10-Q 1 wfc-09302018x10q.htm 10-Q Document


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q
 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
 
Commission file number 001-2979
 
WELLS FARGO & COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
 
No. 41-0449260
(State of incorporation)
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
420 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California 94163
(Address of principal executive offices)  (Zip Code)
 
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:  1-866-249-3302 
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes þ
 
No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes þ
 
No o
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 
 
Large accelerated filer    þ
 
Accelerated filer  o
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer    o
 
Smaller reporting company  o
 
 
 
 
Emerging growth company  o
 
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes o
 
No þ
 
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
 
 
 
Shares Outstanding
 
 
October 24, 2018
Common stock, $1-2/3 par value
 
4,707,244,168
          



FORM 10-Q
 
CROSS-REFERENCE INDEX
 
PART I
Financial Information
 
Item 1.
Financial Statements
Page
 
Consolidated Statement of Income
 
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity
 
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
 
Notes to Financial Statements
  
 
1

—
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  
 
2

—
Business Combinations
 
3

—
Cash, Loan and Dividend Restrictions
 
4

—
Trading Activities
 
5

—
Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities
 
6

—
Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
 
7

—
Equity Securities
 
8

—
Other Assets
 
9

—
Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities
 
10

—
Mortgage Banking Activities
 
11

—
Intangible Assets
 
12

—
Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments
 
13

—
Legal Actions
 
14

—
Derivatives
 
15

—
Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
 
16

—
Preferred Stock
 
17

—
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
 
18

—
Employee Benefits
 
19

—
Earnings Per Common Share
 
20

—
Other Comprehensive Income
 
21

—
Operating Segments
 
22

—
Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Financial Review)
 
 
Summary Financial Data  
 
Overview
 
Earnings Performance
 
Balance Sheet Analysis
 
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements  
 
Risk Management
 
Capital Management
 
Regulatory Matters
 
Critical Accounting Policies  
 
Current Accounting Developments
 
Forward-Looking Statements  
 
Risk Factors 
 
Glossary of Acronyms
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures
 
 
 
PART II
Other Information
 
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Item 6.
Exhibits
 
 
 
 
 
Signature

1


PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

FINANCIAL REVIEW
Summary Financial Data
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
% Change
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
Quarter ended
 
 
Sep 30, 2018 from
 
 
Nine months ended
 
 
  

($ in millions, except per share amounts)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Jun 30,
2018

 
Sep 30,
2017

 
Jun 30,
2018

 
Sep 30,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2018


Sep 30,
2017

 
%
Change

For the Period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
Wells Fargo net income
$
6,007

 
5,186

 
4,542

 
16
 %
 
32

 
$
16,329

 
16,032

 
2
 %
Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock
5,453

 
4,792

 
4,131

 
14

 
32

 
14,978

 
14,814

 
1

Diluted earnings per common share
1.13

 
0.98

 
0.83

 
15

 
36

 
3.07

 
2.94

 
4

Profitability ratios (annualized):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo net income to average assets (ROA)
1.27
%
 
1.10

 
0.93

 
15

 
37

 
1.15
%
 
1.11

 
4

Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock to average Wells Fargo common stockholders' equity (ROE)
12.04

 
10.60

 
8.96

 
14

 
34

 
11.08

 
10.97

 
1

Return on average tangible common equity (ROTCE) (1)
14.33

 
12.62

 
10.66

 
14

 
34

 
13.19

 
13.11

 
1

Efficiency ratio (2)
62.7

 
64.9

 
65.7

 
(3
)
 
(5
)
 
65.4

 
62.8

 
4

Total revenue
$
21,941

 
21,553

 
21,849

 
2

 
—

 
$
65,428

 
66,339

 
(1
)
Pre-tax pre-provision profit (PTPP) (3)
8,178

 
7,571

 
7,498

 
8

 
9

 
22,641

 
24,655

 
(8
)
Dividends declared per common share
0.43

 
0.39

 
0.39

 
10

 
10

 
1.210

 
1.150

 
5

Average common shares outstanding
4,784.0

 
4,865.8

 
4,948.6

 
(2
)
 
(3
)
 
4,844.8

 
4,982.1

 
(3
)
Diluted average common shares outstanding
4,823.2

 
4,899.8

 
4,996.8

 
(2
)
 
(3
)
 
4,885.0

 
5,035.4

 
(3
)
Average loans
$
939,462

 
944,079

 
952,343

 
—

 
(1
)
 
$
944,813

 
957,581

 
(1
)
Average assets
1,876,283

 
1,884,884

 
1,938,461

 
—

 
(3
)
 
1,892,209

 
1,932,201

 
(2
)
Average total deposits
1,266,378

 
1,271,339

 
1,306,356

 
—

 
(3
)
 
1,278,185

 
1,302,273

 
(2
)
Average consumer and small business banking deposits (4)
743,503

 
754,047

 
755,094

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
751,030

 
758,443

 
(1
)
Net interest margin
2.94
%
 
2.93

 
2.86

 
—

 
3

 
2.90
%
 
2.88

 
1

At Period End
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
Debt securities (5)
$
472,283

 
475,495

 
474,710

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
$
472,283

 
474,710

 
(1
)
Loans
942,300

 
944,265

 
951,873

 
—

 
(1
)
 
942,300

 
951,873

 
(1
)
Allowance for loan losses
10,021

 
10,193

 
11,078

 
(2
)
 
(10
)
 
10,021

 
11,078

 
(10
)
Goodwill
26,425

 
26,429

 
26,581

 
—

 
(1
)
 
26,425

 
26,581

 
(1
)
Equity securities (5)
61,755

 
57,505

 
54,981

 
7

 
12

 
61,755

 
54,981

 
12

Assets
1,872,981

 
1,879,700

 
1,934,880

 
—

 
(3
)
 
1,872,981

 
1,934,880

 
(3
)
Deposits
1,266,594

 
1,268,864

 
1,306,706

 
—

 
(3
)
 
1,266,594

 
1,306,706

 
(3
)
Common stockholders' equity
176,934

 
181,386

 
181,920

 
(2
)
 
(3
)
 
176,934

 
181,920

 
(3
)
Wells Fargo stockholders' equity
198,741

 
205,188

 
205,722

 
(3
)
 
(3
)
 
198,741

 
205,722

 
(3
)
Total equity
199,679

 
206,069

 
206,617

 
(3
)
 
(3
)
 
199,679

 
206,617

 
(3
)
Tangible common equity (1)
148,391

 
152,580

 
152,694

 
(3
)
 
(3
)
 
148,391

 
152,694

 
(3
)
Capital ratios (6):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
Total equity to assets
10.66
%
 
10.96

 
10.68

 
(3
)
 
—

 
10.66
%
 
10.68

 
—

Risk-based capital:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
  
 
  
 


Common Equity Tier 1
11.91

 
11.98

 
12.10

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
11.91

 
12.10

 
(2
)
Tier 1 capital
13.63

 
13.83

 
13.95

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
13.63

 
13.95

 
(2
)
Total capital
16.79

 
16.98

 
17.21

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
16.79

 
17.21

 
(2
)
Tier 1 leverage
9.22

 
9.51

 
9.27

 
(3
)
 
(1
)
 
9.22

 
9.27

 
(1
)
Common shares outstanding
4,711.6

 
4,849.1

 
4,927.9

 
(3
)
 
(4
)
 
4,711.6

 
4,927.9

 
(4
)
Book value per common share (7)
$
37.55

 
37.41

 
36.92

 
—

 
2

 
$
37.55

 
36.92

 
2

Tangible book value per common share (1)(7)
31.49

 
31.47

 
30.99

 
—

 
2

 
31.49

 
30.99
 
2

Team members (active, full-time equivalent)
261,700

 
264,500

 
268,000

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
261,700

 
268,000

 
(2
)
(1)
Tangible common equity is a non-GAAP financial measure and represents total equity less preferred equity, noncontrolling interests, and goodwill and certain identifiable intangible assets (including goodwill and intangible assets associated with certain of our nonmarketable equity securities, but excluding mortgage servicing rights), net of applicable deferred taxes. The methodology of determining tangible common equity may differ among companies. Management believes that return on average tangible common equity and tangible book value per common share, which utilize tangible common equity, are useful financial measures because they enable investors and others to assess the Company's use of equity. For additional information, including a corresponding reconciliation to GAAP financial measures, see the “Capital Management – Tangible Common Equity” section in this Report.
(2)
The efficiency ratio is noninterest expense divided by total revenue (net interest income and noninterest income).
(3)
Pre-tax pre-provision profit (PTPP) is total revenue less noninterest expense. Management believes that PTPP is a useful financial measure because it enables investors and others to assess the Company's ability to generate capital to cover credit losses through a credit cycle.
(4)
Consumer and small business banking deposits are total deposits excluding mortgage escrow and wholesale deposits.
(5)
Financial information for the prior periods of 2017 has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption in first quarter 2018 of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01 – Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which amends the presentation and accounting for certain financial instruments, including equity securities. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in this Report for more information.
(6)
The risk-based capital ratios were calculated under the lower of Standardized or Advanced Approach determined pursuant to Basel III. Beginning January 1, 2018, the requirements for calculating common equity tier 1 and tier 1 capital, along with risk-weighted assets, became fully phased-in; however, the requirements for calculating tier 2 and total capital are still in accordance with Transition Requirements. See the “Capital Management” section and Note 22 (Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements) to Financial Statements in this Report for additional information.
(7)
Book value per common share is common stockholders' equity divided by common shares outstanding. Tangible book value per common share is tangible common equity divided by common shares outstanding.

2
Overview (continued)

This Quarterly Report, including the Financial Review and the Financial Statements and related Notes, contains forward-looking statements, which may include forecasts of our financial results and condition, expectations for our operations and business, and our assumptions for those forecasts and expectations. Do not unduly rely on forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from our forward-looking statements due to several factors. Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements are described in this Report, including in the “Forward-Looking Statements” section, and in the “Risk Factors” and “Regulation and Supervision” sections of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (2017 Form 10-K).
 
When we refer to “Wells Fargo,” “the Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us” in this Report, we mean Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries (consolidated). When we refer to the “Parent,” we mean Wells Fargo & Company. See the Glossary of Acronyms for definitions of terms used throughout this Report.
 
Financial Review1 

Overview
Wells Fargo & Company is a diversified, community-based financial services company with $1.87 trillion in assets. Founded in 1852 and headquartered in San Francisco, we provide banking, investment, and mortgage products and services, as well as consumer and commercial finance, through 7,950 locations, 13,000 ATMs, digital (online, mobile and social), and contact centers (phone, email and correspondence), and we have offices in 37 countries and territories to support customers who conduct business in the global economy. With approximately 262,000 active, full-time equivalent team members, we serve one in three households in the United States and ranked No. 26 on Fortune’s 2018 rankings of America’s largest corporations. We ranked fourth in assets and third in the market value of our common stock among all U.S. banks at September 30, 2018.
We use our Vision, Values and Goals to guide us toward growth and success. Our vision is to satisfy our customers’ financial needs and help them succeed financially. We aspire to create deep and enduring relationships with our customers by providing them with an exceptional experience and by understanding their needs and delivering the most relevant products, services, advice, and guidance.
We have five primary values, which are based on our vision and guide the actions we take. First, we place customers at the center of everything we do. We want to exceed customer expectations and build relationships that last a lifetime. Second, we value and support our people as a competitive advantage and strive to attract, develop, motivate, and retain the best team members. Third, we strive for the highest ethical standards of integrity, transparency, and principled performance. Fourth, we value and promote diversity and inclusion in all aspects of business and at all levels. Fifth, we look to each of our team members to be a leader in establishing, sharing, and communicating our vision for our customers, communities, team members, and shareholders. In addition to our five primary values, one of our key day-to-day priorities is to make risk management a competitive advantage by working hard to ensure that appropriate controls are in place to reduce risks to our customers, maintain and increase our competitive market position, and protect Wells Fargo’s long-term safety, soundness, and reputation.

                                

1 
Financial information for the prior periods of 2017 has been revised to reflect our adoption in first quarter 2018 of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01 Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in this Report for more information.
 
In keeping with our primary values and risk management priorities, we have six long-term goals for the Company, which entail becoming the financial services leader in the following areas:
•
Customer service and advice – provide exceptional service and guidance to our customers to help them succeed financially.
•
Team member engagement – be a company where people feel included, valued, and supported; everyone is respected; and we work as a team.
•
Innovation – create lasting value for our customers and increased efficiency for our operations through innovative thinking, industry-leading technology, and a willingness to test and learn.
•
Risk management – set the global standard in managing all forms of risk.
•
Corporate citizenship – make a positive contribution to communities through philanthropy, advancing diversity and inclusion, creating economic opportunity, and promoting environmental sustainability.
•
Shareholder value – deliver long-term value for shareholders.

Federal Reserve Board Consent Order Regarding Governance Oversight and Compliance and Operational Risk Management
On February 2, 2018, the Company entered into a consent order with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB). As required by the consent order, the Board submitted to the FRB a plan to further enhance the Board’s governance and oversight of the Company, and the Company submitted to the FRB a plan to further improve the Company’s compliance and operational risk management program. The consent order also requires the Company, following the FRB’s acceptance and approval of the plans and the Company’s adoption and implementation of the plans, to complete third-party reviews of the enhancements and improvements provided for in the plans. Until these third-party reviews are complete and the plans are approved and implemented to the satisfaction of the FRB, the Company’s total consolidated assets will be limited to the level as of December 31, 2017. Compliance with this asset cap will be measured on a two-quarter daily average basis to allow for management of temporary fluctuations. The Company has had constructive dialogue with, and has received detailed feedback from, the FRB regarding the plans. In order to have enough time to incorporate this feedback into the plans in a thoughtful manner and to complete the required third-party reviews, which were initially due September 30, 2018, the Company is planning to operate under the asset cap through the first part of 2019. A second third-party review must also be conducted to assess the efficacy and sustainability of the improvements. As of the end of third quarter 2018, our total consolidated assets, as calculated

3

pursuant to the requirements of the consent order, were below our level of total assets as of December 31, 2017.

Consent Orders with the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (BCFP - formerly known as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) Regarding Compliance Risk Management Program, Automobile Collateral Protection Insurance Policies, and Mortgage Interest Rate Lock Extensions
On April 20, 2018, the Company entered into consent orders with the BCFP and OCC to pay an aggregate of $1 billion in civil money penalties to resolve matters regarding the Company’s compliance risk management program and past practices involving certain automobile collateral protection insurance policies and certain mortgage interest rate lock extensions. As required by the consent orders, the Company submitted to the BCFP and OCC an enterprise-wide compliance risk management plan and a plan to enhance the Company's internal audit program with respect to federal consumer financial law and the terms of the consent orders. In addition, as required by the consent orders, the Company submitted for non-objection plans to remediate customers affected by the automobile collateral protection insurance and mortgage interest rate lock matters, as well as a plan for the management of remediation activities conducted by the Company.

 
Retail Sales Practices Matters
As we have previously reported, in September 2016 we announced settlements with the BCFP, the OCC, and the Office of the Los Angeles City Attorney, and entered into consent orders with the BCFP and the OCC, in connection with allegations that some of our retail customers received products and services they did not request. As a result, it remains our top priority to rebuild trust through a comprehensive action plan that includes making things right for our customers, team members, and other stakeholders, and building a better Company for the future.
Our priority of rebuilding trust has included numerous actions focused on identifying potential financial harm and customer remediation. The Board and management are conducting company-wide reviews of sales practices issues. These reviews are ongoing. In August 2017, a third-party consulting firm completed an expanded data-driven review of retail banking accounts opened from January 2009 to September 2016 to identify financial harm stemming from potentially unauthorized accounts. We have completed financial remediation for the customers identified through the expanded account analysis. Additionally, customer outreach under the $142 million class-action lawsuit settlement concerning improper retail sales practices (Jabbari v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.) into which the Company entered to provide further remediation to customers, concluded in June 2018 and the period for customers to submit claims closed on July 7, 2018. The settlement administrator will pay claims following the calculation of compensatory damages and favorable resolution of pending appeals in the case.
For additional information regarding sales practices matters, including related legal matters, see the “Risk Factors” section in our 2017 Form 10-K and Note 13 (Legal Actions) to Financial Statements in this Report.


4
Overview (continued)

Additional Efforts to Rebuild Trust
Our priority of rebuilding trust has also included an effort to identify other areas or instances where customers may have experienced financial harm. We are working with our regulatory agencies in this effort, and we have accrued for the reasonably estimable remediation costs related to these matters, which amounts may change based on additional facts and information, as well as ongoing reviews and communications with our regulators. As part of this effort, we are focused on the following key areas:
•
Automobile Lending Business The Company is reviewing practices concerning the origination, servicing, and/or collection of consumer automobile loans, including matters related to certain insurance products. For example:
◦
In July 2017, the Company announced it would remediate customers who may have been financially harmed due to issues related to automobile collateral protection insurance (CPI) policies purchased through a third-party vendor on their behalf (based on an understanding that the borrowers did not have physical damage insurance coverage on their automobiles as required during the term of their automobile loans). The practice of placing CPI had been previously discontinued by the Company. Commencing in August 2017, the Company began sending refund checks and/or letters to affected customers through which they may claim or otherwise receive remediation compensation for policies placed between October 15, 2005, and September 30, 2016. During third quarter 2018, as a result of enhancing our remediation plan to provide greater payments and increasing the population of potentially affected customers, the Company accrued an additional $241 million for remediation activities for this matter.
◦
The Company has identified certain issues related to the unused portion of guaranteed automobile protection waiver or insurance agreements between the dealer and, by assignment, the lender, which will result in refunds to customers in certain states.
•
Mortgage Interest Rate Lock Extensions In October 2017, the Company announced plans to reach out to all home lending customers who paid fees for mortgage rate lock extensions requested from September 16, 2013, through February 28, 2017, and to provide refunds, with interest, to customers who believe they should not have paid those fees. The plan to issue refunds follows an internal review that determined a rate lock extension policy implemented in September 2013 was, at times, not consistently applied, resulting in some borrowers being charged fees in cases where the Company was primarily responsible for the delays that made the extensions necessary. Effective March 1, 2017, the Company changed how it manages the mortgage rate lock extension process by establishing a centralized review team that reviews all rate lock extension requests for consistent application of the policy. Although the Company believes a substantial number of the rate lock extension fees during the period in question were appropriately charged under its policy, due to our customer-oriented remediation approach, we have issued refunds and interest to substantially all of our customers who paid rate lock extension fees during the period in question. While our remediation plan remains subject to regulatory approval, we believe we have substantially completed the remediation process.
•
Add-on Products The Company is reviewing practices
 
related to certain consumer “add-on” products, including identity theft and debt protection products that were subject to an OCC consent order entered into in June 2015, as well as home and automobile warranty products, and memberships in discount programs. The products were sold to customers through a number of distribution channels and, in some cases, were acquired by the Company in connection with the purchase of loans. Sales of certain of these products have been discontinued over the past few years primarily due to decisions made in the normal course of business, and by mid-2017, the Company had ceased selling any of them to consumers. We are providing remediation where we identify affected customers, and may also provide refunds to customers who purchased certain products. The review of the Company's historical practices with respect to these products is ongoing, focusing on, among other topics, sales practices, adequacy of disclosures, customer servicing, and volume and type of customer complaints.
•
Consumer Deposit Account Freezing/Closing The Company is reviewing procedures regarding the freezing (and, in many cases, closing) of consumer deposit accounts after the Company detected suspected fraudulent activity (by third-parties or account holders) that affected those accounts. This review is ongoing.
•
Review of Certain Activities Within Wealth and Investment Management A review of certain activities within Wealth and Investment Management (WIM) being conducted by the Board, in response to inquiries from federal government agencies, is assessing whether there have been inappropriate referrals or recommendations, including with respect to rollovers for 401(k) plan participants, certain alternative investments, or referrals of brokerage customers to the Company’s investment and fiduciary services business. The review is ongoing.
•
Fiduciary and Custody Account Fee Calculations The Company is reviewing fee calculations within certain fiduciary and custody accounts in its investment and fiduciary services business, which is part of the wealth management business within WIM. The Company has determined that there have been instances of incorrect fees being applied to certain assets and accounts, resulting in both overcharges and undercharges to customers. These issues include the incorrect set-up and maintenance in the system of record of the values associated with certain assets. Systems, operations, and account-level reviews are underway to determine the extent of any assets and accounts affected, and root cause analyses are being performed with the assistance of third parties. These reviews are ongoing and, as a result of its reviews to date, the Company has suspended the charging of fees on some assets and accounts, has notified the affected customers, and is continuing its analysis of those assets and accounts. The review of customer accounts is ongoing to determine the extent of any additional necessary remediation, including with respect to additional accounts not yet reviewed, which may lead to additional accruals and fee suspensions.
•
Foreign Exchange Business The Company has substantially completed an assessment, with the assistance of a third party, of its policies, practices, and procedures in its foreign exchange (FX) business. The business is in the process of revising and implementing new policies, practices, and procedures, including those related to pricing. The Company's review of affected customers is ongoing to determine the extent of any additional remediation for

5

customers that may have received pricing inconsistent with commitments made to those customers.

•
Mortgage Loan Modifications An internal review of the Company’s use of a mortgage loan modification underwriting tool identified a calculation error regarding foreclosure attorneys’ fees affecting certain accounts that were in the foreclosure process between April 13, 2010, and October 2, 2015, when the error was corrected. A subsequent expanded review identified related errors regarding the maximum allowable foreclosure attorneys’ fees permitted for certain accounts that were in the foreclosure process between March 15, 2010, and April 30, 2018, when new controls were implemented. Similar to the initial calculation error, these errors caused an overstatement of the attorneys’ fees that were included for purposes of determining whether a customer qualified for a mortgage loan modification or repayment plan pursuant to the requirements of government-sponsored enterprises (such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac), the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), and the U.S. Department of Treasury's Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP). Customers were not actually charged the incorrect attorneys’ fees. As a result of these errors, taken together and subject to final validation, approximately 870 customers were incorrectly denied a loan modification or were not offered a loan modification or repayment plan in cases where they otherwise would have qualified. In approximately 545 of these instances, after the loan modification was denied or the customer was deemed ineligible to be offered a loan modification or repayment plan, a foreclosure was completed. The Company has contacted a substantial majority of the approximately 870 affected customers to provide remediation and the option also to pursue no-cost mediation with an independent mediator. Attempts to contact the remaining affected customers are ongoing. Also, the Company’s review of these matters is ongoing, including a review of its mortgage loan modification tools. 
 
To the extent issues are identified, we will continue to assess any customer harm and provide remediation as appropriate. This effort to identify other instances in which customers may have experienced harm is ongoing, and it is possible that we may identify other areas of potential concern. For more information, including related legal and regulatory risk, see the “Risk Factors” section in our 2017 Form 10-K and Note 13 (Legal Actions) to Financial Statements in this Report.


6
Overview (continued)

Financial Performance
Wells Fargo net income was $6.0 billion in third quarter 2018 with diluted earnings per common share (EPS) of $1.13, compared with $4.5 billion and $0.83, respectively, a year ago. Diluted earnings per common share for third quarter 2018 was reduced by $0.03 per share as a result of the elimination of the discount recorded on our Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock, Series J, which was redeemed during the third quarter. Also in third quarter 2018:
•
revenue was $21.9 billion, up $92 million compared with a year ago, with net interest income up $123 million, or 1%, and noninterest income down $31 million;
•
average loans were $939.5 billion, down $12.9 billion, or 1%, from a year ago;
•
average deposits were $1.3 trillion, down $40.0 billion, or 3%, from a year ago;
•
return on assets (ROA) of 1.27% and return on equity (ROE) of 12.04%, were up from 0.93% and 8.96%, respectively, a year ago;
•
our credit results improved with a net charge-off rate of 0.29% (annualized) of average loans in third quarter 2018, compared with 0.30% a year ago;
•
nonaccrual loans of $7.1 billion were down $1.6 billion, or 18%, from a year ago; and
•
we returned $8.9 billion to shareholders through common stock dividends and net share repurchases, which was more than double the $4.0 billion we returned in third quarter 2017 and the 13th consecutive quarter of returning more than $3 billion.

Balance Sheet and Liquidity
Despite the asset cap placed on us from the consent order with the FRB, our balance sheet remained strong during third quarter 2018 with strong credit quality and solid levels of liquidity and capital. Our total assets were $1.87 trillion at September 30, 2018. Cash and other short-term investments decreased $53.0 billion from December 31, 2017, reflecting lower deposit balances. Debt securities were $472.3 billion at September 30, 2018, a decrease of $1.1 billion from December 31, 2017, driven by runoff and sales in the available-for-sale portfolio, partially offset by an increase in debt securities held for trading. Loans were down $14.5 billion, or 2%, from December 31, 2017, predominantly due to a decline in automobile and junior lien mortgage loans.
Average deposits in third quarter 2018 were $1.27 trillion, down $40.0 billion from third quarter 2017. The decline was driven by a decrease in commercial deposits from financial institutions, which includes actions the Company took in the first half of 2018 in response to the asset cap, partially offset by higher interest-bearing checking deposits. Our average deposit cost in third quarter 2018 was 47 basis points, up 21 basis points from a year ago, primarily driven by an increase in Wholesale Banking and Wealth and Investment Management deposit rates.

Credit Quality
Solid overall credit results continued in third quarter 2018 as losses remained low and we continued to originate high quality loans, reflecting our long-term risk focus. Net charge-offs were $680 million, or 0.29% (annualized) of average loans, in third quarter 2018, compared with $717 million a year ago (0.30%). The decrease in net charge-offs in third quarter 2018, compared with a year ago, was predominantly driven by lower losses in the automobile portfolio.
Our commercial portfolio net charge-offs were $152 million, or 12 basis points of average commercial loans, in third quarter
 
2018, compared with net charge-offs of $113 million, or 9 basis points, a year ago. Net consumer credit losses decreased to 47 basis points (annualized) of average consumer loans in third quarter 2018 from 53 basis points (annualized) in third quarter 2017. Approximately 83% of the consumer first mortgage loan portfolio outstanding at September 30, 2018, was originated after 2008, when more stringent underwriting standards were implemented.
The allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2018, decreased $1.2 billion compared with a year ago and decreased $1.0 billion from December 31, 2017. We had a $100 million release in the allowance for credit losses in third quarter 2018, compared with no release a year ago. The allowance coverage for total loans was 1.16% at September 30, 2018, compared with 1.27% a year ago and 1.25% at December 31, 2017. The allowance covered 4.1 times annualized third quarter net charge-offs, compared with 4.3 times a year ago. Future allowance levels will be based on a variety of factors, including loan growth, portfolio performance and general economic conditions. Our provision for loan losses was $580 million in third quarter 2018, down from $717 million a year ago, reflecting an improvement in our outlook for 2017 hurricane-related losses, as well as continued improvement in residential real estate and lower loan balances.
Nonperforming assets decreased $410 million, or 5%, from June 30, 2018, the 10th consecutive quarter of decreases, with improvement in the consumer and commercial real estate portfolios. Nonperforming assets were 0.80% of total loans, the lowest level since the merger with Wachovia in 2008. Nonaccrual loans decreased $433 million from the prior quarter primarily due to a decrease in real estate 1-4 family first mortgage nonaccruals. Foreclosed assets were up $23 million from the prior quarter.

Capital
Our financial performance in third quarter 2018 allowed us to maintain a solid capital position, with total equity of $199.7 billion at September 30, 2018, compared with $208.1 billion at December 31, 2017. We returned $8.9 billion to shareholders in third quarter 2018 through common stock dividends and net share repurchases, more than double the amount we returned in third quarter 2017. Our net payout ratio (which is the ratio of (i) common stock dividends and share repurchases less issuances and stock compensation-related items, divided by (ii) net income applicable to common stock) was 163%. We continued to reduce our common shares outstanding through the repurchase of 146.5 million common shares in the quarter. We entered into a $1 billion forward repurchase contract with an unrelated third party in October 2018 that is expected to settle in first quarter 2019 for approximately 19 million common shares. We expect to reduce our common shares outstanding through share repurchases throughout the remainder of 2018.
We believe an important measure of our capital strength is the Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio under Basel III, fully phased-in, which was 11.91% at September 30, 2018, flat compared with December 31, 2017, but well above our internal target of 10%. Likewise, our other regulatory capital ratios remained strong. See the “Capital Management” section in this Report for more information regarding our capital, including the calculation of our regulatory capital amounts.

7

Earnings Performance 
Wells Fargo net income for third quarter 2018 was $6.0 billion ($1.13 diluted earnings per common share), compared with $4.5 billion ($0.83 diluted per share) for third quarter 2017. Third quarter 2018 included the redemption of our Series J Preferred Stock on September 17, 2018, which reduced
diluted EPS by $0.03 per share as a result of eliminating the purchase accounting discount recorded on these shares at the time of the Wachovia acquisition. Net income in third quarter 2018 included net discrete income tax expense of $168 million primarily related to the re-measurement of our initial estimates for the impacts of the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act recognized in fourth quarter 2017. Third quarter 2018 results benefited from the lower U.S. federal statutory income tax rate. Net income for the first nine months of 2018 was $16.3 billion, compared with $16.0 billion for the same period a year ago. The increase in net income in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, resulted from a $107 million increase in net interest income, a $654 million decrease in our provision for credit losses, and a $1.9 billion decline in income tax expense reflecting the lower U.S. federal statutory income tax rate in 2018, partially offset by a $1.0 billion decrease in noninterest income, and a $1.1 billion increase in noninterest expense. In the first nine months of 2018, net interest income represented 57% of revenue, compared with 56% for the same period a year ago. Noninterest income was $28.1 billion in the first nine months of 2018, representing 43% of revenue, compared with $29.1 billion (44%) in the first nine months of 2017.
Revenue, the sum of net interest income and noninterest income, was $21.9 billion in third quarter 2018, compared with $21.8 billion in the same period a year ago. The increase in revenue in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was due to an increase in net interest income, partially offset by a decrease in noninterest income. Revenue for the first nine months of 2018 was $65.4 billion, compared with $66.3 billion for the first nine months of 2017. The decline in revenue in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was substantially due to a decline in noninterest income.

Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the interest earned on debt securities, loans (including yield-related loan fees) and other interest-earning assets minus the interest paid on deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term debt. The net interest margin is the average yield on earning assets minus the average interest rate paid for deposits and our other sources of funding. Net interest income and the net interest margin are presented on a taxable-equivalent basis in Table 1 to reflect income from taxable and tax-exempt loans and debt and equity securities based on a 21% and 35% federal statutory tax rate for the periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Net interest income and the net interest margin in any one period can be significantly affected by a variety of factors including the mix and overall size of our earning assets portfolio and the cost of funding those assets. In addition, some variable sources of interest income, such as resolutions from purchased credit-impaired (PCI) loans, loan fees and collection of interest on nonaccrual loans, can vary from period to period.
Net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis was $12.7 billion and $37.8 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $12.8 billion and $38.2 billion for the same periods a year ago.
 
The decrease in net interest income in the third quarter of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was driven by:
•
loan and deposit runoff;
•
lower loan swap income due to unwinding the receive-fixed loan swap portfolio; 
•
lower tax-equivalent net interest income from updated tax-equivalent factors reflecting new tax law; and
•
higher premium amortization;
partially offset by:
•
the net repricing benefit of higher interest rates;
•
higher variable income; and
•
higher benefit from hedge ineffectiveness accounting results.

The decrease in net interest income in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was driven by:
•
loan and deposit runoff;
•
lower loan swap income due to unwinding the receive-fixed loan swap portfolio; 
•
lower tax-equivalent net interest income from updated tax-equivalent factors reflecting new tax law;
•
higher premium amortization; and
•
lower benefit from hedge ineffectiveness accounting results;
partially offset by
•
the net repricing benefit of higher interest rates;, and
•
higher variable income.

Net interest margin on a taxable-equivalent basis was 2.94% and 2.90% in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared to 2.86% and 2.88% for the same periods a year ago.
The increase in net interest margin in the third quarter of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was driven by:
•
the net repricing benefit of higher interest rates;
•
loan and deposit runoff;
•
higher variable income; and
•
higher benefit from hedge ineffectiveness accounting results,
partially offset by:
•
lower loan swap income due to unwinding the receive-fixed loan swap portfolio;
•
lower tax-equivalent net interest income from updated tax equivalent factors reflecting new tax law; and
•
higher premium amortization.

The increase in net interest margin in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was driven by:
•
the net repricing benefit of higher interest rates; and
•
higher variable income;
partially offset by:
•
lower loan swap income due to unwinding the receive-fixed loan swap portfolio;
•
lower tax-equivalent net interest income from updated tax equivalent factors reflecting new tax law;
•
loan and deposit runoff;
•
higher premium amortization; and
•
lower benefit from hedge ineffectiveness accounting results.
 
Average earning assets decreased $54.4 billion and $36.1 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with the same periods a year ago. Also, compared with the same periods a year ago:

8
Earnings Performance (continued)




•
average loans decreased 12.9 billion and $12.8 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively;
•
average interest-earning deposits decreased $56.9 billion and $47.7 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively;
•
average federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements increased $9.3 billion and $5.1 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively;
•
average debt securities increased $10.3 billion and $16.3 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively;
•
average equity securities increased $2.1 billion and $2.9 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively; and
•
other earning assets decreased $4.0 billion in third quarter 2018 and increased $1.0 billion in the first nine months of 2018.

 
Deposits are an important low-cost source of funding and affect both net interest income and the net interest margin. Deposits include noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-bearing checking, market rate and other savings, savings certificates, other time deposits, and deposits in foreign offices. Average deposits were $1.27 trillion and $1.28 trillion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $1.31 trillion and $1.30 trillion in the same periods a year ago, and represented 135% of average loans in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, compared with 137% in third quarter 2017 and 136% in the first nine months of 2017. Average deposits were 73% of average earning assets in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, flat compared with the same periods a year ago. The average deposit cost for third quarter 2018 was 47 basis points, up 7 basis points from the prior quarter and 21 basis points from a year ago, primarily driven by an increase in Wholesale Banking and Wealth and Investment Management deposit rates.

9

Table 1: Average Balances, Yields and Rates Paid (Taxable-Equivalent Basis) (1)(2)
  
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018

 
 
 
 
 
2017

(in millions)
Average
balance

 
Yields/
rates

 
Interest
income/
expense

 
Average
balance

 
Yields/
rates

 
Interest
income/
expense

Earning assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest-earning deposits with banks (3)
$
148,565

 
1.93
%
 
$
721

 
205,489

 
1.21
%
 
$
629

Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (3)
79,931

 
1.93

 
390

 
70,640

 
1.14

 
203

Debt securities (4): 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities
84,481

 
3.45

 
730

 
76,627

 
3.21

 
616

Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
6,421

 
1.65

 
27

 
14,529

 
1.31

 
48

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions (7)
46,615

 
3.76

 
438

 
52,500

 
4.08

 
535

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
155,525

 
2.77

 
1,079

 
139,781

 
2.58

 
903

Residential and commercial (7)
7,318

 
4.68

 
85

 
11,013

 
5.44

 
149

Total mortgage-backed securities
162,843

 
2.86

 
1,164

 
150,794

 
2.79

 
1,052

Other debt securities (7)
46,353

 
4.39

 
512

 
47,592

 
3.73

 
447

Total available-for-sale debt securities (7)
262,232

 
3.26

 
2,141

 
265,415

 
3.13

 
2,082

Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
44,739

 
2.18

 
246

 
44,708

 
2.18

 
246

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
6,251

 
4.33

 
68

 
6,266

 
5.44

 
85

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
95,298

 
2.27

 
539

 
88,272

 
2.26

 
498

Other debt securities
106

 
5.61

 
2

 
1,488

 
3.05

 
12

Total held-to-maturity debt securities
146,394

 
2.33

 
855

 
140,734

 
2.38

 
841

Total debt securities (7)
493,107

 
3.02

 
3,726

 
482,776

 
2.93

 
3,539

Mortgage loans held for sale (5)(7)
19,343

 
4.33

 
210

 
22,923

 
3.79

 
217

Loans held for sale (5)
2,619

 
5.28

 
35

 
1,383

 
4.39

 
15

Commercial loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial – U.S.
273,814

 
4.22

 
2,915

 
270,091

 
3.81

 
2,590

Commercial and industrial – Non U.S. (7)
60,884

 
3.63

 
556

 
57,738

 
2.89

 
422

Real estate mortgage
121,284

 
4.35

 
1,329

 
129,087

 
3.83

 
1,245

Real estate construction
23,276

 
5.05

 
296

 
24,981

 
4.18

 
263

Lease financing (7)
19,512

 
4.69

 
229

 
19,155

 
4.59

 
219

Total commercial loans
498,770

 
4.24

 
5,325

 
501,052

 
3.76

 
4,739

Consumer loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
284,133

 
4.07

 
2,891

 
278,371

 
4.03

 
2,809

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
35,863

 
5.50

 
496

 
41,916

 
4.95

 
521

Credit card
36,893

 
12.77

 
1,187

 
35,657

 
12.41

 
1,114

Automobile
46,963

 
5.20

 
616

 
56,746

 
5.34

 
764

Other revolving credit and installment
36,840

 
6.78

 
630

 
38,601

 
6.31

 
615

Total consumer loans
440,692

 
5.26

 
5,820

 
451,291

 
5.14

 
5,823

Total loans (5)
939,462

 
4.72

 
11,145

 
952,343

 
4.41

 
10,562

Equity securities
37,902

 
2.98

 
283

 
35,846

 
2.12

 
191

Other
4,702

 
1.47

 
16

 
8,656

 
0.90

 
20

Total earning assets (7)
$
1,725,631

 
3.81
%
 
$
16,526

 
1,780,056

 
3.44
%
 
$
15,376

Funding sources
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing checking
$
51,177

 
1.01
%
 
$
131

 
48,278

 
0.57
%
 
$
69

Market rate and other savings
693,937

 
0.35

 
614

 
681,187

 
0.17

 
293

Savings certificates
20,586

 
0.62

 
32

 
21,806

 
0.31

 
16

Other time deposits (7)
87,752

 
2.35

 
519

 
66,046

 
1.51

 
251

Deposits in foreign offices
53,933

 
1.50

 
203

 
124,746

 
0.76

 
240

Total interest-bearing deposits (7)
907,385

 
0.66

 
1,499

 
942,063

 
0.37

 
869

Short-term borrowings
105,472

 
1.74

 
463

 
99,193

 
0.91

 
226

Long-term debt (7)
220,654

 
3.02

 
1,667

 
243,507

 
2.28

 
1,392

Other liabilities
27,108

 
2.40

 
164

 
24,851

 
1.74

 
109

Total interest-bearing liabilities (7)
1,260,619

 
1.20

 
3,793

 
1,309,614

 
0.79

 
2,596

Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources (7)
465,012

 
—

 
—

 
470,442

 
—

 
—

Total funding sources (7)
$
1,725,631

 
0.87

 
3,793

 
1,780,056

 
0.58

 
2,596

Net interest margin and net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis (6)(7)
 
 
2.94
%
 
$
12,733

 
 
 
2.86
%
 
$
12,780

Noninterest-earning assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
$
18,356

 
  
 
  
 
18,456

 
  
 
  
Goodwill
26,429

 
  
 
  
 
26,600

 
  
 
  
Other (7)
105,867

 
 
 
 
 
113,349

 
 
 
 
Total noninterest-earning assets (7)
$
150,652

 
 
 
 
 
158,405

 
 
 
 
Noninterest-bearing funding sources
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
Deposits
$
358,993

 
 
 
 
 
364,293

 
 
 
 
Other liabilities (7)
53,845

 
 
 
 
 
56,831

 
 
 
 
Total equity (7)
202,826

 
 
 
 
 
207,723

 
 
 
 
Noninterest-bearing funding sources used to fund earning assets (7)
(465,012
)
 
 
 
 
 
(470,442
)
 
 
 
 
Net noninterest-bearing funding sources (7)
$
150,652

 
 
 
 
 
158,405

 
 
 
 
Total assets (7)
$
1,876,283

 
 
 
 
 
1,938,461

 
 
 
 
(1)
Our average prime rate was 5.01% and 4.25% for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively and 4.78% and 4.03% for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average three-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) was 2.34% and 1.31% for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 2.20% and 1.20% for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(2)
Yields/rates and amounts include the effects of hedge and risk management activities associated with the respective asset and liability categories.
(3)
Financial information for the prior periods has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-18 – Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash in which we changed the presentation of our cash and cash equivalents to include both cash and due from banks as well as interest-earning deposits with banks, which are inclusive of any restricted cash.
(4)
Yields and rates are based on interest income/expense amounts for the period, annualized based on the accrual basis for the respective accounts. The average balance amounts represent amortized cost for the periods presented.


10



 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
  
 
  
 
2018

 
  
 
  
 
2017

(in millions)
Average
balance

 
Yields/
rates

 
Interest
income/
expense

 
Average
balance

 
Yields/
rates

 
Interest
income/
expense

Earning assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest-earning deposits with banks (3)
$
158,480

 
1.71
%
 
$
2,029

 
206,161

 
1.01
%
 
$
1,557

Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (3)
79,368

 
1.69

 
1,005

 
74,316

 
0.91

 
505

Debt securities (4):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities
81,307

 
3.38

 
2,062

 
72,080

 
3.16

 
1,709

Available-for-sale debt securities: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
6,424

 
1.66

 
80

 
19,182

 
1.48

 
212

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions (7)
47,974

 
3.68

 
1,323

 
52,748

 
3.97

 
1,569

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
156,298

 
2.75

 
3,220

 
142,748

 
2.60

 
2,782

Residential and commercial (7)
8,140

 
4.54

 
277

 
12,671

 
5.44

 
517

Total mortgage-backed securities (7)
164,438

 
2.84

 
3,497

 
155,419

 
2.83

 
3,299

Other debt securities (7)
47,146

 
4.14

 
1,462

 
48,727

 
3.70

 
1,351

Total available-for-sale debt securities (7)
265,982

 
3.19

 
6,362

 
276,076

 
3.11

 
6,431

Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
44,731

 
2.19

 
733

 
44,701

 
2.19

 
733

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
6,255

 
4.34

 
204

 
6,270

 
5.35

 
251

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
93,699

 
2.32

 
1,632

 
74,525

 
2.38

 
1,329

Other debt securities
460

 
4.02

 
14

 
2,531

 
2.48

 
47

Total held-to-maturity debt securities
145,145

 
2.38

 
2,583

 
128,027

 
2.46

 
2,360

Total debt securities (7)
492,434

 
2.98

 
11,007

 
476,183

 
2.94

 
10,500

Mortgage loans held for sale (5)(7)
18,849

 
4.15

 
587

 
20,869

 
3.77

 
590

Loans held for sale (5)
2,706

 
5.28

 
107

 
1,485

 
3.47

 
38

Commercial loans:
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
Commercial and industrial – U.S.
273,711

 
4.08

 
8,350

 
272,621

 
3.70

 
7,547

Commercial and industrial – Non U.S. (7)
60,274

 
3.46

 
1,559

 
56,512

 
2.83

 
1,197

Real estate mortgage
123,804

 
4.22

 
3,910

 
130,931

 
3.69

 
3,615

Real estate construction
23,783

 
4.82

 
857

 
24,949

 
4.00

 
747

Lease financing (7)
19,349

 
4.82

 
700

 
19,094

 
4.78

 
684

Total commercial loans
500,921

 
4.10

 
15,376

 
504,107

 
3.66

 
13,790

Consumer loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
283,814

 
4.05

 
8,613

 
276,330

 
4.04

 
8,380

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
37,308

 
5.31

 
1,484

 
43,589

 
4.77

 
1,557

Credit card
36,416

 
12.73

 
3,467

 
35,322

 
12.19

 
3,219

Automobile
48,983

 
5.18

 
1,899

 
59,105

 
5.41

 
2,392

Other revolving credit and installment
37,371

 
6.62

 
1,851

 
39,128

 
6.15

 
1,801

Total consumer loans
443,892

 
5.21

 
17,314

 
453,474

 
5.11

 
17,349

Total loans (5)
944,813

 
4.62

 
32,690

 
957,581

 
4.34

 
31,139

Equity securities
38,322

 
2.57

 
738

 
35,466

 
2.16

 
575

Other
5,408

 
1.38

 
56

 
4,383

 
0.83

 
28

Total earning assets (7)
$
1,740,380

 
3.70
%
 
$
48,219

 
1,776,444

 
3.38
%
 
$
44,932

Funding sources
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits:
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
Interest-bearing checking
$
66,364

 
0.89
%
 
$
441

 
49,134

 
0.43
%
 
$
156

Market rate and other savings
683,279

 
0.28

 
1,416

 
682,780

 
0.13

 
664

Savings certificates
20,214

 
0.46

 
70

 
22,618

 
0.30

 
50

Other time deposits (7)
82,175

 
2.16

 
1,331

 
59,414

 
1.41

 
625

Deposits in foreign offices
66,590

 
1.20

 
599

 
123,553

 
0.64

 
587

Total interest-bearing deposits (7)
918,622

 
0.56

 
3,857

 
937,499

 
0.30

 
2,082

Short-term borrowings
103,696

 
1.51

 
1,173

 
97,837

 
0.69

 
505

Long-term debt (7)
223,485

 
2.93

 
4,901

 
251,114

 
2.03

 
3,813

Other liabilities
27,743

 
2.14

 
446

 
20,910

 
1.97

 
309

Total interest-bearing liabilities (7)
1,273,546

 
1.09

 
10,377

 
1,307,360

 
0.69

 
6,709

Portion of noninterest-bearing funding sources (7)
466,834

 
 
 
—

 
469,084

 
—

 
—

Total funding sources (7)
$
1,740,380

 
0.80

 
10,377

 
1,776,444

 
0.50

 
6,709

Net interest margin and net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis (6)(7)
  
 
2.90
%
 
$
37,842

 
  
 
2.88
%
 
$
38,223

Noninterest-earning assets
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Cash and due from banks
$
18,604

 
 
 
 
 
18,443

 
 
 
 
Goodwill
26,463

 
 
 
 
 
26,645

 
 
 
 
Other (7)
106,762

 
 
 
 
 
110,669

 
 
 
 
Total noninterest-earning assets (7)
$
151,829

 
 
 
 
 
155,757

 
 
 
 
Noninterest-bearing funding sources
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
Deposits
$
359,563

 
 
 
 
 
364,774

 
 
 
 
Other liabilities (7)
54,088

 
 
 
 
 
55,032

 
 
 
 
Total equity (7)
205,012

 
 
 
 
 
205,035

 
 
 
 
Noninterest-bearing funding sources used to fund earning assets (7)
(466,834
)
 
 
 
 
 
(469,084
)
 
 
 
 
Net noninterest-bearing funding sources (7)
$
151,829

 
 
 
 
 
155,757

 
 
 
 
Total assets (7)
$
1,892,209

 
 
 
 
 
1,932,201

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(5)
Nonaccrual loans and related income are included in their respective loan categories.
(6)
Includes taxable-equivalent adjustments of $161 million and $332 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $491 million and $980 million for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively, predominantly related to tax-exempt income on certain loans and securities. The federal statutory tax rate utilized was 21% and 35% for periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(7)
Financial information for the prior periods has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption in fourth quarter 2017 of ASU 2017-12 – Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.


