Location
Express Test Corporation (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
Trio-Tech Reliability Services (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
KTS Incorporated, dba Universal Systems (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
European Electronic Test Centre (Dormant)	100%	Dublin, Ireland
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.	100%	Singapore
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.*	100%	Singapore
Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)	55%	Penang and Selangor, Malaysia
Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd.	55%	Selangor, Malaysia
(100% owned by Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.)
Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.	76%	Selangor, Malaysia
(76% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)
Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd. *	100%	Suzhou, China
Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Chongqing, China
SHI International Pte. Ltd. (Dormant) (55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd)	55%	Singapore
PT SHI Indonesia (Dormant) (95% owned by SHI International Pte. Ltd.)	52%	Batam, Indonesia
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. *	100%	Tianjin, China
Trio-Tech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd. (51% owned by Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd.)	51%	Suzhou, China

* 100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP’’). The basis of accounting differs from that used in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries and equity investee companies, which are prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in their respective countries of incorporation. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements have reflected all costs incurred by the Company and its subsidiaries in operating the business.

All dollar amounts in the consolidated financial statements and in the notes herein are presented in thousands of United States dollars (US$’000) unless otherwise designated.

Liquidity [Policy Text Block]

Liquidity — The Company earned net income attributable to common shareholders of $1,544 during the year ended June 30, 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”) and net income attributable to common shareholders of $2,395 during the year ended June 30, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”), respectively.

The Company’s core businesses, testing services, manufacturing and distribution, operate in a volatile industry, where average selling prices and product costs are influenced by competitive factors. These factors create pressures on sales, costs, earnings and cash flows, which can impact liquidity.  

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy [Policy Text Block]

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions — The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the U.S. parent company. The Singapore dollar (“SGD”), the national currency of Singapore, is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the operations in Singapore are conducted. The Company also has business entities in Malaysia, Thailand, China and Indonesia of which the Malaysian ringgit (“RM”), Thai baht, Chinese renminbi (“RMB”) and Indonesian rupiah, are the national currencies. The Company uses the U.S. dollar for financial reporting purposes.

The Company translates assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries outside the U.S. into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the fiscal year end, and the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss is translated at average rates during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the subsidiaries’ financial statements from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars are recorded in shareholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive gain - translation adjustments. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies of the Company’s subsidiaries are reflected in income for the reporting period.

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Use of Estimates — The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Among the more significant estimates included in these consolidated financial statements are the estimated allowance for doubtful account receivables, reserve for obsolete inventory, reserve for warranty, impairments and the deferred income tax asset allowance. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Revenue [Policy Text Block]

Revenue Recognition — The Company follows ASU No. 2014-09, ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”). This standard update outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers.

We apply a five-step approach as defined in ASC Topic 606 in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contracts; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the corresponding performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue derived from Testing is recognized when testing services are rendered. Revenue generated from sale of products in the Manufacturing and Distribution segments are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the products has occurred, customer acceptance has been obtained (which means the control has been transferred to the customer), the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Certain customers can request for installation and training services to be performed for certain products sold in the Manufacturing segment. These services are mainly for helping customers with the test runs of the machines sold and are considered a separate performance obligation. Such services can be provided by other entities as well and these do not significantly modify the product. The Company recognizes the revenue at a point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation.

In the Real Estate segment: (1) revenue from property development is earned and recognized on the earlier of the dates when the underlying property is sold or upon the maturity of the agreement; if this amount is uncollectible, the agreement empowers the repossession of the property, and (2) rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. This means that, with respect to a particular lease, actual amounts billed in accordance with the lease during any given period may be higher or lower than the amount of rental revenue recognized for the period. Straight-line rental revenue is commenced when the tenant assumes possession of the leased premises. Accrued straight-line rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

Sales Tax [Policy Text Block]

GST / Indirect Taxes — The Company’s policy is to present taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis. The Company records the amounts collected as a current liability and relieves such liability upon remittance to the taxing authority without impacting revenue or expense.

Receivables, Trade and Other Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Trade Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts — During the normal course of business, the Company extends unsecured credit to its customers in all segments. Typically, credit terms require payment to be made between 30 to 90 days from the date of the sale. The Company generally does not require collateral from our customers.

The Company’s management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer creditworthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. The Company includes any account balances that are determined to be uncollectible, along with a general reserve, in the overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to management, the Company believed that its allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate as of June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Extended Product Warranty, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Assurance Warranty Costs — The Company provides for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its warranty program at the time the sale is recorded in its Manufacturing segment. The Company estimates warranty costs based on the historical rates of warranty returns. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Cash and Cash Equivalents — The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Term Deposits [Policy Text Block]

Term Deposits — Term deposits consist of bank balances and interest-bearing deposits with maturities less than three months..

Inventory, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Restricted Term Deposits — The Company held certain term deposits in Singapore and Malaysia operations which were considered restricted, as they were held as security against certain facilities granted by the financial institutions.

Inventories — Inventories in the Company’s Manufacturing and Distribution segments, consisting principally of raw materials, works in progress, and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid technological change, short-term customer commitments and rapid fluctuations in demand. Provisions for estimated excess and obsolete inventory are based on our regular reviews of inventory quantities on hand and the latest forecasts of product demand and production requirements from our customers. Inventories are written down for not-saleable, excess or obsolete raw materials, works-in-process and finished goods by charging such write-downs to cost of sales. In addition to write-downs based on newly introduced parts, statistics and judgments are used for assessing provisions of the remaining inventory based on salability and obsolescence.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Property, Plant and Equipment and Investment Properties — Property, plant and equipment and investment properties are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided for over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided for over the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter, using the straight-line method.

Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred. Additions and improvements to the assets are capitalized. When assets are disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation thereon are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Long-Lived Assets and Impairment – The Company’s business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly underutilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand.

The Company evaluates the long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and investment property, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, significant negative industry or economic trends, and a significant decline in the stock price for a sustained period of time. Impairment is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analysis, if there is significant adverse change.

The Company applies the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets (“ASC Topic 360”), to property, plant and equipment. ASC Topic 360 requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. Whenever any such impairment exists, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

Lessee, Leases [Policy Text Block]

Leases – The Company applies the guidance in ASC Topic 842 to its individual leases of assets. When the Company receives substantially all the economic benefits from and directs the use of specified property, plant and equipment, the transactions give rise to leases. The Company’s classes of assets include real estate leases. The Company determine if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at the inception of the arrangement and evaluate whether the lease is an operating lease or a finance lease at the commencement date.

When discount rates implicit in leases cannot be readily determined, the Company uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to perform lease classification tests on lease components and to measure lease liabilities and ROU assets. The incremental borrowing rate used by the Company was based on baseline rates and adjusted by the credit spreads commensurate with the Company’s secured borrowing rate over a similar term. At each reporting period when there is a new lease initiated, the rates established for that quarter will be used.

Lessor, Leases [Policy Text Block]

All of the leases under which the Company is the lessor will continue to be classified as operating leases and sales-type lease under the new standard. The new standard did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements and will not have a significant change in our leasing activities.

Comprehensive Income, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Comprehensive Income or Loss — ASC Topic 220, Reporting Comprehensive Income, (“ASC Topic 220”), establishes standards for reporting and presentation of comprehensive income or loss and its components in a full set of general-purpose consolidated financial statements. The Company has chosen to report comprehensive income or loss in the statements of operations. Comprehensive income or loss is comprised of net income or loss and all changes to shareholders’ equity except those due to investments by owners and distributions to owners.

Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes — The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”). ASC Topic 740 requires an entity to recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequence attributable to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Further, the effects of enacted tax laws or rate changes are included as part of deferred tax expense or benefits in the period that covers the enactment date.

