SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Adtalem and its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Where our ownership interest is less than 100%, but greater than 50%, the noncontrolling ownership interest is reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The noncontrolling ownership interest earnings portion is classified as “Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest” in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Unless indicated, or the context requires otherwise, references to years refer to Adtalem’s fiscal years.

Equity/Cost Method Investment

The equity method of accounting is used for an investment where we have the ability to influence the operating and financial decisions of the investee but do not possess more than a 50% ownership interest. Generally, this occurs when the ownership interest is greater than 20%. The investment is initially recorded at cost and classified as Other Assets, Net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The carrying amount of the investment is adjusted in subsequent periods for Adtalem’s share of the earnings or losses of the investee, which is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income as Equity Method Investment Loss.

The cost method of accounting is used for an investment where we do not have the ability to influence the operating and financial decisions of the investee. Generally, this occurs when the ownership interest is less than 20%. The investment is recorded at cost and classified as Other Assets, Net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During fiscal year 2018, Adtalem invested $5.0 million for a 3.68% equity interest (on a fully-diluted basis) in Singularity University (“SU”) and the investment is recorded using the cost method of accounting.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents can include time deposits, high-grade commercial paper, money market funds and bankers acceptances with original maturities of three months or less. Short-term investment objectives are to minimize risk and maintain liquidity. These investments are stated at cost (which approximates fair value) because of their short duration or liquid nature. Adtalem places its cash and temporary cash investments with high credit quality institutions. Cash and cash equivalent balances in U.S. bank accounts are generally in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit. Cash and cash equivalent balances in Brazilian bank accounts are generally in excess of the deposit insurance limits for Brazilian banks. Adtalem has not experienced any losses on its cash and cash equivalents.

Management periodically evaluates the creditworthiness of the security issuers and financial institutions with which it invests and maintains deposit accounts.

Investments in Marketable Securities

Adtalem owns investments in marketable securities that have been designated as “available-for-sale” in accordance with authoritative guidance. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss for fiscal year 2018. With the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-01 effective July 1, 2018, unrealized gains and losses related to available-for sale equity investments are recorded through net income in the Consolidated Statements of Income rather than as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Marketable securities and investments consist of investments in mutual funds, which are classified as available-for-sale securities. The following is a summary of our available-for-sale marketable securities at June 30, 2019 (in thousands):


	Gross Unrealized
	Cost		(Loss)		Gain		Fair Value
Marketable Securities:
Bond Mutual Fund	$	2,099	$	—	$	130	$	2,229
Stock Mutual Funds		5,749		—		702		6,451
Total Marketable Securities	$	7,848	$	—	$	832	$	8,680

The following is a summary of our available-for-sale marketable securities at June 30, 2018 (in thousands):


	Gross Unrealized
	Cost		(Loss)		Gain		Fair Value
Marketable Securities:
Bond Mutual Fund	$	1,137	$	—	$	32	$	1,169
Stock Mutual Funds		2,581		—		505		3,086
Total Marketable Securities	$	3,718	$	—	$	537	$	4,255

Investments are classified as short-term if they are readily convertible to cash or have other characteristics of short-term investments such as highly liquid markets or maturities within one year. All mutual fund investments are recorded at fair market value based upon quoted market prices. At June 30, 2019 and 2018, all of the bond and stock mutual fund investments are held in a rabbi trust for the purpose of paying benefits under Adtalem’s non-qualified deferred compensation plan.

Realized gains and losses are computed on the basis of specific identification and are included in Investment Loss in the Consolidated Statements of Income. See “Note 6: Fair Value Measurements” for further disclosures on the Fair Value of Financial Instruments.

Financial Aid and Restricted Cash

A significant portion of cash is received from students who participate in government financial aid and assistance programs which are subject to political and governmental budgetary considerations. There is no assurance that such funding will be maintained at current levels. Extensive and complex regulations in the U.S. and Brazil govern all of the government financial assistance programs in which students participate. Administration of these programs is periodically reviewed by various regulatory agencies. Any regulatory violation could be the basis for disciplinary action, which could include the suspension, limitation or termination from such financial aid programs.

