We have both funded and unfunded noncontributory defined benefit plans that together cover most of our employees. We also maintain a postretirement plan that provides health care benefits to retired employees. Finally, we sponsor a defined contribution plan that covers substantially all employees. These plans are discussed in further detail below.

As a rate regulated entity, most of our net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits costs are recoverable through our rates over a period of up to 15 years. A portion of these costs is capitalized into our rate base or deferred as a regulatory asset or liability. The remaining costs are recorded as a component of operation and maintenance expense or other non-operating expense. Additionally, the amounts that have not yet been recognized in net periodic pension cost that have been recorded as regulatory assets or liabilities are as follows:


	Employee Pension Plan		Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans		Postretirement Plan		Total
	(In thousands)
September 30, 2022

Unrecognized prior service credit	$	(121)	$	—	$	(51,079)	$	(51,200)
Unrecognized actuarial (gain) loss	(32,159)		14,029		(87,527)		(105,657)
	$	(32,280)	$	14,029	$	(138,606)	$	(156,857)
September 30, 2021

Unrecognized prior service credit	$	(353)	$	—	$	(64,313)	$	(64,666)
Unrecognized actuarial (gain) loss	(3,060)		39,666		(28,141)		8,465
	$	(3,413)	$	39,666	$	(92,454)	$	(56,201)

As of September 30, 2022, we maintained one cash balance defined benefit plan, the Atmos Energy Corporation Pension Account Plan (the Pension Plan). The Pension Plan was established effective January 1999 and covers most of the employees of Atmos Energy that were hired on or before September 30, 2010. Effective October 1, 2010, the Pension Plan was closed to new participants. The assets of the Pension Plan are held within the Atmos Energy Corporation Master Retirement Trust (the Master Trust).

Opening account balances were established for participants as of January 1999 equal to the present value of their respective accrued benefits under the pension plans which were previously in effect as of December 31, 1998. The Pension Plan credits an allocation to each participant’s account at the end of each year according to a formula based on the participant’s age, service and total pay (excluding incentive pay). In addition, at the end of each year, a participant’s account is credited with interest on the employee’s prior year account balance. Participants are fully vested in their account balances after three years of service and may choose to receive their account balances as a lump sum or an annuity.

Generally, our funding policy is to contribute annually an amount in accordance with the requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), including the funding requirements under the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA). However, additional voluntary contributions are made from time to time as considered necessary. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date but also for those expected to be earned in the future.

During fiscal 2022 and 2021, we contributed $8.5 million and $10.0 million in cash to the Pension Plan to achieve a desired level of funding while maximizing the tax deductibility of this payment. Based upon market conditions at September 30, 2022, the current funded position of the Pension Plan and the funding requirements under the PPA, we do not anticipate a minimum required contribution for fiscal 2023. However, we may consider whether a voluntary contribution is prudent to maintain certain funding levels.

We make investment decisions and evaluate performance of the assets in the Master Trust on a medium-term horizon of at least three to five years. We also consider our current financial status when making recommendations and decisions regarding the Master Trust’s assets. Finally, we strive to ensure the Master Trust’s assets are appropriately invested to maintain an acceptable level of risk and meet the Master Trust’s long-term asset investment policy adopted by the Board of Directors.

To achieve these objectives, we invest the Master Trust’s assets in equity securities, fixed income securities, interests in commingled pension trust funds, other investment assets and cash and cash equivalents. Investments in equity securities are diversified among the market’s various subsectors in an effort to diversify risk and maximize returns. Fixed income securities are invested in investment grade securities. Cash equivalents are invested in securities that either are short term (less than 180 days) or readily convertible to cash with modest risk.


	Targeted Allocation Range	Actual Allocation September 30
Security Class		2022	2021
Domestic equities	35%-55%	39.7%	44.5%
International equities	10%-20%	14.6%	16.9%
Fixed income	5%-30%	16.0%	16.0%
Company stock	0%-15%	15.3%	10.6%
Other assets	0%-20%	14.4%	12.0%

At September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Pension Plan held 716,700 shares of our common stock which represented 15.3 percent and 10.6 percent of total Pension Plan assets. These shares generated dividend income for the Pension Plan of approximately $1.9 million and $1.8 million during fiscal 2022 and 2021.

Our Pension Plan expenses and liabilities are determined on an actuarial basis and are affected by numerous assumptions and estimates including the market value of plan assets, estimates of the expected return on plan assets and assumed discount rates and demographic data. We review the estimates and assumptions underlying our Pension Plan annually based upon a September 30 measurement date. The development of our assumptions is fully described in our significant accounting policies in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. The actuarial assumptions used to determine the pension liability for the Pension Plan was determined as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 and the actuarial assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension cost for the Pension Plan was determined as of September 30, 2021, 2020 and 2019.