The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. The Company recognizes potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Retained Earnings [Policy Text Block]

Retained Earnings — It is the intention of the Company to re-invest earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in the operations of those subsidiaries. These taxes are undeterminable as of the date of this Annual Report. The amount of earnings retained in subsidiaries was $21,001 and $18,755 as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Research and Development Expense, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Research and Development Costs — The Company incurred research and development costs of $397 and $375 during Fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively, which were charged to operating expense as incurred.

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Policy Text Block]

Stock-based compensation — The Company calculates compensation expense related to stock option awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. The Company determines the grant date fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and for awards without performance condition the related stock-based compensation is recognized over the period in which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for the stock-based award, which is generally four years. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity based on awards ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates.

Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires significant judgment. The determination of the grant date fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by our estimated common stock fair value as well as other subjective assumptions including the expected term of the awards, the expected volatility over the expected term of the awards, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates and are as follows:

• Fair Value of Common Stock. We determined the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.

• Expected Term. The expected term of employee stock options reflects the period for which we believe the option will remain outstanding based on historical experience and future expectations.

• Expected Volatility. We base expected volatility on our historical information over a similar expected term.

Earnings Per Share, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Earnings per Share — Computation of basic earnings per share is conducted by dividing net income available to common shares (numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during a reporting period. Computation of diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a reporting period. In computing diluted earnings per share, the average market price of common shares for a reporting period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Fair Values of Financial Instruments — Carrying values of trade account receivables, accounts payable, accrued expense, and term deposits approximate their fair value due to their short-term maturities. Carrying values of the Company’s lines of credit and long-term debt are considered to approximate their fair value because the interest rates associated with the lines of credit and long-term debt are adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company tries to borrow funds with similar terms and remaining maturities. See Note 16 for detailed discussion of the fair value measurement of financial instruments.

ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The financial assets and financial liabilities that require recognition under the guidance include available-for-sale investments, employee deferred compensation plan and foreign currency derivatives. The guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available under the circumstances. As such, fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:

● Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we can access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Financial assets utilizing Level 1 inputs include U.S. treasuries, most money market funds, marketable equity securities and our employee deferred compensation plan;

● Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, directly or indirectly. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include foreign currency forward exchange contracts, most commercial paper and corporate notes and bonds; and

● Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

Concentration Risk, Credit Risk, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Concentration of Credit Risk — Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk compose trade account receivables. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers for potential credit losses. The Company generally does not require collateral. The Company believes that its credit policies do not result in significant adverse risk and historically it has not experienced significant credit related losses.

Investment, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Investments — The Company (a) evaluates the sufficiency of the total equity at risk, (b) reviews the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group, and whether there are any guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group, and (c) establishes whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this VIE determination. The Company would consolidate an investment that is determined to be a VIE if it was the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined by a primarily qualitative approach, whereby the variable interest holder, if any, has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary. A standard became effective and changed the method by which the primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined. Through a primarily qualitative approach, the variable interest holder who has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities is determined to be the primary beneficiary. To the extent that the investment does not qualify as VIE, the Company further assesses the existence of a controlling financial interest under a voting interest model to determine whether the investment should be consolidated.

Equity Method — The Company analyzes its investments to determine if they should be accounted for using the equity method. Management evaluates both Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock to determine whether they give the Company the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investment even though the Company holds less than 50% of the Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock. The net income of the investment, if any, will be reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Cost Method — Investee companies not accounted for under the consolidation or the equity method of accounting are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of such Investee companies is not included in the consolidated balance sheet or statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. However, impairment charges are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. If circumstances suggest that the value of the investee Company has subsequently recovered, such recovery is not recorded.

Financing Receivable, Held-for-Investment [Policy Text Block]

Loan Receivables from Property Development Projects — The loan receivables from property development projects are classified as current assets, carried at face value, and are individually evaluated for impairment. The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses determined principally on the basis of historical experience and specific allowances for known loan accounts. All loans or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible or to require an excessive collection cost are written off to the allowance for losses.

Interest income on the loan receivables from property development projects are recognized on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. The amortization of discounts into income is discontinued on loans that are contractually 90 days past due or when collection of interest appears doubtful.

Contingent Liability Reserve Estimate, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Contingent Liabilities — Certain conditions may exist as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company’s management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company’s legal counsel evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims, as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable, but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed.

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Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Subsidiary of Limited Liability Company or Limited Partnership, Description [Table Text Block]

	Ownership	Location
Express Test Corporation (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
Trio-Tech Reliability Services (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
KTS Incorporated, dba Universal Systems (Dormant)	100%	Van Nuys, California
European Electronic Test Centre (Dormant)	100%	Dublin, Ireland
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.	100%	Singapore
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.*	100%	Singapore
Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)	55%	Penang and Selangor, Malaysia
Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd.	55%	Selangor, Malaysia
(100% owned by Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.)
Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.	76%	Selangor, Malaysia
(76% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)
Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd. *	100%	Suzhou, China
Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd. *	100%	Chongqing, China
SHI International Pte. Ltd. (Dormant) (55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd)	55%	Singapore
PT SHI Indonesia (Dormant) (95% owned by SHI International Pte. Ltd.)	52%	Batam, Indonesia
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. *	100%	Tianjin, China
Trio-Tech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd. (51% owned by Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd.)	51%	Suzhou, China

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Note 3 - Term Deposits (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Term Deposits [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Short-term deposits	$	6,901		$	5,619
Currency translation effect on short-term deposits		(274	)		(199	)
Total short-term deposits		6,627			5,420
Restricted term deposits - Current		755			-
Currency translation effect on restricted term deposits		(16	)		-
Total restricted term deposits - Current		739			-
Restricted term deposits - Non-Current		1,763			1,746
Currency translation effect on restricted term deposits		(47	)		(68	)
Total restricted term deposits - Non-Current		1,716			1,678
Total term deposits	$	9,082		$	7,098

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Note 4 - Trade Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	243		$	311
Additions charged to expenses		9			48
Recovered		(20	)		(106	)
Currency translation effect		(15	)		(10	)
Ending	$	217		$	243

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Note 5 - Loans Receivable From Property Development Projects (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Table Text Block]

	Loan Expiry	Loan Amount			Loan Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Short-term loan receivables
JiangHuai (Project – Yu Jin Jiang An)	May 31, 2013		2,000			276
Less: allowance for doubtful receivables			(2,000	)		(276	)
Net loan receivables from property development projects			-			-
Long-term loan receivables
Jun Zhou Zhi Ye	Oct 31, 2016		5,000			689
Less: transfer – down-payment for purchase of investment property			(5,000	)		(689	)
Net loan receivables from property development projects			-			-

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Note 6 - Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Inventory, Current [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Raw materials	$	1,389		$	1,764
Work in progress		1,132			683
Finished goods		178			238
Less: provision for obsolete inventories		(648	)		(674	)
Currency translation effect		100			247
	$	2,151		$	2,258

Schedule of Inventory, Noncurrent [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	674		$	679
Additions charged to expenses		61			17
Usage – disposition		(40	)		(34	)
Currency translation effect		(47	)		12
Ending	$	648		$	674

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Note 8 - Investment Properties (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Property, Plant, and Equipment, Lessor Asset under Operating Lease [Table Text Block]

	Investment Date / Reclassification	Investment Amount			Investment Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	Jan 04, 2008		5,554			894
Currency translation			-			(87	)
Reclassification as “Assets held for sale”	July 01, 2018		(5,554	)		(807	)
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”	Mar 31, 2019		2,024			301
			2,024			301
Purchase of rental property – Property II - JiangHuai	Jan 06, 2010		3,600			580
Purchase of rental property – Property III - FuLi	Apr 08, 2010		4,025			648
Currency translation			-			(199	)
Gross investment in rental property			9,649			1,330
Accumulated depreciation on rental property	Jun 30, 2023		(7,884	)		(1,123	)
Reclassified as “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	July 01, 2018		2,822			410
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	Mar 31, 2019		(1,029	)		(143	)
			(6,091	)		(856	)
Net investment in property – China			3,558			474