Restricted cash represents amounts received from federal and state governments under various student aid grant and loan programs and such restricted funds are held in separate bank accounts. Once the financial aid authorization and disbursement process for the student has been completed, the funds are transferred to unrestricted accounts, and these funds then become available for use in Adtalem’s operations. This authorization and disbursement process that precedes the transfer of funds generally occurs within the period of the academic term for which such funds were authorized.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers (students and members), in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

The following tables disaggregate revenue by source (in thousands):


	Year Ended June 30, 2019
	Medical and		Financial		Business and		Home Office
	Healthcare		Services		Law		and Other		Consolidated
Higher Education	$	835,908	$	—	$	211,883	$	—	$	1,047,791
Test Preparation		—		87,527		13,961		(3,229)		98,259
Certifications		—		33,549		—		—		33,549
Conferences/Seminars		—		28,690		—		—		28,690
Memberships/Subscriptions		—		16,574		—		—		16,574
Other		13,953		871		—		—		14,824
Total	$	849,861	$	167,211	$	225,844	$	(3,229)	$	1,239,687


	Year Ended June 30, 2018
	Medical and		Financial		Business and		Home Office
	Healthcare		Services		Law		and Other		Consolidated
Higher Education	$	815,674	$	—	$	249,608	$	—	$	1,065,282
Test Preparation		—		82,825		21,326		(2,592)		101,559
Certifications		—		27,653		—		—		27,653
Conferences/Seminars		—		21,997		—		—		21,997
Memberships/Subscriptions		—		13,728		—		—		13,728
Other		—		992		—		—		992
Total	$	815,674	$	147,195	$	270,934	$	(2,592)	$	1,231,211

In addition, see “Note 16: Segment Information” for a disaggregation of revenue by geographical region.

Performance Obligations and Revenue Recognition

Higher Education: Higher education revenue consists of tuition, fees, books and other educational products. The majority of revenue is derived from tuition and fees, which is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term as instruction is delivered. Books and other educational product revenue is recognized when products are shipped or students receive access to electronic materials. Under certain circumstances, we report revenue from these transactions on a net basis because our performance obligation is to facilitate a transaction between the student and a vendor.

Test Preparation: Test preparation revenue consists of test preparation course instruction and self-study materials sales. Becker test preparation revenue is recognized when access to the course materials is delivered to the customer. Adtalem Brazil and EduPristine test preparation course instruction revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable instruction delivery periods.

Certifications: Certification revenue consists of exam preparation guides, seminars, exam sitting fees and recertification fees. We recognize revenue for each of these items at a point in time when the applicable performance obligation is satisfied.

Conferences/Seminars: Conference revenue consists of revenue from attendees, sponsors and exhibitors. We recognize revenue for all items related to conferences at the time of the conference. Seminar revenue consists of seminars delivered in live, live-online, or on-demand online formats. We recognize revenue for live and live-online seminars on the day of the seminar. On-demand online seminars, in which customers have access to a webcast of a seminar, are recognized on the day the customer places the order.

Memberships/Subscriptions: Membership revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the membership period. Subscription revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the subscription period.

Other: Other revenue consists of housing and other miscellaneous services. Other revenue is recognized over the period in which the applicable performance obligation is satisfied.

Customer contracts generally have separately stated prices for each performance obligation contained in the contract. Therefore, each performance obligation generally has its own standalone selling price. For higher education students, arrangements for payment are agreed to prior to registration of the student’s first academic term. The majority of U.S. students obtain Title IV or other financial aid resulting in institutions receiving a significant amount of the transaction price at the beginning of the academic term. Students utilizing private funding or funding through Adtalem’s institutional loan program (see “Note 7: Financing Receivables” for further discussion) generally pay during or after the academic term is complete. For non-higher education customers, payment is typically due and collected at the time a customer places an order.

Transaction Price

Revenue, or transaction price, is measured as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring goods or services.