11

Noninterest Income
Table 2: Noninterest Income
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
%

 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
%

(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
Change

 
2018

 
2017

 
Change

Service charges on deposit accounts
$
1,204

 
1,276

 
(6
)%
 
$
3,540

 
3,865

 
(8
)%
Trust and investment fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees
2,334

 
2,304

 
1

 
7,091

 
6,957

 
2

Trust and investment management
835

 
840

 
(1
)
 
2,520

 
2,506

 
1

Investment banking
462

 
465

 
(1
)
 
1,378

 
1,345

 
2

Total trust and investment fees
3,631

 
3,609

 
1

 
10,989

 
10,808

 
2

Card fees
1,017

 
1,000

 
2

 
2,926

 
2,964

 
(1
)
Other fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Charges and fees on loans
298

 
318

 
(6
)
 
903

 
950

 
(5
)
Cash network fees
121

 
126

 
(4
)
 
367

 
386

 
(5
)
Commercial real estate brokerage commissions
129

 
120

 
8

 
323

 
303

 
7

Letters of credit fees
72

 
77

 
(6
)
 
223

 
227

 
(2
)
Wire transfer and other remittance fees
120

 
114

 
5

 
357

 
333

 
7

All other fees
110

 
122

 
(10
)
 
323

 
445

 
(27
)
Total other fees
850

 
877

 
(3
)
 
2,496


2,644

 
(6
)
Mortgage banking:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Servicing income, net
390

 
309

 
26

 
1,264

 
1,165

 
8

Net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities
456

 
737

 
(38
)
 
1,286

 
2,257

 
(43
)
Total mortgage banking
846

 
1,046

 
(19
)
 
2,550


3,422

 
(25
)
Insurance
104

 
269

 
(61
)
 
320

 
826

 
(61
)
Net gains from trading activities
158

 
120

 
32

 
592

 
543

 
9

Net gains on debt securities
57

 
166

 
(66
)
 
99

 
322

 
(69
)
Net gains from equity securities
416

 
363

 
15

 
1,494

 
1,207

 
24

Lease income
453

 
475

 
(5
)
 
1,351

 
1,449

 
(7
)
Life insurance investment income
167

 
152

 
10

 
493

 
441

 
12

All other
466

 
47

 
891

 
1,227

 
604

 
103

Total
$
9,369

 
9,400

 
—

 
$
28,077


29,095

 
(3
)
Noninterest income was $9.37 billion and $28.1 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $9.40 billion and $29.1 billion for the same periods a year ago. This income represented 43% of revenue for both the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, compared with 43% and 44% for the same periods a year ago. The decline in noninterest income in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, compared with the same periods a year ago, was predominantly due to lower mortgage banking income, lower insurance income due to the sale of Wells Fargo Insurance Services in fourth quarter 2017, lower service charges on deposit accounts, and lower net gains on debt securities. These decreases were partially offset by growth in trust and investment fees, higher net gains from trading and equity securities, and higher all other income. For more information on our performance obligations and the nature of services performed for certain of our revenues discussed below, see Note 17 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Service charges on deposit accounts were $1.2 billion and $3.5 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $1.3 billion and $3.9 billion for the same periods a year ago. The decrease in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, compared with the same periods a year ago, was due to lower overdraft and monthly service fees driven by customer-friendly initiatives that help customers
 
minimize monthly and overdraft fees, and the impact of a higher earnings credit rate applied to commercial accounts due to increased interest rates.
Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees were $2.33 billion and $7.1 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $2.30 billion and $7.0 billion for the same periods in 2017. The increase in both periods, compared with the same periods a year ago, was due to higher asset-based fees, partially offset by lower transactional commission revenue. Retail brokerage client assets totaled $1.6 trillion at both September 30, 2018 and 2017, with all retail brokerage services provided by our Wealth and Investment Management (WIM) operating segment. For additional information on retail brokerage client assets, see the discussion and Tables 4d and 4e in the “Operating Segment Results – Wealth and Investment Management – Retail Brokerage Client Assets” section in this Report.
Trust and investment management fee income is largely from client assets under management (AUM) for which fees are based on a tiered scale relative to market value of the assets, and client assets under administration (AUA), for which fees are generally based on the extent of services to administer the assets. Trust and investment management fees declined slightly to $835 million in third quarter 2018, from $840 million in third quarter 2017, but modestly increased to $2.52 billion in the first nine months of 2018, from $2.51 billion for the same period a

12
Earnings Performance (continued)




year ago, as growth in management fees for investment advice on mutual funds was partially offset by a decrease in corporate trust fees due to the sale of Wells Fargo Shareowner Services in first quarter 2018. Our AUM totaled $668.8 billion at September 30, 2018, compared with $678.7 billion at September 30, 2017, with substantially all of our AUM managed by our WIM operating segment. Additional information regarding our WIM operating segment AUM is provided in Table 4f and the related discussion in the “Operating Segment Results – Wealth and Investment Management – Trust and Investment Client Assets Under Management” section in this Report. Our AUA totaled $1.8 trillion at September 30, 2018, compared with $1.7 trillion at September 30, 2017.
Investment banking fees declined slightly to $462 million in third quarter 2018, from $465 million in third quarter 2017, but increased to $1.4 billion in the first nine months of 2018, from $1.3 billion for the same period a year ago. Both periods in 2018 reflect the impact of the new accounting standard for revenue recognition, which equally increased both investment banking fees and noninterest expense for underwriting expenses of our broker-dealer business that were previously netted against revenue but are now included in noninterest expense. In third quarter 2018, this impact was more than offset by lower loan syndication fees. In the first nine months of 2018, this impact was partially offset by lower equity originations.
Card fees were $1.0 billion and $2.9 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $1.0 billion and $3.0 billion for the same periods in 2017, reflecting the impact of the new revenue recognition accounting standard, which reduced noninterest expense and lowered card fees by an equal amount due to the netting of card payment network charges against related interchange and network revenues in card fees.
Other fees decreased to $850 million and $2.5 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, from $877 million and $2.6 billion for the same periods in 2017, predominantly driven by lower charges and fees on commercial loans, and all other fees. All other fees declined to $110 million and $323 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, from $122 million and $445 million for the same periods in 2017, driven by lost fees from discontinued products.
Mortgage banking noninterest income, consisting of net servicing income and net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities, totaled $846 million and $2.6 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $1.0 billion and $3.4 billion for the same periods a year ago.
In addition to servicing fees, net mortgage loan servicing income includes amortization of commercial mortgage servicing rights (MSRs), changes in the fair value of residential MSRs during the period, as well as changes in the value of derivatives (economic hedges) used to hedge the residential MSRs. Net servicing income of $390 million for third quarter 2018 included a $30 million net MSR valuation gain ($531 million increase in the fair value of the MSRs and a $501 million hedge loss). Net servicing income of $309 million for third quarter 2017 included a $98 million net MSR valuation gain ($142 million decrease in the fair value of the MSRs and a $240 million hedge gain). For the first nine months of 2018, net servicing income of $1.3 billion included a $166 million net MSR valuation gain ($2.2 billion increase in the fair value of the MSRs and a $2.0 billion hedge loss), and for the first nine months of 2017, net servicing income of $1.2 billion included a $271 million net MSR valuation gain ($328 million decrease in the fair value of the MSRs and a $599 million hedge gain). The increase in net servicing income in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago,
 
was predominantly due to higher servicing fees. Net servicing income increased in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, due to higher net servicing fees, and lower MSR value losses attributable to realization of cash flows due to higher mortgage interest rates, partially offset by lower net MSR valuation gains due to lower hedge results.
Our portfolio of mortgage loans serviced for others was $1.71 trillion at September 30, 2018, and $1.70 trillion at December 31, 2017. At September 30, 2018, the ratio of combined residential and commercial MSRs to related loans serviced for others was 1.02%, compared with 0.88% at December 31, 2017. See the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” section in this Report for additional information regarding our MSRs risks and hedging approach.
Net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities were $456 million and $1.3 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $737 million and $2.3 billion for the same periods a year ago. The decrease in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, compared with the same periods a year ago, was mostly due to lower production margins and loan originations. Total mortgage loan originations were $46 billion and $139 billion for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $59 billion and $159 billion for the same periods a year ago. The production margin on residential held-for-sale mortgage loan originations, which represents net gains on residential mortgage loan origination/sales activities divided by total residential held-for-sale mortgage loan originations, provides a measure of the profitability of our residential mortgage origination activity. Table 2a presents the information used in determining the production margin.

Table 2a: Selected Mortgage Production Data
 
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
 
2018

2017

 
2018

2017

Net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities (in millions):
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential
(A)
$
324

546

 
$
929

1,636

Commercial
 
75

81

 
200

263

Residential pipeline and unsold/repurchased loan management (1)
 
57

110

 
157

358

Total
 
$
456

737

 
$
1,286

2,257

Residential real estate originations (in billions):
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-for-sale
(B)
$
33

44

 
$
104

120

Held-for-investment
 
13

15

 
35

39

Total
 
$
46

59

 
$
139

159

Production margin on residential held-for-sale mortgage loan originations
(A)/(B)
0.97
%
1.24

 
0.89
%
1.37

(1)
Predominantly includes the results of GNMA loss mitigation activities, interest rate management activities and changes in estimate to the liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses.

13

The production margin was 0.97% and 0.89% for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with 1.24% and 1.37% for the same periods in 2017. The decline in production margin in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 was attributable to lower margins in both our retail and correspondent production channels and a shift to more correspondent origination volume, which has a lower production margin. Mortgage applications were $57 billion and $182 billion for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $73 billion and $215 billion for the same periods a year ago. The 1-4 family first mortgage unclosed pipeline was $22 billion at September 30, 2018, compared with $29 billion at September 30, 2017. For additional information about our mortgage banking activities and results, see the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” section and Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities) and Note 15 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities include adjustments to the mortgage repurchase liability. Mortgage loans are repurchased from third parties based on standard representations and warranties, and early payment default clauses in mortgage sale contracts. For additional information about mortgage loan repurchases, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses” section and Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Insurance income was $104 million and $320 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $269 million and $826 million in the same periods a year ago. The decrease in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, compared with the same periods a year ago, was driven by the sale of Wells Fargo Insurance Services in fourth quarter 2017.
Net gains from trading activities, which reflect unrealized changes in fair value of our trading positions and realized gains and losses, were $158 million and $592 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $120 million and $543 million in the same periods a year ago. The increase in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, compared with the same periods a year ago, was due to growth in equity trading driven by market volatility, partially offset by lower foreign exchange trading income. Net gains from trading activities do not include interest and dividend income and expense on trading securities. Those amounts are reported within interest income from debt and equity securities and other interest expense. For additional information about trading activities, see the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Market Risk-Trading Activities” section and Note 4 (Trading Activities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
 
Net gains on debt and equity securities totaled $473 million and $1.6 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $529 million and $1.5 billion for the same periods in 2017, after other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) write-downs of $50 million and $325 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $91 million and $293 million for the same periods in 2017. The decrease in net gains on debt and equity securities in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was driven by lower net gains on debt securities, partially offset by higher net gains from nonmarketable equity securities. The increase in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was predominantly driven by higher net gains from nonmarketable equity securities and $319 million of unrealized gains from the impact of the new accounting standard for financial instruments which requires any gain or loss associated with the fair value measurement of equity securities to be reflected in earnings. These increases were partially offset by lower net gains on debt securities and lower deferred compensation gains (offset in employee benefits expense). The increase in OTTI in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was predominantly driven by the impairment on the announced sale of our ownership stake in RockCreek.
Lease income was $453 million and $1.35 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $475 million and $1.45 billion for the same periods a year ago. The decrease in both periods was predominantly driven by lower rail and equipment lease income.
All other income was $466 million and $1.2 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $47 million and $604 million for the same periods a year ago. All other income includes losses on low income housing tax credit investments, foreign currency adjustments, income from investments accounted for under the equity method, hedge accounting results related to hedges of foreign currency risk, and the results of certain economic hedges, any of which can cause decreases and net losses in other income. The increase in all other income in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was predominantly driven by a $638 million pre-tax gain from the sales of purchased credit-impaired Pick-a-Pay loans in third quarter 2018, partially offset by a lower benefit from hedge ineffectiveness accounting and lower income from equity method investments. The increase in all other income in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was predominantly driven by higher pre-tax gains from the sales of purchased credit-impaired Pick-a-Pay loans, and pre-tax gain from the sale of Wells Fargo Shareowner Services in second quarter 2018. These gains were partially offset by a realized loss related to the previously announced sale of certain assets and liabilities of Reliable Financial Services, Inc. (a subsidiary of Wells Fargo's automobile financing business), a lower benefit from hedge ineffectiveness accounting, and lower income from equity method investments.


14
Earnings Performance (continued)




Noninterest Expense
Table 3: Noninterest Expense
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
%

 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
%

(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
Change

 
2018

 
2017

 
Change

Salaries
$
4,461

 
4,356

 
2
 %
 
$
13,289

 
12,960

 
3
 %
Commission and incentive compensation
2,427

 
2,553

 
(5
)
 
7,837

 
7,777

 
1

Employee benefits
1,377

 
1,279

 
8

 
4,220

 
4,273

 
(1
)
Equipment
634

 
523

 
21

 
1,801

 
1,629

 
11

Net occupancy
718

 
716

 
—

 
2,153

 
2,134

 
1

Core deposit and other intangibles
264

 
288

 
(8
)
 
794

 
864

 
(8
)
FDIC and other deposit assessments
336

 
314

 
7

 
957

 
975

 
(2
)
Operating losses
605

 
1,329

 
(54
)
 
2,692

 
1,961

 
37

Outside professional services
761

 
955

 
(20
)
 
2,463

 
2,788

 
(12
)
Contract services (1)
593

 
415

 
43

 
1,576

 
1,228

 
28

Operating leases
311

 
347

 
(10
)
 
942

 
1,026

 
(8
)
Outside data processing
166

 
227

 
(27
)
 
492

 
683

 
(28
)
Travel and entertainment
141

 
154

 
(8
)
 
450

 
504

 
(11
)
Advertising and promotion
223

 
137

 
63

 
603

 
414

 
46

Postage, stationery and supplies
120

 
128

 
(6
)
 
383

 
407

 
(6
)
Telecommunications
90

 
90

 
—

 
270

 
272

 
(1
)
Foreclosed assets
59

 
66

 
(11
)
 
141

 
204

 
(31
)
Insurance
26

 
24

 
8

 
76

 
72

 
6

All other (1)
451

 
450

 
—

 
1,648

 
1,513

 
9

Total
$
13,763

 
14,351

 
(4
)
 
$
42,787

 
41,684

 
3

(1)
The prior periods have been revised to conform with the current period presentation whereby temporary help is included in contract services rather than in all other noninterest expense.
Noninterest expense was $13.8 billion in third quarter 2018, down 4% from $14.4 billion a year ago, and $42.8 billion in the first nine months of 2018, up 3% from the same period a year ago. The decrease in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was predominantly due to lower operating losses, partially offset by higher equipment expense. The increase in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, was substantially due to higher operating losses and personnel expenses.
Personnel expenses, which include salaries, commissions, incentive compensation, and employee benefits, were up $77 million, or 1%, in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, and up $336 million, or 1%, in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago. The increase in third quarter 2018 was due to salary increases and higher benefits expense, partially offset by lower revenue related incentive compensation, the impact of the sale of Wells Fargo Insurance Services in fourth quarter 2017, and lower staffing levels. The increase in the first nine months of 2018 was due to salary increases and higher benefits expense, partially offset by the impact of the sale of Wells Fargo Insurance Services, lower staffing levels, and lower deferred compensation costs (offset in net gains from equity securities).
Outside professional and contract services expense was down $16 million, or 1%, in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, and up $23 million, or 1%, in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago. The decrease in third quarter 2018 reflected lower project and technology spending on regulatory and compliance related initiatives, while the increase in the first nine months of 2018 was due to higher project and technology spending, partially offset by lower legal expense.
 
Outside data processing expense was down $61 million in third quarter 2018, or 27%, compared with the same period a year ago, and down $191 million in the first nine months of 2018, or 28%, compared with the same period a year ago, reflecting lower data processing expense related to the GE Capital business acquisitions and the impact of the new revenue recognition accounting standard, which reduced noninterest expense and lowered card fees by an equal amount due to the netting of card payment network charges against related interchange and network revenues in card fees.
Operating losses were down $724 million, or 54%, in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, and up $731 million, or 37%, in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago. The decrease in third quarter 2018 was driven by lower litigation accruals, partially offset by higher remediation accruals for previously disclosed matters, while the increase in the first nine months of 2018 was predominantly driven by higher remediation accruals for previously disclosed matters.
Advertising and promotion expense was up $86 million, or 63%, in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, and up $189 million, or 46%, in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, in each case due to higher advertising expense, including for the “Re-Established” advertising campaign launched in second quarter 2018.
Equipment expense was up $111 million, or 21%, in third quarter 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, and up $172 million, or 11%, in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago, in each case due to increased computer purchases and equipment expense related to the Company's migration to Windows 10, as well as depreciation expense.

15

All other noninterest expense in third quarter 2018 was flat, compared with the same period a year ago, and up $135 million, or 9%, in the first nine months of 2018, compared with the same period a year ago. The increase in the first nine months of 2018 was predominantly driven by higher donations expense.
Our efficiency ratio was 62.7% in third quarter 2018, compared with 65.7% in third quarter 2017.

Income Tax Expense
Our effective income tax rate was 20.1% and 32.4% for third quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was 22.3% in the first nine months of 2018, down from 29.0% in the first nine months of 2017. The effective income tax rate for third quarter 2018 included net discrete income tax expense of $168 million primarily related to the re-measurement of our initial estimates for the impacts of the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (the Tax Act) recognized in fourth quarter 2017. The effective income tax rate for the first nine months of 2018 reflected the reduced U.S federal income tax rate as part of the Tax Act that was enacted in 2017, partially offset by discrete income tax expense items. We expect the effective income tax rate in fourth quarter 2018 to be approximately 19%, excluding the impact of any future discrete items. We continue to collect and analyze data related to provisional tax estimates recorded in fourth quarter 2017 and monitor interpretations that emerge for various provisions of the the Tax Act. We anticipate these items will be finalized upon completion of our U.S. tax filings in 2018.
 
Operating Segment Results
We are organized for management reporting purposes into three operating segments: Community Banking; Wholesale Banking; and WIM. These segments are defined by product type and customer segment and their results are based on our management accounting process, for which there is no comprehensive, authoritative financial accounting guidance equivalent to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Effective first quarter 2018, assets and liabilities now receive a funding charge or credit that considers interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and other product characteristics on a more granular level. This methodology change affects results across all three of our reportable operating segments and operating segment results for the prior periods of 2017 have been revised to reflect this methodology change. Our previously reported consolidated financial results were not impacted by the methodology change; however, in connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-01 in first quarter 2018, certain reclassifications have occurred within noninterest income. Table 4 and the following discussion present our results by operating segment. For additional description of our operating segments, including additional financial information and the underlying management accounting process, see Note 21 (Operating Segments) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Table 4: Operating Segment Results – Highlights
(income/expense in millions,
 
Community Banking
 
 
Wholesale Banking
 
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
 
Other (1)
 
 
Consolidated
Company
 
average balances in billions)
 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
 
$
11,816

 
11,520

 
7,304

 
7,504

 
4,226

 
4,256

 
(1,405
)
 
(1,431
)
 
21,941

 
21,849

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses
 
547

 
650

 
26

 
69

 
6

 
(1
)
 
1

 
(1
)
 
580

 
717

Noninterest expense
 
7,467

 
7,852

 
3,935

 
4,234

 
3,243

 
3,102

 
(882
)
 
(837
)
 
13,763

 
14,351

Net income (loss)
 
2,816

 
1,877

 
2,851

 
2,314

 
732

 
719

 
(392
)
 
(368
)
 
6,007

 
4,542

Average loans
 
$
460.9

 
473.7

 
462.8

 
463.7

 
74.6

 
72.4

 
(58.8
)
 
(57.5
)
 
939.5

 
952.3

Average deposits
 
760.9

 
734.6

 
413.6

 
463.4

 
159.8

 
184.4

 
(67.9
)
 
(76.0
)
 
1,266.4

 
1,306.4

Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
 
$
35,452

 
35,298

 
21,780

 
22,560

 
12,419

 
12,739

 
(4,223
)
 
(4,258
)
 
65,428

 
66,339

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses
 
1,249

 
1,919

 
(30
)
 
(39
)
 
(2
)
 
2

 
6

 
(5
)
 
1,223

 
1,877

Noninterest expense
 
23,459

 
22,399

 
12,132

 
12,437

 
9,894

 
9,377

 
(2,698
)
 
(2,529
)
 
42,787

 
41,684

Net income (loss)
 
7,225

 
7,466

 
8,361

 
7,541

 
1,891

 
2,095

 
(1,148
)
 
(1,070
)
 
16,329

 
16,032

Average loans
 
$
465.0

 
476.5

 
464.2

 
466.3

 
74.4

 
71.6

 
(58.8
)
 
(56.8
)
 
944.8

 
957.6

Average deposits
 
756.4

 
726.8

 
424.4

 
463.7

 
168.2

 
190.6

 
(70.8
)
 
(78.8
)
 
1,278.2

 
1,302.3

(1)
Includes the elimination of certain items that are included in more than one business segment, most of which represents products and services for WIM customers served through Community Banking distribution channels.

16
Earnings Performance (continued)




Community Banking offers a complete line of diversified financial products and services for consumers and small businesses including checking and savings accounts, credit and debit cards, and automobile, student, mortgage, home equity and small business lending, as well as referrals to Wholesale Banking and WIM business partners. The Community Banking segment also includes the results of our Corporate Treasury activities net of allocations (including funds transfer pricing, capital, liquidity
 
and certain corporate expenses) in support of other segments and results of investments in our affiliated venture capital partnerships. We continue to wind down the personal insurance business and expect to substantially complete these activities in the first half of 2019. Table 4a provides additional financial information for Community Banking.
Table 4a: Community Banking
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
(in millions, except average balances which are in billions)
2018

 
2017

 
% Change
 
2018

 
2017

 
% Change

Net interest income
$
7,338

 
7,154

 
3
 %
 
$
21,879

 
21,419

 
2
 %
Noninterest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service charges on deposit accounts
700

 
739

 
(5
)
 
1,971

 
2,206

 
(11
)
Trust and investment fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees (1)
470

 
461

 
2

 
1,413

 
1,357

 
4

Trust and investment management (1)
231

 
225

 
3

 
684

 
658

 
4

Investment banking (2)
(17
)
 
(13
)
 
(31
)
 
(27
)
 
(60
)
 
55

Total trust and investment fees
684

 
673

 
2

 
2,070

 
1,955

 
6

Card fees
925

 
909

 
2

 
2,650

 
2,703

 
(2
)
Other fees
344

 
362

 
(5
)
 
1,019

 
1,152

 
(12
)
Mortgage banking
747

 
937

 
(20
)
 
2,284

 
3,081

 
(26
)
Insurance
21

 
35

 
(40
)
 
65

 
104

 
(38
)
Net gains (losses) from trading activities
10

 
(58
)
 
117

 
33

 
(143
)
 
123

Net gains (losses) on debt securities
1

 
169

 
(99
)
 
(1
)
 
455

 
NM

Net gains from equity securities (3)
274

 
270

 
1

 
1,367

 
960

 
42

Other income of the segment
772

 
330

 
134

 
2,115

 
1,406

 
50

Total noninterest income
4,478

 
4,366

 
3

 
13,573

 
13,879

 
(2
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total revenue
11,816

 
11,520

 
3

 
35,452

 
35,298

 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Provision for credit losses
547

 
650

 
(16
)
 
1,249

 
1,919

 
(35
)
Noninterest expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Personnel expense
5,414

 
5,026

 
8

 
16,325

 
15,229

 
7

Equipment
615

 
512

 
20

 
1,736

 
1,570

 
11

Net occupancy
542

 
531

 
2

 
1,618

 
1,577

 
3

Core deposit and other intangibles
100

 
112

 
(11
)
 
303

 
336

 
(10
)
FDIC and other deposit assessments
195

 
170

 
15

 
531

 
547

 
(3
)
Outside professional services
335

 
464

 
(28
)
 
1,162

 
1,367

 
(15
)
Operating losses
577

 
1,295

 
(55
)
 
2,304

 
1,853

 
24

Other expense of the segment
(311
)
 
(258
)
 
(21
)
 
(520
)
 
(80
)
 
NM

Total noninterest expense
7,467

 
7,852

 
(5
)
 
23,459

 
22,399

 
5

Income before income tax expense and noncontrolling interests
3,802

 
3,018

 
26

 
10,744

 
10,980

 
(2
)
Income tax expense
925

 
1,079

 
(14
)
 
3,147

 
3,316

 
(5
)
Net income from noncontrolling interests (4)
61

 
62

 
(2
)
 
372

 
198

 
88

Net income
$
2,816

 
1,877

 
50

 
$
7,225

 
7,466

 
(3
)
Average loans
$
460.9

 
473.7

 
(3
)
 
$
465.0

 
476.5

 
(2
)
Average deposits
760.9

 
734.6

 
4

 
756.4

 
726.8

 
4

NM - Not meaningful
(1)
Represents income on products and services for WIM customers served through Community Banking distribution channels and is eliminated in consolidation.
(2)
Includes syndication and underwriting fees paid to Wells Fargo Securities which are offset in our Wholesale Banking segment.
(3)
Primarily represents gains resulting from venture capital investments.
(4)
Reflects results attributable to noncontrolling interests predominantly associated with the Company’s consolidated venture capital investments.
Community Banking reported net income of $2.8 billion, up $939 million, or 50%, from third quarter 2017, and $7.2 billion for the first nine months of 2018, down $241 million, or 3%, compared with the same period a year ago. Revenue of $11.8 billion increased $296 million, or 3%, from third quarter 2017, and was $35.5 billion for the first nine months of 2018, an increase of $154 million, compared with the same period a year ago. The increase in revenue from third quarter 2017 was due to higher gains on the sales of PCI Pick-a-Pay mortgage loans and net interest income, partially offset by lower mortgage banking income and net gains from debt securities. The increase in revenue from the first nine months of 2017 was due to higher gains on the sales of PCI Pick-a-Pay mortgage loans, net interest income, and net gains from equity securities, partially offset by lower mortgage banking income, net gains from debt securities, and service charges on deposit accounts. Average loans of
 
$460.9 billion in third quarter 2018 decreased $12.8 billion, or 3%, from third quarter 2017, and average loans of $465.0 billion in the first nine months of 2018 decreased $11.5 billion, or 2%, from the first nine months of 2017. The decline in average loans for both periods was predominantly due to lower automobile loans and junior lien mortgages, partially offset by higher real estate 1-4 family first mortgages. Average deposits of $760.9 billion in third quarter 2018 increased $26.3 billion, or 4%, from third quarter 2017, and increased $29.6 billion, or 4%, from the first nine months of 2017. The number of primary consumer checking customers (customers who actively use their checking account with transactions such as debit card purchases, online bill payments, and direct deposit) as of August 2018 was up 1.7% from August 2017. Noninterest expense was $7.5 billion in third quarter 2018, down $385 million, or 5%, from third quarter 2017, and was $23.5 billion in the first nine months of

17

2018, up $1.1 billion, or 5%, from the first nine months of 2017. The decrease in noninterest expense from third quarter 2017 was predominantly due to lower operating losses, partially offset by higher personnel expense. The increase in noninterest expense from the first nine months of 2017 was predominantly due to higher personnel expense and operating losses. The provision for credit losses decreased $103 million from third quarter 2017 and $670 million from the first nine months of 2017, both due to continued improvement in the consumer lending portfolio compared with the same periods a year ago. Income tax expense decreased $154 million from third quarter 2017 and decreased $169 million from the first nine months of 2017, driven by the beneficial impact of the reduced U.S. federal statutory income tax
 
rate for 2018, partially offset by net discrete income tax expense items.

Wholesale Banking provides financial solutions to businesses across the United States and globally with annual sales generally in excess of $5 million. Products and businesses include Business Banking, Commercial Real Estate, Corporate Banking, Financial Institutions Group, Government and Institutional Banking, Middle Market Banking, Principal Investments, Treasury Management, Wells Fargo Commercial Capital, and Wells Fargo Securities. Table 4b provides additional financial information for Wholesale Banking.
Table 4b: Wholesale Banking
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
(in millions, except average balances which are in billions)
2018

 
2017

 
% Change
 
2018

 
2017

 
% Change

Net interest income
$
4,726

 
4,763

 
(1
)%
 
$
13,951

 
14,253

 
(2
)%
Noninterest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service charges on deposit accounts
505

 
538

 
(6
)
 
1,569

 
1,658

 
(5
)
Trust and investment fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees
79

 
65

 
22

 
224

 
231

 
(3
)
Trust and investment management
112

 
129

 
(13
)
 
335

 
390

 
(14
)
Investment banking
476

 
479

 
(1
)
 
1,401

 
1,407

 
—

Total trust and investment fees
667

 
673

 
(1
)
 
1,960

 
2,028

 
(3
)
Card fees
92

 
91

 
1

 
275

 
260

 
6

Other fees
504

 
513

 
(2
)
 
1,472

 
1,487

 
(1
)
Mortgage banking
101

 
110

 
(8
)
 
269

 
343

 
(22
)
Insurance
76

 
225

 
(66
)
 
233

 
695

 
(66
)
Net gains from trading activities
135

 
157

 
(14
)
 
514

 
615

 
(16
)
Net gains (losses) on debt securities
53

 
(5
)
 
NM

 
96

 
(135
)
 
171

Net gains from equity securities
50

 
40

 
25

 
232

 
92

 
152

Other income of the segment
395

 
399

 
(1
)
 
1,209

 
1,264

 
(4
)
Total noninterest income
2,578

 
2,741

 
(6
)
 
7,829

 
8,307

 
(6
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total revenue
7,304

 
7,504

 
(3
)
 
21,780

 
22,560

 
(3
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses
26

 
69

 
(62
)
 
(30
)
 
(39
)
 
23

Noninterest expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Personnel expense
1,302

 
1,607

 
(19
)
 
4,224

 
5,012

 
(16
)
Equipment
10

 
12

 
(17
)
 
36

 
42

 
(14
)
Net occupancy
99

 
106

 
(7
)
 
299

 
322

 
(7
)
Core deposit and other intangibles
95

 
102

 
(7
)
 
284

 
310

 
(8
)
FDIC and other deposit assessments
122

 
121

 
1

 
366

 
359

 
2

Outside professional services
234

 
301

 
(22
)
 
722

 
830

 
(13
)
Operating losses
(13
)
 
22

 
NM

 
203

 
34

 
497

Other expense of the segment
2,086

 
1,963

 
6

 
5,998

 
5,528

 
9

Total noninterest expense
3,935

 
4,234

 
(7
)
 
12,132

 
12,437

 
(2
)
Income before income tax expense and noncontrolling interests
3,343

 
3,201

 
4

 
9,678

 
10,162

 
(5
)
Income tax expense
475

 
894

 
(47
)
 
1,302

 
2,642

 
(51
)
Net loss from noncontrolling interests
17

 
(7
)
 
343

 
15

 
(21
)
 
171

Net income
$
2,851

 
2,314

 
23

 
$
8,361

 
7,541

 
11

Average loans
$
462.8

 
463.7

 
—

 
$
464.2

 
466.3

 
—

Average deposits
413.6

 
463.4

 
(11
)
 
424.4

 
463.7

 
(8
)
NM - Not meaningful
Wholesale Banking reported net income of $2.9 billion in third quarter 2018, up $537 million, or 23%, from third quarter 2017. In the first nine months of 2018, net income of $8.4 billion increased $820 million, or 11%, from the same period a year ago. Results for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 benefited from the reduced U.S. federal statutory income tax rate, while the first nine months of 2017 included a discrete income tax benefit resulting from our agreement to sell Wells Fargo Insurance Services USA (WFIS). Revenue decreased $200 million, or 3%, from third quarter 2017, and $780 million, or 3%, from the first nine months of 2017, primarily due to the impact of the sale of WFIS in fourth quarter 2017, as well as lower net interest income. Net interest income decreased $37 million, or
 
1%, from third quarter 2017, and $302 million, or 2%, from the first nine months of 2017, as lower average loan and deposit balances and lower income on tax advantaged products were partially offset by higher interest rates. Noninterest income decreased $163 million, or 6%, from third quarter 2017, and decreased $478 million, or 6%, from the first nine months of 2017. Noninterest income decreased for both periods driven by the impact of the sale of WFIS, lower operating lease income and lower mortgage banking fees, partially offset by higher market sensitive revenue. Average loans of $462.8 billion in third quarter 2018 decreased $900 million from third quarter 2017, and average loans of $464.2 billion in the first nine months of 2018 decreased $2.1 billion from the first nine months of 2017, as

18
Earnings Performance (continued)




growth in commercial and industrial loans was more than offset by lower commercial real estate loans. Average deposits of $413.6 billion in third quarter 2018 decreased $49.8 billion, or 11%, from third quarter 2017, and average deposits of $424.4 billion in the first nine months of 2018 decreased $39.3 billion, or 8%, from the first nine months of 2017. The decline in average deposits for both periods was driven by actions taken in the first half of 2018 in response to the asset cap included in the FRB consent order on February 2, 2018, and declines across many businesses as commercial customers allocated more cash to higher-rate alternatives. Noninterest expense decreased $299 million, or 7%, from third quarter 2017, and decreased $305 million, or 2%, from the first nine months of 2017 on lower personnel expense primarily due to the sale of WFIS, lower variable compensation, and lower project spending, partially offset by higher regulatory, risk, cyber and technology expenses. The provision for credit losses decreased $43 million from third quarter 2017, and increased $9 million from the first nine months of 2017.

 
Wealth and Investment Management provides a full range of personalized wealth management, investment and retirement products and services to clients across U.S. based businesses including Wells Fargo Advisors, The Private Bank, Abbot Downing, Wells Fargo Institutional Retirement and Trust, and Wells Fargo Asset Management. We deliver financial planning, private banking, credit, investment management and fiduciary services to high-net worth and ultra-high-net worth individuals and families. We also serve clients’ brokerage needs, supply retirement and trust services to institutional clients and provide investment management capabilities delivered to global institutional clients through separate accounts and the Wells Fargo Funds. Table 4c provides additional financial information for WIM.




Table 4c: Wealth and Investment Management
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
(in millions, except average balances which are in billions)
2018

 
2017

 
% Change
 
2018

 
2017

 
% Change

Net interest income
$
1,102

 
1,177

 
(6
)%
 
$
3,325

 
3,489

 
(5
)%
Noninterest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service charges on deposit accounts
3

 
3

 
—

 
12

 
13

 
(8
)
Trust and investment fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees
2,268

 
2,241

 
1

 
6,896

 
6,741

 
2

Trust and investment management
727

 
718

 
1

 
2,201

 
2,137

 
3

Investment banking (1)
3

 
(1
)
 
400

 
4

 
(2
)
 
300

Total trust and investment fees
2,998

 
2,958

 
1

 
9,101

 
8,876

 
3

Card fees
1

 
1

 
—

 
4

 
4

 
—

Other fees
4

 
5

 
(20
)
 
13

 
14

 
(7
)
Mortgage banking
(3
)
 
(3
)
 
—

 
(8
)
 
(7
)
 
(14
)
Insurance
19

 
21

 
(10
)
 
55

 
63

 
(13
)
Net gains from trading activities
13

 
21

 
(38
)
 
45

 
71

 
(37
)
Net gains on debt securities
3

 
2

 
50

 
4

 
2

 
100

Net gains (losses) from equity securities
92

 
53

 
74

 
(105
)
 
155

 
NM

Other income of the segment
(6
)
 
18

 
NM

 
(27
)
 
59

 
NM

Total noninterest income
3,124

 
3,079

 
1

 
9,094

 
9,250

 
(2
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenue
4,226

 
4,256

 
(1
)
 
12,419

 
12,739

 
(3
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses
6

 
(1
)
 
700

 
(2
)
 
2

 
NM

Noninterest expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personnel expense
2,010

 
1,984

 
1

 
6,212

 
6,068

 
2

Equipment
10

 
(1
)
 
NM

 
31

 
19

 
63

Net occupancy
108

 
108

 
—

 
327

 
323

 
1

Core deposit and other intangibles
69

 
74

 
(7
)
 
207

 
218

 
(5
)
FDIC and other deposit assessments
33

 
38

 
(13
)
 
103

 
117

 
(12
)
Outside professional services
198

 
198

 
—

 
598

 
613

 
(2
)
Operating losses
44

 
15

 
193

 
193

 
81

 
138

Other expense of the segment
771

 
686

 
12

 
2,223

 
1,938

 
15

Total noninterest expense
3,243

 
3,102

 
5

 
9,894

 
9,377

 
6

Income before income tax expense and noncontrolling interests
977

 
1,155

 
(15
)
 
2,527

 
3,360

 
(25
)
Income tax expense
244

 
433

 
(44
)
 
630

 
1,255

 
(50
)
Net income from noncontrolling interests
1

 
3

 
(67
)
 
6

 
10

 
(40
)
Net income
$
732

 
719

 
2

 
$
1,891

 
2,095

 
(10
)
Average loans
$
74.6

 
72.4

 
3

 
$
74.4

 
71.6

 
4

Average deposits
159.8

 
184.4

 
(13
)
 
168.2

 
190.6

 
(12
)
NM – Not meaningful
(1)
Includes syndication and underwriting fees paid to Wells Fargo Securities which are offset in our Wholesale Banking segment.

19

WIM reported net income of $732 million in third quarter 2018, up $13 million, or 2%, from third quarter 2017. Net income for the first nine months of 2018 was $1.9 billion, down $204 million, or 10%, from the same period a year ago. Results for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 benefited from the lower U.S. federal statutory income tax rate. Revenue was down $30 million, or 1%, from third quarter 2017, and down $320 million, or 3%, from the first nine months of 2017, primarily due to the impairment on the sale of our ownership stake in RockCreek, and lower net interest income, partially offset by higher trust and investment fees. Net interest income decreased 6% from third quarter 2017, and 5% from the first nine months of 2017, predominantly driven by lower deposit balances. Noninterest income increased $45 million from third quarter 2017, driven by higher asset-based fees and net gains on equity securities, partially offset by lower brokerage transaction revenue. Noninterest income decreased $156 million from the first nine months of 2017, largely due to the impairment on the sale of our ownership stake in RockCreek, lower brokerage transaction revenue and deferred compensation plan investments (offset in employee benefits expense), partially offset by higher asset-based fees. Asset-based fees increased predominantly due to higher brokerage advisory account client assets driven by higher market valuations. Average loans of $74.6 billion in third quarter 2018 and $74.4 billion in the first nine months of 2018 increased 3% and 4%, respectively, from the same periods a year ago, driven by growth in nonconforming mortgage loans. Average deposits in third quarter 2018 of $159.8 billion decreased 13% from third quarter 2017. Average deposits in the first nine months of 2018 decreased 12% from the same period a year ago, as customers moved deposits into other investment alternatives. Noninterest expense was up 5% from third quarter 2017, and up
 
6% from the first nine months of 2017, driven by higher project and technology spending on regulatory and compliance related initiatives, higher operating losses, including remediation expense related to fee calculations within certain fiduciary and custody accounts in our wealth management business, and higher broker commissions, partially offset by lower deferred compensation plan expense (offset in net gains from equity securities). The provision for credit losses increased $7 million from third quarter 2017 and decreased $4 million from the first nine months of 2017.
The following discussions provide additional information for client assets we oversee in our retail brokerage advisory and trust and investment management business lines.

Retail Brokerage Client Assets Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees are received for providing full-service and discount brokerage services predominantly to retail brokerage clients. Offering advisory account relationships to our brokerage clients is an important component of our broader strategy of meeting their financial needs. Although a majority of our retail brokerage client assets are in accounts that earn brokerage commissions, the fees from those accounts generally represent transactional commissions based on the number and size of transactions executed at the client’s direction. Fees earned from advisory accounts are asset-based and depend on changes in the value of the client’s assets as well as the level of assets resulting from inflows and outflows. A majority of our brokerage advisory, commissions and other fee income is earned from advisory accounts. Table 4d shows advisory account client assets as a percentage of total retail brokerage client assets at September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 4d: Retail Brokerage Client Assets
 
September 30,
 
($ in billions)
2018

 
2017

Retail brokerage client assets
$
1,642.1

 
1,612.1

Advisory account client assets
560.5

 
521.8

Advisory account client assets as a percentage of total client assets
34
%
 
32


20
Earnings Performance (continued)




Retail Brokerage advisory accounts include assets that are financial advisor-directed and separately managed by third-party managers, as well as certain client-directed brokerage assets where we earn a fee for advisory and other services, but do not have investment discretion. These advisory accounts generate fees as a percentage of the market value of the assets, which vary across the account types based on the distinct services provided,
 
and are affected by investment performance as well as asset inflows and outflows. For the third quarter of 2018 and 2017, the average fee rate by account type ranged from 80 to 120 basis points. Table 4e presents retail brokerage advisory account client assets activity by account type for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 and 2017.
Table 4e: Retail Brokerage Advisory Account Client Assets
 
Quarter ended
 
 
Nine months ended
 
(in billions)
Balance, beginning of period

Inflows (1)

Outflows (2)

Market impact (3)

Balance, end of period

 
Balance, beginning of period

Inflows (1)

Outflows (2)

Market impact (3)

Balance, end of period

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Client directed (4)
$
167.5

8.4

(9.8
)
5.4

171.5

 
170.9

26.0

(30.1
)
4.7

171.5

Financial advisor directed (5)
150.0

6.9

(7.5
)
7.4

156.8

 
147.0

22.5

(24.0
)
11.3

156.8

Separate accounts (6)
147.2

6.2

(6.8
)
6.0

152.6

 
149.1

18.6

(21.1
)
6.0

152.6

Mutual fund advisory (7)
77.9

3.1

(3.5
)
2.1

79.6

 
75.8

10.3

(9.8
)
3.3

79.6

Total advisory client assets
$
542.6

24.6

(27.6
)
20.9

560.5

 
542.8

77.4

(85.0
)
25.3

560.5

September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Client directed (4)
$
163.8

8.2

(8.9
)
3.7

166.8

 
159.1

28.5

(30.1
)
9.3

166.8

Financial advisor directed (5)
131.7

6.7

(5.2
)
6.0

139.2

 
115.7

23.0

(17.4
)
17.9

139.2

Separate accounts (6)
137.7

5.6

(5.0
)
4.7

143.0

 
125.7

20.1

(17.2
)
14.4

143.0

Mutual fund advisory (7)
69.3

3.2

(2.3
)
2.6

72.8

 
63.3

9.9

(8.0
)
7.6

72.8

Total advisory client assets
$
502.5

23.7

(21.4
)
17.0

521.8

 
463.8

81.5

(72.7
)
49.2

521.8

(1)
Inflows include new advisory account assets, contributions, dividends and interest.
(2)
Outflows include closed advisory account assets, withdrawals, and client management fees.
(3)
Market impact reflects gains and losses on portfolio investments.
(4)
Investment advice and other services are provided to client, but decisions are made by the client and the fees earned are based on a percentage of the advisory account assets, not the number and size of transactions executed by the client.
(5)
Professionally managed portfolios with fees earned based on respective strategies and as a percentage of certain client assets.
(6)
Professional advisory portfolios managed by Wells Fargo Asset Management or third-party asset managers. Fees are earned based on a percentage of certain client assets.
(7)
Program with portfolios constructed of load-waived, no-load and institutional share class mutual funds. Fees are earned based on a percentage of certain client assets.


21

Trust and Investment Client Assets Under Management We earn trust and investment management fees from managing and administering assets, including mutual funds, institutional separate accounts, personal trust, employee benefit trust and agency assets through our asset management, wealth and retirement businesses. Our asset management business is conducted by Wells Fargo Asset Management (WFAM), which offers Wells Fargo proprietary mutual funds and manages institutional separate accounts. Our wealth business manages assets for high net worth clients, and our retirement business
 
provides total retirement management, investments, and trust and custody solutions tailored to meet the needs of institutional clients. Substantially all of our trust and investment management fee income is earned from AUM where we have discretionary management authority over the investments and generate fees as a percentage of the market value of the AUM. Table 4f presents AUM activity for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 and 2017.
Table 4f: WIM Trust and Investment – Assets Under Management
 
Quarter ended
 

Nine months ended
 
(in billions)
Balance, beginning of period

Inflows (1)

Outflows (2)

Market impact (3)

Balance, end of period

 
Balance, beginning of period

Inflows (1)

Outflows (2)

Market impact (3)

Balance, end of period

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets managed by WFAM (4):
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds (5)
$
107.7

—

(0.4
)
—

107.3

 
108.2

—

(0.9
)
—

107.3

Other assets managed
386.5

19.7

(35.2
)
4.3

375.3

 
395.7

66.3

(91.7
)
5.0

375.3

Assets managed by Wealth and Retirement (6)
183.2

7.3

(8.7
)
4.0

185.8

 
186.2

26.8

(30.4
)
3.2

185.8

Total assets under management
$
677.4

27.0

(44.3
)
8.3

668.4

 
690.1

93.1

(123.0
)
8.2

668.4

September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets managed by WFAM (4):

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds (5)
$
94.7

7.7

—

—

102.4

 
102.6

—

(0.2
)
—

102.4

Other assets managed
392.5

25.4

(31.2
)
7.3

394.0

 
379.6

89.0

(98.8
)
24.2

394.0

Assets managed by Wealth and Retirement (6)
175.6

10.1

(8.7
)
4.0

181.0

 
168.5

29.5

(29.1
)
12.1

181.0

Total assets under management
$
662.8

43.2

(39.9
)
11.3

677.4

 
650.7

118.5

(128.1
)
36.3

677.4

(1)
Inflows include new managed account assets, contributions, dividends and interest.
(2)
Outflows include closed managed account assets, withdrawals and client management fees.
(3)
Market impact reflects gains and losses on portfolio investments.
(4)
Assets managed by WFAM consist of equity, alternative, balanced, fixed income, money market, and stable value, and include client assets that are managed or sub-advised on behalf of other Wells Fargo lines of business.
(5)
Money Market funds activity is presented on a net inflow or net outflow basis, because the gross flows are not meaningful nor used by management as an indicator of performance.
(6)
Includes $4.9 billion and $5.7 billion as of September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of client assets invested in proprietary funds managed by WFAM.


22
Balance Sheet Analysis (continued)

Balance Sheet Analysis 
At September 30, 2018, our assets totaled $1.87 trillion, down $78.8 billion from December 31, 2017. Asset decline was driven by declines in interest-earning deposits with banks, available-for-sale debt securities, and loans, which decreased by $51.8 billion, $13.4 billion, and $14.5 billion, respectively, from December 31, 2017. Liabilities totaled $1.7 trillion, down $70.4 billion from December 31, 2017. The decline in liabilities was due to declines in total deposits and long-term debt, which decreased by $69.4 billion and $3.7 billion, respectively, from December 31, 2017. Total equity decreased by $8.4 billion from December 31, 2017, predominantly due to a $4.7 billion decline in cumulative
 
other comprehensive income, a $10.6 billion increase in treasury stock, and a $1.9 billion decline in preferred stock, partially offset by a $9.3 billion increase in retained earnings, net of dividends paid.
The following discussion provides additional information about the major components of our balance sheet. Information regarding our capital and changes in our asset mix is included in the “Earnings Performance – Net Interest Income” and “Capital Management” sections and Note 22 (Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements) to Financial Statements in this Report.

Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities
Table 5: Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Amortized Cost

 
Net
 unrealized
gain (loss)

 
Fair value

 
Amortized Cost

 
Net
unrealized
gain (loss)

 
Fair value

Available-for-sale
266,722

 
(3,758
)
 
262,964

 
275,096

 
1,311

 
276,407

Held-to-maturity
144,131

 
(5,095
)
 
139,036

 
139,335

 
(350
)
 
138,985

Total (1)
$
410,853

 
(8,853
)
 
402,000

 
414,431

 
961

 
415,392

(1)
Available-for-sale debt securities are carried on the balance sheet at fair value. Held-to-maturity debt securities are carried on the balance sheet at amortized cost.
Table 5 presents a summary of our available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, which decreased $8.6 billion in balance sheet carrying value from December 31, 2017, largely due to net declines in federal agency mortgage-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities, securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions, and corporate debt securities.
The total net unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities were $3.8 billion at September 30, 2018, down from net unrealized gains of $1.3 billion at December 31, 2017, primarily due to higher long-term interest rates. For a discussion of our investment management objectives and practices, see the “Balance Sheet Analysis” section in our 2017 Form 10-K. Also, see the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management” section in this Report for information on our use of investments to manage liquidity and interest rate risk.
We analyze debt securities for other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) quarterly or more often if a potential loss-triggering event occurs. In the first nine months of 2018, we recognized $23 million of OTTI write-downs on debt securities. For a discussion of our OTTI accounting policies and underlying considerations and analysis see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K and Note 5 (Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
At September 30, 2018, debt securities included $54.5 billion of municipal bonds, of which 94.1% were rated “A-” or better based largely on external and, in some cases, internal ratings. Additionally, some of the debt securities in our total municipal bond portfolio are guaranteed against loss by bond insurers. These guaranteed bonds are predominantly investment grade and were generally underwritten in accordance with our own investment standards prior to the determination to purchase, without relying on the bond insurer’s guarantee in making the investment decision. The credit quality of our municipal bond holdings are monitored as part of our ongoing impairment analysis.
 
The weighted-average expected maturity of debt securities available-for-sale was 6.2 years at September 30, 2018. The expected remaining maturity is shorter than the remaining contractual maturity for the 61% of this portfolio that is MBS because borrowers generally have the right to prepay obligations before the underlying mortgages mature. The estimated effects of a 200 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates on the fair value and the expected remaining maturity of the MBS available-for-sale portfolio are shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Mortgage-Backed Securities Available for Sale
(in billions)
Fair value

 
Net unrealized gain (loss)

 
Expected remaining maturity
(in years)
At September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Actual
$
160.5

 
(4.8
)
 
6.4
Assuming a 200 basis point:
 
 
 
 
 
Increase in interest rates
142.2

 
(23.1
)
 
8.4
Decrease in interest rates
173.1

 
7.8

 
3.6
The weighted-average expected maturity of debt securities held-to-maturity was 6.2 years at September 30, 2018. See Note 5 (Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities) to Financial Statements in this Report for a summary of debt securities by security type.



23

Loan Portfolios
Table 7 provides a summary of total outstanding loans by portfolio segment. Total loans decreased $14.5 billion from December 31, 2017, with a decline in commercial real estate loans reflecting continued credit discipline, partially offset by growth in commercial and industrial loans. The decrease in loans also reflected paydowns, sales of 1-4 family first mortgage PCI Pick-a-
 
Pay loans, a continued decline in junior lien mortgage loans, reclassification of automobile loans of Reliable Financial Services, Inc. to loans held for sale, and an expected decline in automobile loans as originations were more than offset by paydowns.