	Investment Date / Reclassification	Investment Amount			Investment Amount
	Date	(RMB)			(U.S. Dollars)
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	Jan 04, 2008		5,554			894
Currency translation			-			(87	)
Reclassification as “Assets held for sale”	July 01, 2018		(5,554	)		(807	)
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”	Mar 31, 2019		2,024			301
			2,024			301
Purchase of rental property – Property II - JiangHuai	Jan 06, 2010		3,600			580
Purchase of rental property – Property III - FuLi	Apr 08, 2010		4,025			648
Currency translation			-			(89	)
Gross investment in rental property			9,649			1,440
Accumulated depreciation on rental property	Jun 30, 2022		(7,523	)		(1,122	)
Reclassified as “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	July 01, 2018		2,822			410
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”- MaoYe Property	Mar 31, 2019		(1,029	)		(143	)
			(5,730	)		(855	)
Net investment in property – China			3,919			585

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Note 9 - Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Property, Plant and Equipment [Table Text Block]

	Estimated Useful		For the Year Ended June 30,
	Life in Years		2023			2022
Building and improvements		3-20	$	5,243		$	5,190
Leasehold improvements		3-27		9,623			6,545
Machinery and equipment		3-7		28,001			27,172
Furniture and fixtures		3-5		1,308			1,234
Equipment under finance leases		3-5		1,525			1,413
Property, plant and equipment, gross			$	45,700		$	41,554
Less: accumulated depreciation				(33,110	)		(30,116	)
Accumulated amortization on equipment under finance leases				(1,402	)		(1,330	)
Total accumulated depreciation			$	(34,512	)	$	(31,446	)
Property, plant and equipment before currency translation effect, net			$	11,188		$	10,108
Currency translation effect				(2,844	)		(1,627	)
Property, plant and equipment, net			$	8,344		$	8,481

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Note 10 - Other Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Other Assets [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Deposits for rental and utilities and others		117			142
Currency translation effect		(1	)		(5	)
Total	$	116		$	137

Schedule of Other Assets, Noncurrent [Table Text Block]

	2023
	RMB			U.S. Dollars
Original Investment (10% of Junzhou equity)	$	10,000		$	1,606
Less: Management Fee		(5,000	)		(803	)
Net Investment		5,000			803
Less: Share of Loss on Joint Venture		(137	)		(22	)
Net Investment as Down Payment (Note *a)		4,863			781
Loans Receivable		5,000			689
Interest Receivable		1,250			172
Less: Impairment of Interest		(906	)		(125	)
Transferred to Down Payment (Note *b)		5,344			736
* Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties		10,207			1,407
Add: Effect of foreign currency exchange		-			133
Less: Provision of Impairment loss on other assets		(10,207	)		(1,580	)
* Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties	$	-		$	-

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Note 11 - Lines of Credit (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Line of Credit Facilities [Table Text Block]

Entity with	Type of	Interest	Credit		Unused
Facility	Facility	Rate	Limitation		Credit
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore	Lines of Credit	Cost of Funds Rate +1.25% to +1.3%	$	3,907	$	3,701
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.	Lines of Credit	Cost of Funds Rate +1.25% to +1.3%	$	1,843	$	1,559
Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.	Revolving credit	Cost of Funds Rate +2%	$	319	$	319

Entity with	Type of	Interest	Credit		Unused
Facility	Facility	Rate	Limitation		Credit
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore	Lines of Credit	Ranging from 1.85% to 5.5%	$	4,090	$	3,651
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.	Lines of Credit	Ranging from 1.85% to 5.5%	$	1,076	$	586
Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.	Revolving credit	Cost of Funds Rate +2%	$	338	$	338

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Note 12 - Accrued Expense (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Accrued Liabilities [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Payroll and related costs	$	1,880		$	2,158
Commissions		158			116
Legal and audit		280			320
Sales tax		140			531
Utilities		236			273
Warranty		24			16
Accrued purchase of materials and property, plant and equipment		1,214			905
Provision for reinstatement		380			308
Contract liabilities		1,275			988
Other accrued expense		50			581
Currency translation effect		(69	)		(192	)
Total	$	5,568		$	6,004

XML

Note 13 - Warranty Accrual (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Product Warranty Liability [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Beginning	$	16		$	14
Additions charged to cost and expense		32			7
(Utilization)/ Recovery		(25	)		(4	)
Currency translation effect		1			(1	)
Ending	$	24		$	16

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Note 14 - Bank Loans Payable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Debt [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Note payable denominated in the Malaysian Ringgit for expansion plans in Malaysia, maturing in August 2028, bearing interest at the bank’s prime rate less 2% (4.6% and 3.791% at June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022) per annum, respectively, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through August 2028, collateralized by the acquired building with a carrying value of $2,208 and $2,372 as of June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively.	$	957		$	1,392
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.2% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through July 2025.		84			128
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.0% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through December 2026.		169			224
Financing arrangement at a fixed interest rate of 3.0% per annum, with monthly payments of principal plus interest through August 2027.		142			-
Total bank loans payable	$	1,352		$	1,744
Current portion of bank loans payable		503			503
Currency translation effect on current portion of bank loans		(28	)		(31	)
Current portion of bank loans payable		475			472
Long-term portion of bank loans payable		933			1,357
Currency translation effect on long-term portion of bank loans		(56	)		(85	)
Long-term portion of bank loans payable	$	877			1,272

Schedule of Maturities of Long-Term Debt [Table Text Block]

2024	$	475
2025		262
2026		231
2027		212
Thereafter		172
Total obligations and commitments	$	1,352

2023	$	472
2024		481
2025		246
2026		214
2027		190
Thereafter		141
Total obligations and commitments	$	1,744

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Note 17 - Concentration of Customers (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedules of Concentration of Risk, by Risk Factor [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Revenue
- Customer A		33.5	%		40.3	%
- Customer B		14.7	%		5.5	%
- Customer C		11.2	%		19.4	%
Trade Account Receivables
- Customer A		31.2	%		36.0	%
- Customer B		24.0	%		8.8	%
- Customer C		15.9	%		24.2	%

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Note 18 - Business Segments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Reconciliation of Revenue from Segments to Consolidated [Table Text Block]

				Operating
	Year Ended			Income /			Total		Depr. And		Capital
	Jun. 30,	Revenue		(Loss)			Assets		Amort.		Expenditures
Manufacturing	2023	$	13,827	$	(58	)	$	13,864	$	481	$	143
	2022	$	13,526	$	275		$	14,652	$	417	$	116
Testing Services	2023		23,130		1,648			24,559		4,532		4,329
	2022		19,477		1,313			25,148		2,577		1,351
Distribution	2023		6,270		816			1,275		-		-
	2022		11,037		1,525			1,740		-		-
Real Estate	2023		23		(98	)		1,988		75		-
	2022		25		(119	)		1,608		81		1
Corporate & Unallocated	2023		-		(80	)		500		-		26
	2022		-		(641	)		273		-		-
Total Company	2023	$	43,250	$	2,228		$	42,186	$	5,088	$	4,498
	2022	$	44,065	$	2,353		$	43,421	$	3,075	$	1,468

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Note 19 - Other Income (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Other Nonoperating Income, by Component [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Interest income	$	174		$	69
Other rental income		115			116
Exchange (loss) / gain		(269	)		129
Commission income		-			189
Dividend income		-			10
Other miscellaneous income		86			82
Total	$	106		$	595

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Note 20 - Government Grants (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Government Grants [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Government grants	$	153	$	228

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Note 21 - Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
United States		550		(1,156	)
International		1,832		4,210
Total	$	2,382	$	3,054

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Current:
Federal	$	104	$	72
State		2		2
Foreign		410		643
	$	516	$	717
Deferred:
Federal	$	-	$	-
State		-		-
Foreign		106		40
		106		40
Total	$	622	$	757