For higher education, students may receive discounts, scholarships or refunds, which gives rise to variable consideration. The amounts of discounts or scholarships are applied to individual student accounts when such amounts are awarded. Therefore, the transaction price is reduced directly by these discounts or scholarships from the amount of the standard tuition rate charged. Upon withdrawal, a student may be eligible to receive a refund, or partial refund, the amount of which is dependent on the timing of the withdrawal during the academic term. If a student withdraws prior to completing an academic term, federal and state regulations and accreditation criteria permit Adtalem to retain only a set percentage of the total tuition received from such student, which varies with, but generally equals or exceeds, the percentage of the academic term completed by such student. Payment amounts received by Adtalem in excess of such set percentages of tuition are refunded to the student or the appropriate funding source. For contracts with similar characteristics and historical data on refunds, the expected value method is applied in determining the variable consideration related to refunds. Estimates of Adtalem’s expected refunds are determined at the outset of each academic term, based upon actual refunds in previous academic terms. Reserves related to refunds are presented as refund liabilities within Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. All refunds are netted against revenue during the applicable academic term.

Management reassesses collectability throughout the period revenue is recognized by the Adtalem institutions, on a student-by-student basis. This reassessment is based upon new information and changes in facts and circumstances relevant to a student’s ability to pay. Management also reassesses collectability when a student withdraws from the institution and has unpaid tuition charges. Such unpaid charges do not meet the threshold of reasonably collectible and are recognized as revenue on a cash basis.

For test preparation and other Financial Services products, the transaction price is equal to the amount charged to the customer, which is the standard rate, less any discounts and an estimate for returns or refunds.

We believe it is not probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Therefore, the estimate of variable consideration is not constrained.

Contract Balances

For higher education institutions, students are billed at the beginning of each academic term and payment is due at that time. Adtalem’s performance obligation is to provide educational services in the form of instruction during the academic term. As instruction is provided, deferred revenue is reduced. A significant portion of student payments are from Title IV financial aid and other programs and are generally received during the first month of the respective academic term. For students utilizing Adtalem’s institutional loan program (see “Note 7: Financing Receivables”), payments are generally received after the academic term, and the corresponding performance obligation, is complete. When payments are received, accounts receivable is reduced.

For our Financial Services businesses, customers are billed and payment is due at the time of order placement. In most cases, performance obligations are delivered subsequent to payments received. Delivering our performance obligations reduces deferred revenue, and accounts receivable is reduced upon payments received. Becker offers an 18-month term loan program as a financing option for the Becker CPA Exam Review Course (see “Note 7: Financing Receivables”). In this case, payment is received after satisfying the performance obligation.

Revenue of $103.9 million was recognized during fiscal year 2019 that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of fiscal year 2019. Revenue recognized from performance obligations that were satisfied, or partially satisfied, in prior periods was not material.

The difference between the opening and closing balances of deferred revenue includes decreases from revenue recognized during the period and increases from charges and payments received related to the start of academic terms beginning during the period.

Allowance for bad debts as of June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $23.7 million and $27.6 million, respectively.

Practical Expedients

As our performance obligations have an original expected duration of one year or less, we have applied the practical expedient (as provided in ASC 606-10-50-14) to not disclose the information in ASC 606-10-50-13, which requires disclosure of the amount of the transaction price allocated to our performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of the end of the reporting period and when the entity expects to recognize this amount as revenue. All consideration from contracts with customers is included in the transaction price.

Internal-Use Software Development Costs

Adtalem capitalizes certain internal-use software development costs that are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated lives of the software, not to exceed seven years. Capitalized costs include external direct costs of equipment, materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining internal-use software and payroll-related costs for employees directly associated with the internal-use software development project. Capitalization of such costs ceases at the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose. Capitalized internal-use software development costs for projects not yet complete are included as Construction in Progress in the Land, Building and Equipment section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of June 30, 2019 and 2018, the net balance of capitalized internal-use software development costs was $10.6 million and $13.5 million, respectively.

Land, Building and Equipment

Land, Building and Equipment, including both purchased and internal-use software development costs, are recorded at cost. Cost also includes additions and those improvements that enhance performance, increase the capacity or lengthen the useful lives of the assets. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Upon sale or retirement of an asset, the accounts are relieved of the cost and the related accumulated depreciation, with any resulting profit or loss included in income in the period incurred. Assets under construction are reflected in Construction in Progress until they are placed into service for their intended use. Interest is capitalized as a component of cost on major projects during the construction period.

Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset, whichever is shorter. Leased property meeting certain criteria is capitalized, and the present value of the related lease payments is recorded as a liability. Amortization of capitalized leased assets is computed on the straight-line method over the term of the lease or the life of the related asset, whichever is shorter.

Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over estimated service lives. These lives range from 5 to 40 years for buildings and leasehold improvements, and from 3 to 8 years for computers, furniture and equipment.

Business Combinations, Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible assets relate mainly to acquired business operations (see “Note 9: Business Combinations”). These assets consist of the fair value of certain identifiable assets acquired. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired.

In accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles arising from a business combination are not amortized and charged to expense over time. Instead, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles must be reviewed annually for impairment or more frequently if circumstances arise indicating potential impairment. This impairment review was most recently completed as of May 31, 2019. For goodwill, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit containing the goodwill exceeds the fair value of that reporting unit, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the fair value of the reporting unit goodwill is less than the carrying amount of the goodwill, up to the amount of goodwill recorded.

For indefinite-lived intangible assets, if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. See “Note 10: Intangible Assets” for results of Adtalem’s required impairment analysis of its intangible assets and goodwill.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their expected economic lives. These lives range from 1 to 18 years. Amortization of all intangible assets and certain goodwill is being deducted for tax reporting purposes over statutory lives.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Adtalem evaluates the carrying amount of its significant long-lived assets whenever changes in circumstances or events indicate that the value of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Events that may trigger an impairment analysis could include a decision by management to exit a market or a line of business or to consolidate operating locations. During the year ended June 30, 2019, we recorded impairment charges of $2.0 million to write-down building, building improvements, furniture and equipment to zero based on the fair market value of the DeVry University and Carrington operations, which are classified within discontinued operations. During the first quarter of fiscal year 2018, the campuses of AUC and RUSM were damaged from Hurricanes Irma and Maria, respectively. Hurricane-related impairment charges of $31.0 were recorded in fiscal year 2018 for building, building improvements, furniture and equipment, along with receivables for insurance reimbursements of these amounts, less deductibles, of $21.9 million as of June 30, 2018. The impairment charges are included in Cost of Educational Services in the Consolidated Statements of Income. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, Adtalem announced its decision to relocated RUSM’s campus operations to Barbados and not return to RUSM’s Dominica campus. Adtalem recorded impairment charges of $39.1 million in fiscal year 2019 to fully impair the land, buildings and equipment in Dominica as management has determined the market value less the costs to sell the facilities or move the equipment is zero (see “Note 11: Restructuring Charges”). The impairment charges are included in Restructuring Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. For a discussion of the impairment review of goodwill and intangible assets see “Note 10: Intangible Assets.”

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for Cash and Cash Equivalents, Investments in Marketable Securities (see “Note 6: Fair Value Measurements”), Restricted Cash, Accounts Receivable, Net, Accounts Payable, Accrued Liabilities and Deferred Revenue approximate fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturity of these financial instruments. Adtalem’s long-term debt (see “Note 13: Debt”) bears interest at a floating rate reset to current rates on a monthly basis. Therefore, the carrying amount of Adtalem’s long-term debt approximates fair value.

Foreign Currency Translation

The financial position and results of operations of the AUC, RUSM and RUSVM Caribbean operations are measured using the U.S. dollar as the functional currency. As such, there is no translation gain or loss associated with these operations. Adtalem Brazil’s and EduPristine’s operations and Becker’s and ACAMS’s international operations are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these entities are translated to U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates. Income and expense items are translated at monthly average exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are included in the component of Shareholders’ Equity designated as Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss. Transaction gains or losses during each of the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were not material.

Income Taxes

Adtalem accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Adtalem also recognizes future tax benefits associated with tax loss and credit carryforwards as deferred tax assets. Adtalem’s deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance, when in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Adtalem measures deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which Adtalem expects to recover or settle the temporary differences. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred taxes is recognized in the period that the change is enacted. Adtalem reduces its net tax assets for the estimated additional tax and interest that may result from tax authorities disputing uncertain tax positions Adtalem has taken.