Table 7: Loan Portfolios
(in millions)
September 30, 2018

 
December 31, 2017

Commercial
$
501,886

 
503,388

Consumer
440,414

 
453,382

Total loans
$
942,300

 
956,770

Change from prior year-end
$
(14,470
)
 
(10,834
)

A discussion of average loan balances and a comparative detail of average loan balances is included in Table 1 under “Earnings Performance – Net Interest Income” earlier in this Report. Additional information on total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable is included in the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management” section in this Report. Period-end balances and other loan related
 
information are in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report. 
Table 8 shows contractual loan maturities for loan categories normally not subject to regular periodic principal reduction and the contractual distribution of loans in those categories to changes in interest rates.
Table 8: Maturities for Selected Commercial Loan Categories
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
 
Within
one
 year

 
After one
year
through
five years

 
After
 five
years

 
Total

 
Within
one
year

 
After one
year
through
 five years

 
After
five
years

 
Total

Selected loan maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
 
$
104,800

 
208,060

 
25,188

 
338,048

 
105,327

 
201,530

 
26,268

 
333,125

Real estate mortgage
 
16,301

 
63,006

 
41,096

 
120,403

 
20,069

 
64,384

 
42,146

 
126,599

Real estate construction
 
9,725

 
12,687

 
1,278

 
23,690

 
9,555

 
13,276

 
1,448

 
24,279

Total selected loans
 
$
130,826

 
283,753

 
67,562

 
482,141

 
134,951

 
279,190

 
69,862

 
484,003

Distribution of loans to changes in interest
rates:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans at fixed interest rates
 
$
16,989

 
28,680

 
27,951

 
73,620

 
18,587

 
30,049

 
26,748

 
75,384

Loans at floating/variable interest rates
 
113,837

 
255,073

 
39,611

 
408,521

 
116,364

 
249,141

 
43,114

 
408,619

Total selected loans
 
$
130,826

 
283,753

 
67,562

 
482,141

 
134,951

 
279,190

 
69,862

 
484,003



24
Balance Sheet Analysis (continued)

Deposits
Deposits were $1.3 trillion at September 30, 2018, down $69.4 billion from December 31, 2017, due to a decrease in commercial deposits from financial institutions and a decline in consumer and small business banking deposits. The decline in commercial deposits from financial institutions was due to actions taken in the first half of 2018 in response to the asset cap included in the consent order issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on February 2, 2018, and declines across many businesses as commercial customers allocated more
 
cash to higher-rate alternative investments. The decline in consumer and small business banking deposits was due to higher balance customers moving a portion of those balances to other cash alternatives offering higher rates. Table 9 provides additional information regarding deposits. Information regarding the impact of deposits on net interest income and a comparison of average deposit balances is provided in the “Earnings Performance – Net Interest Income” section and Table 1 earlier in this Report. 
Table 9: Deposits
($ in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
% of
total
deposits

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
% of
total
deposits

 

% Change

Noninterest-bearing
$
352,869

 
27
%
 
$
373,722

 
28
%
 
(6
)
Interest-bearing checking
49,517

 
4

 
51,928

 
4

 
(5
)
Market rate and other savings
695,291

 
55

 
690,168

 
52

 
1

Savings certificates
21,257

 
2

 
20,415

 
2

 
4

Other time deposits
89,824

 
7

 
71,715

 
4

 
25

Deposits in foreign offices (1)
57,836

 
5

 
128,043

 
10

 
(55
)
Total deposits
$
1,266,594

 
100
%
 
$
1,335,991

 
100
%
 
(5
)
(1)
Includes Eurodollar sweep balances of $29.7 billion and $80.1 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial instruments and to determine fair value disclosures. See the “Critical Accounting Policies” section in our 2017 Form 10-K and Note 15 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in this Report for a description of our critical accounting policy related to fair value of financial instruments and a discussion of our fair value measurement techniques.
Table 10 presents the summary of the fair value of financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, and the amounts measured using significant Level 3 inputs (before derivative netting adjustments). The fair value of the remaining assets and liabilities were measured using valuation methodologies involving market-based or market-derived information (collectively Level 1 and 2 measurements).
Table 10: Fair Value Level 3 Summary
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
($ in billions)
Total
balance

 
Level 3 (1)

 
Total
balance

 
Level 3 (1)

Assets carried
at fair value
$
409.7

 
27.9

 
416.6

 
24.9

As a percentage
of total assets
22
%
 
1

 
21

 
1

Liabilities carried
at fair value
$
32.6

 
2.0

 
27.3

 
2.0

As a percentage of
total liabilities
2
%
 
*

 
2

 
*

* Less than 1%.
(1)
Before derivative netting adjustments.

 
See Note 15 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in this Report for additional information on fair value measurements and a description of the Level 1, 2 and 3 fair value hierarchy.

Equity
Total equity was $199.7 billion at September 30, 2018, compared with $208.1 billion at December 31, 2017. The decrease was driven by a $4.7 billion decline in cumulative other comprehensive income predominantly due to fair value adjustments to available-for-sale securities caused by an increase in long-term interest rates, a $10.6 billion increase in treasury stock, and a $1.9 billion decline in preferred stock, partially offset by a $9.3 billion increase in retained earnings net of dividends paid.

25


Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the ordinary course of business, we engage in financial transactions that are not recorded on the balance sheet, or may be recorded on the balance sheet in amounts that are different from the full contract or notional amount of the transaction. Our off-balance sheet arrangements include commitments to lend and purchase debt and equity securities, transactions with unconsolidated entities, guarantees, derivatives, and other commitments. These transactions are designed to (1) meet the financial needs of customers, (2) manage our credit, market or liquidity risks, and/or (3) diversify our funding sources.
 
Commitments to Lend and Purchase Debt and Equity Securities
We enter into commitments to lend funds to customers, which are usually at a stated interest rate, if funded, and for specific purposes and time periods. When we make commitments, we are exposed to credit risk. However, the maximum credit risk for these commitments will generally be lower than the contractual amount because a significant portion of these commitments is expected to expire without being used by the customer. For more information on lending commitments, see Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report. We also enter into commitments to purchase securities under resale agreements. For more information on commitments to purchase securities under resale agreements, see Note 12 (Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments) to Financial Statements in this Report. We also may enter into commitments to purchase debt and equity securities to provide capital for customers' funding, liquidity or other future needs. For more information, see the “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements – Contractual Cash Obligations” section in our 2017 Form 10-K and Note 12 (Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments) to Financial Statements in this Report.
 
Transactions with Unconsolidated Entities
In the normal course of business, we enter into various types of on- and off-balance sheet transactions with special purpose entities (SPEs), which are corporations, trusts, limited liability companies or partnerships that are established for a limited purpose. Generally, SPEs are formed in connection with securitization transactions and are considered variable interest entities (VIEs). For more information on securitizations, including sales proceeds and cash flows from securitizations, see Note 9 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
 
Guarantees and Certain Contingent Arrangements
Guarantees are contracts that contingently require us to make payments to a guaranteed party based on an event or a change in an underlying asset, liability, rate or index. Guarantees are generally in the form of standby letters of credit, securities lending and other indemnifications, written put options, recourse obligations and other types of arrangements. For more information on guarantees and certain contingent arrangements, see Note 12 (Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments) to Financial Statements in this Report.

Derivatives
We use derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, including interest rate risk, credit risk and foreign currency risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. Derivatives are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value, and volume can be measured in terms of the notional amount, which is generally not exchanged but is used only as the basis on which interest and other payments are determined. The notional amount is not recorded on the balance sheet and is not, when viewed in isolation, a meaningful measure of the risk profile of the instruments. For more information on derivatives, see Note 14 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in this Report.
 
Other Commitments
We also have other off-balance sheet transactions, including obligations to make rental payments under noncancelable operating leases. Our operating lease obligations are discussed in Note 7 (Premises, Equipment, Lease Commitments and Other Assets) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.


26
Risk Management - Overview (continued)

Risk Management
Wells Fargo manages a variety of risks that can significantly affect our financial performance and our ability to meet the expectations of our customers, stockholders, regulators and other stakeholders. We operate under a Board approved risk management framework which outlines our company-wide approach to risk management and oversight and describes the structures and practices employed to manage current and emerging risks inherent to Wells Fargo. During third quarter 2018, our Board's Risk Committee approved enhancements to our risk management framework. We believe these enhancements transform and clarify our risk management approach by emphasizing the role of risk management when setting corporate strategy and by further rationalizing and integrating certain risk management organizational, governance and reporting practices. The discussion that follows updates our discussion of risk management contained in the “Risk Management” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.

Risk Management Framework
Our risk management framework defines how we manage risk in a comprehensive, integrated and consistent manner and lays out our vision for the risk management of the organization. It reinforces each team member’s personal accountability for risk management and is built on a foundation that begins with a deep understanding of the Company’s processes, risks and controls. Our risk management framework also supports members of senior management in achieving the Company’s strategic objectives and priorities, and it supports the Board as it carries out its risk oversight responsibilities.
The risk management framework consists of three lines of defense: (1) the front line which consists of Wells Fargo’s risk-generating activities, including all activities of its four primary business groups (Consumer Banking; Wholesale Banking; Wealth and Investment Management; and Payments, Virtual Solutions & Innovation) and certain activities of its enterprise functions (Human Resources, Enterprise Finance, Technology, Legal Department, Corporate Risk, and Wells Fargo Audit Services); (2) independent risk management, which consists of our Corporate Risk function and is led by our Chief Risk Officer (CRO) who reports to the Board’s Risk Committee; and (3) internal audit, which is Wells Fargo Audit Services and is led by our Chief Auditor who reports to the Board’s Audit & Examination Committee. In addition to the three lines of defense, our risk management framework includes enterprise control activities, which are certain specialized activities performed within centralized enterprise functions (such as Human Resources and the Legal Department) with a focus on controlling specific risks. Key elements of our risk management framework include:
•
A strong culture that emphasizes each team member’s ownership and understanding of risk. We want to cultivate an environment that expects and promotes robust communication and cooperation among the three lines of defense and supports identifying, escalating and addressing current and emerging risk issues.
 
•
A company-wide statement of risk appetite that guides business and risk leaders as they manage risk on a daily basis. The company-wide statement of risk appetite describes the nature and magnitude of risk that the Company is willing to assume in pursuit of its business and strategic objectives, consistent with capital, liquidity and other regulatory requirements.
•
A risk management governance structure, including escalation requirements and a committee structure that helps provide comprehensive oversight of the risks we face.
•
A company-wide risk inventory that promotes a standardized and systematic process to identify and quantify risks at the business group and enterprise level to guide strategic business decisions and capital planning efforts.
•
Policies, procedures and controls which form an integrated risk management program that promotes active, prompt, and consistent identification, measurement, assessment, control, mitigation, reporting and monitoring of current and emerging risk exposures across Wells Fargo and are integrated with clear enterprise risk roles and responsibilities for the three lines of defense.
•
Three lines of defense that are closely integrated, each with specific roles and responsibilities for risk management and a clear engagement model that promotes challenge and appropriate escalation of issues and information.

Board and Management-level Committee Structure
Wells Fargo’s Board committee and management-level governance committee structures are designed to ensure that key risks are identified and escalated and, if necessary, decided upon at the appropriate level of the Company. Accordingly, the structure is composed of defined escalation and reporting paths from the front line to independent risk management and management-level governance committees and, ultimately, to the Board as appropriate. Each management-level governance committee has defined escalation processes, authorities and responsibilities as outlined in each of their charters. Our Board committee and management-level governance committee structures, and the primary risk oversight responsibilities of each of those committees, is presented in Table 11.

27

Table 11: Board and Management-level Governance Committee Structure
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo & Company
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Board Committees and Primary Risk Oversight Responsibility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Audit & Examination Committee (1)
 
 
 
Finance Committee
 
 
 
Corporate Responsibility Committee
 
 
 
Risk
Committee (2)
 
 
 
Governance & Nominating Committee
 
 
 
Credit Committee
 
 
 
Human Resources Committee
 
 
 
 
 
Financial, regulatory and risk reporting and controls
 
Interest Rate Risk
Market Risk
 
Social and public responsibility matters
 
COMPANY-WIDE RISKS
- Compliance
- Conduct
- Data
- Financial Crimes
- Information Security
- Liquidity
- Model
- Operational
- Reputation
- Strategic
- Technology
 
Board-level governance matters

 
 
Credit Risk
 
 
 
Culture, ethics, human capital management and compensation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Management-level Governance Committees (3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Regulatory and Risk Reporting Oversight Committee
 
 
 
 
 
Capital Adequacy Process Committee
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Enterprise
Risk & Control
Committee (4)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate Allowance for Credit Losses Approval Governance Committee
 
 
 
 
 
Incentive Compensation Committee

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SOX Disclosure Committee

 
 
 
 
 
Capital Management Committee
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate Asset and Liability Committee
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Recovery and Resolution Committee
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Management Reporting Oversight Committee
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
The Audit & Examination Committee additionally oversees the internal audit function, external auditor independence, activities, and performance, and the disclosure framework for financial, regulatory and risk reports prepared for the Board, management, and bank regulatory agencies, and assists the Board in its oversight of the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.
(2)The Risk Committee also has a compliance subcommittee and a technology subcommittee to assist it in providing oversight of those risks.
(3)Pursuant to their charters, many of the management-level governance committees have formed one or more sub-committees to address specific risk matters.
(4)Certain committees report to the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee and have dual escalation and informational reporting paths to Board committees.
Board Oversight of Risk
The business and affairs of the Company are managed under the direction of the Board, whose responsibilities include overseeing the implementation of the Company’s risk management framework and the ongoing oversight and governance of the Company’s risk management activities. The Board carries out its risk oversight responsibilities directly and through the work of its seven standing committees, which all report to the full Board. Each Board committee works closely with management to understand and oversee the Company’s key risk exposures.
The Risk Committee oversees company-wide risks. The Board’s other standing committees also have primary oversight responsibility for certain specific risk matters, as highlighted in Table 11.
 
The Risk Committee additionally oversees the Company's Corporate Risk function and plays an active role in approving and overseeing the Company’s risk management framework. The Risk Committee and the full Board review and approve the enterprise statement of risk appetite annually, and the Risk Committee also actively monitors the risk profile relative to the approved risk appetite.
The full Board receives reports at each of its regular meetings from the Board committee chairs about committee activities, including risk oversight matters, and the Risk Committee receives periodic reports from management regarding current or emerging risk matters.


28
Risk Management - Overview (continued)

Management Oversight of Risk
The Company’s management-level governance committees are designed to enable understanding, consideration and decision-making of significant risk and control matters at the appropriate level of the Company and by the appropriate mix of executives. Each committee has a defined set of authorities and responsibilities as set forth in its charter, and each committee has defined escalation paths and risk reporting responsibilities, including to the Board or Board committees, as appropriate.
The Company recently enhanced its management-level governance committee structure by replacing its Enterprise Risk Management Committee with an Enterprise Risk & Control Committee. The Company also integrated many of the risk-specific responsibilities of committees that previously reported to the Enterprise Risk Management Committee into new Risk & Control Committees for each business group and enterprise function. We believe these changes promote greater focus on the risks and corresponding controls within each business group and enterprise function.
The Enterprise Risk & Control Committee is co-chaired by the Company’s CEO and CRO and has a direct escalation path to the Board’s Risk Committee. The Enterprise Risk & Control Committee governs the management of financial risks, non-financial risks, and enterprise and other risk programs. It considers and makes decisions on risk and control matters, addresses escalated issues, actively oversees risk mitigation, and provides regular updates to the Board’s Risk Committee regarding emerging risks and senior management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s risk management program. It also may escalate other risk and control matters to other Board committees as appropriate based on their primary risk oversight responsibilities. The Risk & Control Committee for each business group and enterprise function reports to the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee and each have a mandate that mirrors the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee but is limited to the relevant business group or enterprise function. The focus of these committees is on the risks that each group or function generates and each of these committees is responsible for managing, and on the controls each group or function is expected to have in place. Additionally, there are standalone specific risk type- or program-specific management-level risk governance committees reporting to the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee to help provide complete and comprehensive governance for certain risk areas. To supplement our management-level governance committees, additional management forums exist to support broader and deeper reviews, examinations, and discussions of enterprise wide views of risk.
While the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee and the committees that report to it serve as the focal point for the management of company-wide risk matters, the management of certain specific risk types is supported by additional management-level governance committees, which all report to at least one of the Board’s standing committees.
The Corporate Risk function, which is the Company’s independent risk management organization, is headed by the Company’s CRO who, among other things, is responsible for setting the strategic direction and driving the execution of Wells Fargo’s risk management activities. The Corporate Risk function provides senior management and the Board with an independent perspective of the level of risk to which the Company is exposed.
Corporate Risk develops our enterprise statement of risk appetite in the context of our risk management framework described above. As part of Wells Fargo’s risk appetite, we maintain metrics along with associated objectives to measure and monitor the amount of risk that the Company is prepared to take.
 
Actual results of these metrics are reported to the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee on a quarterly basis as well as to the Board’s Risk Committee. Our business groups also have business-specific risk appetite statements based on the enterprise statement of risk appetite. The metrics included in the business group statements are harmonized with the enterprise level metrics to ensure consistency where appropriate. Business lines also maintain metrics and qualitative statements that are unique to their line of business. This allows for monitoring of risk and definition of risk appetite deeper within the organization.
The Company’s senior management, including the CRO and Chief Auditor, work closely with the Board’s committees and provide reports and updates on an ongoing basis to those committees and the committee chairs on risk matters during and outside of regular committee meetings, as appropriate.

Operational Risk Management
Operational risk is the risk resulting from inadequate or failed controls, internal processes, people and systems, or external events. Operational risk is inherent in all Wells Fargo activities.
The Board’s Risk Committee has primary oversight responsibility for all aspects of operational risk, including significant policies and programs regarding the Company’s business continuity, data management, information security, privacy, technology, and third-party risk management. As part of its oversight responsibilities, the Board’s Risk Committee approves operational risk appetite qualitative statements including inner and outer boundaries, reviews and approves significant operational risk policies, and oversees the Company’s ongoing operational risk management program.
At the management level, the Operational Risk function, which is part of Corporate Risk, has primary oversight responsibility for operational risk. The Operational Risk function reports to the CRO and also provides periodic reporting related to operational risk to the Board’s Risk Committee. In addition, the Risk & Control Committee for each business group and enterprise function reports operational risk matters to the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee.
Information security is a significant operational risk for financial institutions such as Wells Fargo, and includes the risk of losses resulting from cyber attacks. Our Board is actively engaged in the oversight of the Company’s information security risk management and cyber defense programs. The Board’s Risk Committee has primary oversight responsibility for information security and receives regular updates and reporting from management on information and cyber security matters, including information related to any third-party assessments of the Company’s cyber program. In addition, the Risk Committee annually approves the Company’s information security program which includes the cyber defense program and information security policy. In 2017, the Risk Committee also formed a Technology Subcommittee to assist it in providing oversight of technology, information security, and cyber risks as well as data governance and management. The Technology Subcommittee reports to the Risk Committee and updates are provided by the Risk Committee and the Technology Subcommittee to the full Board.
Wells Fargo and other financial institutions continue to be the target of various evolving and adaptive cyber attacks, including malware and denial-of-service, as part of an effort to disrupt the operations of financial institutions, potentially test their cybersecurity capabilities, commit fraud, or obtain confidential, proprietary or other information. Cyber attacks have also focused on targeting online applications and services, such as online banking, as well as cloud-based services provided by

29

third parties, and have targeted the infrastructure of the internet causing the widespread unavailability of websites and degrading website performance. Wells Fargo has not experienced any material losses relating to these or other cyber attacks. Addressing cybersecurity risks is a priority for Wells Fargo, and we continue to develop and enhance our controls, processes and systems in order to protect our networks, computers, software and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. We are also proactively involved in industry cybersecurity efforts and working with other parties, including our third-party service providers and governmental agencies, to continue to enhance defenses and improve resiliency to cybersecurity threats. See the “Risk Factors” section in our 2017 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the risks associated with a failure or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, including as a result of cyber attacks.

Compliance Risk Management
Compliance risk is the risk resulting from the failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, rules, and other regulatory requirements, and the failure to appropriately address and limit violations of law and any associated harm to customers. Compliance risk encompasses other standards of self-regulatory organizations applicable to the banking industry as well as nonconformance with applicable internal policies and procedures.
The Board’s Risk Committee has primary oversight responsibility for compliance risk. In 2017, the Risk Committee also formed a Compliance Subcommittee to assist it in providing oversight of compliance risk. The Compliance Subcommittee reports to the Risk Committee and updates are provided by the Risk Committee and the Compliance Subcommittee to the full Board.
At the management level, Wells Fargo Compliance, which is part of Corporate Risk, monitors the implementation of the Company’s compliance program. Wells Fargo Compliance reports to the CRO and also provides periodic reporting related to compliance risk to the Board’s Risk Committee and Compliance Subcommittee. In addition, the Risk & Control Committee for each business group and enterprise function reports compliance risk matters to the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee. We continue to enhance our oversight of operational and compliance risk management, including as required by the FRB’s February 2, 2018, and the BCFP/OCC’s April 20, 2018, consent orders.

Conduct Risk Management Conduct risk, a sub-category of compliance risk, is the risk resulting from inappropriate, unethical, or unlawful behavior on the part of team members or individuals acting on behalf of the Company, caused by deliberate actions or business practices.
Our Board has enhanced its oversight of conduct risk to oversee the alignment of team member conduct to the Company’s risk appetite (which the Board approves annually) and culture as reflected in our Vision, Values & Goals and Code of Ethics and Business Conduct. The Board’s Risk Committee has primary oversight responsibility for company-wide conduct risk, while the responsibilities of the Board’s Human Resources Committee include oversight of the Company’s company-wide culture, Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, conflicts of interest program, human capital management and incentive compensation risk management program.
At the management level, the Conduct Management Office has primary oversight responsibility for key elements of conduct risk, including internal investigations, sales practices oversight, complaints oversight, and ethics oversight. The Conduct
 
Management Office reports to the CRO and also provides periodic reporting related to conduct risk to the relevant Board committees. In addition, the Risk & Control Committee for each business group and enterprise function reports conduct risk matters to the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee.
Credit Risk Management
We define credit risk as the risk of loss associated with a borrower or counterparty default (failure to meet obligations in accordance with agreed upon terms). Credit risk exists with many of our assets and exposures such as debt security holdings, certain derivatives, and loans.
The Board’s Credit Committee has primary oversight responsibility for credit risk. At the management level, the Corporate Credit function, which is part of Corporate Risk, has primary oversight responsibility for credit risk. The Corporate Credit function reports to the CRO and also provides periodic reporting related to credit risk to the Board's Credit Committee. In addition, the Risk & Control Committee for each business group and enterprise function reports credit risk matters to the Enterprise Risk & Control Committee.
The following discussion focuses on our loan portfolios, which represent the largest component of assets on our balance sheet for which we have credit risk. Table 12 presents our total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable.
Table 12: Total Loans Outstanding by Portfolio Segment and Class of Financing Receivable
(in millions)
Sep 30, 2018

 
Dec 31, 2017

Commercial:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
338,048

 
333,125

Real estate mortgage
120,403

 
126,599

Real estate construction
23,690

 
24,279

Lease financing
19,745

 
19,385

Total commercial
501,886

 
503,388

Consumer:
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
284,273

 
284,054

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
35,330

 
39,713

Credit card
37,812

 
37,976

Automobile
46,075

 
53,371

Other revolving credit and installment
36,924

 
38,268

Total consumer
440,414

 
453,382

Total loans
$
942,300

 
956,770


We manage our credit risk by establishing what we believe are sound credit policies for underwriting new business, while monitoring and reviewing the performance of our existing loan portfolios. We employ various credit risk management and monitoring activities to mitigate risks associated with multiple risk factors affecting loans we hold, could acquire or originate including:
•
Loan concentrations and related credit quality
•
Counterparty credit risk
•
Economic and market conditions
•
Legislative or regulatory mandates
•
Changes in interest rates
•
Merger and acquisition activities
•
Reputation risk


30
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

Our credit risk management oversight process is governed centrally, but provides for decentralized management and accountability by our lines of business. Our overall credit process includes comprehensive credit policies, disciplined credit underwriting, frequent and detailed risk measurement and modeling, extensive credit training programs, and a continual loan review and audit process.
A key to our credit risk management is adherence to a well-controlled underwriting process, which we believe is appropriate for the needs of our customers as well as investors who purchase the loans or securities collateralized by the loans.
Credit Quality Overview  Solid credit quality continued in third quarter 2018, as our net charge-off rate remained low at 0.29% (annualized) of average total loans. We continued to benefit from improvements in the performance of our residential real estate portfolio as well as seasonally lower credit card losses, partially offset by seasonally higher automobile loan losses. For the fourth consecutive quarter all of our commercial and consumer real estate loan portfolios were in a net recovery position. In particular:
•
Nonaccrual loans were $7.1 billion at September 30, 2018, down from $8.0 billion at December 31, 2017. Commercial nonaccrual loans declined to $2.3 billion at September 30, 2018, compared with $2.6 billion at December 31, 2017, and consumer nonaccrual loans declined to $4.8 billion at September 30, 2018, compared with $5.4 billion at December 31, 2017. The decline in nonaccrual loans reflected an improved housing market and credit improvement in commercial and industrial loans. Nonaccrual loans represented 0.75% of total loans at September 30, 2018, compared with 0.84% at December 31, 2017.
•
Net charge-offs (annualized) as a percentage of average total loans decreased to 0.29% in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, compared with 0.30% in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2017. Net charge-offs (annualized) as a percentage of our average commercial and consumer portfolios were 0.12% and 0.47% in the third quarter and 0.08% and 0.52% in the first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with 0.09% and 0.53% in the third quarter and 0.09% and 0.54% in the first nine months of 2017.
•
Loans that are not government insured/guaranteed and 90 days or more past due and still accruing were $98 million and $835 million in our commercial and consumer portfolios, respectively, at September 30, 2018, compared with $49 million and $1.0 billion at December 31, 2017.
•
Our provision for credit losses was $580 million and $1.2 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with $717 million and $1.9 billion for the same periods a year ago.
•
The allowance for credit losses totaled $11.0 billion, or 1.16% of total loans, at September 30, 2018, down from $12.0 billion, or 1.25%, at December 31, 2017.

Additional information on our loan portfolios and our credit quality trends follows.


 
PURCHASED CREDIT-IMPAIRED (PCI) LOANS Loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration since their origination and where it is probable that we will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments are PCI loans. Substantially all of our PCI loans were acquired in the Wachovia acquisition on December 31, 2008. PCI loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, and the historical allowance for credit losses related to these loans is not carried over. The carrying value of PCI loans at September 30, 2018, totaled $6.9 billion, compared with $12.8 billion at December 31, 2017, and $58.8 billion at December 31, 2008. The decrease from December 31, 2017, was due to the sales of $1.6 billion of Pick-a-Pay PCI loans in first quarter 2018, $1.3 billion in second quarter 2018, and $1.7 billion in third quarter 2018, as well as portfolio runoff. PCI loans are considered to be accruing due to the existence of the accretable yield amount, which represents the cash expected to be collected in excess of their carrying value, and not based on consideration given to contractual interest payments. The accretable yield at September 30, 2018, was $4.4 billion.
A nonaccretable difference is established for PCI loans to absorb losses expected on the contractual amounts of those loans in excess of the fair value recorded at the date of acquisition. Amounts absorbed by the nonaccretable difference do not affect the income statement or the allowance for credit losses. At September 30, 2018, $419 million in nonaccretable difference remained to absorb losses on PCI loans.
For additional information on PCI loans, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Real Estate 1-4 Family First and Junior Lien Mortgage Loans – Pick-a-Pay Portfolio” section in this Report, Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K, and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.


31

Significant Loan Portfolio Reviews Measuring and monitoring our credit risk is an ongoing process that tracks delinquencies, collateral values, Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores, economic trends by geographic areas, loan-level risk grading for certain portfolios (typically commercial) and other indications of credit risk. Our credit risk monitoring process is designed to enable early identification of developing risk and to support our determination of an appropriate allowance for credit losses. The following discussion provides additional characteristics and analysis of our significant portfolios. See Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report for more analysis and credit metric information for each of the following portfolios.

COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LOANS AND LEASE FINANCING  For purposes of portfolio risk management, we aggregate commercial and industrial loans and lease financing according to market segmentation and standard industry codes. We generally subject commercial and industrial loans and lease financing to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to regulatory definitions of pass and criticized categories with criticized segmented among special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss categories.
The commercial and industrial loans and lease financing portfolio totaled $357.8 billion, or 38% of total loans, at September 30, 2018. The annualized net charge-off rate for this portfolio was 0.17% and 0.12% in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with 0.15% for both of the same periods a year ago. At September 30, 2018, 0.46% of this portfolio was nonaccruing, compared with 0.56% at December 31, 2017, reflecting a decrease of $324 million in nonaccrual loans, predominantly due to improvement in the oil and gas portfolio. Also, $16.8 billion of the commercial and industrial loan and lease financing portfolio was internally classified as criticized in accordance with regulatory guidance at September 30, 2018, compared with $17.9 billion at December 31, 2017. The decrease in criticized loans, which also includes the decrease in nonaccrual loans, was predominantly due to improvement in the oil and gas portfolio.
Most of our commercial and industrial loans and lease financing portfolio is secured by short-term assets, such as accounts receivable, inventory and debt securities, as well as long-lived assets, such as equipment and other business assets. Generally, the collateral securing this portfolio represents a secondary source of repayment.
Table 13 provides a breakout of commercial and industrial loans and lease financing by industry, and includes $62.9 billion of foreign loans at September 30, 2018. Foreign loans totaled $21.3 billion within the investor category, $18.3 billion within the financial institutions category and $1.4 billion within the oil and gas category.
 
The investors category includes loans to special purpose vehicles (SPVs) formed by sponsoring entities to invest in financial assets backed predominantly by commercial and residential real estate or corporate cash flow, and are repaid from the asset cash flows or the sale of assets by the SPV. We limit loan amounts to a percentage of the value of the underlying assets, as determined by us, based on analysis of underlying credit risk and other factors such as asset duration and ongoing performance.
We provide financial institutions with a variety of relationship focused products and services, including loans supporting short-term trade finance and working capital needs. The $18.3 billion of foreign loans in the financial institutions category were predominantly originated by our Financial Institutions business.
The oil and gas loan portfolio totaled $12.2 billion, or 1% of total outstanding loans, at September 30, 2018, compared with $12.5 billion, or 1% of total outstanding loans, at December 31, 2017. Oil and gas nonaccrual loans decreased to $525 million at September 30, 2018, compared with $1.1 billion at December 31, 2017, due to improved portfolio performance.
Table 13: Commercial and Industrial Loans and Lease Financing by Industry (1)
 
September 30, 2018
 
(in millions)
Nonaccrual
loans

 
Total
portfolio

 
(2)
 
% of
total
loans

Investors
$
32

 
71,903

 
 
 
8
%
Financial institutions
133

 
40,032

 
 
 
4

Cyclical retailers
176

 
26,149

 
 
 
3

Healthcare
45

 
16,607

 
 
 
2

Food and beverage
11

 
16,467

 
 
 
2

Real estate lessor
7

 
14,880

 
 
 
2

Technology
8

 
14,635

 
 
 
2

Industrial equipment
80

 
14,168

 
 
 
2

Oil and gas
525

 
12,151

 
 
 
1

Transportation
79

 
8,719

 
 
 
1

Business services
27

 
8,219

 
 
 
1

Public administration
5

 
7,969

 
 
 
1

Other
523

 
105,894

 
(3)
 
9

Total
$
1,651

 
357,793

 
 
 
38
%
(1)
Industry categories are based on the North American Industry Classification System and the amounts reported include foreign loans. See Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report for a breakout of commercial foreign loans.
(2)
Includes $45 million of PCI loans, which are considered to be accruing due to the existence of the accretable yield and not based on consideration given to contractual interest payments.
(3)
No other single industry had total loans in excess of $6.0 billion. 

32
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE (CRE) We generally subject CRE loans to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to regulatory definitions of pass and criticized categories with criticized segmented among special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss categories. The CRE portfolio, which included $7.6 billion of foreign CRE loans, totaled $144.1 billion, or 15% of total loans, at September 30, 2018, and consisted of $120.4 billion of mortgage loans and $23.7 billion of construction loans.
Table 14 summarizes CRE loans by state and property type with the related nonaccrual totals. The portfolio is diversified both geographically and by property type. The largest geographic
 
concentrations of CRE loans are in California, New York, Florida and Texas, which combined represented 49% of the total CRE portfolio. By property type, the largest concentrations are office buildings at 28% and apartments at 17% of the portfolio. CRE nonaccrual loans totaled 0.4% of the CRE outstanding balance at September 30, 2018, compared with 0.4% at December 31, 2017. At September 30, 2018, we had $4.4 billion of criticized CRE mortgage loans, compared with $4.3 billion at December 31, 2017, and $271 million of criticized CRE construction loans, compared with $298 million at December 31, 2017.

Table 14: CRE Loans by State and Property Type
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
Real estate mortgage
 
 
 
 
Real estate construction
 
 
 
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
(in millions)
Nonaccrual
loans

 
Total
portfolio

 
 
 
Nonaccrual
loans

 
Total
portfolio

 
 
 
Nonaccrual
loans

 
Total
portfolio

 
 
 
% of
total
loans

By state:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
California
$
136

 
34,419

 
 
 
10

 
4,506

 
 
 
146

 
38,925

 
 
 
4
%
New York
10

 
10,456

 
 
 
—

 
2,595

 
 
 
10

 
13,051

 
 
 
1

Florida
29

 
7,745

 
 
 
3

 
2,202

 
 
 
32

 
9,947

 
 
 
1

Texas
70

 
7,652

 
 
 
—

 
1,648

 
 
 
70

 
9,300

 
 
 
1

North Carolina
33

 
3,793

 
 
 
6

 
865

 
 
 
39

 
4,658

 
 
 
*

Arizona
29

 
4,213

 
 
 
—

 
410

 
 
 
29

 
4,623

 
 
 
*

Georgia
15

 
3,502

 
 
 
—

 
799

 
 
 
15

 
4,301

 
 
 
*

Illinois
5

 
3,406

 
 
 
—

 
554

 
 
 
5

 
3,960

 
 
 
*

Washington
19

 
3,245

 
 
 
3

 
614

 
 
 
22

 
3,859

 
 
 
*

Virginia
11

 
2,856

 
 
 
—

 
881

 
 
 
11

 
3,737

 
 
 
*

Other
246

 
39,116

 
 
 
22

 
8,616

 
 
 
268

 
47,732

 
(1)
 
5

Total
$
603

 
120,403

 
 
 
44

 
23,690

 
 
 
647

 
144,093

 
 
 
15
%
By property: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Office buildings
$
141

 
37,022

 
 
 
6

 
2,861

 
 
 
147

 
39,883

 
 
 
4
%
Apartments
13

 
15,907

 
 
 
—

 
7,950

 
 
 
13

 
23,857

 
 
 
3

Industrial/warehouse
119

 
15,036

 
 
 
1

 
1,674

 
 
 
120

 
16,710

 
 
 
2

Retail (excluding shopping center)
93

 
14,919

 
 
 
3

 
551

 
 
 
96

 
15,470

 
 
 
2

Shopping center
7

 
10,993

 
 
 
—

 
1,250

 
 
 
7

 
12,243

 
 
 
1

Hotel/motel
20

 
8,800

 
 
 
—

 
1,971

 
 
 
20

 
10,771

 
 
 
1

Mixed use properties (2)
85

 
6,020

 
 
 
6

 
228

 
 
 
91

 
6,248

 
 
 
1

Institutional
43

 
3,010

 
 
 
—

 
1,887

 
 
 
43

 
4,897

 
 
 
1

1-4 family structure
—

 
10

 
 
 
10

 
2,572

 
 
 
10

 
2,582

 
 
 
*

Agriculture
42

 
2,505

 
 
 
—

 
28

 
 
 
42

 
2,533

 
 
 
*

Other
40

 
6,181

 
 
 
18

 
2,718

 
 
 
58

 
8,899

 
 
 
1

Total
$
603

 
120,403

 
 
 
44

 
23,690

 
 
 
647

 
144,093

 
 
 
15
%
*
Less than 1%.
(1)Includes 40 states; no state had loans in excess of $3.5 billion.
(2)
Mixed use properties are primarily owner occupied real estate, including data centers, flexible space leased to multiple tenants, light manufacturing and other specialized use properties.


33

FOREIGN LOANS AND COUNTRY RISK EXPOSURE We classify loans for financial statement and certain regulatory purposes as foreign primarily based on whether the borrower’s primary address is outside of the United States. At September 30, 2018, foreign loans totaled $70.9 billion, representing approximately 8% of our total consolidated loans outstanding, compared with $70.4 billion, or approximately 7% of total consolidated loans outstanding, at December 31, 2017. Foreign loans were approximately 4% of our consolidated total assets at September 30, 2018 and at December 31, 2017.
Our country risk monitoring process incorporates frequent dialogue with our financial institution customers, counterparties and regulatory agencies, enhanced by centralized monitoring of macroeconomic and capital markets conditions in the respective countries. We establish exposure limits for each country through a centralized oversight process based on customer needs, and in consideration of relevant economic, political, social, legal, and transfer risks. We monitor exposures closely and adjust our country limits in response to changing conditions.
We evaluate our individual country risk exposure based on our assessment of the borrower’s ability to repay, which gives consideration for allowable transfers of risk such as guarantees and collateral and may be different from the reporting based on the borrower’s primary address. Our largest single foreign country exposure based on our assessment of risk at September 30, 2018, was the United Kingdom, which totaled $26.8 billion, or approximately 1% of our total assets, and included $3.3 billion of sovereign claims. Our United Kingdom sovereign claims arise predominantly from deposits we have placed with the Bank of England pursuant to regulatory requirements in support of our London branch. The United Kingdom officially announced its intention to leave the European Union (Brexit) on March 29, 2017, starting the two-year negotiation process leading to its departure. We continue to conduct assessments and are executing our implementation plans to ensure we can continue to prudently serve our customers post-Brexit.
 
Table 15 provides information regarding our top 20 exposures by country (excluding the U.S.) and our Eurozone exposure, based on our assessment of risk, which gives consideration to the country of any guarantors and/or underlying collateral. Our exposure to Puerto Rico (considered part of U.S. exposure) is not material to our consolidated country exposure. In first quarter 2018, we entered into an agreement to sell certain assets and liabilities of our automobile financing business in Puerto Rico, which closed in third quarter 2018.


34
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

Table 15: Select Country Exposures
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
Lending (1)
 
 
Securities (2)
 
 
Derivatives and other (3)
 
 
Total exposure
 
(in millions)
Sovereign

 
Non-
sovereign

 
Sovereign

 
Non-
sovereign

 
Sovereign

 
Non-
sovereign

 
Sovereign

 
Non-
sovereign (4)

 
Total

Top 20 country exposures:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United Kingdom
$
3,313

 
21,853

 
—

 
1,395

 
—

 
213

 
3,313

 
23,461

 
26,774

Canada
32

 
16,557

 
(60
)
 
474

 
—

 
162

 
(28
)
 
17,193

 
17,165

Cayman Islands
—

 
6,984

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
132

 
—

 
7,116

 
7,116

Germany
2,415

 
1,665

 
24

 
20

 
—

 
333

 
2,439

 
2,018

 
4,457

Ireland
—

 
3,926

 
—

 
155

 
—

 
42

 
—

 
4,123

 
4,123

China
—

 
2,628

 
(2
)
 
401

 
98

 
26

 
96

 
3,055

 
3,151

Bermuda
—

 
2,880

 
—

 
100

 
—

 
62

 
—

 
3,042

 
3,042

Netherlands
—

 
2,412

 
66

 
270

 
1

 
27

 
67

 
2,709

 
2,776

India
—

 
2,084

 
—

 
154

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,238

 
2,238

Guernsey
—

 
2,211

 
—

 
2

 
—

 
2

 
—

 
2,215

 
2,215

Luxembourg
—

 
1,313

 
—

 
670

 
—

 
127

 
—

 
2,110

 
2,110

Brazil
—

 
2,049

 
1

 
(4
)
 
—

 
9

 
1

 
2,054

 
2,055

Japan
270

 
1,347

 
4

 
157

 
—

 
40

 
274

 
1,544

 
1,818

Australia
—

 
1,294

 
—

 
78

 
—

 
10

 
—

 
1,382

 
1,382

Chile
1

 
1,325

 
—

 
4

 
—

 
8

 
1

 
1,337

 
1,338

South Korea
—

 
1,151

 
4

 
130

 
3

 
7

 
7

 
1,288

 
1,295

Switzerland
—

 
1,214

 
—

 
(5
)
 
—

 
31

 
—

 
1,240

 
1,240

United Arab Emirates
—

 
1,083

 
—

 
28

 
—

 
2

 
—

 
1,113

 
1,113

Hong Kong
1

 
1,043

 
—

 
2

 
2

 
1

 
3

 
1,046

 
1,049

Mexico
—

 
1,024

 
—

 
13

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
1,038

 
1,038

Total top 20 country exposures
$
6,032

 
76,043

 
37

 
4,044

 
104

 
1,235

 
6,173

 
81,322

 
87,495

Eurozone exposure:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Eurozone countries included in Top 20 above (5)
$
2,415

 
9,316

 
90

 
1,115

 
1

 
529

 
2,506

 
10,960

 
13,466

France
—

 
836

 
—

 
102

 
—

 
30

 
—

 
968

 
968

Austria
—

 
664

 
—

 
3

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
667

 
667

Spain
—

 
400

 
—

 
31

 
—

 
108

 
—

 
539

 
539

Other Eurozone exposure (6)
23

 
491

 
1

 
2

 
—

 
1

 
24

 
494

 
518

Total Eurozone exposure
$
2,438

 
11,707

 
91

 
1,253

 
1

 
668

 
2,530

 
13,628

 
16,158

(1)
Lending exposure includes funded loans and unfunded commitments, leveraged leases, and money market placements presented on a gross basis prior to the deduction of impairment allowance and collateral received under the terms of the credit agreements. For the countries listed above, there are $596 million in defeased leases secured significantly by U.S. Treasury and government agency securities.
(2)
Represents exposure on debt and equity securities of foreign issuers. Long and short positions are netted and net short positions are reflected as negative exposure.
(3)
Represents counterparty exposure on foreign exchange and derivative contracts, and securities resale and lending agreements. This exposure is presented net of counterparty netting adjustments and reduced by the amount of cash collateral. It includes credit default swaps (CDS) predominantly used for market making activities in the U.S. and London based trading businesses, which sometimes results in selling and purchasing protection on the identical reference entities. Generally, we do not use market instruments such as CDS to hedge the credit risk of our investment or loan positions, although we do use them to manage risk in our trading businesses At September 30, 2018, the gross notional amount of our CDS sold that reference assets in the Top 20 or Eurozone countries was $429 million, which was offset by the notional amount of CDS purchased of $479 million. We did not have any CDS purchased or sold that reference pools of assets that contain sovereign debt or where the reference asset was solely the sovereign debt of a foreign country.
(4)
For countries presented in the table, total non-sovereign exposure comprises $40.4 billion exposure to financial institutions and $43.6 billion to non-financial corporations at September 30, 2018.
(5)
Consists of exposure to Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, and Luxembourg included in Top 20.
(6)
Includes non-sovereign exposure to Italy, Portugal, and Greece in the amount of $120 million, $23 million and $9 million, respectively. We had no sovereign debt exposure to Greece and Portugal, and the sovereign exposure to Italy was $1 million at September 30, 2018.

35

REAL ESTATE 1-4 FAMILY FIRST AND JUNIOR LIEN MORTGAGE LOANS  Our real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loans, as presented in Table 16, include loans we have made to customers and retained as part of our asset/liability management strategy, the Pick-a-Pay portfolio acquired from
 
Wachovia which is discussed later in this Report and other purchased loans, and loans included on our balance sheet as a result of consolidation of variable interest entities (VIEs).
Table 16: Real Estate 1-4 Family First and Junior Lien Mortgage Loans
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Balance

 
% of
portfolio

 
Balance

 
% of
portfolio

Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
$
284,273

 
89
%
 
$
284,054

 
88
%
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
35,330

 
11

 
39,713

 
12

Total real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans
$
319,603

 
100
%
 
$
323,767

 
100
%

The real estate 1-4 family mortgage loan portfolio includes some loans with adjustable-rate features and some with an interest-only feature as part of the loan terms. Interest-only loans were approximately 4% of total loans at both September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017. We believe we have manageable adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) reset risk across our owned mortgage loan portfolios. We do not offer option ARM products, nor do we offer variable-rate mortgage products with fixed payment amounts, commonly referred to within the financial services industry as negative amortizing mortgage loans. The option ARMs we do have are included in the Pick-a-Pay portfolio which was acquired from Wachovia. Since our acquisition of the Pick-a-Pay loan portfolio at the end of 2008, the option payment portion of the portfolio has reduced from 86% to 45% at September 30, 2018, as a result of our modification and loss mitigation efforts. For more information, see the “Pick-a-Pay Portfolio” section in this Report.
We continue to modify real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans to assist homeowners and other borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. For more information on our modification programs, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Real Estate 1-4 Family First and Junior Lien Mortgage Loans” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Part of our credit monitoring includes tracking delinquency, current FICO scores and loan/combined loan to collateral values (LTV/CLTV) on the entire real estate 1-4 family mortgage loan portfolio. These credit risk indicators, which exclude government insured/guaranteed loans, continued to improve in third quarter 2018 on the non-PCI mortgage portfolio. Loans 30 days or more delinquent at September 30, 2018, totaled $4.2 billion, or 1% of total non-PCI mortgages, compared with $5.3 billion, or 2%, at December 31, 2017. Loans with FICO scores lower than 640 totaled $9.9 billion, or 3% of total non-PCI mortgages at September 30, 2018, compared with $11.7 billion, or 4%, at December 31, 2017. Mortgages with a LTV/CLTV greater than 100% totaled $4.3 billion at September 30, 2018, or 1% of total non-PCI mortgages, compared with $6.1 billion, or 2%, at December 31, 2017. Information regarding credit quality indicators, including PCI credit quality indicators, can be found in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loans by state are presented in Table 17. Our real estate 1-4 family non-PCI mortgage loans to borrowers in California represented 12% of total loans at September 30, 2018, located predominantly within the larger metropolitan areas, with no single California metropolitan area consisting of more than 5% of total loans. We monitor changes in real estate values and underlying economic or market conditions for all geographic areas of our real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage portfolios as part of our
 
credit risk management process. Our underwriting and periodic review of loans and lines secured by residential real estate collateral includes appraisals or estimates from automated valuation models (AVMs) to support property values. Additional information about AVMs and our policy for their use can be found in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report and the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Real Estate 1-4 Family First and Junior Lien Mortgage Loans” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Table 17: Real Estate 1-4 Family First and Junior Lien Mortgage Loans by State
 
September 30, 2018
 
(in millions)
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage

 
Total real
estate 1-4
family
mortgage

 
% of
total
loans

Real estate 1-4 family loans (excluding PCI):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
California
$
107,382

 
9,498

 
116,880

 
12
%
New York
28,528

 
1,758

 
30,286

 
3

New Jersey
13,694

 
3,243

 
16,937

 
2

Florida
12,505

 
3,235

 
15,740

 
2

Virginia
8,200

 
2,093

 
10,293

 
1

Washington
9,475

 
778

 
10,253

 
1

Texas
8,585

 
665

 
9,250

 
1

North Carolina
5,922

 
1,655

 
7,577

 
1

Pennsylvania
5,459

 
1,986

 
7,445

 
1

Other (1)
64,759

 
10,401

 
75,160

 
8

Government insured/
guaranteed loans (2)
12,886

 
—

 
12,886

 
1

Real estate 1-4 family loans (excluding PCI)
277,395

 
35,312

 
312,707

 
33

Real estate 1-4 family PCI loans
6,878

 
18

 
6,896

 
1

Total
$
284,273

 
35,330

 
319,603

 
34
%
(1)
Consists of 41 states; no state had loans in excess of $6.7 billion.
(2)
Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).


36
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

First Lien Mortgage Portfolio  Our total real estate 1-4 family first lien mortgage portfolio increased $1.3 billion in third quarter 2018 as growth in nonconforming mortgage loans was partially offset by payoffs, and Pick-a-Pay PCI loan sales of $1.7 billion. In addition, $249 million of nonconforming mortgage loan originations that would have otherwise been included in this portfolio, were designated as held for sale in third quarter 2018 in anticipation of the future issuance of residential mortgage-backed securities. In the first nine months of 2018, the real estate 1-4 family first lien mortgage portfolio increased $219 million as a result of nonconforming mortgage loan growth, partially offset by payoffs and Pick-a-Pay PCI loan sales. We retained $11.7 billion and $32.2 billion in nonconforming originations, consisting of loans that exceed conventional conforming loan amount limits established by federal government-sponsored entities (GSEs) in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively.
The credit performance associated with our real estate 1-4 family first lien mortgage portfolio continued to improve in third
 
quarter 2018, as measured through net charge-offs and nonaccrual loans. Net charge-offs (annualized) as a percentage of average real estate 1-4 family first lien mortgage loans improved to a net recovery of 0.04% and 0.03% in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, compared with a net recovery of 0.02% and 0.01% for the same periods a year ago. Nonaccrual loans were $3.6 billion at September 30, 2018, down $517 million from December 31, 2017. The decrease in nonaccrual loans from December 31, 2017 was driven by nonaccrual loan sales and an improving housing environment. Real estate 1-4 family first lien mortgage loans originated after 2008, which generally utilized tighter underwriting standards, comprised approximately 83% of our total real estate 1-4 family first lien mortgage portfolio as of September 30, 2018.
Table 18 shows certain delinquency and loss information for the first lien mortgage portfolio and lists the top five states by outstanding balance.
Table 18: First Lien Mortgage Portfolio Performance
 
Outstanding balance
 
 
% of loans 30 days or more past due
 
Loss (recovery) rate (annualized) quarter ended
 
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

Dec 31,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2018

Dec 31,
2017
 
Sep 30,
2018

Jun 30,
2018

Mar 31,
2018

Dec 31,
2017

Sep 30,
2017

California
$
107,382

101,464

 
0.72
%
1.06
 
(0.05
)
(0.07
)
(0.07
)
(0.05
)
(0.09
)
New York
28,528

26,624

 
1.30

1.65
 
0.04

0.09

(0.01
)
—

0.05

New Jersey
13,694

13,212

 
2.17

2.74
 
(0.02
)
0.02

0.08

0.09

0.15

Florida
12,505

13,083

 
2.74

3.95
 
(0.22
)
(0.15
)
(0.14
)
(0.16
)
(0.22
)
Washington
9,475

8,845

 
0.59

0.85
 
(0.06
)
(0.06
)
(0.06
)
(0.05
)
(0.09
)
Other
92,925

92,961

 
1.82

2.25
 
(0.03
)
(0.03
)
0.01

(0.02
)
0.03

Total
264,509

256,189

 
1.33

1.78
 
(0.04
)
(0.04
)
(0.03
)
(0.04
)
(0.03
)
Government insured/guaranteed loans
12,886

15,143

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PCI
6,878

12,722

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total first lien mortgages
$
284,273

284,054

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

37

Pick-a-Pay Portfolio  The Pick-a-Pay portfolio was one of the consumer residential first lien mortgage portfolios we acquired from Wachovia and a majority of the portfolio was identified as PCI loans.
The Pick-a-Pay portfolio includes loans that offer payment options (Pick-a-Pay option payment loans), and also includes loans that were originated without the option payment feature, loans that no longer offer the option feature as a result of our modification efforts since the acquisition, and loans where the customer voluntarily converted to a fixed-rate product. The Pick-a-Pay portfolio is included in the consumer real estate 1-4 family first mortgage class of loans throughout this Report. Table 19 provides balances by types of loans as of September 30, 2018. As a result of our loan modification and loss mitigation efforts, Pick-
 
a-Pay option payment loans have been reduced to $9.3 billion at September 30, 2018, from $99.9 billion at acquisition. Total adjusted unpaid principal balance of Pick-a-Pay PCI loans was $9.1 billion at September 30, 2018, compared with $61.0 billion at acquisition. Due to loan modification and loss mitigation efforts, the adjusted unpaid principal balance of option payment PCI loans has declined to 17% of the total Pick-a-Pay portfolio at September 30, 2018, compared with 51% at acquisition. As favorable sale opportunities arise, we may sell portions of this portfolio. We expect to close on the sale of approximately $2.5 billion of unpaid principal balance of Pick-a-Pay PCI loans in fourth quarter 2018.
Table 19: Pick-a-Pay Portfolio – Comparison to Acquisition Date
 
 
 
December 31,
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
2017
 
 
2008
 
(in millions)
Adjusted
unpaid
principal
balance (1)

 
% of
total

 
Adjusted
unpaid
principal
balance (1)

 
% of
total

 
Adjusted
unpaid
principal
balance (1)

 
% of
total

Option payment loans
$
9,312

 
45
%
 
$
10,891

 
36
%
 
$
99,937

 
86
%
Non-option payment adjustable-rate
and fixed-rate loans
3,094

 
15

 
3,771

 
13

 
15,763

 
14

Full-term loan modifications
8,328

 
40

 
15,366

 
51

 
—

 
—

Total adjusted unpaid principal balance
$
20,734

 
100
%
 
$
30,028

 
100
%
 
$
115,700

 
100
%
Total carrying value
$
18,498

 
 
 
26,038

 
 
 
95,315

 
 
(1)
Adjusted unpaid principal balance includes write-downs taken on loans where severe delinquency (normally 180 days) or other indications of severe borrower financial stress exist that indicate there will be a loss of contractually due amounts upon final resolution of the loan.