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Statutory federal tax rate		21.00	%		21.00	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit		(1.19	)		(2.0	)
Permanent items and credits		16.08			2.44
Foreign rate differential		(0.44	)		(18.50	)
Other		(0.09	)		-
Changes in valuation allowance		(9.43	)		21.88
Effective rate		26.141	%		24.82	%

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses and credits	$	704		$	789
Inventory valuation		68			125
Right-of-use assets		61
Provision for bad debts		-			223
Accrued vacation		11			8
Accrued expense		172			265
Fixed asset basis		9			4
Investment		71			77
General business credit		22			-
Other		-			(106	)
Total deferred tax assets	$	1,118		$	1,385
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation	$	(342	)	$	(371	)
		(61	)
Other		(8	)		(3	)
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	(411	)	$	(374	)
Subtotal		707			1,011
Valuation allowance		(617	)		(842	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	90		$	169
Presented as follows in the balance sheets:
Deferred tax assets	$	100		$	169
Deferred tax liabilities		(10	)		-
Net deferred tax assets	$	90		$	169

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Note 22 - Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Contract with Customer, Contract Asset, Contract Liability, and Receivable [Table Text Block]

	Jun. 30,		Jun. 30,
	2023		2022
Trade Accounts Receivable	$	9,804	$	11,592
Accounts Payable		1,667		2,401
Contract Liabilities		1,275		988

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Note 23 - Earnings Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Income attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from continuing operations, net of tax	$	1,545		$	2,396
Loss attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1	)		(1	)
Net income attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$	1,544		$	2,395
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic		4,082			3,972
Dilutive effect of stock options		83			202
Number of shares used to compute earnings per share - diluted		4,165			4,174
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.38		$	0.61
Basic loss per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International		-			(0.01	)
Basic earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.38		$	0.60
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.37		$	0.57
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International		-			-
Diluted earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International	$	0.37		$	0.57

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Note 24 - Stock Options (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Director Plan 2007 [Member]

Notes Tables

Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity [Table Text Block]

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		50,000		$	4.14		0.75	$	45
Granted		-			-		-		-
Exercised		(50,000	)		4.14		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-			-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-

Director Plan 2017 [Member]

Notes Tables

Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity [Table Text Block]

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		420,000		$	5.10		2.85	$	228
Granted		100,000			4.51		-		-
Exercised		20,000			2.53		-
Forfeited or expired		(80,000	)		5.98		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2023		420,000		$	4.91		2.91	$	309
Exercisable at June 30, 2023		420,000			4.91		2.91		309

			Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
			Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options		Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		320,000	$	4.27		3.22	$	340
Granted		100,000		7.76		4.73		-
Exercised		-		-		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-		-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		420,000	$	5.10		2.85	$	228
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		420,000		5.10		2.85		228

Employee Stock Option Plan 2007 [Member]

Notes Tables

Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity [Table Text Block]

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		37,500		$	4.14		0.75	$	34
Granted		-			-		-		-
Exercised		(37,500	)		4.14		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		-		$	-		-	$	-

Employee Stock Option Plan 2017 [Member]

Notes Tables

Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity [Table Text Block]

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2022		236,375			5.21		2.61		87
Granted		65,000			4.84		-		-
Exercised		(5,000	)		3.75		-		-
Forfeited or expired		(80,000	)		-		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2023		216,375			4.89		2.92		140
Exercisable at June 30, 2023		134,625			4.49		2.57		125

				Weighted Average		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual		Aggregate
				Exercise		Term		Intrinsic
	Options			Price		(Years)		Value
Outstanding at July 1, 2021		267,000			4.21		3.22		290
Granted		40,500			7.76		4.73		-
Exercised		(71,125	)		2.93		-		-
Outstanding at June 30, 2022		236,375			5.21		2.61		87
Exercisable at June 30, 2022		160,500			4.93		1.98		66

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) Disclosures [Table Text Block]

				Weighted Average
	Options			Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at July 1, 2022		75,875		$	5.98
Granted		65,000			4.77
Vested		(49,125	)		-
Forfeited		(10,000	)		-
Non-vested at June 30, 2023		81,750		$	5.53

				Weighted Average
	Options			Grant-Date Fair Value
Non-vested at July 1, 2021		102,250		$	2.29
Granted		40,500			3.69
Vested		(66,875	)		-
Non-vested at June 30, 2022		75,875		$	5.98

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Note 25 - Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Operating Lease, Lease Income [Table Text Block]

2024	$	141
2025		141
2026		46
2027		16
	$	344

2023	$	6
2024	$	27
2025		28
2026		29
2027		10
	$	100

Sales-type and Direct Financing Leases, Lease Receivable [Table Text Block]

Components of Lease Balances	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Assets
Gross financial sales receivable	$	17		$	41
Unearned finance income		(1	)		(3	)
Financed sales receivable	$	16		$	38
Net financed sales receivables due within one year	$	16		$	21
Net financed sales receivables due after one year	$	-		$	17

Operating and Finance Leases of Lessee Disclosure [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Finance Leases (Plant and Equipment)
Plant and equipment, at cost	$	1,734		$	1,727
Accumulated depreciation		(1,075	)		(1,179	)
Plant and Equipment, Net	$	658		$	548
Current portion of finance leases	$	107		$	118
Net of current portion of finance leases		42			119
Total Finance Lease Liabilities	$	149		$	237
Operating Leases (Corporate Offices, Research and Development Facilities)
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,609		$	3,152
Operating lease right-of-use assets, Net	$	2,609		$	3,152
Current portion of operating leases		1,098			1,218
Net of current portion of operating leases		1,511			1,934
Total Operating Lease Liabilities	$	2,609		$	3,152

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Lease Cost
Finance lease cost:
Interest on finance lease	$	2	$	29
Amortization of right-of-use assets		43		209
Total finance lease cost		45		238
Operating Lease Costs	$	1,518	$	949

Operating and Finance Leases Of Lessee Other Disclosure [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Cash Paid for Amounts Included in the Measurement of Lease Liabilities
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	(10	)	$	(21	)
Operating cash flows from operating leases		(1,300	)		(1,151	)
Finance cash from finance leases		-			-
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained in Exchange for New Operating Lease Liabilities		1,297			1,276
Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term:
Finance leases		1.59			2.02
Operating leases		2.42			2.83
Weighted-Average Discount Rate:
Finance leases		3.22	%		3.26	%
Operating leases		5.68	%		5.53	%

Schedule Of Future Minimum Rental Payments for Operating and Finance Leases [Table Text Block]

	Operating Lease Liabilities			Finance Lease Liabilities
Fiscal Year
2024		1,321			112
2025		846			33
2026		570			12
Thereafter		64			-
Total future minimum lease payments	$	2,801		$	157
Less: amount representing interest		(192	)		(8	)
Present value of net minimum lease payments	$	2,609		$	149
Presentation on statement of financial position
Current		1,098			107
Non-Current		1,511			42

	Operating Lease Liabilities			Finance Lease Liabilities
Fiscal Year
2023	$	1,357		$	129
2024		1,032			104
2025		554			20
2026		423			-
Thereafter		69			-
Total future minimum lease payments	$	3,435		$	253
Less: amount representing interest		(283	)		(16	)
Present value of net minimum lease payments	$	3,152		$	237
Presentation on statement of financial position
Current		1,218			118
Non-Current		1,934			119

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Note 26 - Noncontrolling Interest (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Notes Tables

Reconciliation of Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest [Table Text Block]

	For the Year Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Non-controlling interest
Beginning balance	$	128		$	419
Net income / (loss)		214			(96	)
Dividend declared by a subsidiary		-			(122	)
Translation adjustment		(177	)		(73	)
Ending balance	$	165		$	128

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Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders, Basic	$ 1,544	$ 2,395
Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)	10,763	9,219
Research and Development Expense	397	375
Subsidiaries [Member]
Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)	$ 21,001	$ 18,755
Minimum [Member]
Trade Accounts Receivable, Credit Term (Day)	30 days
Maximum [Member]
Trade Accounts Receivable, Credit Term (Day)	90 days
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd, [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent			100.00%