Four of Adtalem’s operating units benefit from local tax incentives: AUC, which operates in St. Maarten, RUSM, which operated in Dominica and beginning in January 2019 in Barbados, RUSVM, which operates in St. Kitts, and Adtalem Brazil, which operates in Brazil. AUC’s effective tax rate reflects benefits derived from investment incentives. RUSM and RUSVM each have agreements with their respective domestic governments that exempt them from local income taxation. With respect to Dominica, RUSM had an indefinite period of exemption. In January 2019, RUSM moved its operations from Dominica to Barbados. RUSM has negotiated an agreement with the Barbados government that exempts it from local income taxation until 2039. RUSVM has an exemption in St. Kitts until 2037. Adtalem Brazil’s effective tax rate reflects benefits derived from its participation in “Programa Universidade para Todos” or “University for All Programs” (“PROUNI”), a Brazilian program for providing scholarships to a portion of its undergraduate students.

As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”), Adtalem revised its prior intent to indefinitely reinvest accumulated undistributed earnings and profits in foreign operations, and now only intends to maintain this assertion with respect to accumulated and future earnings in Brazil.

Noncontrolling Interest

As of June 30, 2019, Adtalem maintained a 97.9% ownership interest in Adtalem Brazil with the remaining 2.1% owned by members of the Adtalem Brazil senior management group. Since July 1, 2015, Adtalem has had the right to exercise a call option and purchase any remaining Adtalem Brazil stock from Adtalem Brazil management. Likewise, Adtalem Brazil management has had the right to exercise a put option and sell its remaining ownership interest in Adtalem Brazil to Adtalem. On July 1, 2019, the Adtalem Brazil management noncontrolling members exercised their put option and sold their remaining ownership interest in Adtalem Brazil to Adtalem. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2020, $6.2 million of noncontrolling interest will be removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheet as a result of the put option exercise and Adtalem will own 100% of Adtalem Brazil.

In addition, Adtalem currently maintains a 69% ownership interest in EduPristine with the remaining 31% owned by Kaizen Management Advisors (“Kaizen”), an India-based private equity firm.

The adjustment to increase or decrease the Adtalem Brazil and EduPristine noncontrolling interests for their respective proportionate shares of Adtalem Brazil’s and EduPristine’s profit (loss) flows through the Consolidated Statements of Income each reporting period based on Adtalem’s noncontrolling interest accounting policy.

Beginning on March 26, 2020, Adtalem will have the right to exercise a call option and purchase any remaining EduPristine stock from Kaizen. Likewise, Kaizen will have the right to exercise a put option and sell up to 33% of its remaining ownership interest in EduPristine to Adtalem. Beginning on March 26, 2022, Kaizen will have the right to exercise a put option and sell its remaining ownership interest in EduPristine to Adtalem.

Since the put options are out of the control of Adtalem, authoritative guidance requires the noncontrolling interests, which includes the value of the put options, to be displayed outside of the equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Adtalem Brazil management and Kaizen put options are being accreted to their respective redemption values in accordance with the terms of the related stock purchase agreements. The adjustments to increase or decrease the put options to their expected redemption values each reporting period are recorded in retained earnings in accordance with GAAP.

The following is a reconciliation of the noncontrolling interest balance (in thousands):


	Year Ended June 30,
	2019		2018
Balance at Beginning of Period	$	9,110	$	6,285
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest		413		528
Increase (Decrease) in Redemption Value of Noncontrolling Interest Put Options		20		(1,872)
Acquisition of Noncontrolling Interest in EduPristine		—		4,074
Capital Investment from Noncontrolling Interest in EduPristine		—		95
Balance at End of Period	$	9,543	$	9,110

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income or loss attributable to Adtalem by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus unvested participating restricted stock units (“RSUs”). Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income or loss attributable to Adtalem by the weighted average number of shares assuming dilution. Diluted shares are computed using the Treasury Stock Method and reflect the additional shares that would be outstanding if dilutive stock-based grants were exercised during the period. Excluded from the computations of diluted earnings per share were outstanding stock-based grants representing 215,000, 980,000 and 1,682,000 shares of common stock for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These outstanding stock-based grants were excluded because the exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares or the assumed proceeds upon exercise under the Treasury Stock Method resulted in the repurchase of more shares than would be issued; thus, their effect would be anti-dilutive.