	Pension Liability				Pension Cost
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2020
Discount rate	5.66	%	2.97	%	2.97	%	2.80	%	3.29	%
Rate of compensation increase	3.50	%	3.50	%	3.50	%	3.50	%	3.50	%
Expected return on plan assets	6.25	%	6.25	%	6.25	%	6.25	%	6.50	%
Interest crediting rate	4.69	%	4.69	%	4.69	%	4.69	%	4.69	%


	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	428,629	$	558,639
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	596,029	$	604,221
Service cost	16,165		17,369
Interest cost	17,606		16,883
Actuarial gain	(141,567)		(7,561)
Benefits paid	(38,706)		(34,883)


Benefit obligation at end of year	449,527		596,029
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	596,806		528,881
Actual return on plan assets	(87,575)		92,808
Employer contributions	8,500		10,000
Benefits paid	(38,706)		(34,883)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year	479,025		596,806
Reconciliation:
Funded status	29,498		777
Unrecognized prior service cost	—		—
Unrecognized net loss	—		—
Net amount recognized	$	29,498	$	777


	Fiscal Year Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	16,165	$	17,369	$	17,551
Interest cost (1)	17,606		16,883		19,028
Expected return on assets (1)	(29,531)		(27,913)		(28,316)
Amortization of prior service credit (1)	(231)		(231)		(231)
Recognized actuarial loss (1)	4,638		8,686		9,025

Net periodic pension cost	$	8,647	$	14,794	$	17,057

(1) The components of net periodic cost other than the service cost component are included in the line item other non-operating income (expense) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income or are capitalized on the consolidated balance sheets as a regulatory asset or liability, as described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

The following tables set forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Pension Plan's assets at fair value as of September 30, 2022 and 2021. As required by authoritative accounting literature, assets are categorized in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The methods used to determine fair value for the assets held by the Pension Plan are fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. Investments in our common/collective trusts and limited partnerships that are measured at net asset value per share equivalent are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The net asset value amounts presented are intended to reconcile the fair value hierarchy to the total investments. In addition to the assets shown below, the Pension Plan had net accounts receivable of $2.4 million and $2.1 million at September 30, 2022 and 2021, which materially approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these assets.


	Assets at Fair Value as of September 30, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Investments:
Common stocks	$	210,325	$	—	$	—	$	210,325
Money market funds	—		14,490		—		14,490
Registered investment companies	53,401		—		—		53,401
Government securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	—		14,175		—		14,175
U.S. treasuries	3,681		28		—		3,709
Corporate bonds	—		22,320		—		22,320


Total investments measured at fair value	$	267,407	$	51,013	$	—	318,420
Investments measured at net asset value:
Common/collective trusts (1)							86,891



Limited partnerships (1)							71,331
Total investments							$	476,642


	Assets at Fair Value as of September 30, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Investments:
Common stocks	$	239,166	$	—	$	—	$	239,166
Money market funds	—		7,060		—		7,060
Registered investment companies	74,236		—		—		74,236
Government securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	—		14,048		—		14,048
U.S. treasuries	7,483		34		—		7,517
Corporate bonds	—		30,834		—		30,834


Total investments measured at fair value	$	320,885	$	51,976	$	—	372,861
Investments measured at net asset value:
Common/collective trusts (1)							121,570


Limited partnerships (1)							100,299
Total investments							$	594,730

(1) The fair value of our common/collective trusts and limited partnerships are measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. There are no redemption restrictions, redemption notice periods or unfunded commitments for these investments. The redemption frequency is daily.

The Supplemental Executive Benefits Plan (SEBP) covers our corporate officers and certain other employees of the Company who were employed on or before August 12, 1998. The SEBP is a defined benefit arrangement which provides a benefit equal to 75 percent of covered compensation under which benefits paid from the underlying qualified defined benefit plan are an offset to the benefits under the SEBP.

In August 1998, we adopted the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP) (formerly known as the Performance-Based Supplemental Executive Benefits Plan), which covers all corporate officers selected to participate in the plan between August 12, 1998 and August 5, 2009. The SERP is a defined benefit arrangement which provides a benefit equal to 60 percent of covered compensation under which benefits paid from the underlying qualified defined benefit plan are an offset to the benefits under the SERP.