XML

Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Ownership (Details)	Jun. 30, 2023
Express Test Corporation Dormant [Member]
Ownership	100.00%
Trio Tech Reliability Services Dormant [Member]
Ownership	100.00%
KTS Incorporated, dba Universal Systems (Dormant) [Member]
Ownership	100.00%
European Electronic Test Centre (Dormant) [Member]
Ownership	100.00%
Trio Tech International Pte Ltd [Member]
Ownership	100.00%
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd. [Member]
Ownership	100.00%	[1]
Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co. Ltd. [Member]
Ownership	100.00%	[1]
Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co. Ltd [Member]
Ownership	100.00%	[1]
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.[Member]
Ownership	55.00%
Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd. [Member]
Ownership	55.00%
Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd. [Member]
Ownership	76.00%
Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd [Member]
Ownership	100.00%	[1]
Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd [Member]
Ownership	100.00%	[1]
SHI International Pte. Ltd. (Dormant) [Member]
Ownership	55.00%
PT SHI Indonesia (Dormant) [Member]
Ownership	52.00%
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd, [Member]
Ownership	100.00%	[1]
Trio-tech (Jiangsu) Co. Ltd. [Member]
Ownership	51.00%

[1] 100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.

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Note 3 - Term Deposits (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Deposits Assets, Restricted, Current, Net	$ 739
Deposits Assets, Restricted Term Deposits, Noncurrent, Net	$ 1,716

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Note 3 - Term Deposits - Term Deposits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Short-term deposits	$ 6,901	$ 5,619
Currency translation effect on short-term deposits	(274)	(199)
Total short-term deposits	6,627	5,420
Restricted term deposits - Current	755	0
Currency translation effect on restricted term deposits	(16)	0
Total restricted term deposits - Current	739	0
Restricted term deposits - Non-Current	1,763	1,746
Currency translation effect on restricted term deposits	(47)	(68)
Total restricted term deposits - Non-Current	1,716	1,678
Total term deposits	$ 9,082	$ 7,098

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Note 4 - Trade Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Beginning	$ 243	$ 311
Additions charged to expenses	9	48
Recovered	(20)	(106)
Currency translation effect	(15)	(10)
Ending	$ 217	$ 243

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Note 5 - Loans Receivable From Property Development Projects (Details Textual) - Jun. 30, 2023 $ in Thousands, ¥ in Millions	USD ($)	CNY (¥)
Financing Receivable, before Allowance for Credit Loss, Current	$ 276	¥ 2
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Losses, Current	276
Financing Receivable, before Allowance for Credit Loss, Noncurrent	$ 689	¥ 5

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Note 5 - Loans Receivable From Property Development Projects - Loans Receivable (Details) - Jun. 30, 2023 ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	USD ($)	CNY (¥)
JiangHuai (Project – Yu Jin Jiang An)	$ 276	¥ 2,000
Less: allowance for doubtful receivables	(276)	(2,000)
Net loan receivables from property development projects	0	0
Jun Zhou Zhi Ye	689	5,000
Less: transfer – down-payment for purchase of investment property	(689)	(5,000)
Net loan receivables from property development projects	$ 0	¥ 0

XML

Note 6 - Inventories - Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Raw materials	$ 1,389	$ 1,764
Work in progress	1,132	683
Finished goods	178	238
Less: provision for obsolete inventories	(648)	(674)	$ (679)
Currency translation effect	100	247
Inventory, Net	$ 2,151	$ 2,258

XML

Note 6 - Inventories - Changes in Provision for Obsolete Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Beginning	$ 674	$ 679
Additions charged to expenses	61	17
Usage – disposition	(40)	(34)
Currency translation effect	(47)	12
Ending	$ 648	$ 674

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Note 7 - Assets Held for Sale (Details Textual) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Number of Equipment Held for Sale	2
Asset, Held-for-Sale, Not Part of Disposal Group, Current	$ 274	¥ 1,985	$ 0

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Note 8 - Investment Properties (Details Textual) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands			1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 01, 2023 USD ($)	Feb. 01, 2023 CNY (¥)	Aug. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2022 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2010 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2010 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Mar. 31, 2010 USD ($) m²	Mar. 31, 2010 CNY (¥) m²	Jun. 30, 2008 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2008 CNY (¥)
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Initial Cost of Land					$ 894	$ 894			¥ 5,554	¥ 5,554
TTCQ [Member]
Lease, Operating Lease, Number of Properties											2	2
Area of Real Estate Property (Square Metre) | m²											311.99	311.99
Purchase Obligation, Total											$ 648	¥ 4,025
Mao Ye [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Initial Cost of Land													$ 894	¥ 5,554
Monthly Lease Revenue Amount	$ 2	¥ 14
Operating Lease, Lease Income					14	4
Depreciation					15	16
Jiang Huai [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Initial Cost of Land					580	580			3,600	3,600
Depreciation					26	28
Payments to Acquire Projects							$ 580	¥ 3,600
FuLi [Member]
SEC Schedule, 12-28, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, Initial Cost of Land					648	648			¥ 4,025	¥ 4,025
Monthly Lease Revenue Amount			$ 1	¥ 6
Operating Lease, Lease Income					10	21
Depreciation					30	31
CHINA
Operating Lease, Lease Income					24	25
Depreciation					$ 71	$ 75

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Note 8 - Investment Properties - Investment Properties (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2008 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2008 CNY (¥)
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	$ 894	¥ 5,554	$ 894	¥ 5,554
Currency translation	199	0	89	0
Reclassification as “Assets held for sale”	(807)	(5,554)	(807)	(5,554)
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”	301	2,024	301	2,024
Currency translation	(199)	0	(89)	0
Gross investment in rental property	1,330	9,649	1,440	9,649
Accumulated depreciation on rental property	(1,123)	(7,884)	(1,122)	(7,523)
Reclassification From Assets	(856)	(6,091)	(855)	(5,730)
Net investment in property – China	474	3,558	585	3,919
Mao Ye [Member]
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property					$ 894	¥ 5,554
Currency translation	(87)	0	(87)	0
Reclassification as “Assets held for sale”	410	2,822	410	2,822
Reclassification from “Assets held for sale”	(143)	(1,029)	(143)	(1,029)
Currency translation	87	(0)	87	(0)
Jiang Huai [Member]
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	580	3,600	580	3,600
FuLi [Member]
Purchase of rental property – Property I – MaoYe Property	$ 648	¥ 4,025	$ 648	¥ 4,025

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Note 9 - Property, Plant and Equipment (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	$ 5,088	$ 3,075
Property, Plant and Equipment [Member]
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction	$ 3,727	$ 2,126

XML

Note 9 - Property, Plant and Equipment - Property, Plant and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 45,700	$ 41,554
Less: accumulated depreciation	(33,110)	(30,116)
Accumulated amortization on equipment under finance leases	(1,402)	(1,330)
Total accumulated depreciation	(34,512)	(31,446)
Property, plant and equipment before currency translation effect, net	11,188	10,108
Currency translation effect	(2,844)	(1,627)
Property, plant and equipment, net	8,344	8,481
Building and Building Improvements [Member]
Property, plant, and equipment, gross	$ 5,243	5,190
Building and Building Improvements [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	3 years
Building and Building Improvements [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	20 years
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Property, plant, and equipment, gross	$ 9,623	6,545
Leasehold Improvements [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	3 years
Leasehold Improvements [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	27 years
Machinery and Equipment [Member]
Property, plant, and equipment, gross	$ 28,001	27,172
Machinery and Equipment [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	3 years
Machinery and Equipment [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	7 years
Furniture and Fixtures [Member]
Property, plant, and equipment, gross	$ 1,308	1,234
Furniture and Fixtures [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	3 years
Furniture and Fixtures [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	5 years
Equipment Under Finance Lease [Member]
Equipment under finance leases	$ 1,525	$ 1,413
Equipment Under Finance Lease [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	3 years
Equipment Under Finance Lease [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Useful life (Year)	5 years