Pick-a-Pay option payment loans may have fixed or adjustable rates with payment options that include a minimum payment, an interest-only payment or fully amortizing payment (both 15 and 30 year options).
Since December 31, 2008, we have completed over 138,000 proprietary and Home Affordability Modification Program (HAMP) Pick-a-Pay loan modifications, which have resulted in over $6.1 billion of principal forgiveness. We have also provided interest rate reductions and loan term extensions to enable sustainable homeownership for our Pick-a-Pay customers. As a result of these loss mitigation programs, approximately 57% of our Pick-a-Pay PCI adjusted unpaid principal balance as of September 30, 2018 has been modified.
The predominant portion of our PCI loans is included in the Pick-a-Pay portfolio. Our cash flows expected to be collected have been favorably affected over time by lower expected defaults and losses as a result of observed and forecasted economic strengthening, particularly in housing prices, and our loan modification efforts. Since acquisition, we have reclassified $9.3 billion from the nonaccretable difference to the accretable yield. Fluctuations in the accretable yield are driven by changes in interest rate indices for variable rate PCI loans, prepayment assumptions, and expected principal and interest payments over the estimated life of the portfolio, which will be affected by the pace and degree of improvements in the U.S. economy and housing markets and projected lifetime performance resulting from loan modification activity. Changes in the projected timing of cash flow events, including loan liquidations, prepayments, modifications and short sales, can also affect the accretable yield and the estimated weighted-average life of the portfolio.
 
During third quarter 2018, we sold $1.7 billion of Pick-a-Pay PCI loans that resulted in a gain of $638 million. The accretable yield balance related to our Pick-a-Pay PCI loan portfolio declined $1.3 billion during third quarter 2018, driven by realized accretion of $257 million, $638 million from the gain on the loan sales, a $516 million reduction in expected interest cash flows resulting from the loan sales, partially offset by a $107 million increase in expected interest cash flows due to slower estimated prepayments. The slower estimated prepayments resulted in increasing the estimated weighted-average life of the portfolio to approximately 5.5 years at September 30, 2018 up from 5.2 years at June 30, 2018. Due to a decrease in the amount of accretable yield relative to the longer weighted-average life, we expect the accretable yield percentage to decline from 12.02% in third quarter 2018 to approximately 11.47% for fourth quarter 2018.
For further information on the judgment involved in estimating expected cash flows for PCI loans, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.


38
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

Junior Lien Mortgage Portfolio  The junior lien mortgage portfolio consists of residential mortgage lines and loans that are subordinate in rights to an existing lien on the same property. It is not unusual for these lines and loans to have draw periods, interest only payments, balloon payments, adjustable rates and similar features. Junior lien loan products are mostly amortizing payment loans with fixed interest rates and repayment periods between five to 30 years. 
We continuously monitor the credit performance of our junior lien mortgage portfolio for trends and factors that influence the frequency and severity of loss. We have observed that the severity of loss for junior lien mortgages is high and generally not affected by whether we or a third party own or service the related first lien mortgage, but the frequency of delinquency is typically lower when we own or service the first lien mortgage. In general, we have limited information available on the delinquency status of the third party owned or serviced first lien where we also hold a junior lien. To capture this inherent loss content, our allowance process for junior lien mortgages considers the relative difference in loss experience for junior lien mortgages behind first lien mortgage loans we own or service, compared with those behind first lien mortgage loans owned or serviced by third parties. In addition, our allowance
 
process for junior lien mortgages that are current, but are in their revolving period, considers the inherent loss where the borrower is delinquent on the corresponding first lien mortgage loans.
Table 20 shows certain delinquency and loss information for the junior lien mortgage portfolio and lists the top five states by outstanding balance. The decrease in outstanding balances since December 31, 2017, predominantly reflects loan paydowns. As of September 30, 2018, 7% of the outstanding balance of the junior lien mortgage portfolio was associated with loans that had a combined loan to value (CLTV) ratio in excess of 100%. Of those junior lien mortgages with a CLTV ratio in excess of 100%, 2.81% were 30 days or more past due. CLTV means the ratio of the total loan balance of first lien mortgages and junior lien mortgages (including unused line amounts for credit line products) to property collateral value. The unsecured portion (the outstanding amount that was in excess of the most recent property collateral value) of the outstanding balances of these loans totaled 2% of the junior lien mortgage portfolio at September 30, 2018. For additional information on consumer loans by LTV/CLTV, see Table 6.12 in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Table 20: Junior Lien Mortgage Portfolio Performance
 
Outstanding balance
 
 
% of loans 30 days or more past due
 
Loss (recovery) rate (annualized) quarter ended
 
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017
 
Sep 30,
2018

 
Jun 30,
2018

 
Mar 31,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2017

California
$
9,498

 
10,599

 
1.79
%
 
2.09
 
(0.51
)
 
(0.56
)
 
(0.42
)
 
(0.35
)
 
(0.46
)
New Jersey
3,243

 
3,606

 
2.63

 
2.86
 
0.24

 
0.28

 
0.44

 
0.47

 
0.58

Florida
3,235

 
3,688

 
2.72

 
3.05
 
0.12

 
(0.05
)
 
(0.12
)
 
0.13

 
0.06

Virginia
2,093

 
2,358

 
2.00

 
2.34
 
0.16

 
0.30

 
0.25

 
0.15

 
0.33

Pennsylvania
1,986

 
2,210

 
2.35

 
2.37
 
0.18

 
0.13

 
0.06

 
0.11

 
0.47

Other
15,257

 
17,225

 
2.16

 
2.33
 
(0.05
)
 
(0.06
)
 
(0.05
)
 
(0.09
)
 
0.06

 Total
35,312


39,686

 
2.15

 
2.38
 
(0.10
)
 
(0.13
)
 
(0.09
)
 
(0.06
)
 
—

PCI
18

 
27

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total junior lien mortgages
$
35,330

 
39,713

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


39

Our junior lien, as well as first lien, lines of credit portfolios generally have draw periods of 10, 15 or 20 years with variable interest rate and payment options during the draw period of (1) interest only or (2) 1.5% of outstanding principal balance plus accrued interest. During the draw period, the borrower has the option of converting all or a portion of the line from a variable interest rate to a fixed rate with terms including interest-only payments for a fixed period between three to seven years or a fully amortizing payment with a fixed period between five to 30 years. At the end of the draw period, a line of credit generally converts to an amortizing payment schedule with repayment terms of up to 30 years based on the balance at time of conversion. Certain lines and loans have been structured with a balloon payment, which requires full repayment of the outstanding balance at the end of the term period. The conversion of lines or loans to fully amortizing or balloon payoff may result in a significant payment increase, which can affect some borrowers’ ability to repay the outstanding balance.
On a monthly basis, we monitor the payment characteristics of borrowers in our first and junior lien lines of credit portfolios. In September 2018, approximately 45% of these borrowers paid only the minimum amount due and approximately 50% paid more than the minimum amount due. The rest were either delinquent or paid less than the minimum amount due. For the
 
borrowers with an interest only payment feature, approximately 31% paid only the minimum amount due and approximately 63% paid more than the minimum amount due.
The lines that enter their amortization period may experience higher delinquencies and higher loss rates than the ones in their draw or term period. We have considered this increased inherent risk in our allowance for credit loss estimate.
In anticipation of our borrowers reaching the end of their contractual commitment, we have created a program to inform, educate and help these borrowers transition from interest-only to fully-amortizing payments or full repayment. We monitor the performance of the borrowers moving through the program in an effort to refine our ongoing program strategy.
Table 21 reflects the outstanding balance of our portfolio of junior lien mortgages, including lines and loans, and first lien lines segregated into scheduled end of draw or end of term periods and products that are currently amortizing, or in balloon repayment status. It excludes real estate 1-4 family first lien line reverse mortgages, which total $113 million, because they are predominantly insured by the FHA, and it excludes PCI loans, which total $35 million, because their losses were generally reflected in our nonaccretable difference established at the date of acquisition.
Table 21: Junior Lien Mortgage Line and Loan and First Lien Mortgage Line Portfolios Payment Schedule
 
 
 
 
 
Scheduled end of draw / term
 
 
 
(in millions)
Outstanding balance September 30, 2018

 
Remainder of 2018

 
2019

 
2020

 
2021

 
2022

 
2023 and
thereafter (1)

 
Amortizing

Junior lien lines and loans
$
35,312

 
138

 
514

 
539

 
1,157

 
4,104

 
17,039

 
11,821

First lien lines
12,084

 
69

 
185

 
212

 
523

 
1,946

 
7,110

 
2,039

Total (2)(3)
$
47,396

 
207

 
699

 
751

 
1,680

 
6,050

 
24,149

 
13,860

% of portfolios
100
%
 
—

 
1

 
2

 
4

 
13

 
51

 
29

(1)
Substantially all lines and loans are scheduled to convert to amortizing loans by the end of 2026, with annual scheduled amounts through that date ranging from $3.5 billion to $6.0 billion and averaging $4.8 billion per year.
(2)
Junior and first lien lines are primarily interest-only during their draw period. The unfunded credit commitments for junior and first lien lines totaled $60.6 billion at September 30, 2018.
(3)
Includes scheduled end-of-term balloon payments for lines and loans totaling $32 million, $202 million, $237 million, $386 million, $185 million and $62 million for 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 and thereafter, respectively. Amortizing lines and loans include $62 million of end-of-term balloon payments, which are past due. At September 30, 2018, $506 million, or 4% of outstanding lines of credit that are amortizing, are 30 days or more past due compared to $573 million or 2% for lines in their draw period.
CREDIT CARDS  Our credit card portfolio totaled $37.8 billion at September 30, 2018, which represented 4% of our total outstanding loans. The net charge-off rate (annualized) for our credit card portfolio was 3.22% for third quarter 2018, compared with 3.08% for third quarter 2017 and 3.50% and 3.43% for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively.
 
AUTOMOBILE  Our automobile portfolio, predominantly composed of indirect loans, totaled $46.1 billion at September 30, 2018. The net charge-off rate (annualized) for our automobile portfolio was 1.10% for third quarter 2018, compared with 1.41% for third quarter 2017 and 1.23% and 1.12% for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in net charge-offs in the first nine months of 2018, compared with 2017, was driven by higher severity.
 
OTHER REVOLVING CREDIT AND INSTALLMENT Other revolving credit and installment loans totaled $36.9 billion at September 30, 2018, and primarily included student and securities-based loans. Our private student loan portfolio totaled $11.5 billion at September 30, 2018. The net charge-off rate (annualized) for other revolving credit and installment loans was 1.44% for both third quarter 2018 and 2017 and 1.49% and 1.54% for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively.

40
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

NONPERFORMING ASSETS (NONACCRUAL LOANS AND FORECLOSED ASSETS) Table 22 summarizes nonperforming assets (NPAs) for each of the last four quarters. Total NPAs decreased $410 million from second quarter 2018 to $7.6 billion. Nonaccrual loans decreased $433 million from second quarter 2018 to $7.1 billion, reflecting both lower consumer and commercial nonaccruals. Foreclosed assets of $522 million were up $23 million from second quarter 2018.

We generally place loans on nonaccrual status when:
•
the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain (generally based on an assessment of the borrower’s financial condition and the adequacy of collateral, if any);
•
they are 90 days (120 days with respect to real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgages) past due for interest
 
or principal, unless both well-secured and in the process of collection;
•
part of the principal balance has been charged off;
•
for junior lien mortgages, we have evidence that the related first lien mortgage may be 120 days past due or in the process of foreclosure regardless of the junior lien delinquency status; or
•
consumer real estate and automobile loans receive notification of bankruptcy, regardless of their delinquency status.

Credit card loans are not placed on nonaccrual status, but are generally fully charged off when the loan reaches 180 days past due.

Table 22: Nonperforming Assets (Nonaccrual Loans and Foreclosed Assets)
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
 
March 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
($ in millions)
 
Balance

 
% of
total
loans

 
Balance

 
% of
total
loans

 
Balance

 
% of
total
loans

 
Balance

 
% of
total
loans

Nonaccrual loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
 
$
1,555

 
0.46
%
 
$
1,559

 
0.46
%
 
$
1,516

 
0.45
%
 
$
1,899

 
0.57
%
Real estate mortgage
 
603

 
0.50

 
765

 
0.62

 
755

 
0.60

 
628

 
0.50

Real estate construction
 
44

 
0.19

 
51

 
0.22

 
45

 
0.19

 
37

 
0.15

Lease financing
 
96

 
0.49

 
80

 
0.41

 
93

 
0.48

 
76

 
0.39

Total commercial
 
2,298

 
0.46

 
2,455

 
0.49

 
2,409

 
0.48

 
2,640

 
0.52

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (1)
 
3,605

 
1.27

 
3,829

 
1.35

 
4,053

 
1.43

 
4,122

 
1.45

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
 
984

 
2.79

 
1,029

 
2.82

 
1,087

 
2.87

 
1,086

 
2.73

Automobile
 
118

 
0.26

 
119

 
0.25

 
117

 
0.24

 
130

 
0.24

Other revolving credit and installment
 
48

 
0.13

 
54

 
0.14

 
53

 
0.14

 
58

 
0.15

Total consumer
 
4,755

 
1.08

 
5,031

 
1.14

 
5,310

 
1.20

 
5,396

 
1.19

Total nonaccrual loans (2)(3)(4)
 
7,053

 
0.75

 
7,486

 
0.79

 
7,719

 
0.81

 
8,036

 
0.84

Foreclosed assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government insured/guaranteed (5)
 
87

 
 
 
90

 
 
 
103

 
 
 
120

 
 
Non-government insured/guaranteed
 
435

 
 
 
409

 
 
 
468

 
 
 
522

 
 
Total foreclosed assets
 
522

 
 
 
499

 
 
 
571

 
 
 
642

 
 
Total nonperforming assets
 
$
7,575

 
0.80
%
 
$
7,985

 
0.85
%
 
$
8,290

 
0.88
%
 
$
8,678

 
0.91
%
Change in NPAs from prior quarter
 
$
(410
)
 
 
 
(305
)
 
 
 
(388
)
 
 
 
(647
)
 
 
(1)
Includes mortgage loans held for sale (MLHFS) of $132 million, $133 million, $137 million, and $136 million at September 30, June 30 and March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(2)
Excludes PCI loans because they continue to earn interest income from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms.
(3)
Real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA are not placed on nonaccrual status because they are insured or guaranteed.
(4)
See Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report for further information on impaired loans.
(5)
Consistent with regulatory reporting requirements, foreclosed real estate resulting from government insured/guaranteed loans are classified as nonperforming. However, both principal and interest related to these foreclosed real estate assets are collectible because the loans were predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. Foreclosure of certain government guaranteed residential real estate mortgage loans that meet criteria specified by Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-14, Classification of Certain Government-Guaranteed Mortgage Loans Upon Foreclosure, effective as of January 1, 2014, are excluded from this table and included in Accounts Receivable in Other Assets. For more information on the changes in foreclosures for government guaranteed residential real estate mortgage loans, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.

41

Table 23 provides an analysis of the changes in nonaccrual loans.
Table 23: Analysis of Changes in Nonaccrual Loans
 
Quarter ended
 
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Jun 30,
2018

 
Mar 31,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2017

Commercial nonaccrual loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
$
2,455

 
2,409

 
2,640

 
3,109

 
3,385

Inflows
774

 
726

 
605

 
617

 
627

Outflows:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Returned to accruing
(122
)
 
(43
)
 
(113
)
 
(126
)
 
(97
)
Foreclosures
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
(3
)
Charge-offs
(191
)
 
(133
)
 
(119
)
 
(139
)
 
(173
)
Payments, sales and other
(618
)
 
(504
)
 
(604
)
 
(820
)
 
(630
)
Total outflows
(931
)
 
(680
)
 
(836
)
 
(1,086
)
 
(903
)
Balance, end of period
2,298


2,455


2,409


2,640


3,109

Consumer nonaccrual loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
5,031

 
5,310

 
5,396

 
5,510

 
5,671

Inflows (1)
599

 
602

 
738

 
845

 
887

Outflows:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Returned to accruing
(325
)
 
(345
)
 
(376
)
 
(345
)
 
(397
)
Foreclosures
(62
)
 
(53
)
 
(62
)
 
(72
)
 
(56
)
Charge-offs
(65
)
 
(86
)
 
(88
)
 
(94
)
 
(109
)
Payments, sales and other
(423
)
 
(397
)
 
(298
)
 
(448
)
 
(486
)
Total outflows
(875
)
 
(881
)
 
(824
)
 
(959
)
 
(1,048
)
Balance, end of period
4,755


5,031


5,310


5,396


5,510

Total nonaccrual loans
$
7,053

 
7,486

 
7,719

 
8,036

 
8,619

(1)
Quarter ended September 30, 2017, includes an incremental $171 million of nonaccrual loans, reflecting updated industry regulatory guidance related to loans in bankruptcy.
Typically, changes to nonaccrual loans period-over-period represent inflows for loans that are placed on nonaccrual status in accordance with our policy, offset by reductions for loans that are paid down, charged off, sold, foreclosed, or are no longer classified as nonaccrual as a result of continued performance and an improvement in the borrower’s financial condition and loan repayment capabilities. Also, reductions can come from borrower repayments even if the loan remains on nonaccrual.
While nonaccrual loans are not free of loss content, we believe exposure to loss is significantly mitigated by the following factors at September 30, 2018:
•
over 99% of total commercial nonaccrual loans and 99% of total consumer nonaccrual loans are secured. Of the consumer nonaccrual loans, 97% are secured by real estate and 85% have a combined LTV (CLTV) ratio of 80% or less.
•
losses of $358 million and $1.6 billion have already been recognized on 21% of commercial nonaccrual loans and 42% of consumer nonaccrual loans, respectively. Generally, when a consumer real estate loan is 120 days past due (except when required earlier by guidance issued by bank regulatory agencies), we transfer it to nonaccrual status. When the loan reaches 180 days past due, or is active or discharged in bankruptcy, it is our policy to write these loans down to net realizable value (fair value of collateral less estimated costs to sell). Thereafter, we re-evaluate each loan regularly and record additional write-downs if needed.

 
•
84% of commercial nonaccrual loans were current on interest, but were on nonaccrual status because the full or timely collection of interest or principal had become uncertain.
•
76% of commercial nonaccrual loans were current on both principal and interest, but will remain on nonaccrual status until the full and timely collection of principal and interest becomes certain.
•
the remaining risk of loss of all nonaccrual loans has been considered and we believe is adequately covered by the allowance for loan losses.
•
of $2.1 billion of consumer loans in bankruptcy or discharged in bankruptcy, and classified as nonaccrual, $1.4 billion were current.

We continue to work with our customers experiencing financial difficulty to determine if they can qualify for a loan modification so that they can stay in their homes. Under our proprietary modification programs, customers may be required to provide updated documentation, and some programs require completion of payment during trial periods to demonstrate sustained performance before the loan can be removed from nonaccrual status.

42
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

Table 24 provides a summary of foreclosed assets and an analysis of changes in foreclosed assets.

Table 24: Foreclosed Assets
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Jun 30,
2018

 
Mar 31,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2017

Summary by loan segment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government insured/guaranteed
$
87

 
90

 
103

 
120

 
137

PCI loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
31

 
42

 
59

 
57

 
67

Consumer
63

 
61

 
58

 
62

 
72

Total PCI loans
94

 
103

 
117

 
119

 
139

All other loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
170

 
134

 
162

 
207

 
226

Consumer
171

 
172

 
189

 
196

 
204

Total all other loans
341

 
306

 
351

 
403

 
430

Total foreclosed assets
$
522

 
499

 
571

 
642

 
706

Analysis of changes in foreclosed assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
$
499

 
571

 
642

 
706

 
781

Net change in government insured/guaranteed (1)
(3
)
 
(13
)
 
(17
)
 
(17
)
 
(12
)
Additions to foreclosed assets (2)
209

 
191

 
185

 
180

 
198

Reductions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sales
(181
)
 
(257
)
 
(245
)
 
(231
)
 
(257
)
Write-downs and gains (losses) on sales
(2
)
 
7

 
6

 
4

 
(4
)
Total reductions
(183
)
 
(250
)
 
(239
)
 
(227
)
 
(261
)
Balance, end of period
$
522

 
499

 
571

 
642

 
706

(1)
Foreclosed government insured/guaranteed loans are temporarily transferred to and held by us as servicer, until reimbursement is received from FHA or VA. The net change in government insured/guaranteed foreclosed assets is generally made up of inflows from mortgages held for investment and MLHFS, and outflows when we are reimbursed by FHA/VA.
(2)
Includes loans moved into foreclosure from nonaccrual status, PCI loans transitioned directly to foreclosed assets and repossessed automobiles.

Foreclosed assets at September 30, 2018, included $317 million of foreclosed residential real estate, of which 27% is predominantly FHA insured or VA guaranteed and expected to have minimal or no loss content. The remaining foreclosed assets balance of $205 million has been written down to estimated net realizable value. Of the $522 million in foreclosed assets at September 30, 2018, 63% have been in the foreclosed assets portfolio one year or less.


43

TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS (TDRs)

Table 25: Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs)
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018


Jun 30,
2018


Mar 31,
2018


Dec 31,
2017


Sep 30,
2017

Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
1,837

 
1,792

 
1,703

 
2,096

 
2,424

Real estate mortgage
782

 
904

 
939

 
901

 
953

Real estate construction
49

 
40

 
45

 
44

 
48

Lease financing
65

 
50

 
53

 
35

 
39

Total commercial TDRs
2,733

 
2,786

 
2,740

 
3,076

 
3,464

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
10,967

 
11,387

 
11,782

 
12,080

 
12,617

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
1,689

 
1,735

 
1,794

 
1,849

 
1,919

Credit Card
431

 
410

 
386

 
356

 
340

Automobile
91

 
81

 
83

 
87

 
88

Other revolving credit and installment
146

 
141

 
137

 
126

 
124

Trial modifications
163

 
200

 
198

 
194

 
183

Total consumer TDRs
13,487

 
13,954

 
14,380

 
14,692

 
15,271

Total TDRs
$
16,220

 
16,740

 
17,120

 
17,768

 
18,735

TDRs on nonaccrual status
$
4,298

 
4,454

 
4,428

 
4,801

 
5,218

TDRs on accrual status:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government insured/guaranteed
1,308

 
1,368

 
1,375

 
1,359

 
1,377

Non-government insured/guaranteed
10,614

 
10,918

 
11,317

 
11,608

 
12,140

Total TDRs
$
16,220

 
16,740

 
17,120

 
17,768

 
18,735


Table 25 provides information regarding the recorded investment of loans modified in TDRs. The allowance for loan losses for TDRs was $1.3 billion and $1.6 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. See Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report for additional information regarding TDRs. In those situations where principal is forgiven, the entire amount of such forgiveness is immediately charged off to the extent not done so prior to the modification. When we delay the timing on the repayment of a portion of principal (principal forbearance), we charge off the amount of forbearance if that amount is not considered fully collectible.
 
For more information on our nonaccrual policies when a restructuring is involved, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs)” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Table 26 provides an analysis of the changes in TDRs. Loans modified more than once are reported as TDR inflows only in the period they are first modified. Other than resolutions such as foreclosures, sales and transfers to held for sale, we may remove loans held for investment from TDR classification, but only if they have been refinanced or restructured at market terms and qualify as a new loan.

44
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

Table 26: Analysis of Changes in TDRs
 
 
 
 
 
Quarter ended
 
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Jun 30,
2018

 
Mar 31,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2017

Commercial TDRs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of quarter
$
2,786

 
2,740

 
3,076

 
3,464

 
3,736

Inflows (1)(2)
588

 
481

 
321

 
412

 
333

Outflows
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Charge-offs
(92
)
 
(41
)
 
(63
)
 
(65
)
 
(74
)
Foreclosures
(13
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
Payments, sales and other (2)(3)
(536
)
 
(394
)
 
(594
)
 
(734
)
 
(529
)
Balance, end of quarter
2,733

 
2,786

 
2,740

 
3,076

 
3,464

Consumer TDRs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of quarter
13,954

 
14,380

 
14,692

 
15,271

 
15,850

Inflows (1)
414

 
467

 
487

 
395

 
461

Outflows
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Charge-offs
(56
)
 
(56
)
 
(54
)
 
(52
)
 
(51
)
Foreclosures
(116
)
 
(133
)
 
(131
)
 
(135
)
 
(146
)
Payments, sales and other (3)
(672
)
 
(706
)
 
(618
)
 
(798
)
 
(811
)
Net change in trial modifications (4)
(37
)
 
2

 
4

 
11

 
(32
)
Balance, end of quarter
13,487

 
13,954

 
14,380

 
14,692

 
15,271

Total TDRs
$
16,220

 
16,740

 
17,120

 
17,768

 
18,735

(1)
Inflows include loans that modify, even if they resolve within the period, as well as gross advances on term loans that modified in a prior period and net advances on revolving commercial TDRs that modified in a prior period.
(2)
Information for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 has been revised to offset payments and advances (i.e. inflows) on revolving commercial TDRs, for consistent presentation of this activity for all periods.
(3)
Other outflows include normal amortization/accretion of loan basis adjustments and loans transferred to held-for-sale. It also includes $5 million and $6 million of loans refinanced or restructured at market terms and qualifying as new loans and removed from TDR classification for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively, while no loans were removed from TDR classification for the quarters ended September 30 and June 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017.
(4)
Net change in trial modifications includes: inflows of new TDRs entering the trial payment period, net of outflows for modifications that either (i) successfully perform and enter into a permanent modification, or (ii) did not successfully perform according to the terms of the trial period plan and are subsequently charged-off, foreclosed upon or otherwise resolved.


45

LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING
Loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing if they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans or consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans are not included in past due and still accruing loans even when they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms.
Excluding insured/guaranteed loans, loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing at September 30, 2018, were down $130 million, or 12%, from December 31, 2017, due to payoffs, modifications and other loss mitigation activities and credit
 
stabilization. Also, fluctuations from quarter to quarter are influenced by seasonality.
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA for mortgages were $8.3 billion at September 30, 2018, down from $10.9 billion at December 31, 2017, due to an improvement in delinquencies in the portfolio as well as a higher volume of loan modifications.
Table 27 reflects non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing by class for loans not government insured/guaranteed. For additional information on delinquencies by loan class, see Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Table 27: Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing
(in millions)
Sep 30, 2018

 
Jun 30, 2018

 
Mar 31, 2018

 
Dec 31, 2017

 
Sep 30, 2017

Total (excluding PCI (1)):
$
9,209

 
9,464

 
10,753

 
11,997

 
10,227

Less: FHA insured/VA guaranteed (2)(3)
8,276

 
8,622

 
9,786

 
10,934

 
9,266

Total, not government insured/guaranteed
$
933

 
842

 
967

 
1,063

 
961

By segment and class, not government insured/guaranteed:
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
42

 
23

 
40

 
26

 
27

Real estate mortgage
56

 
26

 
23

 
23

 
11

Real estate construction
—

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
—

Total commercial
98


49


64


49


38

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (3)
129

 
133

 
164

 
219

 
190

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (3)
32

 
33

 
48

 
60

 
49

Credit card
460

 
429

 
473

 
492

 
475

Automobile
108

 
105

 
113

 
143

 
111

Other revolving credit and installment
106

 
93

 
105

 
100

 
98

Total consumer
835

 
793


903


1,014


923

Total, not government insured/guaranteed
$
933

 
842


967


1,063


961

(1)
PCI loans totaled $567 million, $811 million, $1.0 billion, $1.4 billion, and $1.4 billion at September 30, June 30 and March 31, 2018, and December 31 and September 30, 2017, respectively.
(2)
Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA.
(3)
Includes mortgage loans held for sale 90 days or more past due and still accruing.


46
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

NET CHARGE-OFFS

Table 28: Net Charge-offs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quarter ended 
 
 
Sep 30, 2018
 
 
Jun 30, 2018
 
 
Mar 31, 2018
 
 
Dec 31, 2017
 
 
Sep 30, 2017
 
($ in millions)
Net loan
charge-
offs

 
% of 
avg. 
loans(1) 

 
Net loan
charge-
offs

 
% of avg. loans (1)

 
Net loan
charge-
offs

 
% of avg. loans (1)

 
Net loan
charge-offs

 
% of
avg. loans (1)

 
Net loan
charge-offs

 
% of
avg.
loans (1)

Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
148

 
0.18
 %
 
$
58

 
0.07
 %
 
$
85

 
0.10
 %
 
$
118

 
0.14
 %
 
$
125

 
0.15
 %
Real estate mortgage
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(15
)
 
(0.05
)
 
(10
)
 
(0.03
)
 
(3
)
 
(0.01
)
Real estate construction
(2
)
 
(0.04
)
 
(6
)
 
(0.09
)
 
(4
)
 
(0.07
)
 
(3
)
 
(0.05
)
 
(15
)
 
(0.24
)
Lease financing
7

 
0.14

 
15

 
0.32

 
12

 
0.25

 
10

 
0.20

 
6

 
0.12

Total commercial
152

 
0.12

 
67

 
0.05

 
78

 
0.06

 
115

 
0.09

 
113

 
0.09

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family
first mortgage
(25
)
 
(0.04
)
 
(23
)
 
(0.03
)
 
(18
)
 
(0.03
)
 
(23
)
 
(0.03
)
 
(16
)
 
(0.02
)
Real estate 1-4 family
junior lien mortgage
(9
)
 
(0.10
)
 
(13
)
 
(0.13
)
 
(8
)
 
(0.09
)
 
(7
)
 
(0.06
)
 
1

 
—

Credit card
299

 
3.22

 
323

 
3.61

 
332

 
3.69

 
336

 
3.66

 
277

 
3.08

Automobile
130

 
1.10

 
113

 
0.93

 
208

 
1.64

 
188

 
1.38

 
202

 
1.41

Other revolving credit and
installment
133

 
1.44

 
135

 
1.44

 
149

 
1.60

 
142

 
1.46

 
140

 
1.44

Total consumer
528

 
0.47

 
535

 
0.49

 
663

 
0.60

 
636

 
0.56

 
604

 
0.53

Total
$
680

 
0.29
 %
 
$
602

 
0.26
 %
 
$
741

 
0.32
 %
 
$
751

 
0.31
 %
 
$
717

 
0.30
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Quarterly net charge-offs (recoveries) as a percentage of average respective loans are annualized.

Table 28 presents net charge-offs for third quarter 2018 and the previous four quarters. Net charge-offs in third quarter 2018 were $680 million (0.29% of average total loans outstanding) compared with $717 million (0.30%) in third quarter 2017.
The increase in commercial net charge-offs from third quarter 2017 was due to higher commercial and industrial loan charge-offs and lower recoveries. Our commercial real estate portfolios were in a net recovery position. Total net charge-offs decreased from the prior year across all consumer portfolios, except for the credit card portfolio, which had a slight increase.
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES  The allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments, is management’s estimate of credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio and unfunded credit commitments at the balance sheet date, excluding loans carried at fair value. The detail of the changes in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment (including charge-offs and recoveries by loan class) is in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
 
We apply a disciplined process and methodology to establish our allowance for credit losses each quarter. This process takes into consideration many factors, including historical and forecasted loss trends, loan-level credit quality ratings and loan grade-specific characteristics. The process involves subjective and complex judgments. In addition, we review a variety of credit metrics and trends. These credit metrics and trends, however, do not solely determine the amount of the allowance as we use several analytical tools. Our estimation approach for the commercial portfolio reflects the estimated probability of default in accordance with the borrower’s financial strength, and the severity of loss in the event of default, considering the quality of any underlying collateral. Probability of default and severity at the time of default are statistically derived through historical observations of defaults and losses after default within each credit risk rating. Our estimation approach for the consumer portfolio uses forecasted losses that represent our best estimate of inherent loss based on historical experience, quantitative and other mathematical techniques. For additional information on our allowance for credit losses, see the “Critical Accounting Policies – Allowance for Credit Losses” section in our 2017 Form 10-K and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Table 29 presents the allocation of the allowance for credit losses by loan segment and class for the most recent quarter end and last four year ends.

47

Table 29: Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)
 
Sep 30, 2018
 
 
Dec 31, 2017
 
 
Dec 31, 2016
 
 
Dec 31, 2015
 
 
Dec 31, 2014
 
(in millions)
ACL

 
Loans
as %
of total
loans

 
ACL

 
Loans
as %
of total
loans

 
ACL

 
Loans
as %
of total
loans

 
ACL

 
Loans
as %
of total
loans

 
ACL

 
Loans
as %
of total
loans

Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
3,759

 
36
%
 
$
3,752

 
35
%
 
$
4,560

 
34
%
 
$
4,231

 
33
%
 
$
3,506

 
32
%
Real estate mortgage
1,281

 
13

 
1,374

 
13

 
1,320

 
14

 
1,264

 
13

 
1,576

 
13

Real estate construction
1,228

 
2

 
1,238

 
3

 
1,294

 
2

 
1,210

 
3

 
1,097

 
2

Lease financing
300

 
2

 
268

 
2

 
220

 
2

 
167

 
1

 
198

 
1

Total commercial
6,568

 
53

 
6,632

 
53

 
7,394

 
52

 
6,872

 
50

 
6,377

 
48

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
827

 
30

 
1,085

 
30

 
1,270

 
29

 
1,895

 
30

 
2,878

 
31

Real estate 1-4 family
junior lien mortgage
493

 
4

 
608

 
4

 
815

 
5

 
1,223

 
6

 
1,566

 
7

Credit card
1,959

 
4

 
1,944

 
4

 
1,605

 
4

 
1,412

 
4

 
1,271

 
4

Automobile
546

 
5

 
1,039

 
5

 
817

 
6

 
529

 
6

 
516

 
6

Other revolving credit and installment
563

 
4

 
652

 
4

 
639

 
4

 
581

 
4

 
561

 
4

Total consumer
4,388

 
47

 
5,328

 
47

 
5,146

 
48

 
5,640

 
50

 
6,792

 
52

Total
$
10,956

 
100
%
 
$
11,960

 
100
%
 
$
12,540

 
100
%
 
$
12,512

 
100
%
 
$
13,169

 
100
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sep 30, 2018
 
 
Dec 31, 2017
 
 
Dec 31, 2016
 
 
Dec 31, 2015
 
 
Dec 31, 2014
 
Components:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
$
10,021
 
 
11,004
 
 
11,419
 
 
11,545
 
 
12,319
 
Allowance for unfunded
credit commitments
935
 
 
956
 
 
1,121
 
 
967
 
 
850
 
Allowance for credit losses
$
10,956
 
 
11,960
 
 
12,540
 
 
12,512
 
 
13,169
 
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans
1.06
%
 
1.15
 
 
1.18
 
 
1.26
 
 
1.43
 
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total net charge-offs (1)
371
 
 
376
 
 
324
 
 
399
 
 
418
 
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans
1.16
 
 
1.25
 
 
1.30
 
 
1.37
 
 
1.53
 
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total nonaccrual loans
155
 
 
149
 
 
121
 
 
110
 
 
103
 
(1)
Total net charge-offs are annualized for quarter ended September 30, 2018.

In addition to the allowance for credit losses, there was $419 million at September 30, 2018, and $474 million at December 31, 2017 of nonaccretable difference to absorb losses for PCI loans, which totaled $6.9 billion at September 30, 2018. The allowance for credit losses is lower than otherwise would have been required without PCI loan accounting. As a result of PCI loans, certain ratios of the Company may not be directly comparable with credit-related metrics for other financial institutions. Additionally, loans purchased at fair value, including loans from the GE Capital business acquisitions in 2016, generally reflect a lifetime credit loss adjustment and therefore do not initially require additions to the allowance as is typically associated with loan growth. For additional information on PCI loans, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” section and Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses) to Financial Statements in this Report.
The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total nonaccrual loans may fluctuate significantly from period to period due to such factors as the mix of loan types in the portfolio, borrower credit strength and the value and marketability of collateral.
 
The allowance for credit losses decreased $1.0 billion, or 8%, from December 31, 2017, due to an improvement in our outlook for 2017 hurricane-related losses, as well as continued improvement in residential real estate and lower loan balances. Total provision for credit losses was $580 million in third quarter 2018, compared with $717 million in third quarter 2017, reflecting the same changes mentioned above for the allowance for credit losses.
We believe the allowance for credit losses of $11.0 billion at September 30, 2018, was appropriate to cover credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio, including unfunded credit commitments, at that date. The entire allowance is available to absorb credit losses inherent in the total loan portfolio. The allowance for credit losses is subject to change and reflects existing factors as of the date of determination, including economic or market conditions and ongoing internal and external examination processes. Due to the sensitivity of the allowance for credit losses to changes in the economic and business environment, it is possible that we will incur incremental credit losses not anticipated as of the balance sheet date. Future allowance levels will be based on a variety of factors, including

48
Risk Management - Credit Risk Management (continued)

loan growth, portfolio performance and general economic conditions. Our process for determining the allowance for credit losses is discussed in the “Critical Accounting Policies – Allowance for Credit Losses” section and Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
LIABILITY FOR MORTGAGE LOAN REPURCHASE LOSSES 
In connection with our sales and securitization of residential mortgage loans to various parties, we have established a mortgage repurchase liability, initially at fair value, related to various representations and warranties that reflect management’s estimate of losses for loans for which we could have a repurchase obligation, whether or not we currently service those loans, based on a combination of factors. Our mortgage repurchase liability estimation process also incorporates a forecast of repurchase demands associated with mortgage insurance rescission activity.
Because we typically retain the servicing for the mortgage loans we sell or securitize, we believe the quality of our residential mortgage loan servicing portfolio provides helpful information in evaluating our repurchase liability. Of the $1.5 trillion in the residential mortgage loan servicing portfolio at September 30, 2018, 96% was current and less than 1% was subprime at origination. Our combined delinquency and foreclosure rate on this portfolio was 4.32% at September 30, 2018, compared with 5.14% at December 31, 2017. One percent of this portfolio is private label securitizations for which we originated the loans and, therefore, have some repurchase risk.
The overall level of unresolved repurchase demands and mortgage insurance rescissions outstanding at September 30, 2018, was $62 million, representing 294 loans, down from a year ago both in number of outstanding loans and in total dollar balances. The decrease was predominantly due to private investor demands which we resolved in third quarter 2018.
Our liability for mortgage repurchases, included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” in our consolidated balance sheet, represents our best estimate of the probable loss that we expect to incur for various representations and warranties in the contractual provisions of our sales of mortgage loans. The liability was $178 million at September 30, 2018, and $181 million at December 31, 2017. In third quarter 2018, we recorded a provision of $1 million predominantly due to loan sales, which decreased net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities, compared with a release of $6 million in third quarter 2017. We incurred net losses on repurchased loans and investor reimbursements totaling $2 million in third quarter 2018 and $3 million in third quarter 2017.
 
Because of the uncertainty in the various estimates underlying the mortgage repurchase liability, there is a range of losses in excess of the recorded mortgage repurchase liability that are reasonably possible. The estimate of the range of possible loss for representations and warranties does not represent a probable loss, and is based on currently available information, significant judgment, and a number of assumptions that are subject to change. The high end of this range of reasonably possible losses exceeded our recorded liability by $201 million at September 30, 2018, and was determined based upon modifying the assumptions (particularly to assume significant changes in investor repurchase demand practices) used in our best estimate of probable loss to reflect what we believe to be the high end of reasonably possible adverse assumptions.
For additional information on our repurchase liability, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Liability For Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses” section in our 2017 Form 10-K and Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities) to Financial Statements in this Report.

RISKS RELATING TO SERVICING ACTIVITIES In addition to servicing loans in our portfolio, we act as servicer and/or master servicer of residential mortgage loans included in GSE-guaranteed mortgage securitizations, GNMA-guaranteed mortgage securitizations of FHA-insured/VA-guaranteed mortgages and private label mortgage securitizations, as well as for unsecuritized loans owned by institutional investors. In connection with our servicing activities, we could become subject to consent orders and settlement agreements with federal and state regulators for alleged servicing issues and practices. In general, these can require us to provide customers with loan modification relief, refinancing relief, and foreclosure prevention and assistance, as well as can impose certain monetary penalties on us.
For additional information about the risks related to our servicing activities, see the “Risk Management – Credit Risk Management – Risks Relating to Servicing Activities” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.



49

Asset/Liability Management
Asset/liability management involves evaluating, monitoring and managing interest rate risk, market risk, liquidity and funding. Primary oversight of interest rate risk and market risk resides with the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors (Board), which oversees the administration and effectiveness of financial risk management policies and processes used to assess and manage these risks. Primary oversight of liquidity and funding resides with the Risk Committee of the Board. At the management level we utilize a Corporate Asset/Liability Management Committee (Corporate ALCO), which consists of senior financial, risk, and business executives, to oversee these risks and report on them periodically to the Board’s Finance Committee and Risk Committee as appropriate. As discussed in more detail for market risk activities below, we employ separate management level oversight specific to market risk.
 
INTEREST RATE RISK Interest rate risk, which potentially can have a significant earnings impact, is an integral part of being a financial intermediary. We are subject to interest rate risk because:
•
assets and liabilities may mature or reprice at different times (for example, if assets reprice faster than liabilities and interest rates are generally rising, earnings will initially increase);
•
assets and liabilities may reprice at the same time but by different amounts (for example, when the general level of interest rates is rising, we may increase rates paid on checking and savings deposit accounts by an amount that is less than the general rise in market interest rates);
•
short-term and long-term market interest rates may change by different amounts (for example, the shape of the yield curve may affect new loan yields and funding costs differently);
•
the remaining maturity of various assets or liabilities may shorten or lengthen as interest rates change (for example, if long-term mortgage interest rates increase sharply, MBS held in the debt securities portfolio may pay down slower than anticipated, which could impact portfolio income); or
•
interest rates may also have a direct or indirect effect on loan demand, collateral values, credit losses, mortgage origination volume, the fair value of MSRs and other financial instruments, the value of the pension liability and other items affecting earnings.

We assess interest rate risk by comparing outcomes under various net interest income simulations using many interest rate scenarios that differ in the direction of interest rate changes, the degree of change over time, the speed of change and the projected shape of the yield curve. These simulations require assumptions regarding drivers of earnings and balance sheet composition such as loan originations, prepayment speeds on loans and debt securities, deposit flows and mix, as well as pricing strategies.
Currently, our profile is such that we project net interest income will benefit modestly from higher interest rates as our assets would reprice faster and to a greater degree than our liabilities, while in the case of lower interest rates, our assets would reprice downward and to a greater degree than our liabilities.
Our most recent simulations estimate net interest income sensitivity over the next two years under a range of both lower and higher interest rates. Measured impacts from standardized ramps (gradual changes) and shocks (instantaneous changes) are summarized in Table 30, indicating net interest income sensitivity relative to the Company's base net interest income
 
plan. Ramp scenarios assume interest rates move gradually in parallel across the yield curve relative to the base scenario in year one, and the full amount of the ramp is held as a constant differential to the base scenario in year two. The following describes the simulation assumptions for the scenarios presented in Table 30:
•
Simulations are dynamic and reflect anticipated growth across assets and liabilities.
•
Other macroeconomic variables that could be correlated with the changes in interest rates are held constant.
•
Mortgage prepayment and origination assumptions vary across scenarios and reflect only the impact of the higher or lower interest rates.
•
Our base scenario deposit forecast incorporates mix changes consistent with the base interest rate trajectory. Deposit mix is modeled to be the same as in the base scenario across the alternative scenarios. In higher interest rate scenarios, customer activity that shifts balances into higher-yielding products could reduce expected net interest income.
•
We hold the size of the projected debt and equity securities portfolios constant across scenarios.
Table 30: Net Interest Income Sensitivity Over Next Two-Year Horizon Relative to Base Expectation
 
 
 
Lower Rates
 
Higher Rates
($ in billions)
Base
 
100 bps
Ramp
Parallel
 Decrease
 
100 bps Instantaneous
Parallel
Increase
 
200 bps
Ramp
Parallel
Increase
First Year of Forecasting Horizon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Interest Income Sensitivity to Base Scenario
 
$
(1.0) - (0.5)
 
0.8 - 1.3
 
0.8 - 1.3
Key Rates at Horizon End
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fed Funds Target
3.00
%
2.00
 
4.00
 
5.00
10-year CMT (1)
3.47
 
2.47
 
4.47
 
5.47
Second Year of Forecasting Horizon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Interest Income Sensitivity to Base Scenario
 
$
(1.9) - (1.4)
 
1.2 - 1.7
 
2.0 - 2.5
Key Rates at Horizon End
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fed Funds Target
3.00
%
2.00
 
4.00
 
5.00
10-year CMT (1)
3.81
 
2.81
 
4.81
 
5.81
(1)
U.S. Constant Maturity Treasury Rate

The sensitivity results above do not capture interest rate sensitive noninterest income and expense impacts. Our interest rate sensitive noninterest income and expense is predominantly driven by mortgage activity, and may move in the opposite direction of our net interest income. Typically, in response to higher interest rates, mortgage activity, primarily refinancing activity, generally declines. And in response to lower interest rates, mortgage activity generally increases. Mortgage results are also impacted by the valuation of MSRs and related hedge positions. See the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” section in this Report for more information.
Interest rate sensitive noninterest income also results from changes in earnings credit for non-interest bearing deposits that reduce treasury management deposit service fees. Furthermore, for the trading portfolio, interest rate changes may result in net interest income compression (generally as interest rates rise) or expansion (generally as interest rates fall) that does not reflect the offsetting effects of certain economic hedges. Instead, as a result of GAAP requirements, the effects of such economic hedges are recorded in noninterest income.

50
Asset/Liability Management (continued)

We use the debt securities portfolio and exchange-traded and over-the-counter (OTC) interest rate derivatives to hedge our interest rate exposures. See the “Balance Sheet Analysis – Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities” section in this Report for more information on the use of the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities portfolios. The notional or contractual amount, credit risk amount and fair value of the derivatives used to hedge our interest rate risk exposures as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, are presented in Note 14 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in this Report. We use derivatives for asset/liability management in two main ways:
•
to convert the cash flows from selected asset and/or liability instruments/portfolios including investments, commercial loans and long-term debt, from fixed-rate payments to floating-rate payments, or vice versa; and
•
to economically hedge our mortgage origination pipeline, funded mortgage loans and MSRs using interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures, forwards and options.
 
MORTGAGE BANKING INTEREST RATE AND MARKET RISK  We originate, fund and service mortgage loans, which subjects us to various risks, including credit, liquidity and interest rate risks. For more information on mortgage banking interest rate and market risk, see the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Mortgage Banking Interest Rate and Market Risk” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.
While our hedging activities are designed to balance our mortgage banking interest rate risks, the financial instruments we use may not perfectly correlate with the values and income being hedged. For example, the change in the value of ARM production held for sale from changes in mortgage interest rates may or may not be fully offset by index-based financial instruments used as economic hedges for such ARMs. Additionally, hedge-carry income on our economic hedges for the MSRs may not continue at recent levels if the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates decreases, the overall level of hedges changes as interest rates change, or there are other changes in the market for mortgage forwards that affect the implied carry.
The total carrying value of our residential and commercial MSRs was $17.4 billion at September 30, 2018, and $15.0 billion at December 31, 2017. The weighted-average note rate on our portfolio of loans serviced for others was 4.29% at September 30, 2018, and 4.23% at December 31, 2017. The carrying value of our total MSRs represented 1.02% of mortgage loans serviced for others at September 30, 2018, and 0.88% of mortgage loans serviced for others at December 31, 2017.
 
 
MARKET RISK Market risk is the risk of loss in the trading book associated with adverse changes in market risk factors such as interest rates, credit spreads, foreign exchange rates, equity, and commodity prices. The Finance Committee of our Board reviews the acceptable market risk appetite for our trading activities.

MARKET RISK – TRADING ACTIVITIES  We engage in trading activities to accommodate the investment and risk management activities of our customers and to execute economic hedging to manage certain balance sheet risks. These trading activities predominantly occur within our Wholesale Banking businesses and to a lesser extent other divisions of the Company. Debt securities held for trading, equity securities held for trading, trading loans and trading derivatives are financial instruments used in our trading activities, and all are carried at fair value. Income earned on the financial instruments used in our trading activities include net interest income, changes in fair value and realized gains and losses. Net interest income earned from our trading activities is reflected in the interest income and interest expense components of our income statement. Changes in fair value of the financial instruments used in our trading activities are reflected in net gains on trading activities, a component of noninterest income in our income statement. For more information on the financial instruments used in our trading activities and the income from these trading activities, see Note 4 (Trading Activities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
The Company uses value-at-risk (VaR) metrics complemented with sensitivity analysis and stress testing in measuring and monitoring market risk. VaR is a statistical risk measure used to estimate the potential loss from adverse moves in the financial markets. For more information, see the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Market Risk – Trading Activities” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Trading VaR is the measure used to provide insight into the market risk exhibited by the Company’s trading positions. The
Company calculates Trading VaR for risk management purposes to establish line of business and Company-wide risk limits. Trading VaR is calculated based on all trading positions on our balance sheet.