Effective August 5, 2009, we adopted a new defined benefit Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the 2009 SERP), for corporate officers or any other employees selected at the discretion of the Board. Under the 2009 SERP, a nominal account has been established for each participant, to which the Company contributes at the end of each calendar year an amount equal to ten percent (25 percent for members of the Management Committee appointed on or after January 1, 2016) of the total of each participant’s base salary and cash incentive compensation earned during each prior calendar year, beginning December 31, 2009. The benefits vest after three years of service and attainment of age 55 and earn interest credits at the same annual rate as the Company’s Pension Plan.

We review the estimates and assumptions underlying our Supplemental Plans annually based upon a September 30 measurement date using the same techniques as our Pension Plan. The actuarial assumptions used to determine the pension liability for the Supplemental Plans were determined as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 and the actuarial assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension cost for the Supplemental Plans were determined as of September 30, 2021, 2020 and 2019. These assumptions are presented in the following table:


	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	79,233	$	100,981
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	104,301	$	129,140
Service cost	1,129		1,067
Interest cost	2,647		3,180
Actuarial (gain) loss	(22,471)		1,332
Benefits paid	(4,831)		(4,720)
Settlements	—		(25,698)
Benefit obligation at end of year	80,775		104,301
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	—		—
Employer contribution	4,831		30,418
Benefits paid	(4,831)		(4,720)
Settlements	—		(25,698)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	—		—
Reconciliation:
Funded status	(80,775)		(104,301)
Unrecognized prior service cost	—		—
Unrecognized net loss	—		—
Accrued pension cost	$	(80,775)	$	(104,301)

Assets for the Supplemental Plans are held in separate rabbi trusts. At September 30, 2022 and 2021, assets held in the rabbi trusts consisted of equity securities of $30.2 million and $38.1 million, which are included in our fair value disclosures in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements.


	Fiscal Year Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	1,129	$	1,067	$	1,074
Interest cost (1)	2,647		3,180		4,188


Recognized actuarial loss (1)	3,166		3,560		3,945
Settlements (1)	—		9,151		9,180
Net periodic pension cost	$	6,942	$	16,958	$	18,387

We sponsor the Retiree Medical Plan for Retirees and Disabled Employees of Atmos Energy Corporation (the Retiree Medical Plan). This plan provides medical and prescription drug protection to all qualified participants based on their date of retirement. The Retiree Medical Plan provides different levels of benefits depending on the level of coverage chosen by the participants and the terms of predecessor plans; however, we generally pay 80 percent of the projected net claims and administrative costs and participants pay the remaining 20 percent. Effective January 1, 2015, for employees who had not met the participation requirements by September 30, 2009, the contribution rates for the Company were limited to a three percent cost increase in claims and administrative costs each year, with the participant responsible for the additional costs. Effective January 1, 2022, the Retiree Medical Plan was amended to remove the three percent cost increase limitation and change the post-65 retiree coverage to Via Benefits with an Atmos Energy funded Health Reimbursement Account. Eligible post-65 retirees and post-65 spouses will be eligible to enroll in benefits provided by Via Benefits, including those that previously deferred or declined retiree coverage.

Generally, our funding policy is to contribute annually an amount in accordance with the requirements of ERISA. However, additional voluntary contributions are made annually as considered necessary. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date but also for those expected to be earned in the future. We expect to contribute between $15 million and $25 million to our Retiree Medical Plan during fiscal 2023.

We maintain a formal investment policy with respect to the assets in our Retiree Medical Plan to ensure the assets funding the Retiree Medical Plan are appropriately invested to maintain an acceptable level of risk. We also consider our current financial status when making recommendations and decisions regarding the Retiree Medical Plan.

We currently invest the assets funding our Retiree Medical Plan in diversified investment funds which consist of common stocks, preferred stocks and fixed income securities. The diversified investment funds may invest up to 75 percent of assets in common stocks and convertible securities. The following table presents asset allocation information for the Retiree Medical Plan assets as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.

We review the estimates and assumptions underlying our Retiree Medical Plan annually based upon a September 30 measurement date using the same techniques as our Pension Plan and Supplemental Plans. The actuarial assumptions used to determine the pension liability for our Retiree Medical Plan were determined as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 and the actuarial assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension cost for the Retiree Medical Plan were determined as of September 30, 2021, 2020 and 2019.