The following is a reconciliation of basic shares to diluted shares (in thousands):


	June 30,
	2019	2018	2017
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding	58,017	60,760	62,656
Unvested Participating RSUs	523	702	843
Basic Shares	58,540	61,462	63,499
Effect of Dilutive Stock Options	790	818	520
Diluted Shares	59,330	62,280	64,019

Treasury Stock

Adtalem’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) has authorized share repurchase programs on eleven occasions (see “Note 8: Dividends and Share Repurchase Programs”). The eleventh share repurchase program was approved on November 7, 2018 and commenced in January 2019. Shares that are repurchased by Adtalem are recorded as Treasury Stock at cost and result in a reduction of Shareholders’ Equity.

From time to time, shares of our common stock are delivered back to Adtalem under a swap arrangement resulting from employees’ exercise of incentive stock options pursuant to the terms of the Adtalem Stock Incentive Plans (see “Note 5: Stock-Based Compensation”). In addition, shares of our common stock are delivered back to Adtalem for payment of withholding taxes from employees for vesting RSUs. These shares are recorded as Treasury Stock at cost and result in a reduction of Shareholders’ Equity.

Prior to March 2019, treasury shares were reissued on a monthly basis, at market value, less a 5% discount, to the Adtalem Colleague Stock Purchase Plan in exchange for employee payroll deductions. When treasury shares are reissued, Adtalem uses an average cost method to reduce the Treasury Stock balance. Gains on the difference between the average cost and the reissuance price are credited to Additional Paid-in Capital. Losses on the difference are charged to Additional Paid-in Capital to the extent that previous net gains from reissuance are included therein, otherwise such losses are charged to Retained Earnings.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. Adtalem accounts for stock-based compensation granted to retirement eligible employees that fully vests upon an employee’s retirement under the non-substantive vesting period approach. Under this approach, the entire stock-based compensation expense is recognized at the grant date for stock-based grants issued to retirement eligible employees. For non-retirement eligible employees, stock-based compensation expense is recognized as expense over the employee requisite service period. We account for forfeitures of outstanding but unvested grants in the period they occur. If factors change and different assumptions are employed in the valuation of stock-based grants in future periods, the stock-based compensation expense that Adtalem records may differ significantly from what was recorded in previous periods.

The fair value of share-based awards, including those with performance conditions, are measured as of the grant date. The fair value of Adtalem’s stock option awards was estimated using a binomial model. This model uses historical cancellation and exercise experience of Adtalem to determine the option value. It also takes into account the illiquid nature of employee options during the vesting period. Share-based compensation expense is amortized for the estimated number of shares expected to vest. The estimated number of shares that will vest is based on management’s determination of the probable outcome of the performance conditions, which may require considerable judgment. Adtalem records a cumulative adjustment to share-based compensation expense in periods when the estimate of the number of shares expected to vest changes. Expense is recognized to reflect the actual vested shares following the resolution of the performance conditions.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the amounts of revenue and expense reported during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss is composed of the change in cumulative translation adjustment, primarily at Adtalem Brazil, and unrealized gains on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of the effects of income taxes.

The Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss balance at June 30, 2019 consists of $137.4 million of cumulative translation losses ($134.3 million attributable to Adtalem and $3.1 million attributable to noncontrolling interest) and $0.1 million of unrealized gains on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of tax of $0.0 million and all attributable to Adtalem. At June 30, 2018, this balance consisted of $142.6 million of cumulative translation losses ($139.6 million attributable to Adtalem and $3.0 million attributable to noncontrolling interest) and $0.4 million of unrealized gains on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of tax of $0.1 million and all attributable to Adtalem.