51

Table 31 shows the Company’s Trading General VaR by risk category. As presented in Table 31, average Company Trading General VaR was $12 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, compared with $15 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, and $15 million for the quarter ended
 
September 30, 2017. The decrease in average Company Trading General VaR for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, compared with the quarter ended June 30, 2018, was mainly driven by changes in portfolio composition.
Table 31: Trading 1-Day 99% General VaR by Risk Category
 
 
 
Quarter ended
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
September 30, 2017
 
(in millions)
Period
end

 
Average

 
Low

 
High

 
Period
end

 
Average

 
Low

 
High

Period
end

 
Average

 
Low

 
High

Company Trading General VaR Risk Categories
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit
$
13

 
17

 
11

 
55

 
17

 
18

 
15

 
20

18

 
26

 
18

 
35

Interest rate
18

 
18

 
6

 
52

 
18

 
17

 
11

 
24

7

 
13

 
7

 
20

Equity
5

 
5

 
4

 
7

 
8

 
7

 
5

 
16

13

 
11

 
9

 
14

Commodity
2

 
1

 
1

 
2

 
1

 
1

 
1

 
1

2

 
1

 
1

 
2

Foreign exchange
0

 
1

 
0

 
1

 
0

 
0

 
0

 
1

0

 
1

 
0

 
1

Diversification benefit (1)
(25
)
 
(30
)
 
 
 
 
 
(29
)
 
(28
)
 
 
 
 
(22
)
 
(37
)
 
 
 
 
Company Trading General VaR
$
13

 
12

 
 
 
 
 
15

 
15

 
 
 
 
18

 
15

 
 
 
 
(1)
The period-end VaR was less than the sum of the VaR components described above, which is due to portfolio diversification. The diversification effect arises because the risks are not perfectly correlated causing a portfolio of positions to usually be less risky than the sum of the risks of the positions alone. The diversification benefit is not meaningful for low and high metrics since they may occur on different days.

Market Risk Governance, Measurement, Monitoring and Model Risk Management We employ a well-defined and structured market risk governance process and market risk measurement process, which incorporates VaR measurements combined with sensitivity analysis and stress testing to help us monitor our market risk. These monitoring measurements require the use of market risk models, which we govern by our Corporate Model Risk policies and procedures. For more information on our governance, measurement, monitoring, and model risk management practices, see the “Risk Management – Asset/Liability Management – Market Risk – Trading Activities” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.

MARKET RISK – EQUITY SECURITIES  We are directly and indirectly affected by changes in the equity markets. We make and manage direct investments in start-up businesses, emerging growth companies, management buy-outs, acquisitions and corporate recapitalizations. We also invest in non-affiliated funds that make similar private equity investments. These private equity investments are made within capital allocations approved by management and the Board. The Board’s policy is to review business developments, key risks and historical returns for the private equity investment portfolio at least annually. Management reviews these investments at least quarterly and assesses them for possible OTTI and observable price changes. For nonmarketable equity securities, the analysis is based on facts and circumstances of each individual investment and the expectations for that investment’s cash flows, capital needs, the viability of its business model, our exit strategy, and observable price changes that are similar to the investment held. Investments in nonmarketable equity securities include private equity investments accounted for under the equity method, fair value through net income, and the measurement alternative.
 
In conjunction with the March 2008 initial public offering (IPO) of Visa, Inc. (Visa), we received approximately 20.7 million shares of Visa Class B common stock, the class which was apportioned to member banks of Visa at the time of the IPO. To manage our exposure to Visa and realize the value of the appreciated Visa shares, we incrementally sold these shares
through a series of sales, thereby eliminating this position as of September 30, 2015. As part of these sales, we agreed to compensate the buyer for any additional contributions to a litigation settlement fund for the litigation matters associated with the Class B shares we sold. Our exposure to this retained litigation risk has been updated quarterly and is reflected on our balance sheet. For additional information about the associated litigation matters, see the “Interchange Litigation” section in Note 13 (Legal Actions) to Financial Statements in this Report.
As part of our business to support our customers, we trade public equities, listed/OTC equity derivatives and convertible bonds. We have parameters that govern these activities. We also have marketable equity securities that include investments relating to our venture capital activities. We manage these marketable equity securities within capital risk limits approved by management and the Board and monitored by Corporate ALCO and the Market Risk Committee. The fair value changes in these marketable equity securities are recognized in net income. For more information, see Note 7 (Equity Securities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Changes in equity market prices may also indirectly affect our net income by (1) the value of third party assets under management and, hence, fee income, (2) borrowers whose ability to repay principal and/or interest may be affected by the stock market, or (3) brokerage activity, related commission income and other business activities. Each business line monitors and manages these indirect risks.




52
Asset/Liability Management (continued)

LIQUIDITY AND FUNDING  The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that we can meet customer loan requests, customer deposit maturities/withdrawals and other cash commitments efficiently under both normal operating conditions and under periods of Wells Fargo-specific and/or market stress. To achieve this objective, the Board of Directors establishes liquidity guidelines that require sufficient asset-based liquidity to cover potential funding requirements and to avoid over-dependence on volatile, less reliable funding markets. These guidelines are monitored on a monthly basis by the Corporate ALCO and on a quarterly basis by the Board of Directors. These guidelines are established and monitored for both the consolidated company and for the Parent on a stand-alone basis to ensure that the Parent is a source of strength for its regulated, deposit-taking banking subsidiaries.

Liquidity Standards In September 2014, the FRB, OCC and FDIC issued a final rule that implements a quantitative liquidity requirement consistent with the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). The rule requires banking institutions, such as Wells Fargo, to hold high-quality liquid assets (HQLA), such as central bank reserves and government and corporate debt that can be converted easily and quickly into cash, in an amount equal to or greater than its projected net cash outflows during a 30-day stress period. The rule is applicable to the Company on a consolidated basis and to our insured depository institutions with total assets greater than $10 billion. In addition, the FRB finalized rules imposing enhanced liquidity management standards on large bank holding companies (BHC) such as Wells Fargo, and has finalized a rule that requires large bank holding companies to publicly disclose on a quarterly basis certain quantitative and qualitative information regarding their LCR calculations.
The FRB, OCC and FDIC have proposed a rule that would implement a stable funding requirement, the net stable funding ratio (NSFR), which would require large banking organizations, such as Wells Fargo, to maintain a sufficient amount of stable funding in relation to their assets, derivative exposures and commitments over a one-year horizon period.

Liquidity Coverage Ratio As of September 30, 2018, the consolidated Company and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. were above
 
the minimum LCR requirement of 100%, which is calculated as HQLA divided by projected net cash outflows, as each is defined under the LCR rule. Table 32 presents the Company’s quarterly average values for the daily-calculated LCR and its components calculated pursuant to the LCR rule requirements.

Table 32: Liquidity Coverage Ratio
(in millions, except ratio)
Average for Quarter ended September 30, 2018

HQLA (1)(2)
$
366,558

Projected net cash outflows
295,813

LCR
124
%
(1) Excludes excess HQLA at Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
(2) Net of applicable haircuts required under the LCR rule.
Liquidity Sources We maintain liquidity in the form of cash, cash equivalents and unencumbered high-quality, liquid debt securities. These assets make up our primary sources of liquidity which are presented in Table 33. Our primary sources of liquidity are substantially the same in composition as HQLA under the LCR rule; however, our primary sources of liquidity will generally exceed HQLA calculated under the LCR rule due to the applicable haircuts to HQLA and the exclusion of excess HQLA at our subsidiary insured depository institutions required under the LCR rule.
Our cash is predominantly on deposit with the Federal Reserve. Debt securities included as part of our primary sources of liquidity are comprised of U.S. Treasury and federal agency debt, and mortgage-backed securities issued by federal agencies within our debt securities portfolio. We believe these debt securities provide quick sources of liquidity through sales or by pledging to obtain financing, regardless of market conditions. Some of these debt securities are within the held-to-maturity portion of our debt securities portfolio and as such are not intended for sale but may be pledged to obtain financing. Some of the legal entities within our consolidated group of companies are subject to various regulatory, tax, legal and other restrictions that can limit the transferability of their funds. We believe we maintain adequate liquidity for these entities in consideration of such funds transfer restrictions.
Table 33: Primary Sources of Liquidity
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Total

 
Encumbered

 
Unencumbered

 
Total

 
Encumbered

 
Unencumbered

Interest-earning deposits with banks
$
140,732

 
—

 
140,732

 
192,580

 
—

 
192,580

Debt securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
49,855

 
953

 
48,902

 
51,125

 
964

 
50,161

Mortgage-backed securities of federal agencies (1)
242,166

 
30,161

 
212,005

 
246,894

 
46,062

 
200,832

Total
$
432,753

 
31,114

 
401,639

 
490,599

 
47,026

 
443,573

(1)
Included in encumbered debt securities at September 30, 2018, were debt securities with a fair value of $534 million which were purchased in September 2018, but settled in October 2018.

In addition to our primary sources of liquidity shown in Table 33, liquidity is also available through the sale or financing of other debt securities including trading and/or available-for-sale debt securities, as well as through the sale, securitization or financing of loans, to the extent such debt securities and loans are not encumbered. In addition, other debt securities in our held-to-maturity portfolio, to the extent not encumbered, may be pledged to obtain financing.
 
Deposits have historically provided a sizable source of relatively low-cost funds. Deposits were 134% of total loans at September 30, 2018 and 140% at December 31, 2017.
Additional funding is provided by long-term debt and short-term borrowings. We access domestic and international capital markets for long-term funding (generally greater than one year) through issuances of registered debt securities, private placements and asset-backed secured funding.

53

Table 34 shows selected information for short-term borrowings, which generally mature in less than 30 days.
Table 34: Short-Term Borrowings
 
Quarter ended
 
(in millions)
Sep 30
2018

 
Jun 30,
2018

 
Mar 31,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2017

Balance, period end
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase
$
92,418

 
89,307

 
80,916

 
88,684

 
79,824

Commercial paper
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other short-term borrowings
13,033

 
15,189

 
16,291

 
14,572

 
13,987

Total
$
105,451

 
104,496

 
97,207

 
103,256

 
93,811

Average daily balance for period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase
$
92,141

 
89,138

 
86,535

 
88,197

 
81,980

Commercial paper
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4

Other short-term borrowings
13,331

 
14,657

 
15,244

 
13,945

 
17,209

Total
$
105,472

 
103,795

 
101,779

 
102,142

 
99,193

Maximum month-end balance for period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (1)
$
92,531

 
92,103

 
88,121

 
91,604

 
83,260

Commercial paper (2)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
11

Other short-term borrowings (3)
14,270

 
15,272

 
16,924

 
14,948

 
18,301

(1)
Highest month-end balance in each of the last five quarters was in July, May and January 2018, and November and August 2017.
(2)
There were no month-end balances in third, second and first quarter 2018, and fourth quarter 2017; highest month-end balance in remaining quarter was in July 2017.
(3)
Highest month-end balance in each of the last five quarters was in July, May and January 2018, and November and July 2017.
Long-Term Debt We issue long-term debt in a variety of maturities and currencies to achieve cost-efficient funding and to maintain an appropriate maturity profile. Long-term debt of $221.3 billion at September 30, 2018, decreased $3.7 billion from December 31, 2017. We issued $10.1 billion and $31.4 billion of
 
long-term debt in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively. Table 35 provides the aggregate carrying value of long-term debt maturities (based on contractual payment dates) for the remainder of 2018 and the following years thereafter, as of September 30, 2018.
Table 35: Maturity of Long-Term Debt
 
September 30, 2018
 
(in millions)
Remaining 2018

 
2019

 
2020

 
2021

 
2022

 
Thereafter

 
Total

Wells Fargo & Company (Parent Only)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior notes
$
153

 
6,683

 
13,335

 
17,766

 
17,748

 
51,116

 
106,801

Subordinated notes
581

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
24,667

 
25,248

Junior subordinated notes
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,562

 
1,562

Total long-term debt - Parent
$
734

 
6,683

 
13,335

 
17,766

 
17,748

 
77,345

 
133,611

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and other bank entities (Bank)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior notes
$
8,999

 
32,617

 
12,495

 
14,938

 
40

 
2,928

 
72,017

Subordinated notes
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,125

 
5,125

Junior subordinated notes
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
350

 
350

Securitizations and other bank debt
1,068

 
1,250

 
1,374

 
299

 
164

 
2,738

 
6,893

Total long-term debt - Bank
$
10,067

 
33,867

 
13,869

 
15,237

 
204

 
11,141

 
84,385

Other consolidated subsidiaries
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior notes
$
769

 
1,148

 
—

 
958

 
—

 
379

 
3,254

Securitizations and other bank debt
73

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
73

Total long-term debt - Other consolidated subsidiaries
$
842

 
1,148

 
—

 
958

 
—

 
379

 
3,327

Total long-term debt
$
11,643

 
41,698

 
27,204

 
33,961

 
17,952

 
88,865

 
221,323

Parent In February 2017, the Parent filed a registration statement with the SEC for the issuance of senior and subordinated notes, preferred stock and other securities. The Parent’s ability to issue debt and other securities under this registration statement is limited by the debt issuance authority granted by the Board. As of September 30, 2018, the Parent was authorized by the Board to issue up to $180 billion in
 
outstanding long-term debt. The Parent's long-term debt issuance authority granted by the Board includes debt issued to affiliates and others. At September 30, 2018, the Parent had available $37.0 billion in long-term debt issuance authority. During the first nine months of 2018, the Parent issued $1.2 billion of senior notes, of which $888 million were registered with the SEC. The Parent's short-term debt issuance

54
Asset/Liability Management (continued)

authority granted by the Board was limited to debt issued to affiliates, and was revoked by the Board at management's request in January 2018.
The Parent’s proceeds from securities issued were used for general corporate purposes, and, unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement, we expect the proceeds from securities issued in the future will be used for the same purposes. Depending on market conditions, we may purchase our outstanding debt securities from time to time in privately negotiated or open market transactions, by tender offer, or otherwise.

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. As of September 30, 2018, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. was authorized by its board of directors to issue $100 billion in outstanding short-term debt and $175 billion in outstanding long-term debt and had available $99.6 billion in short-term debt issuance authority and $101.7 billion in long-term debt issuance authority. In April 2018, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. established a new $100 billion bank note program under which, subject to any other debt outstanding under the limits described above, it may issue $50 billion in outstanding short-term senior notes and $50 billion in outstanding long-term senior or subordinated notes. At September 30, 2018, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. had remaining issuance capacity under the new bank note program of $50.0 billion in short-term senior notes and $43.0 billion in long-term senior or subordinated notes. During the first nine months of 2018, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. issued $14.3 billion of unregistered senior notes, including $1.0 billion of senior redeemable floating rate notes issued in September 2018 with an interest rate indexed to the new Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and $6.0 billion of which were issued under a prior bank note program. SOFR is an alternative to LIBOR and is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities. It is expected that a transition away from the widespread use of LIBOR to alternative benchmark rates will occur over the course of the next few years. Accordingly, the FASB recently issued a pronouncement that includes SOFR, among others, as a permitted benchmark interest rate for the application of hedge accounting. See the “Risk
 
Factors” section in our 2017 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the potential impact of a benchmark rate, such as LIBOR, or other referenced financial metric being significantly changed, replaced or discontinued.
In addition, during the first nine months of 2018, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. executed advances of $17.7 billion with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines, and as of September 30, 2018, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. had outstanding advances of $45.9 billion across the Federal Home Loan Bank System. Furthermore, in October 2018, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. issued $3.3 billion of unregistered senior notes under the new bank note program and executed $6.5 billion in Federal Home Loan Bank advances.

Credit Ratings Investors in the long-term capital markets, as well as other market participants, generally will consider, among other factors, a company’s debt rating in making investment decisions. Rating agencies base their ratings on many quantitative and qualitative factors, including capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, business mix, the level and quality of earnings, and rating agency assumptions regarding the probability and extent of federal financial assistance or support for certain large financial institutions. Adverse changes in these factors could result in a reduction of our credit rating; however, our debt securities do not contain credit rating covenants.
During third quarter 2018, our ratings were affirmed by S&P Global Ratings, confirmed by DBRS, Inc. (DBRS), and affirmed by Fitch Ratings, Inc. Both the Parent and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. remain among the highest-rated financial firms in the U.S.
See the “Risk Factors” section in our 2017 Form 10-K for additional information regarding our credit ratings and the potential impact a credit rating downgrade would have on our liquidity and operations, as well as Note 14 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in this Report for information regarding additional collateral and funding obligations required for certain derivative instruments in the event our credit ratings were to fall below investment grade.
The credit ratings of the Parent and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. as of September 30, 2018, are presented in Table 36.

Table 36: Credit Ratings as of September 30, 2018
 
Wells Fargo & Company
 
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
 
Senior debt
 
Short-term
borrowings 
 
Long-term
deposits 
 
Short-term
borrowings 
Moody's
A2
 
P-1
 
Aa1
 
P-1
S&P Global Ratings
A-
 
A-2
 
A+
 
A-1
Fitch Ratings, Inc.
A+
 
F1
 
AA
 
F1+
DBRS
AA(low)
 
R-1(middle)
 
AA
 
R-1(high)
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK MEMBERSHIP The Federal Home Loan Banks (the FHLBs) are a group of cooperatives that lending institutions use to finance housing and economic development in local communities. We are a member of the FHLBs based in Dallas, Des Moines and San Francisco. Each member of the FHLBs is required to maintain a minimum investment in capital stock of the applicable FHLB. The board of directors of each FHLB can increase the minimum investment requirements in the event it has concluded that additional capital is required to allow it to meet its own regulatory capital requirements. Any increase in the minimum investment requirements outside of specified ranges requires the approval of
 
the Federal Housing Finance Agency. Because the extent of any obligation to increase our investment in any of the FHLBs depends entirely upon the occurrence of a future event, potential future payments to the FHLBs are not determinable.



55

Capital Management
We have an active program for managing capital through a comprehensive process for assessing the Company’s overall capital adequacy. Our objective is to maintain capital at an amount commensurate with our risk profile and risk tolerance objectives, and to meet both regulatory and market expectations. We primarily fund our capital needs through the retention of earnings net of both dividends and share repurchases, as well as through the issuance of preferred stock and long and short-term debt. Retained earnings increased $9.3 billion from December 31, 2017, predominantly from Wells Fargo net income of $16.3 billion, less common and preferred stock dividends of $7.1 billion. During third quarter 2018, we issued 9.0 million shares of common stock. During third quarter 2018, we repurchased 146.5 million shares of common stock in open market transactions and from employee benefit plans, at a cost of $8.4 billion. We entered into a $1 billion forward repurchase contract with an unrelated third party in October 2018 that is expected to settle in first quarter 2019 for approximately 19 million common shares. For additional information about our forward repurchase agreements, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in this Report.
On September 17, 2018, we redeemed all of our 8.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock, Series J, at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share.
 
Regulatory Capital Guidelines
The Company and each of our insured depository institutions are subject to various regulatory capital adequacy requirements administered by the FRB and the OCC. Risk-based capital (RBC) guidelines establish a risk-adjusted ratio relating capital to different categories of assets and off-balance sheet exposures as discussed below.

RISK-BASED CAPITAL AND RISK-WEIGHTED ASSETS The Company is subject to final and interim final rules issued by federal banking regulators to implement Basel III capital requirements for U.S. banking organizations. These rules are based on international guidelines for determining regulatory capital issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). The federal banking regulators’ capital rules, among other things, require on a fully phased-in basis:
•
a minimum Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio of 9.0%, comprised of a 4.5% minimum requirement plus a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% and for us, as a global systemically important bank (G-SIB), a capital surcharge to be calculated annually, which is 2.0% based on our year-end 2016 data;
•
a minimum tier 1 capital ratio of 10.5%, comprised of a 6.0% minimum requirement plus the capital conservation buffer of 2.5% and the G-SIB capital surcharge of 2.0%;
•
a minimum total capital ratio of 12.5%, comprised of a 8.0% minimum requirement plus the capital conservation buffer of 2.5% and the G-SIB capital surcharge of 2.0%;
•
a potential countercyclical buffer of up to 2.5% to be added to the minimum capital ratios, which is currently not in effect but could be imposed by regulators at their discretion if it is determined that a period of excessive credit growth is contributing to an increase in systemic risk;
•
a minimum tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%; and
 
•
a minimum supplementary leverage ratio (SLR) of 5.0% (comprised of a 3.0% minimum requirement plus a supplementary leverage buffer of 2.0%) for large and internationally active bank holding companies (BHCs).
We were required to comply with the final Basel III capital rules beginning January 2014, with certain provisions subject to phase-in periods. Beginning January 1, 2018, the requirements for calculating CET1 and tier 1 capital, along with RWAs, became fully phased-in. However, the requirements for calculating tier 2 and total capital are still in accordance with Transition Requirements. The entire Basel III capital rules are scheduled to be fully phased in by the end of 2021. The Basel III capital rules contain two frameworks for calculating capital requirements, a Standardized Approach, which replaced Basel I, and an Advanced Approach applicable to certain institutions, including Wells Fargo. Accordingly, in the assessment of our capital adequacy, we must report the lower of our CET1, tier 1 and total capital ratios calculated under the Standardized Approach and under the Advanced Approach.
On April 10, 2018, the FRB issued a proposed rule that would add a stress capital buffer and a stress leverage buffer to the minimum capital and tier 1 leverage ratio requirements. The buffers would be calculated based on the decrease in a financial institution’s risk-based capital and tier 1 leverage ratios under the supervisory severely adverse scenario in CCAR, plus four quarters of planned common stock dividends. The stress capital buffer would replace the 2.5% capital conservation buffer under the Standardized Approach, whereas the stress leverage buffer would be added to the current 4% minimum tier 1 leverage ratio.
Because the Company has been designated as a G-SIB, we are also subject to the FRB’s rule implementing the additional capital surcharge of between 1.0-4.5% on G-SIBs. Under the rule, we must annually calculate our surcharge under two methods and use the higher of the two surcharges. The first method (method one) considers our size, interconnectedness, cross-jurisdictional activity, substitutability, and complexity, consistent with the methodology developed by the BCBS and the Financial Stability Board (FSB). The second (method two) uses similar inputs, but replaces substitutability with use of short-term wholesale funding and will generally result in higher surcharges than the BCBS methodology. The phase-in period for the G-SIB surcharge began on January 1, 2016 and will become fully effective on January 1, 2019. Based on year-end 2016 data, our 2018 G-SIB surcharge under method two is 2.0% of the Company’s RWAs, which is the higher of method one and method two. Because the G-SIB surcharge is calculated annually based on data that can differ over time, the amount of the surcharge is subject to change in future years. Under the Standardized Approach (fully phased-in), our CET1 ratio of 11.91% exceeded the minimum of 9.0% by 291 basis points at September 30, 2018.
The tables that follow provide information about our risk- based capital and related ratios as calculated under Basel III capital guidelines. For banking industry regulatory reporting purposes, we continue to report our tier 2 and total capital in accordance with Transition Requirements but are managing our capital based on a fully phased-in calculation. For information about our capital requirements calculated in accordance with Transition Requirements, see Note 22 (Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Table 37 summarizes our CET1, tier 1 capital, total capital, risk-weighted assets and capital ratios on a fully phased-in basis

56
Capital Management (continued)

at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, our CET1, tier 1, and total capital ratios were lower using RWAs calculated under the Standardized Approach.
 


Table 37: Capital Components and Ratios (Fully Phased-In) (1)
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
(in millions, except ratios)
 
Advanced Approach

 
Standardized Approach

 
 
Advanced Approach

 
Standardized Approach

 
Common Equity Tier 1
(A)
$
148,855

 
148,855

 
 
154,022

 
154,022

 
Tier 1 Capital
(B)
170,342

 
170,342

 
 
177,466

 
177,466

 
Total Capital
(C)
200,921

 
209,229

 
 
208,395

 
218,159

 
Risk-Weighted Assets
(D)
1,189,464

 
1,250,215

 
 
1,225,939

 
1,285,563

 
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio
(A)/(D)
12.51
%
 
11.91

*
 
12.56

 
11.98

*
Tier 1 Capital Ratio
(B)/(D)
14.32

 
13.63

*
 
14.48

 
13.80

*
Total Capital Ratio
(C)/(D)
16.90


16.73

*
 
17.00

 
16.97

*
*Denotes the lowest capital ratio as determined under the Advanced and Standardized Approaches.
(1)
Beginning January 1, 2018, the requirements for calculating CET1 and tier 1 capital, along with RWAs, became fully phased-in. However, the requirements for calculating tier 2 and total capital are still in accordance with Transition Requirements. Accordingly, fully phased-in total capital amounts and ratios are considered non-GAAP financial measures that are used by management, bank regulatory agencies, investors and analysts to assess and monitor the Company’s capital position. See Table 38 for information regarding the calculation and components of CET1, tier 1 capital, total capital and RWAs, as well as the corresponding reconciliation of our fully phased-in regulatory capital amounts to GAAP financial measures.

57

Table 38 provides information regarding the calculation and composition of our risk-based capital under the Advanced and Standardized Approaches at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 38: Risk-Based Capital Calculation and Components
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
 
Advanced Approach

 
Standardized Approach

 
Advanced Approach

 
Standardized Approach

Total equity
 
$
199,679

 
199,679

 
208,079

 
208,079

Adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock
 
(23,482
)
 
(23,482
)
 
(25,358
)
 
(25,358
)
Additional paid-in capital on ESOP preferred stock
 
(105
)
 
(105
)
 
(122
)
 
(122
)
Unearned ESOP shares
 
1,780

 
1,780

 
1,678

 
1,678

Noncontrolling interests
 
(938
)
 
(938
)
 
(1,143
)
 
(1,143
)
Total common stockholders' equity

176,934

 
176,934

 
183,134

 
183,134

Adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
(26,425
)
 
(26,425
)
 
(26,587
)
 
(26,587
)
Certain identifiable intangible assets (other than MSRs)
 
(826
)
 
(826
)
 
(1,624
)
 
(1,624
)
Other assets (1)
 
(2,121
)
 
(2,121
)
 
(2,155
)
 
(2,155
)
Applicable deferred taxes (2)
 
829

 
829

 
962

 
962

Investment in certain subsidiaries and other
 
464

 
464

 
292

 
292

Common Equity Tier 1 (Fully Phased-In)

148,855

 
148,855

 
154,022

 
154,022

Effect of Transition Requirements (3)
 
—

 
—

 
743

 
743

Common Equity Tier 1 (Transition Requirements)
 
$
148,855

 
148,855

 
154,765

 
154,765

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common Equity Tier 1 (Fully Phased-In)
 
$
148,855

 
148,855

 
154,022

 
154,022

Preferred stock
 
23,482

 
23,482

 
25,358

 
25,358

Additional paid-in capital on ESOP preferred stock
 
105

 
105

 
122

 
122

Unearned ESOP shares
 
(1,780
)
 
(1,780
)
 
(1,678
)
 
(1,678
)
Other
 
(320
)
 
(320
)
 
(358
)
 
(358
)
Total Tier 1 capital (Fully Phased-In)
(A)
170,342

 
170,342

 
177,466

 
177,466

Effect of Transition Requirements (3)
 
—

 
—

 
743

 
743

Total Tier 1 capital (Transition Requirements)
 
$
170,342

 
170,342

 
178,209

 
178,209

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Tier 1 capital (Fully Phased-In)
 
$
170,342

 
170,342

 
177,466

 
177,466

Long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2
 
28,097

 
28,097

 
28,994

 
28,994

Qualifying allowance for credit losses (4)
 
2,648

 
10,956

 
2,196

 
11,960

Other
 
(166
)
 
(166
)
 
(261
)
 
(261
)
Total Tier 2 capital (Fully Phased-In)
(B)
30,579

 
38,887

 
30,929

 
40,693

Effect of Transition Requirements
 
695

 
695

 
1,195

 
1,195

Total Tier 2 capital (Transition Requirements)
 
$
31,274

 
39,582

 
32,124

 
41,888

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total qualifying capital (Fully Phased-In)
(A)+(B)
$
200,921

 
209,229

 
208,395

 
218,159

Total Effect of Transition Requirements
 
695

 
695

 
1,938

 
1,938

Total qualifying capital (Transition Requirements)
 
$
201,616

 
209,924

 
210,333

 
220,097

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk-Weighted Assets (RWAs) (5)(6):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit risk
 
$
825,336

 
1,205,475

 
890,171

 
1,249,395

Market risk
 
44,740

 
44,740

 
36,168

 
36,168

Operational risk
 
319,388

 
N/A

 
299,600

 
N/A

Total RWAs (Fully Phased-In) (3)
 
$
1,189,464

 
1,250,215

 
1,225,939

 
1,285,563

(1)
Represents goodwill and other intangibles on nonmarketable equity securities, which are included in other assets.
(2)
Applicable deferred taxes relate to goodwill and other intangible assets. They were determined by applying the combined federal statutory rate and composite state income tax rates to the difference between book and tax basis of the respective goodwill and intangible assets at period end.
(3)
Beginning January 1, 2018, the requirements for calculating CET1 and tier 1 capital, along with RWAs, became fully phased-in, so the effect of the transition requirements was $0 at September 30, 2018.
(4)
Under the Advanced Approach the allowance for credit losses that exceeds expected credit losses is eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 Capital, to the extent the excess allowance does not exceed 0.6% of Advanced credit RWAs, and under the Standardized Approach, the allowance for credit losses is includable in Tier 2 Capital up to 1.25% of Standardized credit RWAs, with any excess allowance for credit losses being deducted from total RWAs.
(5)
RWAs calculated under the Advanced Approach utilize a risk-sensitive methodology, which relies upon the use of internal credit models based upon our experience with internal rating grades. Advanced Approach also includes an operational risk component, which reflects the risk of operating loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems.
(6)
Under the regulatory guidelines for risk-based capital, on-balance sheet assets and credit equivalent amounts of derivatives and off-balance sheet items are assigned to one of several broad risk categories according to the obligor, or, if relevant, the guarantor or the nature of any collateral. The aggregate dollar amount in each risk category is then multiplied by the risk weight associated with that category. The resulting weighted values from each of the risk categories are aggregated for determining total RWAs.

58
Capital Management (continued)

Table 39 presents the changes in Common Equity Tier 1 under the Advanced Approach for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
 

Table 39: Analysis of Changes in Common Equity Tier 1
(in millions)
 
 
Common Equity Tier 1 (Fully Phased-In) at December 31, 2017
 
$
154,022

Net income applicable to common stock
 
14,978

Common stock dividends
 
(5,873
)
Common stock issued, repurchased, and stock compensation-related items
 
(11,075
)
Goodwill
 
162

Certain identifiable intangible assets (other than MSRs)
 
798

Other assets (1)
 
34

Applicable deferred taxes (2)
 
(133
)
Investment in certain subsidiaries and other
 
(4,058
)
Change in Common Equity Tier 1
 
(5,167
)
Common Equity Tier 1 (Fully Phased-In) at September 30, 2018
 
$
148,855

(1)
Represents goodwill and other intangibles on nonmarketable equity securities, which are included in other assets.
(2)
Applicable deferred taxes relate to goodwill and other intangible assets. They were determined by applying the combined federal statutory rate and composite state income tax rates to the difference between book and tax basis of the respective goodwill and intangible assets at period end.

Table 40 presents net changes in the components of RWAs under the Advanced and Standardized Approaches for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
 


Table 40: Analysis of Changes in RWAs
(in millions)
Advanced Approach

Standardized Approach

RWAs (Fully Phased-In) at December 31, 2017
$
1,225,939

1,285,563

Net change in credit risk RWAs
(64,835
)
(43,920
)
Net change in market risk RWAs
8,572

8,572

Net change in operational risk RWAs
19,788

—

Total change in RWAs
(36,475
)
(35,348
)
RWAs (Fully Phased-In) at September 30, 2018
$
1,189,464

1,250,215



59

TANGIBLE COMMON EQUITY We also evaluate our business based on certain ratios that utilize tangible common equity. Tangible common equity is a non-GAAP financial measure and represents total equity less preferred equity, noncontrolling interests, and goodwill and certain identifiable intangible assets (including goodwill and intangible assets associated with certain of our nonmarketable equity securities, but excluding mortgage servicing rights), net of applicable deferred taxes. These tangible common equity ratios are as follows:
•
Tangible book value per common share, which represents tangible common equity divided by common shares outstanding.
 
•
Return on average tangible common equity (ROTCE), which represents our annualized earnings contribution as a percentage of tangible common equity.

The methodology of determining tangible common equity may differ among companies. Management believes that tangible book value per common share and return on average tangible common equity, which utilize tangible common equity, are useful financial measures because they enable investors and others to assess the Company's use of equity.
Table 41 provides a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures.

Table 41: Tangible Common Equity
 
 
 
Balance at period end
 
Average balance
 
 
 
Quarter ended
 
Quarter ended
 
Nine months ended
(in millions, except ratios)
 
 
Sep 30,
2018

Jun 30,
2018

Sep 30,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2018

Jun 30,
2018

Sep 30,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2018

Sep 30,
2017

Total equity
 
 
$
199,679

206,069

206,617

 
202,826

206,067

207,723

 
205,012

205,035

Adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock
 
 
(23,482
)
(25,737
)
(25,576
)
 
(24,219
)
(26,021
)
(25,780
)
 
(25,459
)
(25,600
)
Additional paid-in capital on ESOP preferred stock
 
 
(105
)
(116
)
(130
)
 
(115
)
(129
)
(136
)
 
(132
)
(142
)
Unearned ESOP shares
 
 
1,780

2,051

1,904

 
2,026

2,348

2,114

 
2,292

2,226

Noncontrolling interests
 
 
(938
)
(881
)
(895
)
 
(892
)
(919
)
(926
)
 
(936
)
(931
)
Total common stockholders' equity
(A)
 
176,934

181,386

181,920

 
179,626

181,346

182,995

 
180,777

180,588

Adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
 
(26,425
)
(26,429
)
(26,581
)
 
(26,429
)
(26,444
)
(26,600
)
 
(26,463
)
(26,645
)
Certain identifiable intangible assets (other than MSRs)
 
 
(826
)
(1,091
)
(1,913
)
 
(958
)
(1,223
)
(2,056
)
 
(1,221
)
(2,314
)
Other assets (1)
 
 
(2,121
)
(2,160
)
(2,282
)
 
(2,083
)
(2,271
)
(2,231
)
 
(2,195
)
(2,163
)
Applicable deferred taxes (2)
 
 
829

874

1,550

 
845

889

1,579

 
889

1,650

Tangible common equity
(B)
 
$
148,391

152,580

152,694

 
151,001

152,297

153,687

 
151,787

151,116

Common shares outstanding
(C)
 
4,711.6

4,849.1

4,927.9

 
N/A

N/A

N/A

 
N/A

N/A

Net income applicable to common stock (3)
(D)
 
N/A

N/A

N/A

 
$
5,453

4,792

4,131

 
14,978

14,814

Book value per common share
(A)/(C)
 
$
37.55

37.41

36.92

 
N/A

N/A

N/A

 
N/A

N/A

Tangible book value per common share
(B)/(C)
 
31.49

31.47

30.99

 
N/A

N/A

N/A

 
N/A

N/A

Return on average common stockholders’ equity (ROE) (annualized)
(D)/(A)
 
N/A

N/A

N/A

 
12.04
%
10.60

8.96

 
11.08

10.97

Return on average tangible common equity (ROTCE) (annualized)
(D)/(B)
 
N/A

N/A

N/A

 
14.33

12.62

10.66

 
13.19

13.11

(1)
Represents goodwill and other intangibles on nonmarketable equity securities, which are included in other assets.
(2)
Applicable deferred taxes relate to goodwill and other intangible assets. They were determined by applying the combined federal statutory rate and composite state income tax rates to the difference between book and tax basis of the respective goodwill and intangible assets at period end.
(3)
Quarter ended net income applicable to common stock is annualized for the respective ROE and ROTCE ratios.

60
Capital Management (continued)

SUPPLEMENTARY LEVERAGE RATIO In April 2014, federal banking regulators finalized a rule that enhances the SLR requirements for BHCs, like Wells Fargo, and their insured depository institutions. The SLR consists of Tier 1 capital divided by the Company’s total leverage exposure. Total leverage exposure consists of the total average on-balance sheet assets, plus off-balance sheet exposures, such as undrawn commitments and derivative exposures, less amounts permitted to be deducted from Tier 1 capital. The rule, which became effective on January 1, 2018, requires a covered BHC to maintain a SLR of at least 5.0% (comprised of the 3.0% minimum requirement plus a supplementary leverage buffer of 2.0%) to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. The rule also requires that all of our insured depository institutions maintain a SLR of 6.0% under applicable regulatory capital adequacy guidelines. In April 2018, the FRB and OCC proposed rules (the “Proposed SLR Rules”) that would replace the 2% supplementary leverage buffer with a buffer equal to one-half of the firm’s G-SIB capital surcharge. The Proposed SLR Rules would similarly tailor the current 6% SLR requirement for our insured depository institutions. At September 30, 2018, our SLR for the Company was 7.8% calculated under the Advanced Approach capital framework. Based on our review, our current leverage levels would exceed the applicable requirements for each of our insured depository institutions as well. See Table 42 for information regarding the calculation and components of the SLR.
Table 42: Supplementary Leverage Ratio
(in millions, except ratio)
Quarter ended September 30, 2018

Tier 1 capital
$
170,342

Total average assets
1,876,283

Less: deductions from Tier 1 capital (1)
28,983

Total adjusted average assets
1,847,300

Adjustments:
 
Derivative exposures (2)
69,619

Repo-style transactions (3)
3,330

Other off-balance sheet exposures (4)
253,371

Total adjustments
326,320

Total leverage exposure
$
2,173,620

Supplementary leverage ratio
7.8
%
(1)
Amounts permitted to be deducted from Tier 1 capital primarily include goodwill and other intangible assets, net of associated deferred tax liabilities.
(2)
Represents adjustments for off balance sheet derivative exposures, and derivative collateral netting as defined for supplementary leverage ratio determination purposes.
(3)
Adjustments for repo-style transactions represent counterparty credit risk for all repo-style transactions where Wells Fargo & Company is the principal (i.e., principal counterparty facing the client).
(4)
Adjustments for other off-balance sheet exposures represent the notional amounts of all off-balance sheet exposures (excluding off balance sheet exposures associated with derivative and repo-style transactions) less the adjustments for conversion to credit equivalent amounts under the regulatory capital rule.
OTHER REGULATORY CAPITAL MATTERS In December 2016, the FRB finalized rules to address the amount of equity and unsecured long-term debt a U.S. G-SIB must hold to improve its resolvability and resiliency, often referred to as Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC). Under the rules, which become effective on January 1, 2019, U.S. G-SIBs will be required to have a minimum TLAC amount (consisting of CET1 capital and additional tier 1 capital issued directly by the top-tier or covered BHC plus eligible external long-term debt) equal to the greater of (i) 18% of RWAs and (ii) 7.5% of total leverage exposure (the
 
denominator of the SLR calculation). Additionally, U.S. G-SIBs will be required to maintain (i) a TLAC buffer equal to 2.5% of RWAs plus the firm’s applicable G-SIB capital surcharge calculated under method one plus any applicable countercyclical buffer that will be added to the 18% minimum and (ii) an external TLAC leverage buffer equal to 2.0% of total leverage exposure that will be added to the 7.5% minimum, in order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. The rules will also require U.S. G-SIBs to have a minimum amount of eligible unsecured long-term debt equal to the greater of (i) 6.0% of RWAs plus the firm’s applicable G-SIB capital surcharge calculated under method two and (ii) 4.5% of the total leverage exposure. In addition, the rules will impose certain restrictions on the operations and liabilities of the top-tier or covered BHC in order to further facilitate an orderly resolution, including prohibitions on the issuance of short-term debt to external investors and on entering into derivatives and certain other types of financial contracts with external counterparties. While the rules permit permanent grandfathering of a significant portion of otherwise ineligible long-term debt that was issued prior to December 31, 2016, long-term debt issued after that date must be fully compliant with the eligibility requirements of the rules in order to count toward the minimum TLAC amount. As a result of the rules, we will need to issue additional long-term debt to remain compliant with the requirements. Under the Proposed SLR Rules, the 2% external TLAC leverage buffer would be replaced with a buffer equal to one-half of the firm’s G-SIB capital surcharge. Additionally, the Proposed SLR Rules would modify the leverage component for calculating the minimum amount of eligible unsecured long-term debt from 4.5% of total leverage exposure to 2.5% of total leverage exposure plus one-half of the firm’s G-SIB capital surcharge. As of September 30, 2018, we estimate that our eligible external TLAC as a percentage of total risk-weighted assets was 23.50% compared with an expected January 1, 2019 required minimum of 22.0%. Similar to the risk-based capital requirements, we determine minimum required TLAC based on the greater of RWAs determined under the Standardized and Advanced approaches.
In addition, as discussed in the “Risk Management – Asset/ Liability Management – Liquidity and Funding – Liquidity Standards” section in this Report, federal banking regulators have issued a final rule regarding the U.S. implementation of the Basel III LCR and a proposed rule regarding the NSFR.

Capital Planning and Stress Testing
Our planned long-term capital structure is designed to meet regulatory and market expectations. We believe that our long-term targeted capital structure enables us to invest in and grow our business, satisfy our customers’ financial needs in varying environments, access markets, and maintain flexibility to return capital to our shareholders. Our long-term targeted capital structure also considers capital levels sufficient to exceed capital requirements including the G-SIB surcharge. Accordingly, based on the final Basel III capital rules under the lower of the Standardized or Advanced Approaches CET1 capital ratios, we currently target a long-term CET1 capital ratio at or in excess of 10%, which includes a 2% G-SIB surcharge. Our capital targets are subject to change based on various factors, including changes to the regulatory capital framework and expectations for large banks promulgated by bank regulatory agencies, planned capital actions, changes in our risk profile and other factors.
Under the FRB’s capital plan rule, large BHCs are required to submit capital plans annually for review to determine if the FRB has any objections before making any capital distributions. The

61

rule requires updates to capital plans in the event of material changes in a BHC’s risk profile, including as a result of any significant acquisitions. The FRB assesses the overall financial condition, risk profile, and capital adequacy of BHCs while considering both quantitative and qualitative factors when evaluating capital plans.
Our 2018 capital plan, which was submitted on April 4, 2018, as part of CCAR, included a comprehensive capital outlook supported by an assessment of expected sources and uses of capital over a given planning horizon under a range of expected and stress scenarios. As part of the 2018 CCAR, the FRB also generated a supervisory stress test, which assumed a sharp decline in the economy and significant decline in asset pricing using the information provided by the Company to estimate performance. The FRB reviewed the supervisory stress results both as required under the Dodd-Frank Act using a common set of capital actions for all large BHCs and by taking into account the Company’s proposed capital actions. The FRB published its supervisory stress test results as required under the Dodd-Frank Act on June 21, 2018. On June 28, 2018, the FRB notified us that it did not object to our capital plan included in the 2018 CCAR.
Federal banking regulators require stress tests to evaluate whether an institution has sufficient capital to continue to operate during periods of adverse economic and financial conditions. These stress testing requirements set forth the timing and type of stress test activities large BHCs and banks must undertake as well as rules governing stress testing controls, oversight and disclosure requirements. The rules also limit a large BHC’s ability to make capital distributions to the extent its actual capital issuances were less than amounts indicated in its capital plan. As required under the FRB’s stress testing rule, we must submit a mid-cycle stress test based on second quarter data and scenarios developed by the Company. We submitted the results of the mid-cycle stress test to the FRB and disclosed a summary of the results in October 2018. In October 2018, the FRB proposed a rule that would, among other things, eliminate the mid-cycle stress test requirement for banks beginning in 2020.

Securities Repurchases
From time to time the Board authorizes the Company to repurchase shares of our common stock. Although we announce when the Board authorizes share repurchases, we typically do not give any public notice before we repurchase our shares. Future stock repurchases may be private or open-market repurchases, including block transactions, accelerated or delayed block transactions, forward transactions, and similar transactions. Additionally, we may enter into plans to purchase stock that satisfy the conditions of Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Various factors determine the amount and timing of our share repurchases, including our capital requirements, the number of shares we expect to issue for employee benefit plans and acquisitions, market conditions (including the trading price of our stock), and regulatory and legal considerations, including the FRB’s response to our capital plan and to changes in our risk profile.
 
In January 2018, the Board authorized the repurchase of 350 million shares of our common stock. At September 30, 2018, we had remaining authority to repurchase approximately 188 million shares, subject to regulatory and legal conditions. In October 2018, the Board authorized the repurchase of an additional 350 million shares of our common stock. For more information about share repurchases during third quarter 2018, see Part II, Item 2 in this Report.
Historically, our policy has been to repurchase shares under the “safe harbor” conditions of Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 including a limitation on the daily volume of repurchases. Rule 10b-18 imposes an additional daily volume limitation on share repurchases during a pending merger or acquisition in which shares of our stock will constitute some or all of the consideration. Our management may determine that during a pending stock merger or acquisition when the safe harbor would otherwise be available, it is in our best interest to repurchase shares in excess of this additional daily volume limitation. In such cases, we intend to repurchase shares in compliance with the other conditions of the safe harbor, including the standing daily volume limitation that applies whether or not there is a pending stock merger or acquisition.
In connection with our participation in the Capital Purchase Program (CPP), a part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), we issued to the U.S. Treasury Department warrants to purchase 110,261,688 shares of our common stock with an original exercise price of $34.01 per share. The Board authorized the repurchase by the Company of up to $1 billion of the warrants. At September 30, 2018, there were 11,071,127 warrants outstanding, exercisable at an adjusted exercise price of $33.592 per share, and $452 million of unused warrant repurchase authority. Because the original expiration date was not a business day, the warrants expired on October 29, 2018. As of the close of business on October 29, 2018, 110,646 unexercised warrants expired, and the holders of the unexercised warrants are no longer entitled to receive any shares of our common stock.



62
Regulatory Matters (continued)

Regulatory Matters
Since the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, the U.S. financial services industry has been subject to a significant increase in regulation and regulatory oversight initiatives. This increased regulation and oversight has substantially changed how most U.S. financial services companies conduct business and has increased their regulatory compliance costs.
The following supplements our discussion of the significant regulations and regulatory oversight initiatives that have affected or may affect our business contained in the “Regulatory Matters” and “Risk Factors” sections in our 2017 Form 10-K and the “Regulatory Matters” section in our 2018 First and Second Quarter Reports on Form 10-Q.

CONSENT ORDERS WITH THE BCFP AND OCC REGARDING COMPLIANCE RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, AUTOMOBILE COLLATERAL PROTECTION INSURANCE POLICIES, AND MORTGAGE INTEREST RATE LOCK EXTENSIONS On April 20, 2018, the Company entered into consent orders with the BCFP and OCC to pay an aggregate of $1 billion in civil money penalties to resolve matters regarding the Company's compliance risk management program and past practices involving certain automobile collateral protection insurance policies and certain mortgage interest rate lock extensions. As required by the consent orders, the Company submitted to the BCFP and OCC an enterprise-wide compliance risk management plan and a plan to enhance the Company's internal audit program with respect to federal consumer financial law and the terms of the consent orders. In addition, as required by the consent orders, the Company submitted for non-objection plans to remediate customers affected by the automobile collateral protection insurance and mortgage interest rate lock matters, as well as a plan for the management of remediation activities conducted by the Company.


63

Critical Accounting Policies
Our significant accounting policies (see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K) are fundamental to understanding our results of operations and financial condition because they require that we use estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and financial results. Five of these policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. These policies govern:
•
the allowance for credit losses;
•
the valuation of residential MSRs;
•
the fair value of financial instruments;
•
income taxes; and
•
liability for contingent litigation losses.

Management and the Board's Audit and Examination Committee have reviewed and approved these critical accounting policies. These policies are described further in the “Financial Review – Critical Accounting Policies” section and Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.

64
Current Accounting Developments (continued)

Current Accounting Developments
Table 43 provides the significant accounting updates applicable to us that have been issued by the FASB but are not yet effective.

Table 43: Current Accounting Developments – Issued Standards
Standard
 
Description
 
Effective date and financial statement impact
Accounting Standard Update (ASU or Update) 2018-16 - Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes
 
The Update expands the list of U.S. benchmark interest rates permitted in the application of hedge accounting. The Update adds the OIS rate based on SOFR as a U.S. benchmark interest rate to facilitate the LIBOR to SOFR transition and provide sufficient lead time for entities to prepare for changes to interest rate risk hedging strategies for both risk management and hedge accounting purposes.
 


 
The guidance is effective in first quarter 2019. The standard will have no impact upon adoption, but will once the market for SOFR derivatives develops over time and is used to hedge the Company's fixed-rate financial instruments and forecasted issuances or purchases of fixed-rate financial instruments.

ASU 2018-12 – Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
 
The Update requires all features in long-duration insurance contracts that meet the definition of a market risk benefit to be measured at fair value through earnings with changes in fair value attributable to own credit risk recognized in other comprehensive income. Currently, two measurement models exist for these features, fair value and insurance accrual. The Update requires the use of a standardized discount rate and routine updates for insurance assumptions used in valuing the liability for future policy benefits for traditional long-duration contracts. The Update also simplifies the amortization of deferred acquisition costs.

 
The guidance is effective on January 1, 2021. Certain of our variable annuity reinsurance products meet the definition of market risk benefits and will be measured at fair value as of the earliest period presented. The cumulative effect of changes in own credit risk will be recognized in the beginning balance of accumulated other comprehensive income. The cumulative effect of the difference between fair value and carrying value, excluding the effect of own credit, will be recognized in the opening balance of retained earnings. Changes to the liability for future policy benefits for traditional long-duration contracts and deferred acquisition costs will be applied to all outstanding contracts on the basis of their existing carrying amounts at the beginning of the earliest period presented. The impact of the Update on our consolidated financial statements is still being evaluated.
ASU 2017-08 – Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities
 
The Update changes the accounting for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium to shorten the amortization period for the premium to the earliest call date rather than to the maturity date. Accounting for purchased callable debt securities held at a discount does not change. The discount would continue to amortize to the maturity date.
 