	Postretirement Liability				Postretirement Cost
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2020
Discount rate	5.61	%	3.01	%	3.01	%	2.80	%	3.29	%
Expected return on plan assets	4.94	%	4.94	%	4.94	%	4.94	%	5.14	%
Initial trend rate	6.25	%	6.25	%	6.25	%	6.25	%	6.25	%
Ultimate trend rate	4.75	%	5.00	%	5.00	%	5.00	%	5.00	%
Ultimate trend reached in	2029		2027		2027		2026		2025


	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	355,156	$	370,678
Service cost	10,235		11,000
Interest cost	10,734		15,372
Plan participants’ contributions	3,210		5,648
Actuarial (gain) loss	(112,748)		6,800
Benefits paid	(16,359)		(19,610)
Plan amendments	—		(34,732)

Benefit obligation at end of year	250,228		355,156
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	268,199		208,245
Actual return on plan assets	(40,113)		53,335
Employer contributions	14,749		20,581
Plan participants’ contributions	3,210		5,648
Benefits paid	(16,359)		(19,610)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year	229,686		268,199
Reconciliation:
Funded status	(20,542)		(86,957)
Unrecognized transition obligation	—		—
Unrecognized prior service cost	—		—
Unrecognized net loss	—		—
Accrued postretirement cost	$	(20,542)	$	(86,957)


	Fiscal Year Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Components of net periodic postretirement cost:
Service cost	$	10,235	$	11,000	$	13,466
Interest cost (1)	10,734		15,372		10,612
Expected return on assets (1)	(13,249)		(10,455)		(10,499)

Amortization of prior service (credit) cost (1)	(13,234)		30,533		173
Recognized actuarial (gain) loss (1)	—		1,172		(1,337)
Net periodic postretirement cost	$	(5,514)	$	47,622	$	12,415

We are currently recovering other postretirement benefits costs through our regulated rates in substantially all of our service areas under accrual accounting as prescribed by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Other postretirement benefits costs have been specifically addressed in rate orders in each jurisdiction served by our Kentucky/Mid-States, West Texas, Mid-Tex and Mississippi Divisions as well as our Kansas jurisdiction and APT or have been included in a rate case and not disallowed. Management believes that this accounting method is appropriate and will continue to seek rate recovery of accrual-based expenses in its ratemaking jurisdictions that have not yet approved the recovery of these expenses.

The following tables set forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Retiree Medical Plan’s assets at fair value as of September 30, 2022 and 2021. The methods used to determine fair value for the assets held by the Retiree Medical Plan are fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.


	Assets at Fair Value as of September 30, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Investments:
Money market funds	$	—	$	5,214	$	—	$	5,214
Registered investment companies	224,472		—		—		224,472


Total investments measured at fair value	$	224,472	$	5,214	$	—	$	229,686


	Assets at Fair Value as of September 30, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Investments:
Money market funds	$	—	$	5,527	$	—	$	5,527
Registered investment companies	262,672		—		—		262,672


Total investments measured at fair value	$	262,672	$	5,527	$	—	$	268,199


	Company Payments		Retiree Payments		Subsidy Payments		Total Postretirement Benefits
	(In thousands)
2023	$	17,141	$	2,445	$	—	$	19,586
2024	17,409		2,410		—		19,819
2025	17,582		2,314		—		19,896
2026	18,022		2,282		—		20,304
2027	18,269		2,193		—		20,462
2028-2032	94,528		9,638		—		104,166

The Atmos Energy Corporation Retirement Savings Plan and Trust (the Retirement Savings Plan) covers substantially all employees and is subject to the provisions of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Effective January 1, 2007, employees automatically become participants of the Retirement Savings Plan on the date of employment. Participants may elect a salary reduction up to a maximum of 65 percent of eligible compensation, as defined by the Retirement Savings Plan, not to exceed the maximum allowed by the Internal Revenue Service. New participants are automatically enrolled in the Retirement Savings Plan at a contribution rate of four percent of eligible compensation, from which they may opt out. We match 100 percent of a participant’s contributions, limited to four percent of the participant’s salary. Prior to January 1, 2021, participants were eligible to receive matching contributions after completing one year of service, in which they are immediately vested.

Effective January 1, 2021, participants are eligible to receive matching contributions immediately upon enrollment in the Retirement Savings Plan. This matching contribution vests after completing one year of service. Participants are also permitted to take out a loan against their accounts subject to certain restrictions. Employees hired on or after October 1, 2010 participate in the enhanced plan in which participants receive a fixed annual contribution of four percent of eligible earnings to their Retirement Savings Plan account. Participants will continue to be eligible for company matching contributions of up to four percent of their eligible earnings and will be fully vested in the fixed annual contribution after three years of service.

Effective October 1, 2022, the Retirement Savings Plan was amended to add a Roth elective deferral feature and to implement an automatic increase feature whereby a participant who contributes less than 10 percent will have their contribution percent increased by one percent annually unless the participant opts out.

Matching and fixed annual contributions to the Retirement Savings Plan are expensed as incurred and amounted to $21.9 million, $20.6 million and $17.9 million for fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020. At September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Retirement Savings Plan held 1.6 percent and 1.9 percent of our outstanding common stock.