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Note 10 - Other Assets (Details Textual) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 02, 2010 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Oct. 02, 2013 USD ($)	Oct. 02, 2013 CNY (¥)	Dec. 02, 2010 USD ($)	Dec. 02, 2010 CNY (¥)
Payments to Acquire Investments, Total	¥ 10,000		$ 6,794	$ 2,079
Percentage of Investment							10.00%	10.00%	10.00%	10.00%
Management Fee Paid | ¥	¥ 5,000
Management Fee Payable				803	¥ 5,000					¥ 5,000
Loss On Joint Venture				(22)	(137)				$ 22	¥ 137
Investments				803	5,000		$ 803	¥ 5,000
Loans and Leases Receivable, Related Parties				689	5,000	¥ 5,000
Interest Receivable				172	1,250	1,250
Impairment of Interest				$ 125	¥ 906	¥ 906
Asset Impairment Charges, Total | $		$ 1,580

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Note 10 - Other Assets - Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Deposits for rental and utilities and others	$ 117	$ 142
Currency translation effect	(1)	(5)
Total	$ 116	$ 137

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Note 10 - Other Assets - Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties (Details) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		Jun. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)		Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 CNY (¥)	Oct. 02, 2013 USD ($)	Oct. 02, 2013 CNY (¥)	Dec. 02, 2010 USD ($)	Dec. 02, 2010 CNY (¥)
Original Investment (10% of Junzhou equity)		¥ 10,000		$ 1,606
Less: Management Fee		(5,000)		(803)					¥ (5,000)
Net Investment		5,000		803		$ 803	¥ 5,000
Less: Share of Loss on Joint Venture		(137)		(22)				$ 22	¥ 137
Net Investment as Down Payment (Note *a)	[2]	4,863	[1]	781
Loans Receivable		5,000		689	¥ 5,000
Interest Receivable		1,250		172	1,250
Less: Impairment of Interest		(906)		(125)	¥ (906)
Transferred to Down Payment (Note *b)	[3]	5,344		736
* Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties		10,207		1,407
Add: Effect of foreign currency exchange				133
Less: Provision of Impairment loss on other assets		¥ (10,207)		$ (1,580)

[1] Down Payment for Purchase of Investment Properties

[2] In Fiscal 2011, the Company signed a Joint Venture agreement (the “Agreement”) with Jia Sheng Property Development Co. Ltd. (the “Developer”) to form a new company, Junzhou Co. Limited (“Joint Venture” or “Junzhou”), to jointly develop the “Singapore Themed Park” project (the “Project”). The Company paid RMB10,000 for the 10% investment in the Joint Venture. The Developer paid the Company a management fee of RMB 5,000 in cash upon signing of the Agreement, with a remaining fee of RMB 5,000 payable upon fulfilment of certain conditions in accordance with the Agreement. The Company further reduced its investment by RMB 137, or approximately $22, through the losses from operations incurred by the Joint Venture.

[3] Amounts of RMB 5,000, or approximately $728, as disclosed in Note 5, plus the interest receivable on long-term loan receivable of RMB 1,250, or approximately $182, and impairment on interest of RMB 906, or approximately $132.

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Note 11 - Lines Of Credit- Line of Credit (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Trio Tech International Pte Ltd [Member]
Credit Limitation	$ 3,907	$ 4,090
Unused credit	$ 3,701	$ 3,651
Trio Tech International Pte Ltd [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Interest Rate	1.25%	1.85%
Trio Tech International Pte Ltd [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Interest Rate	1.30%	5.50%
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd. [Member]
Credit Limitation	$ 1,843	$ 1,076
Unused credit	$ 1,559	$ 586
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd. [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Interest Rate	1.25%	1.85%
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd. [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Interest Rate	1.30%	5.50%
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.[Member]
Credit Limitation	$ 319	$ 338
Unused credit	$ 319	$ 338
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.[Member] | Cost of Funds Rate [Member]
Interest Rate	2.00%	2.00%

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Note 12 - Accrued Expense - Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Payroll and related costs	$ 1,880	$ 2,158
Commissions	158	116
Legal and audit	280	320
Sales tax	140	531
Utilities	236	273
Warranty	24	16
Accrued purchase of materials and property, plant and equipment	1,214	905
Provision for reinstatement	380	308
Contract liabilities	1,275	988
Other accrued expense	50	581
Currency translation effect	(69)	(192)
Total	$ 5,568	$ 6,004

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Note 13 - Warranty Accrual - Warrant Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Beginning	$ 16	$ 14
Additions charged to cost and expense	32	7
(Utilization)/ Recovery	(25)	(4)
Currency translation effect	(1)	1
Ending	$ 24	$ 16

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Note 14 - Bank Loans Payable - Bank Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Bank loan payable	$ 1,352	$ 1,744
Current portion of bank loans payable	503	503
Currency translation effect on current portion of bank loans	(28)	(31)
Current portion of bank loans payable	475	472
Long-term portion of bank loans payable	933	1,357
Currency translation effect on long-term portion of bank loans	(56)	(85)
Long-term portion of bank loans payable	877	1,272
Notes Payable To Banks 1 [Member]
Bank loan payable	957	1,392
Notes Payable To Banks 2 [Member]
Bank loan payable	84	128
Notes Payable to Bank 3 [Member]
Bank loan payable	169	224
Notes Payable to Bank 4 [Member]
Bank loan payable	$ 142	$ 0

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Note 14 - Bank Loans Payable - Bank Loans (Details) (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Notes Payable To Banks 1 [Member]
Basis spread rate	4.60%	3.791%
Carrying value	$ 2,208	$ 2,372
Notes Payable To Banks 1 [Member] | Prime Rate [Member]
Basis spread rate	2.00%	2.00%
Notes Payable To Banks 2 [Member]
Fixed Interest Rate	3.20%	3.20%
Notes Payable to Bank 3 [Member]
Fixed Interest Rate	3.00%	3.00%
Notes Payable to Bank 4 [Member]
Fixed Interest Rate	3.00%	3.00%

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Note 14 - Bank Loans Payable - Future Minimum Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
2024	$ 475	$ 481
2025	262	246
2026	231	214
2027	212	190
Thereafter	172	141
Total obligations and commitments	$ 1,352	1,744
2023		$ 472

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Note 17 - Concentration of Customers (Details Textual)	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Number of Major Customers	3	3

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Note 17 - Concentration of Customers - Revenue and Trade Accounts Receivables (Details) - Customer Concentration Risk [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer A [Member]
Concentration risk	33.50%	40.30%
Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer B [Member]
Concentration risk	14.70%	5.50%
Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Customer C [Member]
Concentration risk	11.20%	19.40%
Accounts Receivable [Member] | Customer A [Member]
Concentration risk	31.20%	36.00%
Accounts Receivable [Member] | Customer B [Member]
Concentration risk	24.00%	8.80%
Accounts Receivable [Member] | Customer C [Member]
Concentration risk	15.90%	24.20%

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Note 18 - Business Segments (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Number of Operating Segments	4
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Including Assessed Tax	$ 43,250	$ 44,065
Intersegment Eliminations [Member]
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Including Assessed Tax	$ 517	$ 439