We expect to adopt the guidance in first quarter 2019 using the modified retrospective method with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. Our debt securities portfolio includes holdings of available-for-sale (AFS) and held-to-maturity (HTM) callable debt securities held at a premium, which primarily consist of obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions. At adoption, based upon our current portfolio composition, the guidance is expected to result in a cumulative effect reduction to retained earnings estimated to range from $500 to 600 million, which will be primarily offset with a corresponding increase to other comprehensive income related to AFS securities. The impact of the Update on our consolidated financial statements will be affected by our portfolio composition at the time of adoption, which may change between the most recent balance sheet date and the adoption date, as well as the finalization of necessary system enhancements. After adoption, the guidance will reduce interest income prior to the call date because the premium will be amortized over a shorter time period.
ASU 2016-13 – Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
 
The Update changes the accounting for credit losses on loans and debt securities. For loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, the Update requires a current expected credit loss (CECL) approach to determine the allowance for credit losses. CECL requires loss estimates for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Also, the Update eliminates the existing guidance for PCI loans, but requires an allowance for purchased financial assets with more than insignificant deterioration since origination. In addition, the Update modifies the other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities to require an allowance for credit impairment instead of a direct write-down, which allows for reversal of credit impairments in future periods based on improvements in credit.
 
The guidance is effective in first quarter 2020 with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. While early adoption is permitted beginning in first quarter 2019, we do not expect to elect that option. We are evaluating the impact of the Update on our consolidated financial statements, including the development and implementation of models to estimate losses. We expect the Update will result in an increase in the allowance for credit losses with an expected increase for longer duration consumer portfolios such as real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans and an expected decrease for commercial loans given short contractual maturities with conditional renewal options. In addition, we will be required to recognize an allowance for debt securities. The amount of the expected increase will be affected by the portfolio composition and credit quality at the adoption date as well as economic conditions and forecasts at that time.

65

Standard
 
Description
 
Effective date and financial statement impact
ASU 2016-02 – Leases (Topic 842)
 
The Update requires lessees to recognize operating leases on the balance sheet with lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets based on the present value of future lease payments. Lessor accounting activities are largely unchanged from existing lease accounting. The Update also eliminates leveraged lease accounting but allows existing leveraged leases to continue their current accounting until maturity, termination or modification.
 
We expect to adopt the guidance in first quarter 2019 using the optional transition method without restating 2018 and 2017 financial statements with comparable amounts. At adoption, we expect to have a cumulative effect adjustment of approximately $140 million to increase retained earnings related to deferred gains on our prior sale-leaseback transactions. The calculation of our operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, for approximately 7,000 leases, are expected to be $5 billion and $5.6 billion, respectively, and will continue to be refined as we complete our implementation process. We do not expect material changes to the timing of expense recognition on our operating leases or the recognition and measurement of our lessor accounting. While the increase to our consolidated total assets related to operating lease right-of-use assets will increase our risk-weighted assets and decrease our capital ratios, we do not expect these changes to be material.
In addition to the list above, the following Updates are applicable to us but are not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements:
•
ASU 2018-15 – Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force)
•
ASU 2018-14 – Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20):
 
Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans
•
ASU 2018-13 – Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
•
ASU 2018-09 – Codification Improvements
•
ASU 2017-04 – Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
Forward-Looking Statements
This document contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, we may make forward-looking statements in our other documents filed or furnished with the SEC, and our management may make forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, representatives of the media and others. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “seeks,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “target,” “projects,” “outlook,” “forecast,” “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “can” and similar references to future periods. In particular, forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements we make about: (i) the future operating or financial performance of the Company, including our outlook for future growth; (ii) our noninterest expense and efficiency ratio; (iii) future credit quality and performance, including our expectations regarding future loan losses and allowance levels; (iv) the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses; (v) our expectations regarding net interest income and net interest margin; (vi) loan growth or the reduction or mitigation of risk in our loan portfolios; (vii) future capital or liquidity levels or targets and our estimated Common Equity Tier 1 ratio under Basel III capital standards; (viii) the performance of our mortgage business and any related exposures; (ix) the expected outcome and impact of legal, regulatory and legislative developments, as well as our expectations regarding compliance therewith; (x) future common stock dividends, common share repurchases and other uses of capital; (xi) our targeted range for return on assets, return on equity, and return on tangible common equity; (xii) the outcome of contingencies, such as legal proceedings; and (xiii) the Company’s plans, objectives and strategies.
Forward-looking statements are not based on historical facts but instead represent our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions.
 
Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. We caution you, therefore, against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include the following, without limitation:
•
current and future economic and market conditions, including the effects of declines in housing prices, high unemployment rates, U.S. fiscal debt, budget and tax matters (including the impact of the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act), geopolitical matters, and any slowdown in global economic growth;
•
our capital and liquidity requirements (including under regulatory capital standards, such as the Basel III capital standards) and our ability to generate capital internally or raise capital on favorable terms;
•
financial services reform and other current, pending or future legislation or regulation that could have a negative effect on our revenue and businesses, including the Dodd-Frank Act and other legislation and regulation relating to bank products and services;
•
the extent of our success in our loan modification efforts, as well as the effects of regulatory requirements or guidance regarding loan modifications;
•
the amount of mortgage loan repurchase demands that we receive and our ability to satisfy any such demands without having to repurchase loans related thereto or otherwise

66
Forward-Looking Statements (continued)

indemnify or reimburse third parties, and the credit quality of or losses on such repurchased mortgage loans;
•
negative effects relating to our mortgage servicing and foreclosure practices, as well as changes in industry standards or practices, regulatory or judicial requirements, penalties or fines, increased servicing and other costs or obligations, including loan modification requirements, or delays or moratoriums on foreclosures;
•
our ability to realize any efficiency ratio or expense target as part of our expense management initiatives, including as a result of business and economic cyclicality, seasonality, changes in our business composition and operating environment, growth in our businesses and/or acquisitions, and unexpected expenses relating to, among other things, litigation and regulatory matters;
•
the effect of the current interest rate environment or changes in interest rates on our net interest income, net interest margin and our mortgage originations, mortgage servicing rights and mortgage loans held for sale;
•
significant turbulence or a disruption in the capital or financial markets, which could result in, among other things, reduced investor demand for mortgage loans, a reduction in the availability of funding or increased funding costs, and declines in asset values and/or recognition of other-than-temporary impairment on securities held in our debt securities and equity securities portfolios;
•
the effect of a fall in stock market prices on our investment banking business and our fee income from our brokerage, asset and wealth management businesses;
•
negative effects from the retail banking sales practices matter and from other instances where customers may have experienced financial harm, including on our legal, operational and compliance costs, our ability to engage in certain business activities or offer certain products or services, our ability to keep and attract customers, our ability to attract and retain qualified team members, and our reputation;
•
resolution of regulatory matters, litigation, or other legal actions, which may result in, among other things, additional costs, fines, penalties, restrictions on our business activities, reputational harm, or other adverse consequences;
•
a failure in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of our third party vendors or other service providers, including as a result of cyber attacks;
•
the effect of changes in the level of checking or savings account deposits on our funding costs and net interest margin;
 
•
fiscal and monetary policies of the Federal Reserve Board; and
•
the other risk factors and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
 
In addition to the above factors, we also caution that the amount and timing of any future common stock dividends or repurchases will depend on the earnings, cash requirements and financial condition of the Company, market conditions, capital requirements (including under Basel capital standards), common stock issuance requirements, applicable law and regulations (including federal securities laws and federal banking regulations), and other factors deemed relevant by the Company’s Board of Directors, and may be subject to regulatory approval or conditions.
For more information about factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations, refer to our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the discussion under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and available on its website at www.sec.gov. 
Any forward-looking statement made by us speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

Forward-looking Non-GAAP Financial Measures. From time to time management may discuss forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures, such as forward-looking estimates or targets for return on average tangible common equity. We are unable to provide a reconciliation of forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures because we are unable to provide, without unreasonable effort, a meaningful or accurate calculation or estimation of amounts that would be necessary for the reconciliation due to the complexity and inherent difficulty in forecasting and quantifying future amounts or when they may occur. Such unavailable information could be significant to future results.

Risk Factors
An investment in the Company involves risk, including the possibility that the value of the investment could fall substantially and that dividends or other distributions on the investment could be reduced or eliminated. For a discussion of risk factors that could adversely affect our financial results and condition, and the value of, and return on, an investment in the Company, we refer you to the “Risk Factors” section in our 2017 Form 10-K.

67

Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management evaluated the effectiveness, as of September 30, 2018, of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. The Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer participated in the evaluation. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2018.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s Board, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and includes those policies and procedures that:
•
pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the Company;
•
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
•
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. No change occurred during third quarter 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

68

Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Income (Unaudited)
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions, except per share amounts)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Interest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities (1)(2)
$
3,595

 
3,253

 
$
10,603

 
9,652

Mortgage loans held for sale (2)
210

 
217

 
587

 
590

Loans held for sale (1)
35

 
15

 
107

 
38

Loans
11,116

 
10,522

 
32,607

 
31,021

Equity securities (1)
280

 
186

 
732

 
560

Other interest income (1)
1,128

 
851

 
3,090

 
2,090

Total interest income (2)
16,364

 
15,044

 
47,726

 
43,951

Interest expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits (2)
1,499

 
869

 
3,857

 
2,082

Short-term borrowings
462

 
226

 
1,171

 
503

Long-term debt (2)
1,667

 
1,391

 
4,901

 
3,813

Other interest expense
164

 
109

 
446

 
309

Total interest expense (2)
3,792

 
2,595

 
10,375

 
6,707

Net interest income (2)
12,572

 
12,449

 
37,351


37,244

Provision for credit losses
580

 
717

 
1,223

 
1,877

Net interest income after provision for credit losses
11,992

 
11,732

 
36,128

 
35,367

Noninterest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service charges on deposit accounts
1,204

 
1,276

 
3,540

 
3,865

Trust and investment fees
3,631

 
3,609

 
10,989

 
10,808

Card fees
1,017

 
1,000

 
2,926

 
2,964

Other fees
850

 
877

 
2,496

 
2,644

Mortgage banking
846

 
1,046

 
2,550

 
3,422

Insurance
104

 
269

 
320

 
826

Net gains from trading activities (1)
158

 
120

 
592

 
543

Net gains on debt securities (3)
57

 
166

 
99

 
322

Net gains from equity securities (1)(4)
416

 
363

 
1,494

 
1,207

Lease income
453

 
475

 
1,351

 
1,449

Other (2)
633

 
199

 
1,720

 
1,045

Total noninterest income (2)
9,369

 
9,400

 
28,077

 
29,095

Noninterest expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Salaries
4,461

 
4,356

 
13,289

 
12,960

Commission and incentive compensation
2,427

 
2,553

 
7,837

 
7,777

Employee benefits
1,377

 
1,279

 
4,220

 
4,273

Equipment
634

 
523

 
1,801

 
1,629

Net occupancy
718

 
716

 
2,153

 
2,134

Core deposit and other intangibles
264

 
288

 
794

 
864

FDIC and other deposit assessments
336

 
314

 
957

 
975

Other
3,546

 
4,322

 
11,736

 
11,072

Total noninterest expense
13,763

 
14,351

 
42,787

 
41,684

Income before income tax expense (2)
7,598

 
6,781

 
21,418


22,778

Income tax expense (2)
1,512

 
2,181

 
4,696

 
6,559

Net income before noncontrolling interests (2)
6,086

 
4,600

 
16,722


16,219

Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests
79

 
58

 
393

 
187

Wells Fargo net income (2)
$
6,007

 
4,542

 
$
16,329


16,032

Less: Preferred stock dividends and other
554

 
411

 
1,351

 
1,218

Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock (2)
$
5,453

 
4,131

 
$
14,978

 
14,814

Per share information
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per common share (2)
$
1.14

 
0.83

 
$
3.09

 
2.97

Diluted earnings per common share (2)
1.13

 
0.83

 
3.07

 
2.94

Average common shares outstanding
4,784.0

 
4,948.6

 
4,844.8

 
4,982.1

Diluted average common shares outstanding
4,823.2

 
4,996.8

 
4,885.0

 
5,035.4

(1)
Financial information for the prior periods has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption in first quarter 2018 of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01 – Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for more information.
(2)
Financial information for the prior period has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-12 – Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, effective January 1, 2017.
(3)
Total other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses (reversal of losses) were $0 million and $5 million for third quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively. Of total OTTI, losses of $5 million and $7 million were recognized in earnings, and losses (reversal of losses) of $(5) million and $(2) million were recognized as non-credit-related OTTI in other comprehensive income for third quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively. Total OTTI losses were $14 million and $54 million for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively. Of total OTTI, losses of $23 million and $107 million were recognized in earnings, and losses (reversal of losses) of $(9) million and $(53) million were recognized as non-credit-related OTTI in other comprehensive income for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(4)
Includes OTTI losses of $45 million and $84 million for third quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $302 million and $186 million for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

69

Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Wells Fargo net income (1)
 
$
6,007

 
4,542

 
16,329

 
16,032

Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities (2):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period
 
(1,468
)
 
891

 
(5,528
)
 
2,825

Reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income
 
51

 
(200
)
 
168

 
(522
)
Derivatives and hedging activities (1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period
 
(24
)
 
104

 
(416
)
 
18

Reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income
 
79

 
(105
)
 
216

 
(460
)
Defined benefit plans adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net actuarial and prior service gains arising during the period
 
—

 
11

 
6

 
4

Amortization of net actuarial loss, settlements and other to net income
 
29

 
41

 
90

 
120

Foreign currency translation adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period
 
(9
)
 
39

 
(94
)
 
86

Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax (1)
 
(1,342
)
 
781

 
(5,558
)
 
2,071

Income tax (expense) benefit related to other comprehensive income (1)
 
330

 
(289
)
 
1,346

 
(753
)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (1)
 
(1,012
)
 
492

 
(4,212
)
 
1,318

Less: Other comprehensive loss from noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
(34
)
 
(1
)
 
(29
)
Wells Fargo other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (1)
 
(1,012
)
 
526

 
(4,211
)
 
1,347

Wells Fargo comprehensive income (1)
 
4,995

 
5,068

 
12,118

 
17,379

Comprehensive income from noncontrolling interests
 
79

 
24

 
392

 
158

Total comprehensive income (1)
 
$
5,074

 
5,092

 
12,510

 
17,537

(1)
Financial information for the prior period has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-12 – Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, effective January 1, 2017.
(2)
The quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2017, includes net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period from equity securities of $(13) million and $113 million and reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income related to equity securities of $(106) million and $(323) million, respectively. With the adoption in first quarter 2018 of ASU 2016-01, the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2018, reflects net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period and reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income from only debt securities.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

70

Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
 
 
 
Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
 
 
(in millions, except shares)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Assets
(Unaudited)

 
 
Cash and due from banks
$
18,791

 
23,367

Interest-earning deposits with banks (1)
140,732

 
192,580

Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (1)
159,523

 
215,947

Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (1)
83,471

 
80,025

Debt securities:
 
 
 
Trading, at fair value (2)
65,188

 
57,624

Available-for-sale, at fair value (2)
262,964

 
276,407

Held-to-maturity, at cost (fair value $139,036 and $138,985)
144,131

 
139,335

Mortgage loans held for sale (includes $13,885 and $16,116 carried at fair value) (3)
19,225

 
20,070

Loans held for sale (includes $1,266 and $1,023 carried at fair value) (2)
1,765

 
1,131

Loans (includes $286 and $376 carried at fair value) (3)
942,300

 
956,770

Allowance for loan losses 
(10,021
)
 
(11,004
)
Net loans
932,279

 
945,766

Mortgage servicing rights: 
 
 
 
Measured at fair value 
15,980

 
13,625

Amortized 
1,414

 
1,424

Premises and equipment, net 
8,802

 
8,847

Goodwill
26,425

 
26,587

Derivative assets
11,811

 
12,228

Equity securities (includes $38,322 and $39,227 carried at fair value) (2)
61,755

 
62,497

Other assets (2)
78,248

 
90,244

Total assets (4) 
$
1,872,981

 
1,951,757

Liabilities
 
 
 
Noninterest-bearing deposits 
$
352,869

 
373,722

Interest-bearing deposits 
913,725

 
962,269

Total deposits 
1,266,594

 
1,335,991

Short-term borrowings 
105,451

 
103,256

Derivative liabilities
8,586

 
8,796

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
71,348

 
70,615

Long-term debt 
221,323

 
225,020

Total liabilities (5) 
1,673,302

 
1,743,678

Equity 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo stockholders' equity: 
 
 
 
Preferred stock 
23,482

 
25,358

Common stock – $1-2/3 par value, authorized 9,000,000,000 shares; issued 5,481,811,474 shares 
9,136

 
9,136

Additional paid-in capital 
60,738

 
60,893

Retained earnings 
154,576

 
145,263

 Cumulative other comprehensive income (loss)
(6,873
)
 
(2,144
)
Treasury stock – 770,250,428 shares and 590,194,846 shares 
(40,538
)
 
(29,892
)
Unearned ESOP shares 
(1,780
)
 
(1,678
)
Total Wells Fargo stockholders' equity 
198,741

 
206,936

Noncontrolling interests 
938

 
1,143

Total equity
199,679

 
208,079

Total liabilities and equity
$
1,872,981

 
1,951,757

(1)
Financial information has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption in first quarter 2018 of ASU 2016-18 – Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash in which we changed the presentation of our cash and cash equivalents to include both cash and due from banks as well as interest-earning deposits with banks, which are inclusive of any restricted cash. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for more information.
(2)
Financial information for the prior period has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption in first quarter 2018 of ASU 2016-01 – Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for more information.
(3)
Parenthetical amounts represent assets and liabilities for which we are required to carry at fair value or have elected the fair value option.
(4)
Our consolidated assets at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, include the following assets of certain variable interest entities (VIEs) that can only be used to settle the liabilities of those VIEs: Cash and due from banks, $112 million and $116 million; Interest-earning deposits with banks, $8 million and $371 million; Debt securities, $0 million at both period ends; Net loans, $12.7 billion and $12.5 billion; Derivative assets, $0 million at both period ends; Equity securities, $61 million and $306 million; Other assets, $210 million and $342 million; and Total assets, $13.1 billion and $13.6 billion, respectively.
(5)
Our consolidated liabilities at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, include the following VIE liabilities for which the VIE creditors do not have recourse to Wells Fargo: Derivative liabilities, $0 million and $5 million; Accrued expenses and other liabilities, $154 million and $132 million; Long-term debt, $871 million and $1.5 billion; and Total liabilities, $1.0 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively. 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

71


Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock
 
 
Common stock
 
(in millions, except shares)
Shares

 
Amount

 
Shares

 
Amount

Balance June 30, 2018
12,055,984

 
$
25,737

 
4,849,067,854

 
$
9,136

Adoption of accounting standard related to reclassification of certain tax effects from cumulative other comprehensive income (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stock issued
 
 
 
 
4,131,347

 
 
Common stock repurchased
 
 
 
 
(146,487,043
)
 
 
Preferred stock redeemed (2)
(2,150,375
)
 
(1,995
)
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock issued to ESOP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock released by ESOP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock converted to common shares
(260,257
)
 
(260
)
 
4,848,888

 
 
Common stock warrants repurchased/exercised
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock issued
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stock incentive compensation expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net change in deferred compensation and related plans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net change
(2,410,632
)

(2,255
)

(137,506,808
)

—

Balance September 30, 2018
9,645,352


$
23,482


4,711,561,046


$
9,136

Balance June 30, 2017
12,104,127

 
$
25,785

 
4,966,770,050

 
$
9,136

Net income (3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stock issued
 
 
 
 
6,345,864

 
 
Common stock repurchased
 
 
 
 
(49,022,535
)
 
 
Preferred stock redeemed
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
Preferred stock issued to ESOP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock released by ESOP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock converted to common shares
(208,344
)
 
(209
)
 
3,777,769

 
 
Common stock warrants repurchased/exercised
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock issued
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stock incentive compensation expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net change in deferred compensation and related plans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net change (3)
(208,344
)

(209
)

(38,898,902
)

—

Balance September 30, 2017 (3)
11,895,783


$
25,576


4,927,871,148


$
9,136

(1)
Represents the reclassification from other comprehensive income to retained earnings as a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-02 - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, in the third quarter of 2018. For additional information, see Note 1.
(2)
Represents the impact of the redemption of preferred stock, series J, in third quarter 2018.
(3)
Financial information for the prior period has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-12 – Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, effective January 1, 2017.






72


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo stockholders' equity
 
 
 
 
 
Additional
paid-in
capital

 
Retained
earnings

 
Cumulative
other
comprehensive
income

 
Treasury
stock

 
Unearned
ESOP
shares

 
Total
Wells Fargo
stockholders'
equity

 
Noncontrolling
interests

 
Total
equity

59,644

 
150,803

 
(5,461
)
 
(32,620
)
 
(2,051
)
 
205,188

 
881

 
206,069

 
 
400

 
(400
)
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

 
 
6,007

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6,007

 
79

 
6,086

 
 
 
 
(1,012
)
 
 
 
 
 
(1,012
)
 
—

 
(1,012
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
(22
)
 
(22
)
(58
)
 
 
 
 
 
214

 
 
 
156

 
 
 
156

1,000

 
 
 
 
 
(8,382
)
 
 
 
(7,382
)
 
 
 
(7,382
)


 
(155
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(2,150
)
 
 
 
(2,150
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

(11
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
271

 
260

 
 
 
260

6

 
 
 
 
 
254

 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

(36
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(36
)
 
 
 
(36
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

18

 
(2,080
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(2,062
)
 
 
 
(2,062
)
 
 
(399
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(399
)
 
 
 
(399
)
202

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
202

 
 
 
202

(27
)
 
 
 
 
 
(4
)
 
 
 
(31
)
 
 
 
(31
)
1,094


3,773


(1,412
)

(7,918
)

271


(6,447
)

57


(6,390
)
60,738


154,576


(6,873
)

(40,538
)

(1,780
)

198,741


938


199,679

60,689

 
139,366

 
(2,148
)
 
(25,675
)
 
(2,119
)
 
205,034

 
915

 
205,949

 
 
4,542

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,542

 
58

 
4,600

 
 
 
 
526

 
 
 
 
 
526

 
(34
)
 
492

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
(44
)
 
(44
)
(61
)
 
 
 
 
 
315

 
 
 
254

 
 
 
254

—

 
 
 
 
 
(2,601
)
 
 
 
(2,601
)
 
 
 
(2,601
)
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

(6
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
215

 
209

 
 
 
209

20

 
 
 
 
 
189

 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

(19
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(19
)
 
 
 
(19
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

12

 
(1,948
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1,936
)
 
 
 
(1,936
)
 
 
(411
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(411
)
 
 
 
(411
)
135

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
135

 
 
 
135

(11
)
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
(11
)
 
 
 
(11
)
70


2,183


526


(2,097
)

215


688


(20
)

668

60,759


141,549


(1,622
)

(27,772
)

(1,904
)

205,722


895


206,617



73


Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock
 
 
Common stock
 
(in millions, except shares)
Shares

 
Amount

 
Shares

 
Amount

Balance December 31, 2017
11,677,235

 
$
25,358

 
4,891,616,628

 
$
9,136

Cumulative effect from change in accounting policies (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance January 1, 2018
11,677,235

 
$
25,358

 
4,891,616,628

 
$
9,136

Adoption of accounting standard related to reclassification of certain tax effects from cumulative other comprehensive income (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stock issued
 
 
 
 
34,391,135

 
 
Common stock repurchased
 
 
 
 
(232,826,228
)
 
 
Preferred stock redeemed (3)
(2,150,375
)
 
(1,995
)
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock issued to ESOP
1,100,000

 
1,100

 
 
 
 
Preferred stock released by ESOP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock converted to common shares
(981,508
)
 
(981
)
 
18,379,511

 
 
Common stock warrants repurchased / exercised
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock issued
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
Common stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stock incentive compensation expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net change in deferred compensation and related plans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net change
(2,031,883
)
 
(1,876
)
 
(180,055,582
)
 
—

Balance September 30, 2018
9,645,352

 
$
23,482

 
4,711,561,046

 
$
9,136

Balance December 31, 2016
11,532,712

 
$
24,551

 
5,016,109,326

 
$
9,136

Cumulative effect from change in hedge accounting (4)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance January 1, 2017
11,532,712

 
$
24,551

 
5,016,109,326

 
$
9,136

Net income (5)
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (5)
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
Noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
Common stock issued
  

 
  

 
45,738,310

 
 
Common stock repurchased
  

 
  

 
(145,143,692
)
 
 
Preferred stock redeemed
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
Preferred stock issued to ESOP
950,000

 
950

 
 
 
 
Preferred stock released by ESOP
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock converted to common shares
(614,529
)
 
(615
)
 
11,167,204

 
 
Common stock warrants repurchased / exercised
  

 
 
 
  

 
 
Preferred stock issued
27,600

 
690

 
  

 
 
Common stock dividends
  

 
  

 
  

 
 
Preferred stock dividends
  

 
  

 
  

 
 
Stock incentive compensation expense
  

 
  

 
  

 
 
Net change in deferred compensation and related plans
  

 
  

 
  

 
 
Net change (5)
363,071

 
1,025

 
(88,238,178
)
 
—

September 30, 2017 (5)
11,895,783

 
$
25,576

 
4,927,871,148

 
$
9,136

(1)
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-04 – Liabilities – Extinguishments of Liabilities (Subtopic 405-20): Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products, ASU 2016-01 – Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, and ASU 2014-09 – Revenue from Contracts With Customers (Topic 606) and subsequent related Updates. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) in this Report for more information.
(2)
Represents the reclassification from other comprehensive income to retained earnings as a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-02 - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, in the third quarter of 2018. For additional information, see Note 1.
(3)
Represents the impact of the redemption of preferred stock, series J, in third quarter 2018.
(4)
Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted changes in hedge accounting pursuant to ASU 2017-12 – Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.
(5)
Financial information for the prior period has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-12 – Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, effective January 1, 2017.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

74


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo stockholders' equity
 
 
 
 
 
Additional
paid-in
capital

 
Retained
earnings

 
Cumulative
other
comprehensive
income

 
Treasury
stock

 
Unearned
ESOP
shares

 
Total
Wells Fargo
stockholders'
equity

 
Noncontrolling
interests

 
Total
equity

60,893

 
145,263

 
(2,144
)
 
(29,892
)
 
(1,678
)
 
206,936

 
1,143

 
208,079

 
 
94

 
(118
)
 
 
 
 
 
(24
)
 
 
 
(24
)
60,893

 
145,357

 
(2,262
)
 
(29,892
)
 
(1,678
)
 
206,912

 
1,143

 
208,055

 
 
400

 
(400
)
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

 
 
16,329

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16,329

 
393

 
16,722

 
 
 
 
(4,211
)
 
 
 
 
 
(4,211
)
 
(1
)
 
(4,212
)
7

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7

 
(597
)
 
(590
)
(53
)
 
(231
)
 
 
 
1,721

 
 
 
1,437

 
 
 
1,437

—

 
 
 
 
 
(13,334
)
 
 
 
(13,334
)
 
 
 
(13,334
)


 
(155
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(2,150
)
 
 
 
(2,150
)
43

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1,143
)
 
—

 
 
 
—

(60
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,041

 
981

 
 
 
981

33

 
 
 
 
 
948

 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

(194
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(194
)
 
 
 
(194
)
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

48

 
(5,921
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(5,873
)
 
 
 
(5,873
)
 
 
(1,203
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1,203
)
 
 
 
(1,203
)
897

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
897

 
 
 
897

(876
)
 
 
 
 
 
19

 
 
 
(857
)
 
 
 
(857
)
(155
)
 
9,219

 
(4,611
)
 
(10,646
)
 
(102
)
 
(8,171
)
 
(205
)
 
(8,376
)
60,738

 
154,576

 
(6,873
)
 
(40,538
)
 
(1,780
)
 
198,741

 
938

 
199,679

60,234

 
133,075

 
(3,137
)
 
(22,713
)
 
(1,565
)
 
199,581

 
916

 
200,497

 
 
(381
)
 
168

 
 
 
 
 
(213
)
 
 
 
(213
)
60,234

 
132,694

 
(2,969
)
 
(22,713
)
 
(1,565
)
 
199,368

 
916

 
200,284

  

 
16,032

 
  

 
  

 
 
 
16,032

 
187

 
16,219

  
 
  
 
1,347

 
  
 
 
 
1,347

 
(29
)
 
1,318

1

 
  

 
  

 
  

 
 
 
1

 
(179
)
 
(178
)
(87
)
 
(184
)
 
  

 
2,183

 
 
 
1,912

 
 
 
1,912

750

 
 
 
  

 
(7,813
)
 
 
 
(7,063
)
 
 
 
(7,063
)
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

31

 
 
 
  

 
 
 
(981
)
 
—

 
 
 
—

(27
)
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
642

 
615

 
 
 
615

61

 
 
 
  

 
554

 
 
 
—

 
 
 
—

(87
)
 
 
 
  

 
  

 
 
 
(87
)
 
 
 
(87
)
(13
)
 
 
 
  

 
  

 
 
 
677

 
 
 
677

37

 
(5,775
)
 
  

 
  

 
 
 
(5,738
)
 
 
 
(5,738
)
 
 
(1,218
)
 
  

 
  

 
 
 
(1,218
)
 
 
 
(1,218
)
669

 
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
669

 
 
 
669

(810
)
 
  

 
  

 
17

 
 
 
(793
)
 
 
 
(793
)
525

 
8,855

 
1,347

 
(5,059
)
 
(339
)
 
6,354

 
(21
)
 
6,333

60,759

 
141,549

 
(1,622
)
 
(27,772
)
 
(1,904
)
 
205,722

 
895

 
206,617



75


Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries
 
 
 
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
Net income before noncontrolling interests (2)
$
16,722

 
16,219

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Provision for credit losses
1,223

 
1,877

Changes in fair value of MSRs, MLHFS and LHFS carried at fair value
(1,057
)
 
828

Depreciation, amortization and accretion
4,222

 
3,794

Other net (gains) losses (1)(2)
(8,919
)
 
284

Stock-based compensation
1,859

 
1,595

Originations and purchases of mortgage loans held for sale (1)
(120,006
)
 
(134,319
)
Proceeds from sales of and paydowns on mortgage loans held for sale (1)
90,714

 
97,059

Net change in:
 
 
 
Debt and equity securities, held for trading (1)
24,709

 
28,572

Loans held for sale (1)
(530
)
 
163

Deferred income taxes
940

 
1,748

Derivative assets and liabilities (2)
315

 
(4,038
)
Other assets (2)
9,738

 
2,176

Other accrued expenses and liabilities (2)
1,109

 
2,386

Net cash provided by operating activities
21,039

 
18,344

Cash flows from investing activities:
 
 
 
Net change in:
 
 
 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (3)
(4,448
)
 
(8,562
)
Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
Proceeds from sales (1)
7,088

 
37,069

Prepayments and maturities (1)
28,360

 
35,387

Purchases (1)
(41,495
)
 
(74,248
)
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
Paydowns and maturities
8,509

 
7,557

Equity securities, not held for trading:
 
 
 
Proceeds from sales and capital returns (1)
4,481

 
3,979

Purchases (1)
(3,937
)
 
(2,588
)
Loans:
 
 
 
Loans originated by banking subsidiaries, net of principal collected (4)
(2,965
)
 
5,568

Proceeds from sales (including participations) of loans held for investment
12,356

 
8,473

Purchases (including participations) of loans
(896
)
 
(2,436
)
Principal collected on nonbank entities’ loans (4)
5,110

 
5,968

Loans originated by nonbank entities (4)
(5,760
)
 
(4,199
)
Net cash paid for acquisitions
(10
)
 
(23
)
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed assets and short sales
2,781

 
4,175

Other, net
1,317

 
(1,336
)
Net cash provided by investing activities
10,491

 
14,784

Cash flows from financing activities:
 
 
 
Net change in:
 
 
 
Deposits
(69,371
)
 
627

Short-term borrowings
2,195

 
4,655

Long-term debt:
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance
31,397

 
38,358

Repayment
(29,419
)
 
(60,103
)
Preferred stock:
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance
—

 
677

Redeemed
(2,150
)
 
—

Cash dividends paid
(1,211
)
 
(1,226
)
Common stock:
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance
548

 
905

Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes
(322
)
 
(376
)
Repurchased
(13,334
)
 
(7,063
)
Cash dividends paid
(5,730
)
 
(5,605
)
Net change in noncontrolling interests
(364
)
 
(72
)
Other, net
(193
)
 
(94
)
Net cash used by financing activities
(87,954
)
 
(29,317
)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (3)
(56,424
)
 
3,811

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period (3)
215,947

 
221,043

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period (3)
$
159,523

 
224,854

Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
 
 
 
Cash paid for interest
$
10,108

 
6,514

Cash paid for income taxes
1,921

 
4,687

(1)
Financial information for the prior period has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption in first quarter 2018 of ASU 2016-01 – Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for more information.
(2)
Financial information for the prior period has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-12 – Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, effective January 1, 2017.
(3)
Financial information has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption in first quarter 2018 of ASU 2016-18 – Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash in which we changed the presentation of our cash and cash equivalents to include both cash and due from banks as well as interest-earning deposits with banks, which are inclusive of any restricted cash. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for more information.
(4)
Prior periods have been revised to reflect classification changes due to entity restructuring activities.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for noncash activities.

76
Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

See the Glossary of Acronyms at the end of this Report for terms used throughout the Financial Statements and related Notes.
 
Note 1:  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Wells Fargo & Company is a diversified financial services company. We provide banking, trust and investments, mortgage banking, investment banking, retail banking, brokerage, and consumer and commercial finance through banking locations, the internet and other distribution channels to consumers, businesses and institutions in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and in foreign countries. When we refer to “Wells Fargo,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” or “us,” we mean Wells Fargo & Company and Subsidiaries (consolidated). Wells Fargo & Company (the Parent) is a financial holding company and a bank holding company. We also hold a majority interest in a real estate investment trust, which has publicly traded preferred stock outstanding.
Our accounting and reporting policies conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and practices in the financial services industry. For discussion of our significant accounting policies, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (2017 Form 10-K). To prepare the financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management must make estimates based on assumptions about future economic and market conditions (for example, unemployment, market liquidity, real estate prices, etc.) that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, income and expenses during the reporting period and the related disclosures. Although our estimates contemplate current conditions and how we expect them to change in the future, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could be worse than anticipated in those estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations and financial condition. Management has made significant estimates in several areas, including:
•
allowance for credit losses (Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses));
•
valuations of residential mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) (Note 9 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) and Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities)) and financial instruments (Note 15 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities));
•
liabilities for contingent litigation losses (Note 13 (Legal Actions)); and
•
income taxes.

Actual results could differ from those estimates.
These unaudited interim financial statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods presented. These adjustments are of a normal recurring nature, unless otherwise disclosed in this Form 10-Q. The results of operations in the interim financial statements do not necessarily indicate the results that may be expected for the full year. The interim financial information should be read in conjunction with our 2017 Form 10-K.
 
Accounting Standards Adopted in 2018
In first quarter 2018, we adopted the following new accounting guidance:
•
Accounting Standards Update (ASU or Update) 2017-09 – Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting;
 
•
ASU 2017-07 – Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost;
•
ASU 2017-05 – Other Income – Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets;
•
ASU 2017-01 – Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business;
•
ASU 2016-18 – Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash;
•
ASU 2016-16 – Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory;
•
ASU 2016-15 – Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments;
•
ASU 2016-04 – Liabilities – Extinguishments of Liabilities (Subtopic 405-20): Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products;
•
ASU 2016-01 – Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities; and
•
ASU 2014-09 – Revenue from Contracts With Customers (Topic 606) and subsequent related Updates.

ASU 2017-09 clarifies when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification. Under the ASU, modification accounting is required only if the fair value, the vesting conditions, or the classification of the award (as equity or liability) changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions. The Update is applied to awards modified on or after the adoption date and accordingly, did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2017-07 requires that the service cost component of net benefit cost be reported in the same line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by employees during the period, and the other pension cost components (interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization of actuarial gains and losses) be presented in the income statement separate from the service cost component. The income statement line item used to present the other pension cost components must be disclosed. We adopted this change in first quarter 2018. The Update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2017-05 provides guidance for recognizing gains and losses from the transfer of nonfinancial assets in contracts with non-customers. The ASU applies to nonfinancial assets, including real estate (e.g., buildings, land, windmills, solar farms), ships and intellectual property. We adopted this change in first quarter 2018. The Update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2017-01 requires that when substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single asset (or a group of similar assets), the assets acquired would not represent a business. The Update is applied prospectively and accordingly, did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.


77

ASU 2016-18 requires that restricted cash and cash equivalents are included with the total cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated statement of cash flows. In addition, the nature of any restrictions will be disclosed in the footnotes to the financial statements. We adopted this change in first quarter 2018. Our retrospective adoption includes changes to our presentation of cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated statement of cash flows to include both cash and due from banks as well as interest-earning deposits with banks. In addition, we had corresponding changes on our consolidated balance sheets.

ASU 2016-16 requires us to recognize the income tax effects of intercompany sales and transfers of assets other than inventory in the period in which the transfer occurs. We adopted this change in first quarter 2018. The Update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2016-15 addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice for reporting in the statement of cash flows. We adopted this change in first quarter 2018. The Update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2016-04 modifies the accounting for certain prepaid card products to require the recognition of breakage. Breakage represents the estimated amount that will not be redeemed by the cardholder for goods or services. We adopted this change in first quarter 2018. Upon adoption, we recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment that increased retained earnings, given estimated breakage, by $20 million.

ASU 2016-01 changes the accounting for certain equity securities to record at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reflected in earnings, as well as improve the disclosures of equity securities and the fair value of financial instruments. The Update also requires that for purposes of disclosing the fair value of financial instruments recorded at amortized cost, including loans and long-term debt, the valuation methodology is based on an exit price notion.
We adopted the Update in first quarter 2018 and recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment as of January 1, 2018, that increased retained earnings by $106 million as a result of a transition adjustment to reclassify $118 million in net unrealized gains from other comprehensive income to retained earnings, partially offset by a transition adjustment to decrease retained earnings by $12 million primarily to adjust the carrying value of our auction rate securities from cost to fair value. No transition adjustment was recorded for investments changed to the measurement alternative (described below), which was applied prospectively.
 
As a result of adopting this ASU, our investments in marketable equity securities, including those previously classified as available-for-sale, are accounted for at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reflected in earnings. Additionally, our share of unrealized gains or losses related to marketable equity securities held by our equity method investees are reflected in earnings. Prior to adoption, such unrealized gains and losses were reflected in other comprehensive income. Our investments in nonmarketable equity securities previously accounted for under the cost method of accounting, except for federal bank stock, are now accounted for either at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reflected in earnings or using the measurement alternative. The measurement alternative is similar to the cost method of accounting, except the carrying value is adjusted through earnings for impairment, if any, and changes in observable and orderly transactions in the same or similar investment. We account for substantially all of our private equity securities, previously using the cost method of accounting, now under the measurement alternative. Our auction rate securities portfolio is now accounted for at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reflected in earnings.
In connection with our adoption of this Update, we have modified our balance sheet and income statement presentation to report marketable and nonmarketable equity securities and their results separately from debt securities by now reporting all equity securities in a new line labeled “Equity securities” in both the balance sheet and income statement. Additionally we now report loans held for trading purposes in loans held for sale and have reclassified net gains and losses on marketable equity securities used as economic hedges of deferred compensation obligations from “Net gains for trading activities” to “Net gains from equity securities”. All prior periods have been revised to conform to these changes in reporting.
Table 1.1 provides a summary of our reporting changes implemented in connection with our adoption of ASU 2016-01 in first quarter 2018.

78
Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Table 1.1: Summary of Reporting Changes
Financial instrument or transaction type
As previously reported
Revised reporting
Balance Sheet
 
 
   Marketable equity securities
Trading assets and available for sale investment securities
Equity securities (new caption)
   Nonmarketable equity securities
Other assets
Equity securities (new caption)
   Loans held for trading
Trading assets
Loans held for sale
   Debt securities held for trading
Trading assets
Debt securities (formerly “Investment securities”)
 
 
 
Income Statement
 
 
   Interest income:
 
 
      Marketable equity securities
Trading assets and investment securities
Equity securities (new caption)
      Nonmarketable equity securities
Other
Equity securities (new caption)
      Loans held for trading
Trading assets
Loans held for sale
      Debt securities held for trading
Trading assets
Debt securities (formerly “Investment securities”)
   Noninterest income:
 
 
      Deferred compensation gains (1)
Net gains from trading activities
Net gains from equity securities
(1)
Reclassification of net gains and losses on marketable equity securities economically hedging our deferred compensation obligations.
Table 1.2 summarizes financial assets and liabilities by form and measurement accounting model.
Table 1.2: Accounting Model for Financial Assets and Liabilities
Balance sheet caption
Measurement model(s)
Financial statement Note reference
Cash and due from banks
Cost
N/A
Interest-earning deposits with banks
Cost
N/A
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
Amortized cost
N/A
Debt securities:
 
 
Trading
FV-NI (1)
Note 4: Trading Activities
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
Available-for-sale
FV-OCI (2)
Note 5: Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
Held-to-maturity
Amortized cost
Note 5: Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities
Mortgage loans held for sale
FV-NI (1)
LOCOM (3)
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
Loans held for sale
FV-NI (1)
LOCOM (3)
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
Loans
Amortized cost
FV-NI (1)
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
Derivative assets and liabilities
FV-NI (1)
FV-OCI (2)
Note 4: Trading Activities
Note 14: Derivatives
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
Equity securities:
 
 
Marketable
FV-NI (1)
Note 4: Trading Activities
Note 7: Equity Securities
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
Nonmarketable
FV-NI (1)
Cost method
Equity method
MA (4)
Note 4: Trading Activities
Note 7: Equity Securities
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
Other assets
Amortized cost (5)
Note 8: Other Assets
Deposits
Amortized cost
N/A
Short-term borrowings
Amortized cost
N/A
Long-term debt
Amortized cost
N/A
(1)
FV-NI represents the fair value through net income accounting model.
(2)
FV-OCI represents the fair value through other comprehensive income accounting model.
(3)
LOCOM represents the lower of cost or fair value accounting model.
(4)
MA represents the measurement alternative accounting model.
(5)
Other assets are generally carried at amortized cost, except for bank-owned life insurance which is carried at cash surrender value.
ASU 2014-09 modifies the guidance used to recognize revenue from contracts with customers for transfers of goods or services and transfers of non-financial assets, unless those contracts are within the scope of other guidance. Upon a modified retrospective adoption, we recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment that decreased retained earnings by $32 million, due
 
to changes in the timing of revenue for corporate trust services that are provided over the life of the associated trust. In addition, we changed the presentation of some costs such that underwriting expenses of our broker-dealer business that were previously netted against revenue are now included in noninterest expense, and card payment network charges that

79

were previously included in noninterest expense are now netted against card fee revenue.

In third quarter 2018, we adopted the following new accounting guidance:
•
ASU 2018-02 – Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.

ASU 2018-02 allows a reclassification to update amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income to an appropriate tax rate under the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act. In third quarter 2018, we reclassified $400 million resulting in a reduction of accumulated other comprehensive income and an increase to retained earnings. For additional information, see Note 20: Other Comprehensive Income. In addition, we recognized $104 million of additional tax expense associated with the re-measurement of our initial estimates for the impacts of the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act, in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 118. These adjustments were included in income tax expense. We continue to collect and analyze data related to our provisional tax estimates and monitor interpretations that emerge for various provisions of the Tax Act. We anticipate the re-measurements will be finalized upon completion of our U.S. tax filings in the fourth quarter.

Private Share Repurchases
 
From time to time we enter into private forward repurchase transactions with unrelated third parties to complement our open-market common stock repurchase strategies, to allow us to manage our share repurchases in a manner consistent with our capital plans submitted annually under the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) and to provide an economic benefit to the Company.
Our payments to the counterparties for these contracts are recorded in permanent equity in the quarter paid and are not subject to re-measurement. The classification of the up-front payments as permanent equity assures that we have appropriate repurchase timing consistent with our capital plans, which contemplate a fixed dollar amount available per quarter for share repurchases pursuant to Federal Reserve Board (FRB) supervisory guidance. In return, the counterparty agrees to deliver a variable number of shares based on a per share discount to the volume-weighted average stock price over the contract period. There are no scenarios where the contracts would not either physically settle in shares or allow us to choose the settlement method. Our total number of outstanding shares of common stock is not reduced until settlement of the private share repurchase contract.
We had no unsettled private share repurchase contracts at both September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Significant noncash activities are presented in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: Supplemental Cash Flow Information
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

Trading debt securities retained from securitization of MLHFS
$
28,761

 
43,394

Transfers from loans to MLHFS
4,456

 
4,015

Transfers from loans to LHFS
2,542

 
681

Transfers from available-for-sale debt securities to held-to-maturity debt securities
13,372

 
50,405


Subsequent Events
We have evaluated the effects of events that have occurred subsequent to September 30, 2018, and, except as disclosed elsewhere in the footnotes, there have been no material events
 
that would require recognition in our third quarter 2018 consolidated financial statements or disclosure in the Notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Note 2:  Business Combinations
We regularly explore opportunities to acquire financial services companies and businesses. Generally, we do not make a public announcement about an acquisition opportunity until a definitive agreement has been signed. For information on additional contingent consideration related to acquisitions, which is considered to be a guarantee, see Note 12 (Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments).
We completed no new acquisitions during the first nine months of 2018 and had no business combinations pending as of September 30, 2018.
 
We completed the sale of Wells Fargo Shareowner Services in February 2018 and the sale of the automobile lending business of Reliable Financial Services, Inc. and Reliable Finance Holding Company in August 2018. In June 2018, we announced plans to divest 52 branches in Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and part of Wisconsin. Included with the sale are approximately $2 billion of deposits as of September 30, 2018. The final amount of deposits that will be divested could differ.

80


Note 3: Cash, Loan and Dividend Restrictions
Cash and cash equivalents may be restricted as to usage or withdrawal. Federal Reserve Board (FRB) regulations require that each of our subsidiary banks maintain reserve balances on deposit with the Federal Reserve Banks. Table 3.1 provides a summary of restrictions on cash equivalents in addition to the FRB reserve cash balance requirements.
Table 3.1: Nature of Restrictions on Cash Equivalents
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Average required reserve balance for FRB (1)
$
12,798

 
12,306

Reserve balance for non-U.S. central banks
554

 
617

Segregated for benefit of brokerage customers under federal and other brokerage regulations
698

 
666

Related to consolidated variable interest entities (VIEs) that can only be used to settle liabilities of VIEs
120

 
487

(1)
FRB required reserve balance represents average for the first nine months of 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2017.

We are subject to additional loan and dividend restrictions. We have a state-chartered subsidiary bank that is subject to state regulations that limit dividends. Under these provisions and regulatory limitations, our national and state-chartered subsidiary banks could have declared additional dividends of $15.6 billion at September 30, 2018, without obtaining prior regulatory approval. Our nonbank subsidiaries are also limited by certain federal and state statutory provisions and regulations covering the amount of dividends that may be paid in any given year. In addition, under a Support Agreement dated June 28, 2017, among Wells Fargo & Company, the parent holding company (the “Parent”), WFC Holdings, LLC, an intermediate holding company and subsidiary of the Parent (the “IHC”), and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, and Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC, each an indirect subsidiary of the Parent, the IHC may be restricted from making dividend payments to the Parent if certain liquidity and/or capital metrics fall below defined triggers. Based on retained earnings at September 30, 2018, our nonbank subsidiaries could have declared additional dividends of $25.5 billion at September 30, 2018, without obtaining prior regulatory approval. For additional information see Note 3 (Cash, Loan and Dividend Restrictions) in our 2017 Form 10-K.
 
The FRB’s Capital Plan Rule (codified at 12 CFR 225.8 of Regulation Y) establishes capital planning and prior notice and approval requirements for capital distributions including dividends by certain large bank holding companies. The FRB has also published guidance regarding its supervisory expectations for capital planning, including capital policies regarding the process relating to common stock dividend and repurchase decisions in the FRB’s SR Letter 15-18. The effect of this guidance is to require the approval of the FRB (or specifically under the Capital Plan Rule, a notice of non-objection) for the Company to repurchase or redeem common or perpetual preferred stock as well as to raise the per share quarterly dividend from its current level of $0.43 per share as declared by the Company’s Board of Directors on October 23, 2018, payable on December 1, 2018.


81


Note 4:  Trading Activities
We engage in trading activities to accommodate the investment and risk management activities of our customers. These activities predominantly occur in our Wholesale Banking businesses and to a lesser extent other divisions of the Company. Assets and liabilities associated with our trading activities include debt and equity securities, derivatives, loans and short sales. Our trading
 
assets and liabilities are carried on the balance sheet at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net gains from trading activities and interest income and interest expense recognized in net interest income.
Table 4.1 presents a summary of our trading assets and liabilities measured at fair value through earnings.
Table 4.1: Trading Assets and Liabilities
 
Sep 30,

 
Dec 31,

(in millions)
2018

 
2017

Trading assets:
 
 
 
Debt securities
$
65,188

 
57,624

Equity securities
26,138

 
30,004

Loans held for sale
1,266

 
1,023

Gross trading derivative assets
30,302

 
31,340

Netting (1)
(19,188
)
 
(19,629
)
Total trading derivative assets
11,114

 
11,711

Total trading assets
103,706

 
100,362

Trading liabilities:
 
 
 
Short sale
23,992

 
18,472

Gross trading derivative liabilities
29,268

 
31,386

Netting (1)
(21,842
)
 
(23,062
)
Total trading derivative liabilities
7,426

 
8,324

Total trading liabilities
$
31,418

 
26,796

(1)
Represents balance sheet netting for trading derivative asset and liability balances, and trading portfolio level counterparty valuation adjustments.
Table 4.2 provides a summary of the net interest income earned from trading securities, and net gains and losses due to the realized and unrealized gains and losses from trading activities.
 