Advertising Expense

Advertising costs are recognized as expense in the period in which materials are purchased or services are performed. Advertising expense, which is included in Student Services and Administrative Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income, was $85.6 million, $80.5 million and $75.6 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Hurricane Expense

In September 2017, Hurricanes Irma and Maria caused damage and disrupted operations at AUC and RUSM. Adtalem recorded expense of $12.5 million in the year ended June 30, 2019 associated with incremental costs of teaching at alternative sites and $63.3 million in fiscal year 2018 associated with the evacuation process, temporary housing and transportation of students, faculty and staff, and incremental additional costs of teaching in alternate locations. Insurance proceeds of $12.5 million were recorded in the year ended June 30, 2019, and insurance proceeds and receivables of $59.0 million were recorded in the year ended June 30, 2018 to offset these expenses. Based upon damage assessments of the AUC and RUSM facilities, impairment write-downs of buildings, building improvements, furniture and equipment of $31.0 million were recorded in the year ended June 30, 2018. Insurance receivables of $21.9 million were recorded to offset these expenses in the year ended June 30, 2018. No further asset impairments were recorded in the year ended June 30, 2019. In total, no net expense related to the hurricanes was recorded in the year ended June 30, 2019. In total, $13.4 million of net expense was recorded in Cost of Educational Services in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended June 30, 2018. The expense primarily represented the deductibles under insurance policies. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2019, Adtalem received the final insurance proceeds for damages from Hurricanes Irma and Maria and recorded a pre-tax gain of $15.6 million in the year ended June 30, 2019.

Settlement Gains

Adtalem recorded a $10.6 million gain in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019 related to a lawsuit settlement against the Adtalem Board of Directors. Settlement gains in the Consolidated Statements of Income were $26.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2019, which includes the hurricane insurance settlement of $15.6 million discussed above.

Restructuring Charges

Adtalem’s financial statements include charges related to severance and related benefits for workforce reductions in staff. These charges also include early lease termination or cease-of-use costs, accelerated depreciation and losses on disposals of property and equipment related to campus and administrative office consolidations (see “Note 11: Restructuring Charges”). When estimating the costs of exiting lease space, estimates are made which could differ materially from actual results and result in additional restructuring charges or reversals in future periods.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016‑13: “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance was issued to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected losses on financial instruments by replacing the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses by requiring a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The amendments are effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management is evaluating the impact the guidance will have on Adtalem’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑02: “Leases (Topic 842).” This guidance was issued to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing right-to-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments are effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Adtalem will implement this guidance effective July 1, 2019. We have elected the optional transition method to apply the standard as of the effective date and therefore, we will not apply the standard to the comparative periods presented in our financial statements. We will elect the transition package of three practical expedients permitted within the standard, which eliminates the requirements to reassess prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification, and initial direct costs. We will not elect the hindsight practical expedient, which permits the use of hindsight when determining lease term and impairment of right-of-use assets. Further, we will elect a short-term lease exemption policy, permitting us to not apply the recognition requirements of this standard to short-term (i.e. leases with terms of 12 months or less) and an accounting policy to account for lease and non-lease components as a single component. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have a significant impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. We expect to record operating lease liabilities of approximately $325 million to $350 million, operating right-of-use assets of approximately $275 million to $300 million, a reduction in prepaid rent expense of approximately $3 million, a reduction in deferred rent liability balances of approximately $32 million and a reduction in restructure liability balances of approximately $25 million. We do not expect a material impact on our Consolidated Statement of Income or our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

In January 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑01: “Financial Instruments–Overall (Subtopic 825‑10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” This guidance was issued to enhance the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information. The guidance eliminates the classification of equity securities into different categories (that is, trading or available-for-sale) and requires equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income. The amendments are effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2019, we retrospectively adopted this guidance. The adoption resulted in a cumulative adjustment to decrease retained earnings and increase additional paid-in capital, each by $0.4 million. This guidance requires Adtalem to record the changes in the fair value of its available-for-sale equity investments through net income, which is included within the Consolidated Statements of Income beginning with the first quarter of fiscal year 2019.

In May 2014, FASB issued ASU No. 2014‑09: “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” This guidance was issued to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue and develop a common revenue standard for GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”). The guidance is effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted this guidance effective July 1, 2018 using the full retrospective approach. The adoption of this standard did not have any impact on Adtalem's Consolidated Financial Statements, and therefore, no adjustments were made to the prior year comparative financial statements. See subsection “Revenue Recognition” in “Note 4: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for the disclosures related to this new accounting standard.

Reclassifications

We have reclassified certain amounts in the operating section of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows to conform to current period classification.