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Note 18 - Business Segments - Business Segment Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Revenues	$ 43,250	$ 44,065
Operating Income / (loss)	2,228	2,353
Assets	42,186	43,421
Depreciation and amortization	5,088	3,075
Capital expenditures	4,498	1,468
Corporate, Non-Segment [Member]
Revenues	0	0
Operating Income / (loss)	(80)	(641)
Assets	500	273
Depreciation and amortization	0	0
Capital expenditures	26	0
Manufacturing [Member]
Revenues	13,827	13,526
Manufacturing [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Revenues	13,827	13,526
Operating Income / (loss)	(58)	275
Assets	13,864	14,652
Depreciation and amortization	481	417
Capital expenditures	143	116
Testing Services [Member]
Revenues	23,130	19,477
Testing Services [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Revenues	23,130	19,477
Operating Income / (loss)	1,648	1,313
Assets	24,559	25,148
Depreciation and amortization	4,532	2,577
Capital expenditures	4,329	1,351
Distribution [Member]
Revenues	6,270	11,037
Distribution [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Revenues	6,270	11,037
Operating Income / (loss)	816	1,525
Assets	1,275	1,740
Depreciation and amortization	0	0
Capital expenditures	0	0
Real Estate Segment [Member]
Revenues	23	25
Real Estate Segment [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Revenues	23	25
Operating Income / (loss)	(98)	(119)
Assets	1,988	1,608
Depreciation and amortization	75	81
Capital expenditures	$ 0	$ 1

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Note 19 - Other Income - Other Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Interest income	$ 174	$ 69
Other rental income	115	116
Exchange (loss) / gain	(269)	129
Commission income	0	189
Dividend income	0	10
Other miscellaneous income	86	82
Total	$ 106	$ 595

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Note 20 - Government Grants (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Government Assistance, Amount	$ 153	$ 228
Financial Assistance Received From the Singapore Government [Member]
Government Assistance, Amount	$ 107
Financial Assistance During COVID-19 Pandemic [Member]
Government Assistance, Amount		228
Financial Assistance During COVID-19 Pandemic [Member] | Singapore and Malaysia Governments [Member]
Government Assistance, Amount		$ 146

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Note 20 - Government Grants - Grants Received (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Government Grant	$ 153	$ 228

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Note 21 - Income Taxes (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Ending Balance	$ 0
SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation Allowances and Reserves, Period Increase (Decrease)	(225)	$ 220
Domestic Tax Authority [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Subject to Expiration	0
State and Local Jurisdiction [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Subject to Expiration	$ 1,940

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Note 21 - Income Taxes - Schedule of (Loss) Income Before Provision for Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
(Loss) income before provision for income taxes	$ 2,382	$ 3,054
Domestic Tax Authority [Member]
(Loss) income before provision for income taxes	550	(1,156)
Foreign Tax Authority [Member]
(Loss) income before provision for income taxes	$ 1,832	$ 4,210

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Note 21 - Income Taxes - Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Federal	$ 104	$ 72
State	2	2
Foreign	410	643
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	516	717
Federal	0	0
State	0	0
Foreign	106	40
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	106	40
Total	$ 622	$ 757

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Note 21 - Income Taxes - Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Statutory federal tax rate	21.00%	21.00%
State taxes, net of federal benefit	(1.19%)	(2.00%)
Permanent items and credits	16.08%	2.44%
Foreign rate differential	(0.44%)	(18.50%)
Other	(0.09%)	0.00%
Changes in valuation allowance	(9.43%)	21.88%
Effective rate	26.141%	24.82%

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Note 21 - Income Taxes - Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Net operating losses and credits	$ 704	$ 789
Inventory valuation	68	125
Right-of-use assets	61
Provision for bad debts	0	223
Accrued vacation	11	8
Accrued expense	172	265
Fixed asset basis	9	4
Investment	71	77
General business credit	22	0
Other	0
Other		(106)
Total deferred tax assets	1,118	1,385
Depreciation	(342)	(371)
Other	(8)	(3)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(411)	(374)
Subtotal	707	1,011
Valuation allowance	(617)	(842)
Net deferred tax assets	90	169
Deferred tax assets	100	169
Deferred tax liabilities	$ (10)	$ 0

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Note 22 - Revenue 1 (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Amount	$ 326

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Note 22 - Revenue 2 (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Amount		$ 326
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-06-30
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Amount	$ 55
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Period (Year)	2 years

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Note 22 - Revenue - Contract Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Trade Accounts Receivable	$ 9,804	$ 11,592
Accounts Payable	1,667	2,401
Contract Liabilities	$ 1,275	$ 988

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Note 23 - Earnings Per Share (Details Textual) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range, Shares Outstanding (in shares)	656,375	656,375
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range, Lower Range Limit (in dollars per share)	$ 2.53	$ 2.53
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range, Upper Range Limit (in dollars per share)	$ 7.76	$ 7.76
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount (in shares)	285,500	310,500

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Note 23 - Earnings Per Share - Computation of Basic and Diluted EPS (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Income attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from continuing operations, net of tax	$ 1,545	$ 2,396
Loss attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from discontinued operations, net of tax	(1)	(1)
Net income attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders	$ 1,544	$ 2,395
Basic (in shares)	4,082	3,972
Dilutive effect of stock options (in shares)	83	202
Number of shares used to compute earnings per share diluted (in shares)	4,165	4,174
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	$ 0.38	$ 0.61
Loss per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	0	(0.01)
Basic earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	0.38	0.60
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	0.37	0.57
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	0	0
Diluted earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International (in dollars per share)	$ 0.37	$ 0.57

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Note 24 - Stock Options (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Sep. 24, 2017	Jun. 30, 2007
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Dividend Payments			$ 0
Employee Stock Option Plan 2017 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Number of Shares Authorized (in shares)	600,000							300,000
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Number of Additional Shares Authorized (in shares)	300,000
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Expiration Period (Year)	10 years
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period (Year)	5 years
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross (in shares)					65,000	40,500
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars per share)					$ 4.84	$ 3.69
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period (in shares)					5,000	71,125
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Expense					$ 145	$ 117
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Option, Cost Not yet Recognized, Amount			$ 144	$ 130	$ 144	$ 130
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition (Year)					3 years	3 years
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Nonvested, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Year)					1 year 11 months 26 days	1 year 11 months 8 days
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Vested and Expected to Vest, Outstanding, Number (in shares)			134,625	160,500	134,625	160,500
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Vested and Expected to Vest, Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)			$ 4.49	$ 4.93	$ 4.49	$ 4.93
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Vested and Expected to Vest, Outstanding, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Year)					2 years 6 months 25 days	1 year 11 months 23 days
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Vested and Expected to Vest, Outstanding, Aggregate Intrinsic Value			$ 605	$ 632	$ 605	$ 632
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number (in shares)			216,375	236,375	216,375	236,375	267,000
Employee Stock Option Plan 2017 [Member] | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Rights, Percentage	25.00%
Employee Stock Option Plan 2007 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Number of Shares Authorized (in shares)								0	600,000
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period (in shares)					0	37,500
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Expense					$ 0	$ 0
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number (in shares)			0	0	0	0	37,500
Director Plan 2017 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Number of Shares Authorized (in shares)		600,000						300,000
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Number of Additional Shares Authorized (in shares)		300,000
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Expiration Period (Year)		5 years
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross (in shares)					100,000	100,000
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period (in shares)					20,000	0
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Expense					$ 213	$ 353
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Vested and Expected to Vest, Outstanding, Aggregate Intrinsic Value			$ 213	$ 353	$ 213	$ 353
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number (in shares)			420,000	420,000	420,000	420,000	320,000
Share Price (in dollars per share)			$ 2.13	$ 3.53	$ 2.13	$ 3.53
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares (in shares)			0	0	0	0
Director Plan 2007 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Number of Shares Authorized (in shares)								0	500,000
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period (in shares)					0	50,000
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Expense					$ 0	$ 0
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Vested and Expected to Vest, Outstanding, Number (in shares)			0		0
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding, Number (in shares)				0		0	50,000
Minimum [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Term (Year)			2 years 6 months
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate			0.11%	0.11%
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Volatility Rate			47.30%	45.38%
Maximum [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Term (Year)			3 years 3 months
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Risk Free Interest Rate			4.17%	2.35%
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Volatility Rate			73.85%	55.59%