Table 4.2: Net Interest Income and Net Gains (Losses) on Trading Activities
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Interest income (1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities
$
723

 
607

 
2,043

 
1,678

Equity securities
178

 
125

 
447

 
370

Loans held for sale
20

 
11

 
43

 
29

Total interest income
921

 
743

 
2,533

 
2,077

Less: Interest expense (2)
157

 
107

 
429

 
305

Net interest income
764

 
636

 
2,104

 
1,772

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net gains (losses) from trading activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities
(369
)
 
52

 
(1,008
)
 
348

Equity securities
1,129

 
717

 
25

 
2,143

Loans held for sale
3

 
6

 
18

 
42

Derivatives (3)
(605
)
 
(655
)
 
1,557

 
(1,990
)
Total net gains from trading activities (4)
158

 
120

 
592

 
543

Total trading-related net interest and noninterest income
$
922

 
756

 
2,696

 
2,315

(1)
Represents interest and dividend income earned on trading securities.
(2)
Represents interest and dividend expense incurred on trading securities we have sold but have not yet purchased.
(3)
Excludes economic hedging of mortgage banking and asset/liability management activities, for which hedge results (realized and unrealized) are reported with the respective hedged activities.
(4)
Represents realized gains (losses) from our trading activities and unrealized gains (losses) due to changes in fair value of our trading positions, attributable to the type of asset or liability.

82


Customer accommodation trading activities include our actions as an intermediary to buy and sell financial instruments and market-making activities. We also take positions to manage our exposure to customer accommodation activities. We hold financial instruments for trading in long positions (assets), as well as short positions where we sold financial instruments we have not yet purchased (liabilities), to facilitate our trading activities. As an intermediary we interact with market buyers and sellers to facilitate the purchase and sale of financial instruments to meet the anticipated or current needs of our customers. For example, we may purchase or sell a derivative to a customer who wants to manage interest rate risk exposure. We typically enter into an offsetting derivative or security position to manage our exposure to the customer transaction. We earn income based on the transaction price difference between the customer transaction and the offsetting position, which is reflected in the fair value changes of the positions recorded in the net gains from trading activities.
 
Our market-making activities include taking long and short trading positions to facilitate customer order flow. These activities are typically executed on a short term basis. As a market-maker we earn income due to: (1) difference between the price paid or received for the purchase and sale of the security (bid-ask spread), (2) the net interest income of the positions, and (3) the changes in fair value of the trading positions held on our balance sheet. Additionally, we may enter into separate derivative or security positions to manage our exposure related to our long and short trading positions taken in our market-making activities. Income earned on these market-making activities are reflected in the fair value changes of these positions recorded in net gains from trading activities.



83

Note 5:  Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities
Table 5.1 provides the amortized cost and fair value by major categories of available-for-sale debt securities, which are carried at fair value, and held-to-maturity debt securities, which are carried at amortized cost. The net unrealized gains (losses) for
 
available-for-sale debt securities are reported on an after-tax basis as a component of cumulative OCI. Information on debt securities held for trading is included in Note 4 (Trading Activities) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Table 5.1: Amortized Cost and Fair Value
(in millions)
Amortized Cost

 
Gross
unrealized
gains

 
Gross
unrealized
losses

 
Fair
value

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
6,347

 
1

 
(161
)
 
6,187

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions (1)
47,565

 
984

 
(333
)
 
48,216

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
158,584

 
289

 
(5,362
)
 
153,511

Residential
2,789

 
179

 
(2
)
 
2,966

Commercial
3,910

 
67

 
(4
)
 
3,973

Total mortgage-backed securities
165,283

 
535

 
(5,368
)
 
160,450

Corporate debt securities
6,365

 
273

 
(24
)
 
6,614

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations (2) 
35,973

 
239

 
(18
)
 
36,194

Other (3)
5,189

 
120

 
(6
)
 
5,303

Total available-for-sale debt securities
266,722

 
2,152

 
(5,910
)
 
262,964

Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
44,743

 
—

 
(1,075
)
 
43,668

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
6,293

 
15

 
(157
)
 
6,151

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities (4)
93,020

 
7

 
(3,885
)
 
89,142

Collateralized loan obligations
75

 
—

 
—

 
75

Other (3)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities
144,131

 
22

 
(5,117
)
 
139,036

Total
$
410,853

 
2,174

 
(11,027
)
 
402,000

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
6,425

 
2

 
(108
)
 
6,319

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions (1)
50,733

 
1,032

 
(439
)
 
51,326

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
160,561

 
930

 
(1,272
)
 
160,219

Residential
4,356

 
254

 
(2
)
 
4,608

Commercial
4,487

 
80

 
(2
)
 
4,565

Total mortgage-backed securities
169,404

 
1,264

 
(1,276
)
 
169,392

Corporate debt securities
7,343

 
363

 
(40
)
 
7,666

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations (2)
35,675

 
384

 
(3
)
 
36,056

Other (3)
5,516

 
137

 
(5
)
 
5,648

Total available-for-sale debt securities
275,096

 
3,182

 
(1,871
)
 
276,407

Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
44,720

 
189

 
(103
)
 
44,806

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
6,313

 
84

 
(43
)
 
6,354

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities (4)
87,527

 
201

 
(682
)
 
87,046

Collateralized loan obligations
661

 
4

 
—

 
665

Other (3)
114

 
—

 
—

 
114

Total held-to-maturity debt securities
139,335

 
478

 
(828
)
 
138,985

Total
$
414,431

 
3,660

 
(2,699
)
 
415,392

(1)
Available-for-sale debt securities include investments in tax-exempt preferred debt securities issued by investment funds or trusts that predominantly invest in tax-exempt municipal securities. The cost basis and fair value of these types of securities was $6.2 billion each at September 30, 2018, and $5.2 billion each at December 31, 2017.
(2)
Available-for-sale debt securities include collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) with a cost basis and fair value of $690 million and $843 million, respectively, at September 30, 2018, and $887 million and $1.0 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2017.
(3)
The “Other” category of available-for-sale debt securitieslargely includes asset-backed securities collateralized by student loans. Included in the “Other” category of held-to-maturity debt securities are asset-backed securities collateralized by automobile leases or loans and cash with a cost basis and fair value of $0 million each at September 30, 2018, and $114 million each at December 31, 2017.
(4)
Predominantly consists of federal agency mortgage-backed securities at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

84
Note 5: Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities (continued)

Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value
Table 5.2 shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by length of time those individual securities in each category have been in a continuous loss position. Debt securities on which we have taken credit-related OTTI write-downs are categorized as being “less
 
than 12 months” or “12 months or more” in a continuous loss position based on the point in time that the fair value declined to below the cost basis and not the period of time since the credit-related OTTI write-down.
Table 5.2: Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value
 
Less than 12 months
 
 
12 months or more
 
 
Total
 
(in millions)
Gross
unrealized
losses

 
Fair
value

 
Gross
unrealized
losses

 
Fair
value

 
Gross
unrealized
losses

 
Fair
value

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
(32
)
 
1,705

 
(129
)
 
4,444

 
(161
)
 
6,149

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
(26
)
 
7,207

 
(307
)
 
8,737

 
(333
)
 
15,944

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Federal agencies
(2,165
)
 
82,975

 
(3,197
)
 
63,029

 
(5,362
)
 
146,004

Residential
(1
)
 
169

 
(1
)
 
52

 
(2
)
 
221

Commercial
(3
)
 
438

 
(1
)
 
60

 
(4
)
 
498

Total mortgage-backed securities
(2,169
)
 
83,582

 
(3,199
)
 
63,141

 
(5,368
)
 
146,723

Corporate debt securities
(12
)
 
658

 
(12
)
 
246

 
(24
)
 
904

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
(17
)
 
8,725

 
(1
)
 
165

 
(18
)
 
8,890

Other
(2
)
 
476

 
(4
)
 
153

 
(6
)
 
629

Total available-for-sale debt securities
(2,258
)
 
102,353

 
(3,652
)
 
76,886

 
(5,910
)
 
179,239

Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
(871
)
 
39,298

 
(204
)
 
4,370

 
(1,075
)
 
43,668

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
(62
)
 
3,101

 
(95
)
 
1,922

 
(157
)
 
5,023

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
(1,166
)
 
37,313

 
(2,719
)
 
50,258

 
(3,885
)
 
87,571

Collateralized loan obligations
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities
(2,099
)
 
79,712

 
(3,018
)
 
56,550

 
(5,117
)
 
136,262

Total
$
(4,357
)
 
182,065

 
(6,670
)
 
133,436

 
(11,027
)
 
315,501

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
(27
)
 
4,065

 
(81
)
 
2,209

 
(108
)
 
6,274

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
(17
)
 
6,179

 
(422
)
 
11,766

 
(439
)
 
17,945

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
(243
)
 
52,559

 
(1,029
)
 
44,691

 
(1,272
)
 
97,250

Residential
(1
)
 
47

 
(1
)
 
58

 
(2
)
 
105

Commercial
(1
)
 
101

 
(1
)
 
133

 
(2
)
 
234

Total mortgage-backed securities
(245
)
 
52,707

 
(1,031
)
 
44,882

 
(1,276
)
 
97,589

Corporate debt securities
(4
)
 
239

 
(36
)
 
503

 
(40
)
 
742

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
(1
)
 
373

 
(2
)
 
146

 
(3
)
 
519

Other
(1
)
 
37

 
(4
)
 
483

 
(5
)
 
520

Total available-for-sale debt securities
(295
)
 
63,600

 
(1,576
)
 
59,989

 
(1,871
)
 
123,589

Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
(69
)
 
11,255

 
(34
)
 
1,490

 
(103
)
 
12,745

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
(5
)
 
500

 
(38
)
 
1,683

 
(43
)
 
2,183

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
(198
)
 
29,713

 
(484
)
 
28,244

 
(682
)
 
57,957

Collateralized loan obligations
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities
(272
)
 
41,468

 
(556
)
 
31,417

 
(828
)
 
72,885

Total
$
(567
)
 
105,068

 
(2,132
)
 
91,406

 
(2,699
)
 
196,474


85

We have assessed each debt security with gross unrealized losses included in the previous table for credit impairment. As part of that assessment we evaluated and concluded that we do not intend to sell any of the debt securities and that it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. We evaluate, where necessary, whether credit impairment exists by comparing the present value of the expected cash flows to the debt securities’ amortized cost basis.
For descriptions of the factors we consider when analyzing debt securities for impairment, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 5 (Investment Securities) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K. There were no material changes to our methodologies for assessing impairment in the first nine months of 2018. 
Table 5.3 shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by those rated investment grade and those rated less than investment grade, according to their lowest credit rating by Standard & Poor’s Rating Services (S&P) or Moody’s Investors
 
Service (Moody’s). Credit ratings express opinions about the credit quality of a debt security. Debt securities rated investment grade, that is those rated BBB- or higher by S&P or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s, are generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be low credit risk. Conversely, debt securities rated below investment grade, labeled as “speculative grade” by the rating agencies, are considered to be distinctively higher credit risk than investment grade debt securities. We have also included debt securities not rated by S&P or Moody’s in the table below based on our internal credit grade of the debt securities (used for credit risk management purposes) equivalent to the credit rating assigned by major credit agencies. The unrealized losses and fair value of unrated debt securities categorized as investment grade based on internal credit grades were $23 million and $5.5 billion, respectively, at September 30, 2018, and $32 million and $6.9 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2017. If an internal credit grade was not assigned, we categorized the debt security as non-investment grade. 
Table 5.3: Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value by Investment Grade
 
Investment grade
 
 
Non-investment grade
 
(in millions)
Gross
unrealized
losses

 
Fair
value

 
Gross
unrealized
losses

 
Fair
value

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
(161
)
 
6,149

 
—

 
—

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
(314
)
 
15,661

 
(19
)
 
283

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
(5,362
)
 
146,004

 
—

 
—

Residential
(1
)
 
147

 
(1
)
 
74

Commercial
(1
)
 
429

 
(3
)
 
69

Total mortgage-backed securities
(5,364
)
 
146,580

 
(4
)
 
143

Corporate debt securities
(4
)
 
276

 
(20
)
 
628

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
(18
)
 
8,890

 
—

 
—

Other
(3
)
 
358

 
(3
)
 
271

Total available-for-sale debt securities
(5,864
)
 
177,914

 
(46
)
 
1,325

Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
(1,075
)
 
43,668

 
—

 
—

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
(157
)
 
5,023

 
—

 
—

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
(3,873
)
 
87,188

 
(12
)
 
383

Collateralized loan obligations
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities
(5,105
)
 
135,879

 
(12
)
 
383

Total
$
(10,969
)
 
313,793

 
(58
)
 
1,708

December 31, 2017
 
 

 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
(108
)
 
6,274

 
—

 
—

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
(412
)
 
17,763

 
(27
)
 
182

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
(1,272
)
 
97,250

 
—

 
—

Residential
(1
)
 
42

 
(1
)
 
63

Commercial
(1
)
 
183

 
(1
)
 
51

Total mortgage-backed securities
(1,274
)
 
97,475

 
(2
)
 
114

Corporate debt securities
(13
)
 
304

 
(27
)
 
438

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
(3
)
 
519

 
—

 
—

Other
(2
)
 
469

 
(3
)
 
51

Total available-for-sale debt securities
(1,812
)
 
122,804

 
(59
)
 
785

Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
(103
)
 
12,745

 
—

 
—

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
(43
)
 
2,183

 
—

 
—

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
(680
)
 
57,789

 
(2
)
 
168

Collateralized loan obligations
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities
(826
)
 
72,717

 
(2
)
 
168

Total
$
(2,638
)
 
195,521

 
(61
)
 
953


86
Note 5: Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities (continued)

Contractual Maturities
Table 5.4 shows the remaining contractual maturities and contractual weighted-average yields (taxable-equivalent basis) of available-for-sale debt securities. The remaining contractual principal maturities for MBS do not consider
 
prepayments. Remaining expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations before the underlying mortgages mature.
 
Table 5.4: Contractual Maturities
 
 
 
Remaining contractual maturity
 
 
Total

 
 
 
Within one year
 
 
After one year
through five years
 
 
After five years
through ten years
 
 
After ten years
 
(in millions)
amount

 
Yield

 
Amount

 
Yield

 
Amount

 
Yield

 
Amount

 
Yield

 
Amount

 
Yield

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities (1): 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
6,187

 
1.60
%
 
$
46

 
1.96
%
 
$
6,094

 
1.59
%
 
$
47

 
1.89
%
 
$
—

 
—
%
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
48,216

 
4.73

 
4,216

 
2.75

 
6,507

 
3.33

 
4,251

 
3.31

 
33,242

 
5.43

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
153,511

 
3.38

 
—

 
—

 
63

 
3.52

 
2,396

 
2.66

 
151,052

 
3.39

Residential
2,966

 
3.88

 
—

 
—

 
16

 
5.84

 
7

 
2.77

 
2,943

 
3.88

Commercial
3,973

 
3.55

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
311

 
3.50

 
3,662

 
3.56

Total mortgage-backed securities
160,450

 
3.39

 
—

 
—

 
79

 
4.01

 
2,714

 
2.75

 
157,657

 
3.41

Corporate debt securities
6,614

 
5.09

 
372

 
5.82

 
2,505

 
5.28

 
3,008

 
4.75

 
729

 
5.47

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
36,194

 
3.77

 
—

 
—

 
33

 
3.73

 
10,592

 
3.78

 
25,569

 
3.76

Other
5,303

 
3.09

 
19

 
4.82

 
834

 
3.56

 
1,083

 
2.32

 
3,367

 
3.21

Total available-for-sale debt securities at fair value
$
262,964

 
3.68
%
 
$
4,653

 
2.99
%
 
$
16,052

 
2.99
%
 
$
21,695

 
3.62
%
 
$
220,564

 
3.76
%
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities (1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
`
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
6,319

 
1.59
%
 
$
81

 
1.37
%
 
$
6,189

 
1.59
%
 
$
49

 
1.89
%
 
$
—

 
—
%
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
51,326

 
5.88

 
2,380

 
3.47

 
9,484

 
3.42

 
2,276

 
4.63

 
37,186

 
6.75

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal agencies
160,219

 
3.27

 
15

 
2.03

 
210

 
3.08

 
5,534

 
2.82

 
154,460

 
3.28

Residential
4,608

 
3.52

 
—

 
—

 
24

 
5.67

 
11

 
2.46

 
4,573

 
3.51

Commercial
4,565

 
3.45

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
166

 
2.69

 
4,399

 
3.48

Total mortgage-backed securities
169,392

 
3.28

 
15

 
2.03

 
234

 
3.35

 
5,711

 
2.82

 
163,432

 
3.30

Corporate debt securities
7,666

 
5.12

 
443

 
5.54

 
2,738

 
5.56

 
3,549

 
4.70

 
936

 
5.26

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
36,056

 
2.98

 
—

 
—

 
50

 
1.68

 
15,008

 
2.96

 
20,998

 
3.00

Other
5,648

 
2.46

 
71

 
3.56

 
463

 
2.72

 
1,466

 
2.13

 
3,648

 
2.53

Total available-for-sale debt securities at fair value
$
276,407

 
3.72
%
 
$
2,990

 
3.70
%
 
$
19,158

 
3.11
%
 
$
28,059

 
3.24
%
 
$
226,200

 
3.83
%
(1)
Weighted-average yields displayed by maturity bucket are weighted based on fair value and predominantly represent contractual coupon rates without effect for any related hedging derivatives.


87

Table 5.5 shows the amortized cost and weighted-average yields of held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity.
Table 5.5: Amortized Cost by Contractual Maturity
 
 
 
Remaining contractual maturity
 
 
Total

 
 
 
Within one year
 
 
After one year
through five years
 
 
After five years
through ten years
 
 
After ten years
 
(in millions)
amount

 
Yield

 
Amount

 
Yield

 
Amount

 
Yield

 
Amount

 
Yield

 
Amount

 
Yield

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-to-maturity debt securities (1): 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
44,743

 
2.12
%
 
$
—

 
—
%
 
$
32,349

 
2.04
%
 
$
12,394

 
2.32
%
 
$
—

 
—
%
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
6,293

 
4.93

 
—

 
—

 
52

 
5.90

 
1,118

 
4.97

 
5,123

 
4.91

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
93,020

 
3.09

 
—

 
—

 
15

 
3.40

 
11

 
3.10

 
92,994

 
3.09

Collateralized loan obligations
75

 
3.52

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
75

 
3.52

 
—

 
—

Other
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities at amortized cost
$
144,131

 
2.87
%
 
$
—

 
—
%
 
$
32,416

 
2.05
%
 
$
13,598

 
2.54
%
 
$
98,117

 
3.19
%
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-to-maturity debt securities (1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
44,720

 
2.12
%
 
$
—

 
—
%
 
$
32,330

 
2.04
%
 
$
12,390

 
2.32
%
 
$
—

 
—
%
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
6,313

 
6.02

 
—

 
—

 
50

 
7.18

 
695

 
6.31

 
5,568

 
5.98

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
87,527

 
3.11

 
—

 
—

 
15

 
2.81

 
11

 
2.49

 
87,501

 
3.11

Collateralized loan obligations
661

 
2.86

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
661

 
2.86

 
—

 
—

Other
114

 
1.83

 
—

 
—

 
114

 
1.83

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities at amortized cost
$
139,335

 
2.92
%
 
$
—

 
—
%
 
$
32,509

 
2.05
%
 
$
13,757

 
2.55
%
 
$
93,069

 
3.28
%
(1)
Weighted-average yields displayed by maturity bucket are weighted based on amortized cost and predominantly represent contractual coupon rates.

Table 5.6 shows the fair value of held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity.
 

Table 5.6: Fair Value by Contractual Maturity
 
 
 
Remaining contractual maturity
 
 
Total

 
Within one year

 
After one year
through five years

 
After five years
through ten years

 
After ten years

(in millions)
amount

 
Amount

 
Amount

 
Amount

 
Amount

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
43,668

 
—

 
31,700

 
11,968

 
—

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
6,151

 
—

 
50

 
1,111

 
4,990

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
89,142

 
—

 
15

 
11

 
89,116

Collateralized loan obligations
75

 
—

 
—

 
75

 
—

Other
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities at fair value
$
139,036

 
—

 
31,765

 
13,165

 
94,106

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
44,806

 
—

 
32,388

 
12,418

 
—

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
6,354

 
—

 
49

 
701

 
5,604

Federal agency and other mortgage-backed securities
87,046

 
—

 
15

 
11

 
87,020

Collateralized loan obligations
665

 
—

 
—

 
665

 
—

Other
114

 
—

 
114

 
—

 
—

Total held-to-maturity debt securities at fair value
$
138,985

 
—

 
32,566

 
13,795

 
92,624


88
Note 5: Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities (continued)

Realized Gains and Losses
Table 5.7 shows the gross realized gains and losses on sales and OTTI write-downs related to available-for-sale debt securities.
Table 5.7: Realized Gains and Losses
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Gross realized gains
$
65

 
191

 
139

 
531

Gross realized losses
(3
)
 
(18
)
 
(17
)
 
(102
)
OTTI write-downs
(5
)
 
(7
)
 
(23
)
 
(107
)
Net realized gains from available-for-sale debt securities
$
57

 
166

 
99

 
322


Other-Than-Temporarily Impaired Debt Securities
Table 5.8 shows the detail of total OTTI write-downs included in earnings for available-for-sale debt securities. There were no
 
OTTI write-downs on held-to-maturity debt securities during the first nine months of 2018 and 2017.
Table 5.8: Detail of OTTI Write-downs
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Debt securities OTTI write-downs included in earnings:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
$
—

 
1

 
2

 
9

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential
—

 
1

 
2

 
7

Commercial
1

 
4

 
15

 
70

Corporate debt securities
—

 
1

 
—

 
21

Other debt securities
4

 
—

 
4

 
—

Total debt securities OTTI write-downs included in earnings
$
5

 
7

 
23

 
107


Table 5.9 shows the detail of OTTI write-downs on available-for-sale debt securities included in earnings and the related changes in OCI for the same securities.
Table 5.9: OTTI Write-downs Included in Earnings and the Related Changes in OCI
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

OTTI on debt securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Recorded as part of gross realized losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit-related OTTI
$
5

 
6

 
22

 
105

Intent-to-sell OTTI
—

 
1

 
1

 
2

Total recorded as part of gross realized losses
5

 
7

 
23

 
107

Changes to OCI for losses (reversal of losses) in non-credit-related OTTI (1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
—

 
(2
)
 
(5
)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
—

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
(5
)
 
—

 
(6
)
 
(47
)
Corporate debt securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

Other debt securities
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
(1
)
Total changes to OCI for non-credit-related OTTI
(5
)
 
(2
)
 
(9
)
 
(53
)
Total OTTI losses (reversal of losses) recorded on debt securities
$
—

 
5

 
14

 
54

(1)
Represents amounts recorded to OCI for impairment of debt securities, due to factors other than credit, that have also had credit-related OTTI write-downs during the period. Increases represent initial or subsequent non-credit-related OTTI on debt securities. Decreases represent partial to full reversal of impairment due to recoveries in the fair value of debt securities due to non-credit factors.

89

Table 5.10 presents a rollforward of the OTTI credit loss that has been recognized in earnings as a write-down of available-for-sale debt securities we still own (referred to as “credit-impaired” debt securities) and do not intend to sell. Recognized credit loss represents the difference between the present value of expected future cash flows discounted using the security’s current effective interest rate and the amortized cost basis of the security prior to considering credit loss.
 




Table 5.10: Rollforward of OTTI Credit Loss
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Credit loss recognized, beginning of period
$
626

 
1,120

 
742

 
1,043

Additions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For securities with initial credit impairments
—

 
—

 
—

 
8

For securities with previous credit impairments
5

 
6

 
22

 
97

Total additions
5

 
6

 
22

 
105

Reductions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For securities sold, matured, or intended/required to be sold
(68
)
 
(96
)
 
(199
)
 
(114
)
For recoveries of previous credit impairments (1)
—

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
(5
)
Total reductions
(68
)
 
(97
)
 
(201
)
 
(119
)
Credit loss recognized, end of period
$
563

 
1,029

 
563

 
1,029

(1)
Recoveries of previous credit impairments result from increases in expected cash flows subsequent to credit loss recognition. Such recoveries are reflected prospectively as interest yield adjustments using the effective interest method.

90
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Note 6:  Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses 
Table 6.1 presents total loans outstanding by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable. Outstanding balances include a total net reduction of $2.0 billion and $3.9 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, for
 
unearned income, net deferred loan fees, and unamortized discounts and premiums, which among other things, reflect the impact of various loan sales.
Table 6.1: Loans Outstanding
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Commercial:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
338,048

 
333,125

Real estate mortgage
120,403

 
126,599

Real estate construction
23,690

 
24,279

Lease financing
19,745

 
19,385

Total commercial
501,886

 
503,388

Consumer:
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
284,273

 
284,054

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
35,330

 
39,713

Credit card
37,812

 
37,976

Automobile
46,075

 
53,371

Other revolving credit and installment
36,924

 
38,268

Total consumer
440,414

 
453,382

Total loans
$
942,300

 
956,770

Our foreign loans are reported by respective class of financing receivable in the table above. Substantially all of our foreign loan portfolio is commercial loans. Loans are classified as foreign primarily based on whether the borrower’s primary
 
address is outside of the United States. Table 6.2 presents total commercial foreign loans outstanding by class of financing receivable.
Table 6.2: Commercial Foreign Loans Outstanding
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Commercial foreign loans:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
61,696

 
60,106

Real estate mortgage
6,891

 
8,033

Real estate construction
726

 
655

Lease financing
1,187

 
1,126

Total commercial foreign loans
$
70,500

 
69,920



91

Loan Purchases, Sales, and Transfers
Table 6.3 summarizes the proceeds paid or received for purchases and sales of loans and transfers from loans held for investment to mortgages/loans held for sale at lower of cost or fair value. This loan activity also includes participating interests, whereby we
 
receive or transfer a portion of a loan. The table excludes PCI loans and loans for which we have elected the fair value option, including loans originated for sale because their loan activity normally does not impact the allowance for credit losses. 
Table 6.3: Loan Purchases, Sales, and Transfers
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Commercial

 
Consumer (1)

 
Total

 
Commercial

 
Consumer (1)

 
Total

Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases
$
225

 
4

 
229

 
449

 
—

 
449

Sales
(438
)
 
(113
)
 
(551
)
 
(310
)
 
(145
)
 
(455
)
Transfers (to) from MLHFS/LHFS
(21
)
 
(371
)
 
(392
)
 
374

 
—

 
374

Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases
$
879

 
11

 
890

 
2,418

 
2

 
2,420

Sales
(1,192
)
 
(201
)
 
(1,393
)
 
(1,649
)
 
(291
)
 
(1,940
)
Transfers (to) from MLHFS/LHFS
(541
)
 
(1,996
)
 
(2,537
)
 
(284
)
 
(1
)
 
(285
)
(1)
Excludes activity in government insured/guaranteed real estate 1-4 family first mortgage loans. As servicer, we are able to buy delinquent insured/guaranteed loans out of the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) pools, and manage and/or resell them in accordance with applicable requirements. These loans are predominantly insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Accordingly, these loans have limited impact on the allowance for loan losses.
Commitments to Lend
A commitment to lend is a legally binding agreement to lend funds to a customer, usually at a stated interest rate, if funded, and for specific purposes and time periods. We generally require a fee to extend such commitments. Certain commitments are subject to loan agreements with covenants regarding the financial performance of the customer or borrowing base formulas on an ongoing basis that must be met before we are required to fund the commitment. We may reduce or cancel consumer commitments, including home equity lines and credit card lines, in accordance with the contracts and applicable law.
We may, as a representative for other lenders, advance funds or provide for the issuance of letters of credit under syndicated loan or letter of credit agreements. Any advances are generally repaid in less than a week and would normally require default of both the customer and another lender to expose us to loss. These temporary advance arrangements totaled approximately $92 billion and $85 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
We issue commercial letters of credit to assist customers in purchasing goods or services, typically for international trade. At September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, we had $1.1 billion and $982 million, respectively, of outstanding issued commercial letters of credit. We also originate multipurpose lending commitments under which borrowers have the option to draw on the facility for different purposes in one of several forms, including a standby letter of credit. See Note 12 (Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments) for additional information on standby letters of credit. 
When we make commitments, we are exposed to credit risk. The maximum credit risk for these commitments will generally be lower than the contractual amount because a significant portion of these commitments is expected to expire without being used by the customer. In addition, we manage the potential risk in commitments to lend by limiting the total amount of commitments, both by individual customer and in total, by monitoring the size and maturity structure of these commitments and by applying the same credit standards for these commitments as for all of our credit activities.
 
For loans and commitments to lend, we generally require collateral or a guarantee. We may require various types of collateral, including commercial and consumer real estate, automobiles, other short-term liquid assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and long-lived assets, such as equipment and other business assets. Collateral requirements for each loan or commitment may vary based on the loan product and our assessment of a customer’s credit risk according to the specific credit underwriting, including credit terms and structure.
The contractual amount of our unfunded credit commitments, including unissued standby and commercial letters of credit, is summarized by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable in Table 6.4. The table excludes the issued standby and commercial letters of credit and temporary advance arrangements described above.
Table 6.4: Unfunded Credit Commitments
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Commercial:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
330,296

 
326,626

Real estate mortgage
7,042

 
7,485

Real estate construction
15,198

 
16,621

Total commercial
352,536

 
350,732

Consumer:
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
30,566

 
29,876

Real estate 1-4 family
junior lien mortgage
37,959

 
38,897

Credit card
109,871

 
108,465

Other revolving credit and installment
27,832

 
27,541

Total consumer
206,228

 
204,779

Total unfunded
credit commitments
$
558,764

 
555,511


92
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Allowance for Credit Losses
Table 6.5 presents the allowance for credit losses, which consists of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded credit commitments.
Table 6.5: Allowance for Credit Losses
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Balance, beginning of period
$
11,110

 
12,146

 
11,960

 
12,540

Provision for credit losses
580

 
717

 
1,223

 
1,877

Interest income on certain impaired loans (1)
(42
)
 
(43
)
 
(128
)
 
(137
)
Loan charge-offs:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
(209
)
 
(194
)
 
(507
)
 
(608
)
Real estate mortgage
(9
)
 
(21
)
 
(30
)
 
(34
)
Real estate construction
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Lease financing
(15
)
 
(11
)
 
(52
)
 
(31
)
Total commercial
(233
)
 
(226
)
 
(589
)
 
(673
)
Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
(45
)
 
(67
)
 
(141
)
 
(191
)
Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
(47
)
 
(70
)
 
(141
)
 
(225
)
Credit card
(376
)
 
(337
)
 
(1,185
)
 
(1,083
)
Automobile
(214
)
 
(274
)
 
(730
)
 
(741
)
Other revolving credit and installment
(161
)
 
(170
)
 
(505
)
 
(544
)
Total consumer
(843
)
 
(918
)
 
(2,702
)
 
(2,784
)
Total loan charge-offs
(1,076
)
 
(1,144
)
 
(3,291
)
 
(3,457
)
Loan recoveries:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
61

 
69

 
216

 
234

Real estate mortgage
10

 
24

 
46

 
68

Real estate construction
2

 
15

 
12

 
27

Lease financing
8

 
5

 
18

 
13

Total commercial
81

 
113

 
292

 
342

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
70

 
83

 
207

 
216

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
56

 
69

 
171

 
205

Credit card
77

 
60

 
231

 
177

Automobile
84

 
72

 
279

 
246

Other revolving credit and installment
28

 
30

 
88

 
94

Total consumer
315

 
314

 
976

 
938

Total loan recoveries
396

 
427

 
1,268

 
1,280

Net loan charge-offs
(680
)
 
(717
)
 
(2,023
)
 
(2,177
)
Other
(12
)
 
6

 
(76
)
 
6

Balance, end of period
$
10,956

 
12,109

 
10,956

 
12,109

Components:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
$
10,021

 
11,078

 
10,021

 
11,078

Allowance for unfunded credit commitments
935

 
1,031

 
935

 
1,031

Allowance for credit losses
$
10,956

 
12,109

 
10,956

 
12,109

Net loan charge-offs (annualized) as a percentage of average total loans
0.29
%
 
0.30

 
0.29

 
0.30

Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans
1.06

 
1.16

 
1.06

 
1.16

Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans
1.16

 
1.27

 
1.16

 
1.27

(1)
Certain impaired loans with an allowance calculated by discounting expected cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate over the remaining life of the loan recognize changes in allowance attributable to the passage of time as interest income.


93

Table 6.6 summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our commercial and consumer portfolio segments.
Table 6.6: Allowance Activity by Portfolio Segment
 
 
 
 
 
2018

 
 
 
 
 
2017

(in millions)
Commercial

 
Consumer

 
Total

 
Commercial

 
Consumer

 
Total

Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
$
6,711

 
4,399

 
11,110

 
6,961

 
5,185

 
12,146

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses
22

 
558

 
580

 
(9
)
 
726

 
717

Interest income on certain impaired loans
(12
)
 
(30
)
 
(42
)
 
(13
)
 
(30
)
 
(43
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan charge-offs
(233
)
 
(843
)
 
(1,076
)
 
(226
)
 
(918
)
 
(1,144
)
Loan recoveries
81

 
315

 
396

 
113

 
314

 
427

Net loan charge-offs
(152
)
 
(528
)
 
(680
)
 
(113
)
 
(604
)
 
(717
)
Other
(1
)
 
(11
)
 
(12
)
 
6

 
—

 
6

Balance, end of period
$
6,568

 
4,388

 
10,956

 
6,832

 
5,277

 
12,109

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
$
6,632

 
5,328

 
11,960

 
7,394

 
5,146

 
12,540

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses
280

 
943

 
1,223

 
(195
)
 
2,072

 
1,877

Interest income on certain impaired loans
(37
)
 
(91
)
 
(128
)
 
(42
)
 
(95
)
 
(137
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan charge-offs
(589
)
 
(2,702
)
 
(3,291
)
 
(673
)
 
(2,784
)
 
(3,457
)
Loan recoveries
292

 
976

 
1,268

 
342

 
938

 
1,280

Net loan charge-offs
(297
)
 
(1,726
)
 
(2,023
)
 
(331
)
 
(1,846
)
 
(2,177
)
Other
(10
)
 
(66
)
 
(76
)
 
6

 
—

 
6

Balance, end of period
$
6,568

 
4,388

 
10,956

 
6,832

 
5,277

 
12,109


Table 6.7 disaggregates our allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology.
Table 6.7: Allowance by Impairment Methodology
 
Allowance for credit losses
 
 
Recorded investment in loans
 
(in millions)
Commercial

 
Consumer

 
Total

 
Commercial

 
Consumer

 
Total

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Collectively evaluated (1)
$
6,062

 
3,407

 
9,469

 
498,353

 
420,014

 
918,367

Individually evaluated (2)
499

 
981

 
1,480

 
3,488

 
13,504

 
16,992

PCI (3)
7

 
—

 
7

 
45

 
6,896

 
6,941

Total
$
6,568

 
4,388

 
10,956

 
501,886

 
440,414

 
942,300

December 31, 2017
 
Collectively evaluated (1)
$
5,927

 
4,143

 
10,070

 
499,342

 
425,919

 
925,261

Individually evaluated (2)
705

 
1,185

 
1,890

 
3,960

 
14,714

 
18,674

PCI (3)
—

 
—

 
—

 
86

 
12,749

 
12,835

Total
$
6,632

 
5,328

 
11,960

 
503,388

 
453,382

 
956,770

(1)
Represents loans collectively evaluated for impairment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450-20, Loss Contingencies (formerly FAS 5), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for non-impaired loans.
(2)
Represents loans individually evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables (formerly FAS 114), and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for impaired loans.
(3)
Represents the allowance and related loan carrying value determined in accordance with ASC 310-30, Receivables – Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (formerly SOP 03-3) and pursuant to amendments by ASU 2010-20 regarding allowance for PCI loans.

Credit Quality
We monitor credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. The following sections provide the credit quality indicators we most closely monitor. The credit quality indicators are generally based on information as of our financial statement date, with the exception of updated Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores and updated loan-to-value (LTV)/
 
combined LTV (CLTV). We obtain FICO scores at loan origination and the scores are generally updated at least quarterly, except in limited circumstances, including compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Generally, the LTV and CLTV indicators are updated in the second month of each quarter, with updates no older than June 30, 2018. See the “Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans” section in this Note for credit quality information on our PCI portfolio.

94
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

COMMERCIAL CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS  In addition to monitoring commercial loan concentration risk, we manage a consistent process for assessing commercial loan credit quality. Generally, commercial loans are subject to individual risk assessment using our internal borrower and collateral quality ratings. Our ratings are aligned to Pass and Criticized categories. The Criticized category includes Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful categories which are defined by bank regulatory agencies.
 
Table 6.8 provides a breakdown of outstanding commercial loans by risk category. Of the $15.7 billion in criticized commercial and industrial loans and $4.7 billion in criticized commercial real estate (CRE) loans at September 30, 2018, $1.6 billion and $647 million, respectively, have been placed on nonaccrual status and written down to net realizable collateral value.

Table 6.8: Commercial Loans by Risk Category
(in millions)
Commercial
and
industrial

 
Real
estate
mortgage

 
Real
estate
construction

 
Lease
financing

 
Total

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By risk category:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pass
$
322,264

 
115,970

 
23,419

 
18,751

 
480,404

Criticized
15,739

 
4,433

 
271

 
994

 
21,437

Total commercial loans (excluding PCI)
338,003

 
120,403

 
23,690

 
19,745

 
501,841

Total commercial PCI loans (carrying value)
45

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
45

Total commercial loans
$
338,048

 
120,403

 
23,690

 
19,745

 
501,886

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By risk category:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pass
$
316,431

 
122,312

 
23,981

 
18,162

 
480,886

Criticized
16,608

 
4,287

 
298

 
1,223

 
22,416

Total commercial loans (excluding PCI)
333,039

 
126,599

 
24,279

 
19,385

 
503,302

Total commercial PCI loans (carrying value)
86

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
86

Total commercial loans
$
333,125

 
126,599

 
24,279

 
19,385

 
503,388


Table 6.9 provides past due information for commercial loans, which we monitor as part of our credit risk management practices.
Table 6.9: Commercial Loans by Delinquency Status
(in millions)
Commercial
and
industrial

 
Real
estate
mortgage

 
Real
estate
construction

 
Lease
financing

 
Total

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By delinquency status:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current-29 days past due (DPD) and still accruing
$
336,004

 
119,445

 
23,506

 
19,494

 
498,449

30-89 DPD and still accruing
402

 
299

 
140

 
155

 
996

90+ DPD and still accruing
42

 
56

 
—

 
—

 
98

Nonaccrual loans
1,555

 
603

 
44

 
96

 
2,298

Total commercial loans (excluding PCI)
338,003

 
120,403

 
23,690

 
19,745

 
501,841

Total commercial PCI loans (carrying value)
45

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
45

Total commercial loans
$
338,048

 
120,403

 
23,690

 
19,745

 
501,886

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By delinquency status:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current-29 DPD and still accruing
$
330,319

 
125,642

 
24,107

 
19,148

 
499,216

30-89 DPD and still accruing
795

 
306

 
135

 
161

 
1,397

90+ DPD and still accruing
26

 
23

 
—

 
—

 
49

Nonaccrual loans
1,899

 
628

 
37

 
76

 
2,640

Total commercial loans (excluding PCI)
333,039

 
126,599

 
24,279

 
19,385

 
503,302

Total commercial PCI loans (carrying value)
86

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
86

Total commercial loans
$
333,125

 
126,599

 
24,279

 
19,385

 
503,388



95

CONSUMER CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS  We have various classes of consumer loans that present unique risks. Loan delinquency, FICO credit scores and LTV for loan types are common credit quality indicators that we monitor and utilize in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio segment.
 
Many of our loss estimation techniques used for the allowance for credit losses rely on delinquency-based models; therefore, delinquency is an important indicator of credit quality and the establishment of our allowance for credit losses. Table 6.10 provides the outstanding balances of our consumer portfolio by delinquency status.
Table 6.10: Consumer Loans by Delinquency Status
(in millions)
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage

 
Credit
card

 
Automobile

 
Other
revolving
credit and
installment

 
Total

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By delinquency status:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current-29 DPD
$
261,118

 
34,551

 
36,871

 
44,661

 
36,590

 
413,791

30-59 DPD
1,498

 
253

 
284

 
1,005

 
119

 
3,159

60-89 DPD
531

 
126

 
197

 
300

 
94

 
1,248

90-119 DPD
232

 
73

 
173

 
108

 
74

 
660

120-179 DPD
239

 
82

 
286

 
1

 
24

 
632

180+ DPD
891

 
227

 
1

 
—

 
23

 
1,142

Government insured/guaranteed loans (1)
12,886

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
12,886

Total consumer loans (excluding PCI)
277,395

 
35,312

 
37,812

 
46,075

 
36,924

 
433,518

Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
6,878

 
18

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
6,896

Total consumer loans
$
284,273

 
35,330

 
37,812

 
46,075

 
36,924

 
440,414

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By delinquency status:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current-29 DPD
$
251,786

 
38,746

 
36,996

 
51,445

 
37,885

 
416,858

30-59 DPD
1,893

 
336

 
287

 
1,385

 
155

 
4,056

60-89 DPD
742

 
163

 
201

 
392

 
93

 
1,591

90-119 DPD
369

 
103

 
192

 
146

 
80

 
890

120-179 DPD
308

 
95

 
298

 
3

 
30

 
734

180+ DPD
1,091

 
243

 
2

 
—

 
25

 
1,361

Government insured/guaranteed loans (1)
15,143

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
15,143

Total consumer loans (excluding PCI)
271,332

 
39,686

 
37,976

 
53,371

 
38,268

 
440,633

Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
12,722

 
27

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
12,749

Total consumer loans
$
284,054

 
39,713

 
37,976

 
53,371

 
38,268

 
453,382

(1)
Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. Loans insured/guaranteed by the FHA/VA and 90+ DPD totaled $7.9 billion at September 30, 2018, compared with $10.5 billion at December 31, 2017.
Of the $2.4 billion of consumer loans not government insured/guaranteed that are 90 days or more past due at September 30, 2018, $835 million was accruing, compared with $3.0 billion past due and $1.0 billion accruing at December 31, 2017.
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage loans 180 days or more past due totaled $891 million, or 0.3% of total first mortgages (excluding PCI), at September 30, 2018, compared with $1.1 billion, or 0.4%, at December 31, 2017.

96
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Table 6.11 provides a breakdown of our consumer portfolio by FICO. Most of the scored consumer portfolio has an updated FICO of 680 and above, reflecting a strong current borrower credit profile. FICO is not available for certain loan types, or may not be required if we deem it unnecessary due to strong collateral
 
and other borrower attributes. Substantially all loans not requiring a FICO score are securities-based loans originated through retail brokerage, and totaled $9.0 billion at September 30, 2018, and $8.5 billion at December 31, 2017.
Table 6.11: Consumer Loans by FICO
(in millions)
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage (1)

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage (1)

 
Credit
card

 
Automobile

 
Other
revolving
credit and
installment

 
Total

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By FICO:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
< 600
$
4,363

 
1,485

 
3,476

 
7,237

 
753

 
17,314

600-639
3,017

 
1,044

 
3,005

 
4,546

 
785

 
12,397

640-679
5,840

 
1,968

 
5,504

 
6,383

 
1,749

 
21,444

680-719
13,813

 
4,073

 
7,553

 
7,524

 
3,246

 
36,209

720-759
27,330

 
5,487

 
8,223

 
6,991

 
4,728

 
52,759

760-799
57,101

 
6,494

 
6,470

 
6,008

 
5,863

 
81,936

800+
147,812

 
13,401

 
3,040

 
7,252

 
8,276

 
179,781

No FICO available
5,233

 
1,360

 
541

 
134

 
2,568

 
9,836

FICO not required
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
8,956

 
8,956

Government insured/guaranteed loans (1)
12,886

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
12,886

Total consumer loans (excluding PCI)
277,395

 
35,312

 
37,812

 
46,075

 
36,924

 
433,518

Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
6,878

 
18

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
6,896

Total consumer loans
$
284,273

 
35,330

 
37,812

 
46,075

 
36,924

 
440,414

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


By FICO:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

< 600
$
5,145

 
1,768

 
3,525

 
8,858

 
863

 
20,159

600-639
3,487

 
1,253

 
3,101

 
5,615

 
904

 
14,360

640-679
6,789

 
2,387

 
5,690

 
7,696

 
1,959

 
24,521

680-719
14,977

 
4,797

 
7,628

 
8,825

 
3,582

 
39,809

720-759
27,926

 
6,246

 
8,097

 
7,806

 
5,089

 
55,164

760-799
55,590

 
7,323

 
6,372

 
6,468

 
6,257

 
82,010

800+
136,729

 
15,144

 
2,994

 
7,845

 
8,455

 
171,167

No FICO available
5,546

 
768

 
569

 
258

 
2,648

 
9,789

FICO not required
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
8,511

 
8,511

Government insured/guaranteed loans (1)
15,143

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
15,143

Total consumer loans (excluding PCI)
271,332

 
39,686

 
37,976

 
53,371

 
38,268

 
440,633

Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
12,722

 
27

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
12,749

Total consumer loans
$
284,054

 
39,713

 
37,976

 
53,371

 
38,268

 
453,382

(1)
Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA.
 
LTV refers to the ratio comparing the loan’s unpaid principal balance to the property’s collateral value. CLTV refers to the combination of first mortgage and junior lien mortgage (including unused line amounts for credit line products) ratios. LTVs and CLTVs are updated quarterly using a cascade approach which first uses values provided by automated valuation models (AVMs) for the property. If an AVM is not available, then the value is estimated using the original appraised value adjusted by the change in Home Price Index (HPI) for the property location. If an HPI is not available, the original appraised value is used. The HPI value is normally the only method considered for high value properties, generally with an original value of $1 million or more, as the AVM values have proven less accurate for these properties.
 
Table 6.12 shows the most updated LTV and CLTV distribution of the real estate 1-4 family first and junior lien mortgage loan portfolios. We consider the trends in residential real estate markets as we monitor credit risk and establish our allowance for credit losses. In the event of a default, any loss should be limited to the portion of the loan amount in excess of the net realizable value of the underlying real estate collateral value. Certain loans do not have an LTV or CLTV due to industry data availability and portfolios acquired from or serviced by other institutions.

97

Table 6.12: Consumer Loans by LTV/CLTV
  
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage
by LTV

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage
by CLTV

 
Total

 
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage
by LTV

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage
by CLTV

 
Total

By LTV/CLTV:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0-60%
$
147,186

 
15,949

 
163,135

 
133,902

 
16,301

 
150,203

60.01-80%
102,473

 
11,344

 
113,817

 
104,639

 
12,918

 
117,557

80.01-100%
11,983

 
5,175

 
17,158

 
13,924

 
6,580

 
20,504

100.01-120% (1)
1,353

 
1,774

 
3,127

 
1,868

 
2,427

 
4,295

> 120% (1)
536

 
649

 
1,185

 
783

 
1,008

 
1,791

No LTV/CLTV available
978

 
421

 
1,399

 
1,073

 
452

 
1,525

Government insured/guaranteed loans (2)
12,886

 
—

 
12,886

 
15,143

 
—

 
15,143

Total consumer loans (excluding PCI)
277,395

 
35,312

 
312,707

 
271,332

 
39,686

 
311,018

Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
6,878

 
18

 
6,896

 
12,722

 
27

 
12,749

Total consumer loans
$
284,273

 
35,330

 
319,603

 
284,054

 
39,713

 
323,767

(1)
Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV.
(2)
Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA.
 
NONACCRUAL LOANS  Table 6.13 provides loans on nonaccrual status. PCI loans are excluded from this table because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms.
Table 6.13: Nonaccrual Loans
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Commercial:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
1,555

 
1,899

Real estate mortgage
603

 
628

Real estate construction
44

 
37

Lease financing
96

 
76

Total commercial
2,298

 
2,640

Consumer:
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (1)
3,605

 
4,122

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
984

 
1,086

Automobile
118

 
130

Other revolving credit and installment
48

 
58

Total consumer
4,755

 
5,396

Total nonaccrual loans
(excluding PCI)
$
7,053

 
8,036

(1)
Includes MLHFS of $132 million and $136 million at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
 
 
LOANS IN PROCESS OF FORECLOSURE  Our recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in process of foreclosure was $4.9 billion and $6.3 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, which included $3.5 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, of loans that are government insured/guaranteed. Under Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection guidelines, we do not commence the foreclosure process on consumer real estate loans until after the loan is 120 days delinquent. Foreclosure procedures and timelines vary depending on whether the property address resides in a judicial or non-judicial state. Judicial states require the foreclosure to be processed through the state’s courts while non-judicial states are processed without court intervention. Foreclosure timelines vary according to state law.


98
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

LOANS 90 DAYS OR MORE PAST DUE AND STILL ACCRUING  Certain loans 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal are still accruing, because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) real estate 1-4 family mortgage loans or consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as nonaccrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due. PCI loans of $567 million at September 30, 2018, and $1.4 billion at December 31, 2017, are not included in these past due and still accruing loans even when they are 90 days or more contractually past due. These PCI loans are considered to be accruing because they continue to earn interest from accretable yield, independent of performance in accordance with their contractual terms.
Table 6.14 shows non-PCI loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing by class for loans not government insured/guaranteed.
Table 6.14: Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing
(in millions)
Sep 30, 2018

 
Dec 31, 2017

Total (excluding PCI):
$
9,209

 
11,997

Less: FHA insured/VA guaranteed (1)(2)
8,276

 
10,934

Total, not government insured/guaranteed
$
933

 
1,063

By segment and class, not government insured/guaranteed:
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
42

 
26

Real estate mortgage
56

 
23

Total commercial
98

 
49

Consumer:
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage (2)
129

 
219

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage (2)
32

 
60

Credit card
460

 
492

Automobile
108

 
143

Other revolving credit and installment
106

 
100

Total consumer
835

 
1,014

Total, not government insured/guaranteed
$
933

 
1,063

(1)
Represents loans whose repayments are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA.
(2)
Includes mortgage loans held for sale 90 days or more past due and still accruing.


