
	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Stock options	$	1,253	$	1,832	$	2,134
Restricted stock, restricted stock units and deferred stock units	6,972		6,367		5,195
Performance stock units	819		401		—
Employee Stock Purchase Plan	170		227		543
Total pre-tax share-based compensation expense charged against income	$	9,214	$	8,827	$	7,872

Total recognized tax deficiency related to share-based compensation	$	(783)	$	(217)	$	(293)

The following table summarizes the components of share-based compensation expense included within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Selling, general & administrative expense	$	9,160	$	8,767	$	7,718
Costs of services provided	54		60		154
Total	$	9,214	$	8,827	$	7,872

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options and awards was $15.8 million and $17.5 million, respectively. The weighted average period over which these awards will vest was approximately 2.8 years as of December 31, 2022 and 2.6 years as of December 31, 2021.

On May 26, 2020, the Company adopted the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) after approval by the Company’s shareholders. The 2020 Plan provides that current or prospective officers, employees, non-employee directors and advisors can receive share-based awards such as stock options, performance stock units, restricted stock units and other stock awards. The 2020 Plan seeks to encourage profitability and growth of the Company through short-term and long-term incentives that are consistent with the Company’s operating objectives.

As of December 31, 2022, there were 4.7 million shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan, of which, 1.4 million are available for future grant. The amount of shares available for issuance under the 2020 Plan will increase when outstanding awards under the Company’s Second Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”) are subsequently forfeited, terminated, lapsed, or satisfied thereunder in cash or property other than shares. No stock award will have a term in excess of 10 years. The Nominating, Compensation and Stock Option Committee (the “NCSO”) of the Board of Directors is responsible for determining the terms of the grants in accordance with the 2020 Plan.


	Stock Options Outstanding
	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2021	2,181	$	33.42
Granted	352	$	18.10
Exercised	(23)	$	17.50
Forfeited	—	$	—
Expired	(135)	$	28.99
December 31, 2022	2,375	$	31.56

The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $4.06, $7.01 and $4.66 per common share, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $0.1 million, $0.7 million and $1.3 million, respectively. The total fair value of stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $1.8 million, $2.1 million and $2.6 million, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the tax deficiency realized from stock options exercised was immaterial. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the tax benefit realized from stock options exercised was $0.1 million.

The fair value of stock option awards granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were estimated on the dates of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Risk-free interest rate	1.5	%	0.6	%	1.8	%
Weighted average expected life	6.7 years		6.6 years		6.6 years
Expected volatility	36.6	%	34.7	%	26.5	%
Dividend yield	4.6	%	2.9	%	3.2	%


	December 31, 2022
	(amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Outstanding:
Aggregate intrinsic value	$	—
Weighted average remaining contractual life	4.8 years
Exercisable:
Number of options	1,619
Weighted average exercise price	$	34.52
Aggregate intrinsic value	$	—
Weighted average remaining contractual life	3.3 years

The fair value of outstanding restricted stock units and restricted stock was determined based on the market price of the shares on the date of grant. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 the Company granted 0.4 million, 0.3 million, and 0.3 million restricted stock units with weighted average grant date fair values of $18.06, $28.53, and $24.43 per unit, respectively.

A summary of the outstanding restricted stock units and restricted stock as of December 31, 2021 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:


	Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock
	Number	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2021	652	$	31.03
Granted	410	$	18.06
Vested	(184)	$	33.68
Forfeited	(53)	$	25.25
December 31, 2022	825	$	24.37

The weighted average grant-date fair values and total fair values of restricted stock units and restricted stock vested during 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units granted	$	18.06	$	28.53	$	24.43
Total fair value of restricted stock units and restricted shares vested	$	3,307	$	4,185	$	2,287

On January 4, 2022, the NCSO granted 60,000 Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”) to the Company’s executive officers. Such PSUs are contingent upon the achievement of certain total shareholder return (“TSR”) targets as compared to the TSR of the S&P 400 MidCap Index and the participant’s continued employment with the Company for the three year period ending December 31, 2024, the date at which such awards vest. The unrecognized share-based compensation cost of the TSR-based PSU awards at December 31, 2022 is $1.2 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.


	Performance Stock Units
	Number	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2021	35	$	34.52
Granted	60	$	21.00
Vested	—	$	—
Forfeited	—	$	—
December 31, 2022	95	$	26.01

On June 4, 2022, the NCSO granted an aggregate of 20,000 Deferred Stock Units (“DSUs”) to the Company’s non-employee directors. Each DSU award vests in one year. Once vested, the recipient shall be entitled to receive a lump sum payment of a number of shares equal to the total number of DSUs issued to such recipient upon the first to occur of (i) the five year anniversary of the date of grant, (ii) the recipient’s death, disability or separation of service from the Board, or (iii) a change of control (as defined by the 2020 Plan). The unrecognized share-based compensation cost of the DSU awards at December 31, 2022 is $0.1 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.4 years.

The Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) is currently available through 2026 to all eligible employees. All full-time and part-time employees who work an average of 20 hours per week and have completed two years of continuous service with the Company are eligible to participate. Annual offerings commence and terminate on the respective year’s first and last calendar day.

Under the ESPP, the Company is authorized to issue up to 4.1 million shares of its common stock to its employees. Pursuant to such authorization, there are 1.9 million shares available for future grant at December 31, 2022. Under the terms of the ESPP, participants may contribute through payroll deductions up to $21,250 (85% of IRS limitation) of their compensation toward the purchase of the Company’s common stock. No employee may purchase common stock which exceeds $25,000 in fair market value (determined on the option date) for each calendar year. The option price per share is equal to the lower of 85% of the fair market price on the first day of the offering period, or 85% of the fair market price on the last day of the offering period.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Common shares purchased	95		85		73
Per common share purchase price	$	10.20	$	15.12	$	20.67

The expense associated with the options granted under the ESPP during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022	2021
Risk-free interest rate	0.4%	0.1%
Weighted average expected life (years)	1.0	1.0
Expected volatility	36.9%	61.7%
Dividend yield	4.7%	2.9%

The Company offers a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”) for executives and certain key employees. The SERP is not qualified under Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code. The SERP allows participants to defer up to 25% of their earned income on a pre-tax basis and as of the last day of each plan year, each participant will be credited with a 25% match of up to 15% of their earnings deferred in the form of the Company’s common stock based on the then-current market value. SERP participants fully vest in the Company’s matching contribution three years from the first day of the initial year of participation. The income deferred and the matching contributions are unsecured and subject to the claims of the Company’s general creditors.

Under the SERP, the Company is authorized to issue 1.0 million shares of its common stock to its employees. Pursuant to such authorization, the Company has 0.3 million shares available for future grant at December 31, 2022. At the time of issuance, such shares are accounted for at cost as treasury stock. At December 31, 2022, approximately 0.3 million of such shares are vested and remain in the respective active participants’ accounts with the trustee.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
SERP expense 1	$	486	$	531	$	512
Treasury shares issued to fund SERP expense2	40		30		18
Year end SERP trust account balance3	$	35,111	$	59,086	$	54,729
Unrealized (loss) gain recorded in SERP liability account	$	(9,178)	$	6,676	$	9,200

1.Both the SERP match and the deferrals are included in the selling, general and administrative caption in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

3.SERP trust account investments are recorded at their fair value which is based on quoted market prices. Differences between such amounts in the table above and the deferred compensation funding asset reported on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets represent the value of Company common stock held in the Plan participants’ trust accounts and reported by the Company as treasury stock in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.