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Note 24 - Stock Options - Summary of Options Activities (Details) - Employee Stock Option Plan 2017 [Member] - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Outstanding. options (in shares)	236,375	267,000
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 5.21	$ 4.21
Outstanding, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)	2 years 11 months 1 day	2 years 7 months 9 days	3 years 2 months 19 days
Aggregate intrinsic value outstanding	$ 140	$ 87	$ 290
Granted, options (in shares)	65,000	40,500
Granted, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 4.84	$ 7.76
Exercised, options (in shares)	(5,000)	(71,125)
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.75	$ 2.93
Forfeited or expired, options (in shares)	(80,000)
Outstanding, options (in shares)	216,375	236,375	267,000
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 4.89	$ 5.21	$ 4.21
Exercisable, options (in shares)	134,625	160,500
Exercisable, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 4.49	$ 4.93
Exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)	2 years 6 months 25 days	1 year 11 months 23 days
Exercisable, aggregate intrinsic value	$ 125	$ 66
Granted, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)		4 years 8 months 23 days
Exercised, options (in shares)	(5,000)	(71,125)

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Note 24 - Stock Options - Summary of Nonvested Employee Stock (Details) - Employee Stock Option Plan 2017 [Member] - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Non-vested options outstanding (in shares)	75,875	102,250
Non-vested, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 5.98	$ 2.29
Granted (in shares)	65,000	40,500
Granted, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 4.77	$ 3.69
Vested (in shares)	(49,125)	(66,875)
Forfeited (in shares)	(10,000)
Non-vested options outstanding (in shares)	81,750	75,875
Non-vested, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 5.53	$ 5.98

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Note 24 - Stock Options - Summary of Options Activities 2007 Employee Plan (Details) - Employee Stock Option Plan 2007 [Member] - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Outstanding. options (in shares)	0	37,500
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 4.14
Outstanding, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)			9 months
Aggregate intrinsic value outstanding			$ 34
Exercised, options (in shares)	0	(37,500)
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 4.14

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Note 24 - Stock Options - Summary of Options Activities 2017 Directors Plan (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Director Plan 2017 [Member]
Outstanding. options (in shares)	420,000	320,000
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 5.10	$ 4.27
Outstanding, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)	2 years 10 months 28 days	2 years 10 months 6 days	3 years 2 months 19 days
Aggregate intrinsic value outstanding	$ 309	$ 228	$ 340
Granted, options (in shares)	100,000	100,000
Granted, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 4.51	$ 7.76
Exercise of stock option (in shares)	20,000	0
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 2.53
Forfeited or expired, options (in shares)	(80,000)
Forfeited or expired, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 5.98
Outstanding, options (in shares)	420,000	420,000	320,000
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 4.91	$ 5.10	$ 4.27
Exercisable, options (in shares)	420,000	420,000
Exercisable, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 4.91	$ 5.10
Exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)	2 years 10 months 28 days	2 years 10 months 6 days
Exercisable, aggregate intrinsic value	$ 309	$ 228
Employee Stock Option Plan 2007 [Member]
Outstanding. options (in shares)	0	37,500
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 4.14
Outstanding, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)			9 months
Aggregate intrinsic value outstanding			$ 34
Exercise of stock option (in shares)	0	37,500
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 4.14
Outstanding, options (in shares)	0	0	37,500
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)			$ 4.14
Granted, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)		4 years 8 months 23 days

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Note 24 - Stock Options - Summary of Options Activities 2007 Directors Plan (Details) - Director Plan 2007 [Member] - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Outstanding. options (in shares)	0	50,000
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 4.14
Outstanding, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)			9 months
Aggregate intrinsic value outstanding			$ 45
Exercised, options (in shares)	0	(50,000)
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 4.14
Forfeited or expired, options (in shares)		0
Forfeited or expired, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 0
Outstanding, options (in shares)		0	50,000
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 0	$ 4.14
Exercisable, options (in shares)		0
Exercisable, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 0

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Note 25 - Leases (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Lessor Asset under Operating Lease, Term (Year)		20 years
Depreciation, Lessor Asset under Operating Lease		$ 71	$ 75
Lessor, Sales-type Leased Assets, Number of Units	4	4
Lessor, Sales-type Lease, Term of Contract (Year)	3 years	3 years
Lessor, Sales-type Lease, Weighted Average Effective Interest Rate	11.16%	11.16%	11.16%
Lessor, Sales-type Lease, Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Year)		9 months	1 year 9 months
Minimum [Member]
Lessor, Operating Lease, Term of Contract (Month)	12 months	12 months
Lessor, Sales-type Lease, Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Year)	1 year
Maximum [Member]
Lessor, Operating Lease, Term of Contract (Month)	60 months	60 months
Lessee, Operating Lease, Remaining Lease Term (Year)	4 years	4 years

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Note 25 - Leases - Future Minimum Rental Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Payments to be received, year one	$ 141	$ 6
Payments to be received, year two	141	27
Payments to be received, year three	46	28
Payments to be received, year four	16	29
Payments to be received, total	$ 344	100
Payments to be received, year five		$ 10

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Note 25 - Leases - Components of Financed Sales Receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Gross financial sales receivable	$ 17	$ 41
Unearned finance income	(1)	(3)
Financed sales receivable	16	38
Net financed sales receivables due within one year	16	21
Financed sales receivable	$ 0	$ 17

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Note 25 - Leases - Supplement Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Plant and equipment, at cost	$ 1,734	$ 1,727
Accumulated depreciation	(1,075)	(1,179)
Plant and Equipment, Net	658	548
Current portion of finance leases	107	118
Net of current portion of finance leases	42	119
Total Finance Lease Liabilities	149	237
Operating lease right-of-use assets	2,609	3,152
Current portion of operating leases	1,098	1,218
Net of current portion of operating leases	1,511	1,934
Total Operating Lease Liabilities	2,609	3,152
Lease Cost
Interest on finance lease	2	29
Amortization of right-of-use assets	43	209
Total finance lease cost	45	238
Operating Lease Costs	$ 1,518	$ 949

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Note 25 - Leases - Other Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$ (10)	$ (21)
Operating cash flows from operating leases	(1,300)	(1,151)
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained in Exchange for New Operating Lease Liabilities	$ 1,297	$ 1,276
Finance leases (Year)	1 year 7 months 2 days	2 years 7 days
Operating leases (Year)	2 years 5 months 1 day	2 years 9 months 29 days
Finance leases	3.22%	3.26%
Operating leases	5.68%	5.53%

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Note 25 - Leases - Future Minimum Lease Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Year one, operating leases	$ 1,321	$ 1,357
Year one, finance leases	112	129
Year two, operating leases	846	1,032
Year two, finance leases	33	104
Year three, operating leases	570	554
Year three, finance leases	12	20
After year three, operating leases	64
After year three, finance leases	0
Total future minimum lease payments, operating lease	2,801	3,435
Total future minimum lease payments	157	253
Less: amount representing interest, operating lease	(192)	(283)
Less: amount representing interest	(8)	(16)
Present value of net minimum lease payments, operating lease	2,609	3,152
Present value of net minimum lease payments	149	237
Current, operating lease	1,098	1,218
Current	107	118
Non-current, operating lease	1,511	1,934
Non-Current	$ 42	119
Year four, operating leases		423
Year four, finance leases		0
Thereafter, operating lease		69
Thereafter, finance lease		$ 0

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Note 26 - Noncontrolling Interest (Details Textual)	Jun. 30, 2023
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.[Member]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	45.00%
PT SHI Indonesia [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	48.00%
Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd. [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	24.00%
Trio-tech (Jiangsu) Co. Ltd. [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	49.00%
Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd. [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	45.00%
SHI International Pte. Ltd. (Dormant) [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	45.00%

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Note 26 - Noncontrolling Interest - Equity Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Net income	$ 1,758	$ 2,299
Translation adjustment	(616)	(1,275)
Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Beginning balance	128	419
Net income	214	(96)
Dividend declared by a subsidiary	0	(122)
Translation adjustment	(177)	(73)
Ending balance	$ 165	$ 128