
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Stock options	$	708	$	969	$	1,253
Restricted stock units and deferred stock units	6,870		6,657		6,972
Performance stock units	1,341		1,210		819
Employee Stock Purchase Plan	246		149		170
Total pre-tax share-based compensation expense charged against income	$	9,165	$	8,985	$	9,214

Total recognized tax deficiency related to share-based compensation	$	(607)	$	(773)	$	(783)

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options and awards was $16.2 million and $16.5 million, respectively. The weighted average period over which these awards will vest was approximately 2.8 years as of both December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes the components of share-based compensation expense included within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Selling, general and administrative expense	$	9,086	$	8,942	$	9,160
Costs of services provided	79		43		54
Total share-based compensation expense	$	9,165	$	8,985	$	9,214

On May 26, 2020, the Company adopted the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) after approval by the Company’s shareholders at the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. On May 30, 2023, the Company increased the authorized shares under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended, the “Amended 2020 Plan”) by 2.5 million shares after approval by the Company’s shareholders at the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The Amended 2020 Plan provides that current or prospective officers, employees, non-employee directors and advisors can receive share-based awards such as stock options, performance stock units, restricted stock units and other stock awards. The Amended 2020 Plan seeks to encourage profitability and growth of the Company through short-term and long-term incentives that are consistent with the Company’s operating objectives.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 6.7 million shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Amended 2020 Plan, of which 2.4 million are available for future grant. The amount of shares available for issuance under the Amended 2020 Plan will increase when outstanding awards under the Company’s Second Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”) are subsequently forfeited, terminated, lapsed or satisfied thereunder in cash or property other than shares. No stock award will have a term in excess of 10 years. The Nominating, Compensation and Stock Option Committee (the “NCSO”) of the Board of Directors is responsible for determining the terms of the grants in accordance with the Amended 2020 Plan.


	Stock Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2023	2,438	$	30.43
Granted	290	$	10.36
Exercised	—	$	—
Forfeited	(1)	$	24.43
Expired	(199)	$	29.12
December 31, 2024	2,528	$	28.23

The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $5.06, $6.53 and $4.06 per common share, respectively. No stock options were exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.1 million. The total fair value of stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $1.0 million, $1.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2024 there was no tax deficiency realized from stock options exercised. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 the tax deficiency realized from stock options exercised was immaterial.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Risk-free interest rate	3.9	%	4.0	%	1.5	%
Weighted average expected life	7.0 years		6.9 years		6.7 years
Expected volatility	40.5	%	39.5	%	36.6	%
Dividend yield	—	%	—	%	4.6	%


	December 31, 2024
	(amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Outstanding:
Aggregate intrinsic value	$	0.4
Weighted average remaining contractual life	4.5 years
Exercisable:
Number of options	1,737
Weighted average exercise price	$	33.91
Aggregate intrinsic value	$	—
Weighted average remaining contractual life	3.0 years

The fair value of outstanding restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and deferred stock units (“DSUs”) was determined based on the market price of the shares on the date of grant. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted 0.8 million, 0.5 million and 0.4 million RSUs and DSUs with weighted average grant date fair values of $10.39, $13.72 and $18.06 per unit, respectively.


	Restricted Stock Units & Deferred Stock Units
	Number	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2023	1,102	$	18.57
Granted	775	$	10.39
Vested	(298)	$	21.68
Forfeited	(63)	$	13.56
December 31, 2024	1,516	$	13.98


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units granted	$	10.39	$	13.72	$	18.06
Total fair value of restricted stock units and restricted shares vested	$	3,257	$	2,991	$	3,307

The Company grants DSUs to non-employee directors. Once vested, the recipient shall be entitled to receive a lump sum payment of a number of shares equal to the total number of DSUs issued to such recipient upon the first to occur of (i) the five year anniversary of the date of grant, (ii) the recipient’s death, disability or separation of service from the Board, or (iii) a change of control (as defined by the Amended 2020 Plan). Non-employee directors can also elect to receive their Board of Directors retainer in the form of DSUs in lieu of cash. DSUs issued in lieu of cash for retainers vest immediately. The number of DSUs granted to these directors is determined based on the stock price on the award date and approximates the cash value the directors would otherwise receive for their retainer. Three non-employee directors made an election in 2023 to receive DSUs in lieu of cash for their 2024 Board of Directors retainer.

On May 28, 2024, the NCSO granted an aggregate of 30,000 DSUs to the Company’s non-employee directors. Each DSU award granted vests in one year. The unrecognized share-based compensation cost of DSU awards at December 31, 2024 is $0.1 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.4 years.

On January 3, 2024, the NCSO granted 0.1 million Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”) to the Company’s executive officers. Such PSUs are contingent upon the achievement of certain total shareholder return (“TSR”) targets as compared to the TSR of the S&P 400 MidCap Index and the participant’s continued employment with the Company for the three year period ending December 31, 2026, the date at which such awards vest. The unrecognized share-based compensation cost of the TSR-based PSU awards at December 31, 2024 is $1.4 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.


	Performance Stock Units
	Number	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2023	175	$	21.52
Granted	118	$	11.85
Vested	—	$	—
Forfeited	(35)	$	34.52
December 31, 2024	258	$	15.31

The Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) is currently available through 2026 to all eligible employees. All full-time and part-time employees who work an average of 20 hours per week and have completed two years of continuous service with the Company are eligible to participate. Annual offerings commence and terminate on the respective year’s first and last calendar day.

Under the ESPP, the Company is authorized to issue up to 4.1 million shares of its common stock to its employees. Pursuant to such authorization, there are 1.7 million shares available for future grant at December 31, 2024. Under the terms of the ESPP, participants may contribute through payroll deductions up to $21,250 (85% of IRS limitation) of their compensation toward the purchase of the Company’s common stock. No employee may purchase common stock which exceeds $25,000 in fair market value (determined on the option date) for each calendar year. The per option price is equal to the lower of 85% of the fair market price on the first day of the offering period, or 85% of the fair market price on the last day of the offering period.

The expense associated with the options granted under the ESPP during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:

The Company offers a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”) for executives and certain key employees. The SERP is not qualified under Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code. The SERP allows participants to defer up to 25% of their earned income on a pre-tax basis, and as of the last day of each plan year, each participant will be credited with a 25% match of up to 15% of their earnings deferred in the form of the Company’s common stock based on the then-current market value. SERP participants fully vest in the Company’s matching contribution three years from the first day of the initial year of participation. The income deferred and the matching contributions are unsecured and subject to the claims of the Company’s general creditors.

Under the SERP, the Company is authorized to issue 1.0 million shares of its common stock to its employees. Pursuant to such authorization, the Company has 0.2 million shares available for future grant at December 31, 2024. At the time of issuance, such shares are accounted for at cost as treasury stock. At December 31, 2024, approximately 0.4 million of shares granted under the SERP are vested and remain in the respective active participants’ accounts with the trustee.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
SERP expense 1	$	579	$	533	$	486
Treasury shares issued to fund SERP expense2	49		50		40
Year end SERP trust account balance3	$	51,138	$	42,313	$	35,111
Unrealized gain (loss) recorded in SERP liability account	$	8,241	$	6,684	$	(9,178)

3.SERP trust account investments are recorded at their fair value which is based on quoted market prices. Differences between such amounts in the table above and the deferred compensation funding asset reported on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets represent the value of Company common stock held in the Plan participants’ trust accounts and reported by the Company as treasury stock in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.