99

IMPAIRED LOANS Table 6.15 summarizes key information for impaired loans. Our impaired loans predominantly include loans on nonaccrual status in the commercial portfolio segment and loans modified in a TDR, whether on accrual or nonaccrual status. These impaired loans generally have estimated losses which are included in the allowance for credit losses. We have impaired loans with no allowance for credit losses when loss content has been previously recognized through charge-offs and we do not anticipate additional charge-offs or losses, or certain
 
loans are currently performing in accordance with their terms and for which no loss has been estimated. Impaired loans exclude PCI loans. Table 6.15 includes trial modifications that totaled $163 million at September 30, 2018, and $194 million at December 31, 2017.
For additional information on our impaired loans and allowance for credit losses, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Table 6.15: Impaired Loans Summary
 
 
 
Recorded investment
 
 
 
(in millions)
Unpaid
principal
balance (1)

 
Impaired
loans

 
Impaired loans
with related
allowance for
credit losses

 
Related
allowance for
credit losses

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
3,102

 
2,200

 
1,806

 
321

Real estate mortgage
1,311

 
1,107

 
1,064

 
142

Real estate construction
111

 
63

 
48

 
10

Lease financing
148

 
118

 
118

 
26

Total commercial
4,672

 
3,488

 
3,036

 
499

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
12,719

 
11,087

 
4,747

 
571

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
1,950

 
1,748

 
1,216

 
198

Credit card
431

 
431

 
431

 
167

Automobile
157

 
91

 
45

 
8

Other revolving credit and installment
155

 
147

 
129

 
37

Total consumer (2)
15,412

 
13,504

 
6,568

 
981

Total impaired loans (excluding PCI)
$
20,084

 
16,992

 
9,604

 
1,480

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
3,577

 
2,568

 
2,310

 
462

Real estate mortgage
1,502

 
1,239

 
1,207

 
211

Real estate construction
95

 
54

 
45

 
9

Lease financing
132

 
99

 
89

 
23

Total commercial
5,306

 
3,960

 
3,651

 
705

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
14,020

 
12,225

 
6,060

 
770

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
2,135

 
1,918

 
1,421

 
245

Credit card
356

 
356

 
356

 
136

Automobile
157

 
87

 
34

 
5

Other revolving credit and installment
136

 
128

 
117

 
29

Total consumer (2)
16,804

 
14,714

 
7,988

 
1,185

Total impaired loans (excluding PCI)
$
22,110

 
18,674

 
11,639

 
1,890

(1)
Excludes the unpaid principal balance for loans that have been fully charged off or otherwise have zero recorded investment.
(2)
Includes the recorded investment of $1.3 billion at September 30, 2018 and $1.4 billion at December 31, 2017, of government insured/guaranteed loans that are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA and generally do not have an allowance. Impaired loans may also have limited, if any, allowance when the recorded investment of the loan approximates estimated net realizable value as a result of charge-offs prior to a TDR modification.

100
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Commitments to lend additional funds on loans whose terms have been modified in a TDR amounted to $543 million and $579 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
 
Table 6.16 provides the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the amount of interest income recognized on impaired loans by portfolio segment and class.
Table 6.16: Average Recorded Investment in Impaired Loans
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Average
recorded
investment

 
Recognized
interest
income

 
Average
recorded
investment

 
Recognized
interest
income

 
Average
recorded
investment

 
Recognized
interest
income

 
Average
recorded
investment

 
Recognized
interest
income

Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
2,325

 
59

 
3,208

 
22

 
2,316

 
138

 
3,460

 
91

Real estate mortgage
1,172

 
16

 
1,293

 
19

 
1,225

 
66

 
1,351

 
70

Real estate construction
66

 
2

 
58

 
—

 
62

 
4

 
69

 
3

Lease financing
117

 
—

 
105

 
1

 
127

 
1

 
110

 
1

Total commercial
3,680

 
77

 
4,664

 
42

 
3,730

 
209

 
4,990

 
165

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
11,318

 
165

 
13,044

 
180

 
11,718

 
504

 
13,594

 
555

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
1,775

 
29

 
2,009

 
30

 
1,832

 
87

 
2,072

 
92

Credit card
421

 
14

 
326

 
9

 
396

 
36

 
314

 
26

Automobile
87

 
2

 
86

 
2

 
85

 
8

 
84

 
8

Other revolving credit and installment
145

 
2

 
123

 
2

 
139

 
7

 
114

 
6

Total consumer
13,746

 
212

 
15,588

 
223

 
14,170

 
642

 
16,178

 
687

Total impaired loans (excluding PCI)
$
17,426

 
289

 
20,252

 
265

 
17,900

 
851

 
21,168

 
852

Interest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash basis of accounting
 
 
$
92

 
 
 
64

 
 
 
257

 
 
 
219

Other (1)
 
 
197

 
 
 
201

 
 
 
594

 
 
 
633

Total interest income
 
 
$
289

 
 
 
265

 
 
 
851

 
 
 
852

(1)
Includes interest recognized on accruing TDRs, interest recognized related to certain impaired loans which have an allowance calculated using discounting, and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments related to certain impaired loans.


TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS (TDRs)  When, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, we grant a concession for other than an insignificant period of time to a borrower that we would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR, the balance of which totaled $16.2 billion and $17.8 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. We do not consider loan resolutions such as foreclosure or short sale to be a TDR.
 
We may require some consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to make trial payments generally for a period of three to four months, according to the terms of a planned permanent modification, to determine if they can perform according to those terms. These arrangements represent trial modifications, which we classify and account for as TDRs. While loans are in trial payment programs, their original terms are not considered modified and they continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms.

101

Table 6.17 summarizes our TDR modifications for the periods presented by primary modification type and includes the financial effects of these modifications. For those loans that modify more than once, the table reflects each modification that occurred during the period. Loans that both modify and pay off
 
within the period, as well as changes in recorded investment during the period for loans modified in prior periods, are not included in the table.
Table 6.17: TDR Modifications
 
Primary modification type (1)
 
 
Financial effects of modifications
 
(in millions)
Principal (2)

 
Interest
rate
reduction

 
Other
concessions (3)

 
Total

 
Charge-
offs (4)

 
Weighted
average
interest
rate
reduction

 
Recorded
investment
related to
interest rate
reduction (5)

Quarter ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
—

 
3

 
802

 
805

 
3

 
1.30
%
 
$
3

Real estate mortgage
—

 
20

 
78

 
98

 
—

 
0.98

 
20

Real estate construction
—

 
—

 
15

 
15

 
—

 
—

 
—

Lease financing
—

 
—

 
22

 
22

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total commercial
—

 
23

 
917

 
940

 
3

 
1.02

 
23

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
58

 
4

 
225

 
287

 
1

 
2.27

 
30

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
2

 
11

 
31

 
44

 
—

 
2.09

 
13

Credit card
—

 
84

 
—

 
84

 
—

 
12.78

 
84

Automobile
7

 
6

 
17

 
30

 
9

 
5.95

 
6

Other revolving credit and installment
—

 
12

 
4

 
16

 
—

 
8.25

 
12

Trial modifications (6)
—

 
—

 
(20
)
 
(20
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Total consumer
67

 
117

 
257

 
441

 
10

 
8.98

 
145

Total
$
67

 
140

 
1,174

 
1,381

 
13

 
7.88
%
 
$
168

Quarter ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
—

 
19

 
481

 
500

 
60

 
0.34
%
 
$
18

Real estate mortgage
1

 
12

 
98

 
111

 
7

 
1.58

 
13

Real estate construction
—

 
—

 
1

 
1

 
—

 
1.85

 
—

Lease financing
—

 
—

 
23

 
23

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total commercial
1

 
31

 
603

 
635

 
67

 
0.85

 
31

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
48

 
15

 
272

 
335

 
2

 
2.62

 
41

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
3

 
23

 
20

 
46

 
4

 
3.97

 
26

Credit card
—

 
74

 
—

 
74

 
—

 
12.00

 
74

Automobile
1

 
4

 
20

 
25

 
12

 
5.53

 
4

Other revolving credit and installment
—

 
11

 
1

 
12

 
—

 
7.72

 
12

Trial modifications (6)
—

 
—

 
(10
)
 
(10
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Total consumer
52

 
127

 
303

 
482

 
18

 
7.68

 
157

Total
$
53

 
158

 
906

 
1,117

 
85

 
6.56
%
 
$
188



102
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)


 
Primary modification type (1)
 
 
Financial effects of modifications
 
(in millions)
Principal (2)

 
Interest
rate
reduction

 
Other
concessions (3)

 
Total

 
Charge-
offs (4)

 
Weighted
average
interest
rate
reduction

 
Recorded
investment
related to
interest rate
reduction (5)

Nine months ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
3

 
17

 
1,739

 
1,759

 
23

 
0.95
%
 
$
17

Real estate mortgage
—

 
37

 
297

 
334

 
—

 
0.94

 
37

Real estate construction
—

 
—

 
19

 
19

 
—

 
—

 
—

Lease financing
—

 
—

 
61

 
61

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total commercial
3

 
54

 
2,116

 
2,173

 
23

 
0.94

 
54

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
168

 
22

 
817

 
1,007

 
4

 
2.31

 
96

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
5

 
31

 
89

 
125

 
3

 
1.96

 
35

Credit card
—

 
253

 
—

 
253

 
—

 
12.42

 
253

Automobile
10

 
14

 
42

 
66

 
23

 
6.25

 
14

Other revolving credit and installment
—

 
37

 
8

 
45

 
—

 
8.04

 
37

Trial modifications (6)
—

 
—

 
12

 
12

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total consumer
183

 
357

 
968

 
1,508

 
30

 
8.77

 
435

Total
$
186

 
411

 
3,084

 
3,681

 
53

 
7.90
%
 
$
489

Nine months ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
17

 
38

 
2,323

 
2,378

 
154

 
0.61
%
 
$
37

Real estate mortgage
5

 
51

 
416

 
472

 
20

 
1.31

 
52

Real estate construction
—

 
1

 
24

 
25

 
—

 
0.90

 
1

Lease financing
—

 
—

 
37

 
37

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total commercial
22

 
90

 
2,800

 
2,912

 
174

 
1.02

 
90

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
196

 
132

 
797

 
1,125

 
14

 
2.59

 
227

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
23

 
70

 
64

 
157

 
13

 
3.26

 
80

Credit card
—

 
188

 
—

 
188

 
—

 
12.21

 
188

Automobile
2

 
11

 
52

 
65

 
30

 
5.92

 
11

Other revolving credit and installment
—

 
38

 
5

 
43

 
1

 
7.41

 
38

Trial modifications (6)
—

 
—

 
(54
)
 
(54
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Total consumer
221

 
439

 
864

 
1,524

 
58

 
6.41

 
544

Total
$
243

 
529

 
3,664

 
4,436

 
232

 
5.64
%
 
$
634

(1)
Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans after recognizing the effects of the TDR, if any. TDRs may have multiple types of concessions, but are presented only once in the first modification type based on the order presented in the table above. The reported amounts include loans remodified of $545 million and $394 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and $1.4 billion and $1.7 billion, for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017 respectively.
(2)
Principal modifications include principal forgiveness at the time of the modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with a zero percent contractual interest rate.
(3)
Other concessions include loans discharged in bankruptcy, loan renewals, term extensions and other interest and noninterest adjustments, but exclude modifications that also forgive principal and/or reduce the contractual interest rate.
(4)
Charge-offs include write-downs of the investment in the loan in the period it is contractually modified. The amount of charge-off will differ from the modification terms if the loan has been charged down prior to the modification based on our policies. In addition, there may be cases where we have a charge-off/down with no legal principal modification. Modifications resulted in legally forgiving principal (actual, contingent or deferred) of $5 million and $4 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 and $22 million and $23 million for the first nine months of 2018 and 2017 respectively.
(5)
Reflects the effect of reduced interest rates on loans with an interest rate concession as one of their concession types, which includes loans reported as a principal primary modification type that also have an interest rate concession.
(6)
Trial modifications are granted a delay in payments due under the original terms during the trial payment period. However, these loans continue to advance through delinquency status and accrue interest according to their original terms. Any subsequent permanent modification generally includes interest rate related concessions; however, the exact concession type and resulting financial effect are usually not known until the loan is permanently modified. Trial modifications for the period are presented net of previously reported trial modifications that became permanent in the current period.

103

Table 6.18 summarizes permanent modification TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date. We are reporting these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 90 days past due for the commercial portfolio segment and 60 days past due for the consumer portfolio segment.
 


Table 6.18: Defaulted TDRs
 
Recorded investment of defaults
 
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
42

 
14

 
135

 
106

Real estate mortgage
35

 
16

 
75

 
47

Real estate construction
—

 
4

 
16

 
4

Total commercial
77

 
34

 
226

 
157

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
11

 
32

 
44

 
83

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
3

 
5

 
10

 
14

Credit card
20

 
20

 
57

 
52

Automobile
4

 
4

 
11

 
11

Other revolving credit and installment
2

 
1

 
4

 
3

Total consumer
40

 
62

 
126

 
163

Total
$
117

 
96

 
352

 
320


Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans
Substantially all of our PCI loans were acquired from Wachovia on December 31, 2008, at which time we acquired commercial and consumer loans with a carrying value of $18.7 billion and $40.1 billion, respectively. The unpaid principal balance on December 31, 2008 was $98.2 billion for the total of commercial and consumer PCI loans. Table 6.19 presents PCI loans net of any remaining purchase accounting adjustments. Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage PCI loans are predominantly Pick-a-Pay loans.
Table 6.19: PCI Loans
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Total commercial
$
45

 
86

Consumer:
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
6,878

 
12,722

Real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgage
18

 
27

Total consumer
6,896

 
12,749

Total PCI loans (carrying value)
$
6,941

 
12,835

Total PCI loans (unpaid principal balance)
$
10,126

 
18,975



104
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

ACCRETABLE YIELD The excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying value of PCI loans is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income using an effective yield method over the remaining life of the loan, or pools of loans. The accretable yield is affected by:
•
changes in interest rate indices for variable rate PCI loans – expected future cash flows are based on the variable rates in effect at the time of the regular evaluations of cash flows expected to be collected;
•
changes in prepayment assumptions – prepayments affect the estimated life of PCI loans which may change the amount of interest income, and possibly principal, expected to be collected; and
 
•
changes in the expected principal and interest payments over the estimated weighted-average life – updates to expected cash flows are driven by the credit outlook and actions taken with borrowers. Changes in expected future cash flows from loan modifications are included in the regular evaluations of cash flows expected to be collected.
 
The change in the accretable yield related to PCI loans since the merger with Wachovia is presented in Table 6.20. Changes during third quarter 2018 reflect the impact of the sale of $1.7 billion of Pick-a-Pay PCI loans.
Table 6.20: Change in Accretable Yield
(in millions)
Quarter
ended
Sep 30,
2018

 
Nine months
ended
Sep 30,
2018

 
2009-2017

Balance, beginning of period
$
5,733

 
8,887

 
10,447

Change in accretable yield due to acquisitions
—

 
—

 
161

Accretion into interest income (1)
(279
)
 
(892
)
 
(16,983
)
Accretion into noninterest income due to sales (2)
(638
)
 
(1,760
)
 
(801
)
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference for loans with improving credit-related cash flows 
3

 
402

 
11,597

Changes in expected cash flows that do not affect nonaccretable difference (3)
(410
)
 
(2,228
)
 
4,466

Balance, end of period 
$
4,409

 
4,409

 
8,887

(1)
Includes accretable yield released as a result of settlements with borrowers, which is included in interest income.
(2)
Includes accretable yield released as a result of sales to third parties, which is included in noninterest income.
(3)
Represents changes in cash flows expected to be collected due to the impact of modifications, changes in prepayment assumptions, changes in interest rates on variable rate PCI loans and sales to third parties.

COMMERCIAL PCI CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS  Table 6.21 provides a breakdown of commercial PCI loans by risk category.
 
 
Table 6.21: Commercial PCI Loans by Risk Category
(in millions)
Total

September 30, 2018
 
By risk category:
 
Pass
$
2

Criticized
43

Total commercial PCI loans
$
45

December 31, 2017
 
By risk category:
 
Pass
$
8

Criticized
78

Total commercial PCI loans
$
86



105

Table 6.22 provides past due information for commercial PCI loans.
Table 6.22: Commercial PCI Loans by Delinquency Status
(in millions)
Total

September 30, 2018
 
By delinquency status:
 
Current-29 DPD and still accruing
$
44

30-89 DPD and still accruing
1

90+ DPD and still accruing
—

Total commercial PCI loans
$
45

December 31, 2017
 
By delinquency status:
 
Current-29 DPD and still accruing
$
86

30-89 DPD and still accruing
—

90+ DPD and still accruing
—

Total commercial PCI loans
$
86

CONSUMER PCI CREDIT QUALITY INDICATORS Our consumer PCI loans were aggregated into several pools of loans at acquisition. Below, we have provided credit quality indicators based on the unpaid principal balance (adjusted for write-downs) of the individual loans included in the pool, but we have not
 
allocated the remaining purchase accounting adjustments, which were established at a pool level. Table 6.23 provides the delinquency status of consumer PCI loans.
 
Table 6.23: Consumer PCI Loans by Delinquency Status
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage

 
Total

 
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage

 
Total

By delinquency status:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Current-29 DPD and still accruing
$
7,322

 
127

 
7,449

 
13,127

 
138

 
13,265

30-59 DPD and still accruing
776

 
5

 
781

 
1,317

 
8

 
1,325

60-89 DPD and still accruing
409

 
3

 
412

 
622

 
3

 
625

90-119 DPD and still accruing
161

 
1

 
162

 
293

 
2

 
295

120-179 DPD and still accruing
91

 
1

 
92

 
219

 
2

 
221

180+ DPD and still accruing
518

 
3

 
521

 
1,310

 
4

 
1,314

Total consumer PCI loans (adjusted unpaid principal balance)
$
9,277

 
140

 
9,417

 
16,888

 
157

 
17,045

Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
$
6,878

 
18

 
6,896

 
12,722

 
27

 
12,749


106
Note 6: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Table 6.24 provides FICO scores for consumer PCI loans.
 

Table 6.24: Consumer PCI Loans by FICO
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage

 
Total

 
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage

 
Total

By FICO:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
< 600
$
2,070

 
29

 
2,099

 
4,014

 
37

 
4,051

600-639
1,026

 
18

 
1,044

 
2,086

 
20

 
2,106

640-679
1,222

 
21

 
1,243

 
2,393

 
24

 
2,417

680-719
1,266

 
24

 
1,290

 
2,242

 
29

 
2,271

720-759
1,091

 
22

 
1,113

 
1,779

 
23

 
1,802

760-799
654

 
11

 
665

 
933

 
12

 
945

800+
426

 
6

 
432

 
468

 
6

 
474

No FICO available
1,522

 
9

 
1,531

 
2,973

 
6

 
2,979

Total consumer PCI loans (adjusted unpaid principal balance)
$
9,277

 
140

 
9,417

 
16,888

 
157

 
17,045

Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
$
6,878

 
18

 
6,896

 
12,722

 
27

 
12,749



Table 6.25 shows the distribution of consumer PCI loans by LTV for real estate 1-4 family first mortgages and by CLTV for real estate 1-4 family junior lien mortgages. 
Table 6.25: Consumer PCI Loans by LTV/CLTV
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage
by LTV

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage
by CLTV

 
Total

 
Real estate
1-4 family
first
mortgage
by LTV

 
Real estate
1-4 family
junior lien
mortgage
by CLTV

 
Total

By LTV/CLTV:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0-60%
$
5,281

 
47

 
5,328

 
8,010

 
45

 
8,055

60.01-80%
3,013

 
54

 
3,067

 
6,510

 
63

 
6,573

80.01-100%
822

 
28

 
850

 
1,975

 
35

 
2,010

100.01-120% (1)
133

 
8

 
141

 
319

 
10

 
329

> 120% (1)
28

 
1

 
29

 
73

 
3

 
76

No LTV/CLTV available
—

 
2

 
2

 
1

 
1

 
2

Total consumer PCI loans (adjusted unpaid principal balance)
$
9,277

 
140

 
9,417

 
16,888

 
157

 
17,045

Total consumer PCI loans (carrying value)
$
6,878

 
18

 
6,896

 
12,722

 
27

 
12,749

(1)
Reflects total loan balances with LTV/CLTV amounts in excess of 100%. In the event of default, the loss content would generally be limited to only the amount in excess of 100% LTV/CLTV.


107

Note 7:  Equity Securities
Table 7.1 provides a summary of our equity securities by business purpose and accounting model, including equity securities with readily determinable fair values (marketable) and those without readily determinable fair values (nonmarketable).
Table 7.1: Equity Securities
 
Sep 30,

 
Dec 31,

(in millions)
2018

 
2017

Held for trading at fair value:
 
 
 
Marketable equity securities
$
26,138

 
30,004

Not held for trading:
 
 
 
Fair value:
 
 
 
Marketable equity securities (1)
5,705

 
4,356

Nonmarketable equity securities (2)
6,479

 
4,867

Total equity securities at fair value
12,184

 
9,223

Equity method:
 
 
 
LIHTC (3)
10,453

 
10,269

Private equity
3,838

 
3,839

Tax-advantaged renewable energy
1,967

 
1,950

New market tax credit and other
259

 
294

Total equity method
16,517

 
16,352

Other:
 
 
 
Federal bank stock and other at cost (4)
5,467

 
5,828

Private equity (5)
1,449

 
1,090

Total equity securities not held for trading
35,617

 
32,493

Total equity securities
$
61,755

 
62,497

(1)
Includes $3.6 billion and $3.7 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, related to securities held as economic hedges of our deferred compensation plan obligations.
(2)
Includes $6.3 billion and $4.9 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, related to investments for which we elected the fair value option. See Note 15 (Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities) for additional information.
(3)
Represents low-income housing tax credit investments.
(4)
Includes $5.4 billion at both September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, related to investments in Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock.
(5)
Represents nonmarketable equity securities for which we have elected to account for the security under the measurement alternative.
Equity Securities Held for Trading
Equity securities held for trading purposes are marketable equity securities traded on organized exchanges. These securities, which are held as part of our customer accommodation trading activities, are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in net gains from trading activities. More information on these activities can be found in Note 4 (Trading Activities) to Financial Statements in this Report.

Equity Securities Not Held for Trading
We also hold equity securities unrelated to trading activities. These securities include private equity and tax credit investments, securities held as economic hedges or to meet regulatory requirements (for example, Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock). Equity securities not held for trading purposes are accounted for at either fair value, equity method, cost or the measurement alternative.

 
FAIR VALUE Equity securities accounted for using the fair value method are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in net gains from equity securities. Marketable equity securities held for purposes other than trading primarily consist of exchange-traded equity funds held to economically hedge obligations related to our deferred compensation plans and to a lesser extent other holdings of publicly traded equity securities held for investment purposes. Nonmarketable equity securities represent securities that do not have a readily determinable fair value for which we have elected to account for using the fair value method. Substantially all of these nonmarketable equity securities are economically hedged with equity derivatives.

EQUITY METHOD Under the equity method of accounting, we carry the security at cost adjusted for our share of the investee’s earnings less any impairment write-downs. Our equity method investments consist of tax credit and private equity securities, the majority of which are our low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) investments.
We invest in affordable housing projects that qualify for the LIHTC, which is designed to promote private development of low-income housing. These investments generate a return mostly through realization of federal tax credit and other tax benefits. In the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, we recognized pre-tax losses of $283 million and $850 million, respectively, related to our LIHTC investments, compared with $227 million and $684 million, respectively, for the same periods a year ago. These losses were recognized in other noninterest income. We also recognized total tax benefits of $352 million and $1.1 billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, which included tax credits recorded to income taxes of $282 million and $853 million for the same periods, respectively. In the third quarter and first nine months of 2017, total tax benefits were $360 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, which included tax credits of $275 million and $796 million for the same periods, respectively. We are periodically required to provide additional financial support during the investment period. Our liability for unfunded commitments was $3.4 billion at September 30, 2018, and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2017. Substantially all of this liability is expected to be paid over the next three years. This liability is included in long-term debt.

OTHER The remaining portion of our nonmarketable equity securities portfolio consists of securities accounted for using the cost method or measurement alternative. Cost method securities are held at cost less impairment. If impaired, the carrying value is written down to fair value. The measurement alternative is similar to the cost method of accounting, except the carrying value is adjusted up or down to fair value through net gains from equity securities upon the occurrence of orderly observable transactions in the same or similar security of the same issuer. Impairment write-downs are recorded on these securities when the carrying value of these securities exceeds the fair value of the investment or we identify possible indicators of impairment.

108
Note 7: Equity Securities (continued)

Realized Gains and Losses
Table 7.2 provides a summary of the net gains and losses for equity securities. Gains and losses for securities held for trading are reported in net gains from trading activities.
 

Table 7.2: Net Gains (Losses) from Equity Securities
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

 
2018

 
2017

Net gains (losses) from equity securities carried at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable equity securities
$
103

231

 
139

 
701

Nonmarketable equity securities
822

514

 
1,525

 
1,208

Total equity securities carried at fair value
925

745

 
1,664

 
1,909

Net gains (losses) from nonmarketable equity securities not carried at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Impairment write-downs
(45
)
(83
)
 
(302
)
 
(181
)
Net unrealized gains related to measurement alternative observable transactions
51

—

 
314

 
—

Net realized gains on sale
204

175

 
1,101

 
565

All other
—

16

 
34

 
78

Total nonmarketable equity securities not carried at fair value
210

108

 
1,147

 
462

Net losses from economic hedge derivatives (1)
(719
)
(490
)
 
(1,317
)
 
(1,164
)
Total net gains from equity securities
$
416

363

 
1,494

 
1,207

(1)
Includes net gains (losses) on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.
Measurement Alternative
Table 7.3 provides additional information about the impairment write-downs and observable price adjustments
 
related to nonmarketable equity securities accounted for under the measurement alternative. Gains and losses related to these adjustments are also included in Table 7.2.
Table 7.3: Measurement Alternative     
 
Quarter ended September 30,

 
Nine months ended September 30,

(in millions)
2018

 
2018

Net gains (losses) recognized in earnings during the period:
 
 
 
Gross unrealized gains due to observable price changes
$
68

 
339

Gross unrealized losses due to observable price changes
(17
)
 
(25
)
Impairment write-downs
(6
)
 
(18
)
Realized net gains from sale
186

 
277

Total net gains recognized during the period
$
231

 
573


The cumulative gross unrealized gains and (losses) due to observable price changes as of September 30, 2018, were $312 million and $(25) million, respectively. Cumulative impairment losses as of September 30, 2018, were $18 million. These cumulative amounts represent carrying value adjustments to equity securities accounted for under the measurement alternative that were recognized on the balance sheet as of September 30, 2018.


109

Note 8:  Other Assets
Table 8.1 presents the components of other assets.
Table 8.1: Other Assets         
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Corporate/bank-owned life insurance
$
19,677

 
19,549

Accounts receivable (1)
32,965

 
39,127

Interest receivable
5,986

 
5,688

Core deposit intangibles
192

 
769

Customer relationship and other amortized intangibles
620

 
841

Foreclosed assets:
 
 
 
Residential real estate:
 
 
 
Government insured/guaranteed (1)
87

 
120

Non-government insured/guaranteed
230

 
252

Non-residential real estate
205

 
270

Operating lease assets
9,329

 
9,666

Due from customers on acceptances
257

 
177

Other
8,700

 
13,785

Total other assets
$
78,248

 
90,244

(1)
Certain government-guaranteed residential real estate mortgage loans upon foreclosure are included in Accounts receivable. Both principal and interest related to these foreclosed real estate assets are collectible because the loans were predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. For more information on the classification of certain government-guaranteed mortgage loans upon foreclosure, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 10-K.


110
Note 9: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities (continued)

Note 9: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities
Involvement with Special Purpose Entities (SPEs)
In the normal course of business, we enter into various types of on- and off-balance sheet transactions with SPEs, which are corporations, trusts, limited liability companies or partnerships that are established for a limited purpose. Generally, SPEs are formed in connection with securitization transactions and are considered variable interest entities (VIEs). For further description of our involvement with SPEs, see Note 8 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
 
We have segregated our involvement with VIEs between those VIEs which we consolidate, those which we do not consolidate and those for which we account for the transfers of financial assets as secured borrowings. Secured borrowings are transactions involving transfers of our financial assets to third parties that are accounted for as financings with the assets pledged as collateral. Accordingly, the transferred assets remain recognized on our balance sheet. Subsequent tables within this Note further segregate these transactions by structure type.
Table 9.1 provides the classifications of assets and liabilities in our balance sheet for our transactions with VIEs.
Table 9.1: Balance Sheet Transactions with VIEs
(in millions)
VIEs that we
do not
consolidate

 
VIEs
that we
consolidate

Transfers that
we account
for as secured
borrowings
 
 
Total

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Cash
$
—

 
112

 
—

 
112

Interest-earning deposits with banks
—

 
8

 
—

 
8

Debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities
1,973

 
—

 
200

 
2,173

Available-for-sale debt securities (1)
2,806

 
—

 
338

 
3,144

Held-to-maturity debt securities
499

 
—

 
—

 
499

Loans
1,504

 
12,749

 
96

 
14,349

Mortgage servicing rights
15,930

 
—

 
—

 
15,930

Derivative assets
43

 
—

 
—

 
43

Equity securities
10,572

 
61

 
—

 
10,633

Other assets
—

 
210

 
7

 
217

Total assets
33,327

 
13,140

 
641

 
47,108

Short-term borrowings
—

 
—

 
512

 
512

Derivative liabilities
92

 
—

(2)
—

 
92

Accrued expenses and other liabilities  
242

 
154

(2)
9

 
405

Long-term debt  
3,428

 
871

(2)
97

 
4,396

Total liabilities
3,762

 
1,025

 
618

 
5,405

Noncontrolling interests
—

 
37

 
—

 
37

Net assets
$
29,565

 
12,078

 
23

 
41,666

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash
$
—

 
116

 
—

 
116

Interest-earning deposits with banks
—

 
371

 
—

 
371

Debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities
1,305

 
—

 
201

 
1,506

Available-for-sale debt securities (1)
3,288

 
—

 
358

 
3,646

Held-to-maturity debt securities
485

 
—

 
—

 
485

Loans
4,274

 
12,482

 
110

 
16,866

Mortgage servicing rights
13,628

 
—

 
—

 
13,628

Derivative assets
44

 
—

 
—

 
44

Equity securities
10,740

 
306

 
—

 
11,046

Other assets
—

 
342

 
6

 
348

Total assets
33,764

 
13,617

 
675

 
48,056

Short-term borrowings
—

 
—

 
522

 
522

Derivative liabilities
106

 
5

(2)
—

 
111

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
244

 
132

(2)
10

 
386

Long-term debt
3,590

 
1,479

(2)
111

 
5,180

Total liabilities
3,940

 
1,616

 
643

 
6,199

Noncontrolling interests
—

 
283

 
—

 
283

Net assets
$
29,824

 
11,718

 
32

 
41,574

(1)
Excludes certain debt securities related to loans serviced for the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and GNMA.
(2)
There were no VIE liabilities with recourse to the general credit of Wells Fargo for the periods presented.

111

Transactions with Unconsolidated VIEs
Our transactions with unconsolidated VIEs include securitizations of residential mortgage loans, CRE loans, student loans, automobile loans and leases, certain dealer floorplan loans; investment and financing activities involving collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) backed by asset-backed and CRE securities, tax credit structures, collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) backed by corporate loans, and other types of structured financing. We have various forms of involvement with VIEs, including servicing, holding senior or subordinated interests, entering into liquidity arrangements, credit default swaps and other derivative contracts. Involvements with these unconsolidated VIEs are recorded on our balance sheet in debt and equity securities, loans, MSRs, derivative assets and liabilities, other assets, other liabilities, and long-term debt, as appropriate.
Table 9.2 provides a summary of unconsolidated VIEs with which we have significant continuing involvement, but we are not the primary beneficiary. We do not consider our continuing involvement in an unconsolidated VIE to be significant when it relates to third-party sponsored VIEs for which we were not the transferor (unless we are servicer and have other significant forms of involvement) or if we were the sponsor only or sponsor
 
and servicer but do not have any other forms of significant involvement.
Significant continuing involvement includes transactions where we were the sponsor or transferor and have other significant forms of involvement. Sponsorship includes transactions with unconsolidated VIEs where we solely or materially participated in the initial design or structuring of the entity or marketing of the transaction to investors. When we transfer assets to a VIE and account for the transfer as a sale, we are considered the transferor. We consider investments in securities (other than those held temporarily in trading), loans, guarantees, liquidity agreements, written options and servicing of collateral to be other forms of involvement that may be significant. We have excluded certain transactions with unconsolidated VIEs from the balances presented in the following table where we have determined that our continuing involvement is not significant due to the temporary nature and size of our variable interests, because we were not the transferor or because we were not involved in the design of the unconsolidated VIEs. We also exclude from the table secured borrowing transactions with unconsolidated VIEs (for information on these transactions, see the Transactions with Consolidated VIEs and Secured Borrowings section in this Note).
Table 9.2: Unconsolidated VIEs
 
 
 
Carrying value – asset (liability)
 
(in millions)
Total
VIE
assets

 
Debt and
equity
interests (1)

 
Servicing
assets

 
Derivatives

 
Other
commitments
and
guarantees

 
Net
assets

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage loan securitizations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Conforming (2)
$
1,174,883

 
2,291

 
14,998

 
—

 
(185
)
 
17,104

Other/nonconforming
11,158

 
458

 
60

 
—

 
—

 
518

Commercial mortgage securitizations
151,503

 
2,463

 
872

 
(92
)
 
(37
)
 
3,206

Collateralized debt obligations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities
681

 
—

 
—

 
5

 
(20
)
 
(15
)
Loans (3)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Asset-based finance structures
445

 
330

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
330

Tax credit structures
31,547

 
11,511

 
—

 
—

 
(3,428
)
 
8,083

Collateralized loan obligations
2

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Investment funds
221

 
51

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
51

Other (4)
1,738

 
250

 
—

 
38

 
—

 
288

Total
$
1,372,178

 
17,354

 
15,930

 
(49
)
 
(3,670
)
 
29,565

 
 
 
Maximum exposure to loss
 
 
 
 
Debt and
equity
interests (1)

 
Servicing
assets

 
Derivatives

 
Other
commitments
and
guarantees

 
Total
exposure

Residential mortgage loan securitizations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Conforming
 
 
$
2,291

 
14,998

 
—

 
1,146

 
18,435

Other/nonconforming
 
 
458

 
60

 
—

 
—

 
518

Commercial mortgage securitizations
 
 
2,463

 
872

 
92

 
10,954

 
14,381

Collateralized debt obligations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities
 
 
—

 
—

 
5

 
20

 
25

Loans (3)
 
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Asset-based finance structures
 
 
330

 
—

 
—

 
71

 
401

Tax credit structures
 
 
11,511

 
—

 
—

 
1,140

 
12,651

Collateralized loan obligations
 
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Investment funds
 
 
51

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
51

Other (4)
 
 
250

 
—

 
55

 
157

 
462

Total
 
 
$
17,354

 
15,930

 
152

 
13,488

 
46,924

(continued on following page)

112
Note 9: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities (continued)

(continued from previous page)
 
 
 
Carrying value – asset (liability)
 
(in millions)
Total
VIE
assets

 
Debt and
equity
interests (1)

 
Servicing
assets

 
Derivatives

 
Other
commitments
and
guarantees

 
Net
assets

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage loan securitizations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Conforming (2)
$
1,169,410

 
2,100

 
12,665

 
—

 
(190
)
 
14,575

Other/nonconforming
14,175

 
598

 
73

 
—

 
—

 
671

Commercial mortgage securitizations
144,650

 
2,198

 
890

 
28

 
(34
)
 
3,082

Collateralized debt obligations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities
1,031

 
—

 
—

 
5

 
(20
)
 
(15
)
Loans (3)
1,481

 
1,443

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,443

Asset-based finance structures
2,333

 
1,867

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,867

Tax credit structures
31,852

 
11,258

 
—

 
—

 
(3,590
)
 
7,668

Collateralized loan obligations
23

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

Investment funds
225

 
50

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
50

Other (4)
2,257

 
577

 
—

 
(95
)
 
—

 
482

Total
$
1,367,437

 
20,092

 
13,628

 
(62
)
 
(3,834
)
 
29,824

 
 
 
Maximum exposure to loss
 
 
 
 
Debt and
equity
interests (1)

 
Servicing
assets

 
Derivatives

 
Other
commitments
and
guarantees

 
Total
exposure

Residential mortgage loan securitizations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Conforming
 
 
$
2,100

 
12,665

 
—

 
1,137

 
15,902

Other/nonconforming
 
 
598

 
73

 
—

 
—

 
671

Commercial mortgage securitizations
 
 
2,198

 
890

 
42

 
10,202

 
13,332

Collateralized debt obligations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt securities
 
 
—

 
—

 
5

 
20

 
25

Loans (3)
 
 
1,443

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,443

Asset-based finance structures
 
 
1,867

 
—

 
—

 
71

 
1,938

Tax credit structures
 
 
11,258

 
—

 
—

 
1,175

 
12,433

Collateralized loan obligations
 
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

Investment funds
 
 
50

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
50

Other (4)
 
 
577

 
—

 
120

 
157

 
854

Total
 
 
$
20,092

 
13,628

 
167

 
12,762

 
46,649

(1)
Includes total equity interests of $10.6 billion and $10.7 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. Also includes debt interests in the form of both loans and securities. Excludes certain debt securities held related to loans serviced for FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA.
(2)
Excludes assets and related liabilities with a recorded carrying value on our balance sheet of $1.0 billion and $2.2 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, for certain delinquent loans that are eligible for repurchase from GNMA loan securitizations. The recorded carrying value represents the amount that would be payable if the Company was to exercise the repurchase option. The carrying amounts are excluded from the table because the loans eligible for repurchase do not represent interests in the VIEs.
(3)
Represents senior loans to trusts that are collateralized by asset-backed securities. The trusts invested in senior tranches from a diversified pool of U.S. asset securitizations, of which all were current and 100% were rated as investment grade by the primary rating agencies at December 31, 2017. These senior loans were accounted for at amortized cost and were subject to the Company’s allowance and credit charge-off policies. The securitization was terminated in first quarter 2018.
(4)
Includes structured financing and credit-linked note structures. Also contains investments in auction rate securities (ARS) issued by VIEs that we do not sponsor and, accordingly, are unable to obtain the total assets of the entity.

In Table 9.2, “Total VIE assets” represents the remaining principal balance of assets held by unconsolidated VIEs using the most current information available. For VIEs that obtain exposure to assets synthetically through derivative instruments, the remaining notional amount of the derivative is included in the asset balance. “Carrying value” is the amount in our consolidated balance sheet related to our involvement with the unconsolidated VIEs. “Maximum exposure to loss” from our involvement with off-balance sheet entities, which is a required disclosure under GAAP, is determined as the carrying value of our involvement with off-balance sheet (unconsolidated) VIEs plus the remaining undrawn liquidity and lending commitments, the notional amount of net written derivative contracts, and generally the notional amount of, or stressed loss estimate for, other commitments and guarantees. It represents estimated loss that would be incurred under severe, hypothetical circumstances, for which we believe the possibility is extremely remote, such as where the value of our interests and any associated collateral declines to zero, without any consideration of recovery or offset from any economic hedges. Accordingly, this required disclosure is not an indication of expected loss.
For complete descriptions of our types of transactions with unconsolidated VIEs with which we have a significant continuing involvement, but we are not the primary beneficiary, see Note 8
 
(Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.

INVESTMENT FUNDS Subsequent to adopting ASU 2015-02 (Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis) in first quarter 2016, we do not consolidate these investment funds because we do not hold variable interests that are considered significant to the funds.
We voluntarily waived a portion of our management fees for certain money market funds that are exempt from the consolidation analysis to ensure the funds maintained a minimum level of daily net investment income. The amount of fees waived in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 was $10 million and $35 million, respectively, compared with $12 million and $39 million, respectively, in the same periods of 2017.

OTHER TRANSACTIONS WITH VIEs  Other VIEs include certain entities that issue auction rate securities (ARS) which are debt instruments with long-term maturities, that re-price more frequently, and preferred equities with no maturity. At September 30, 2018, we held $43 million of ARS issued by VIEs compared with $400 million at December 31, 2017. We acquired the ARS pursuant to agreements entered into in 2008 and 2009.

113

We do not consolidate the VIEs that issued the ARS because we do not have power over the activities of the VIEs.

TRUST PREFERRED SECURITIES  VIEs that we wholly own issue debt securities or preferred equity to third party investors. All of the proceeds of the issuance are invested in debt securities or preferred equity that we issue to the VIEs. The VIEs’ operations and cash flows relate only to the issuance, administration and repayment of the securities held by third parties. We do not consolidate these VIEs because the sole assets of the VIEs are receivables from us, even though we own all of the voting equity shares of the VIEs, have fully guaranteed the obligations of the VIEs and may have the right to redeem the third party securities under certain circumstances. In our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, we reported the debt securities issued to the VIEs as long-term junior subordinated debt with a carrying value of $1.9 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively, and the preferred
 
equity securities issued to the VIEs as preferred stock with a carrying value of $2.5 billion at both dates. These amounts are in addition to the involvements in these VIEs included in the preceding table.
 
Loan Sales and Securitization Activity
We periodically transfer consumer and CRE loans and other types of financial assets in securitization and whole loan sale transactions. We typically retain the servicing rights from these sales and may continue to hold other beneficial interests in the transferred financial assets. We may also provide liquidity to investors in the beneficial interests and credit enhancements in the form of standby letters of credit. Through these transfers we may be exposed to liability under limited amounts of recourse as well as standard representations and warranties we make to purchasers and issuers. Table 9.3 presents the cash flows for our transfers accounted for as sales.
Table 9.3: Cash Flows From Sales and Securitization Activity
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Mortgage
loans

 
Other
financial
assets

 
Mortgage
loans

 
Other
financial
assets

Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from securitizations and whole loan sales
$
53,792

 
—

 
61,756

 
—

Fees from servicing rights retained
812

 
—

 
826

 
—

Cash flows from other interests held (1)
221

 
—

 
408

 
—

Repurchases of assets/loss reimbursements (2):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-agency securitizations and whole loan transactions
2

 
—

 
5

 
—

Agency securitizations (3)
17

 
—

 
20

 
—

Servicing advances, net of repayments
(24
)
 
—

 
(90
)
 
—

Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from securitizations and whole loan sales
$
156,369

 
—

 
172,837

 
25

Fees from servicing rights retained
2,487

 
—

 
2,520

 
—

Cash flows from other interests held (1)
574

 
1

 
1,883

 
—

Repurchases of assets/loss reimbursements (2):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-agency securitizations and whole loan transactions
4

 
—

 
12

 
—

Agency securitizations (3)
69

 
—

 
66

 
—

Servicing advances, net of repayments
(67
)
 
—

 
(252
)
 
—

(1)
Cash flows from other interests held include principal and interest payments received on retained bonds and excess cash flows received on interest-only strips.
(2)
Consists of cash paid to repurchase loans from investors and cash paid to investors to reimburse them for losses on individual loans that are already liquidated.
(3)
Represent loans repurchased from GNMA, FNMA, and FHLMC under representation and warranty provisions included in our loan sales contracts. Third quarter and first nine months of 2018 exclude $1.5 billion and $6.2 billion, respectively, in delinquent insured/guaranteed loans that we service and have exercised our option to purchase out of GNMA pools, compared with $2.1 billion and $6.0 billion, respectively, in the same periods of 2017. These loans are predominantly insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA.

In the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, we recognized net gains of $690 million and $1.9 billion, respectively, from transfers accounted for as sales of financial assets, compared with $91 million and $616 million, respectively, in the same periods of 2017. These net gains predominantly relate to whole loan sales, commercial mortgage securitizations, and residential mortgage securitizations where the loans were not already carried at fair value.
Sales with continuing involvement during the third quarter and first nine months of 2018 and 2017 largely related to securitizations of residential mortgages that are sold to the government-sponsored entities (GSEs), including FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA (conforming residential mortgage securitizations). During the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, we transferred $49.6 billion and $144.6 billion, respectively, in fair value of residential mortgages to unconsolidated VIEs and third-party investors and recorded the
 
transfers as sales, compared with $57.8 billion and $163.0 billion, respectively, in the same periods of 2017. Substantially all of these transfers did not result in a gain or loss because the loans were already carried at fair value. In connection with all of these transfers, in the first nine months of 2018, we recorded a $1.5 billion servicing asset, measured at fair value using a Level 3 measurement technique, securities of $2.6 billion, classified as Level 2, and a $12 million liability for repurchase losses which reflects management’s estimate of probable losses related to various representations and warranties for the loans transferred, initially measured at fair value. In the first nine months of 2017, we recorded a $1.5 billion servicing asset, securities of $2.2 billion, and a $20 million liability.



114
Note 9: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities (continued)

Table 9.4 presents the key weighted-average assumptions we used to measure residential mortgage servicing rights at the date of securitization.

Table 9.4: Residential Mortgage Servicing Rights
 
Residential mortgage
servicing rights
 
 
2018

 
2017

Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
 
Prepayment speed (1)
11.2
%
 
12.1

Discount rate
7.6

 
6.9

Cost to service ($ per loan) (2)
$
128

 
122

Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
 
Prepayment speed (1)
10.5
%
 
11.7

Discount rate
7.4

 
6.9

Cost to service ($ per loan) (2)
$
130

 
135

(1)
The prepayment speed assumption for residential mortgage servicing rights includes a blend of prepayment speeds and default rates. Prepayment speed assumptions are influenced by mortgage interest rate inputs as well as our estimation of drivers of borrower behavior.
(2)
Includes costs to service and unreimbursed foreclosure costs, which can vary period to period depending on the mix of modified government-guaranteed loans sold to GNMA.
During the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, we transferred $4.1 billion and $11.6 billion, respectively, in carrying value of commercial mortgages to unconsolidated VIEs and third-party investors and recorded the transfers as sales, compared with $4.6 billion and $11.2 billion, respectively, in the same periods of 2017. These transfers resulted in gains of $67 million and $196 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, because the loans were carried at lower of cost or fair value (LOCOM), compared with gains of $89 million and $265 million in the same periods of 2017. In connection with these transfers, in the first nine months of 2018, we recorded a servicing asset of $106 million, initially measured at fair value using a Level 3 measurement technique, and securities of $47 million, classified as Level 2. In the first nine months of 2017, we recorded a servicing asset of $123 million and securities of $65 million.


115

Retained Interests from Unconsolidated VIEs
Table 9.5 provides key economic assumptions and the sensitivity of the current fair value of residential mortgage servicing rights and other interests held to immediate adverse changes in those assumptions. “Other interests held” relate to residential and commercial mortgage loan securitizations. Residential mortgage-backed securities retained in securitizations issued through GSEs, such as FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA, are excluded from the table because these securities have a remote risk of credit loss due to
 
the GSE guarantee. These securities also have economic characteristics similar to GSE mortgage-backed securities that we purchase, which are not included in the table. Subordinated interests include only those bonds whose credit rating was below AAA by a major rating agency at issuance. Senior interests include only those bonds whose credit rating was AAA by a major rating agency at issuance. The information presented excludes trading positions held in inventory.
Table 9.5: Retained Interests from Unconsolidated VIEs
 
 
 
Other interests held
 
 
Residential
mortgage
servicing
rights (1)

 
Interest-only
strips

 
Commercial (2)
 
($ in millions, except cost to service amounts)
 
 
Subordinated
bonds

 
Senior
bonds

Fair value of interests held at September 30, 2018
$
15,980

 
17

 
677

 
270

Expected weighted-average life (in years)
6.9

 
3.8

 
6.8

 
5.3

Key economic assumptions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment speed assumption (3)
9.0
%
 
16.8

 
 
 
 
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% adverse change
$
572

 
1

 
 
 
 
25% adverse change
1,361

 
1

 
 
 
 
Discount rate assumption
7.2
%
 
14.7

 
4.1

 
3.8

Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100 basis point increase
$
727

 
—

 
37

 
12

200 basis point increase
1,386

 
1

 
71

 
23

Cost to service assumption ($ per loan)
129

 
 
 
 
 
 
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% adverse change
442

 
 
 
 
 
 
25% adverse change
1,100

 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit loss assumption
 
 
 
 
4.9
%
 
—

Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% higher losses
 
 
 
 
$
2

 
—

25% higher losses
 
 
 
 
5

 
—

Fair value of interests held at December 31, 2017
$
13,625

 
19

 
596

 
468

Expected weighted-average life (in years)
6.2

 
3.3

 
6.7

 
5.2

Key economic assumptions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment speed assumption (3)
10.5
%
 
20.0

 
 
 
 
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% adverse change
$
565

 
1

 
 
 
 
25% adverse change
1,337

 
2

 
 
 
 
Discount rate assumption
6.9
%
 
14.8

 
4.1

 
3.1

Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100 basis point increase
$
652

 
—

 
32

 
20

200 basis point increase
1,246

 
1

 
61

 
39

Cost to service assumption ($ per loan)
143

 
 
 
 
 
 
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% adverse change
467

 
 
 
 
 
 
25% adverse change
1,169

 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit loss assumption
 
 
 
 
1.8
%
 
—

Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% higher losses
 
 
 
 
$
—

 
—

25% higher losses
 
 
 
 
—

 
—

(1)
See narrative following this table for a discussion of commercial mortgage servicing rights.
(2)
Prepayment speed assumptions do not significantly impact the value of commercial mortgage securitization bonds as the underlying commercial mortgage loans experience significantly lower prepayments due to certain contractual restrictions, impacting the borrower’s ability to prepay the mortgage.
(3)
The prepayment speed assumption for residential mortgage servicing rights includes a blend of prepayment speeds and default rates. Prepayment speed assumptions are influenced by mortgage interest rate inputs as well as our estimation of drivers of borrower behavior.
In addition to residential mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) included in the previous table, we have a small portfolio of commercial MSRs with a fair value of $2.4 billion and $2.0 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. The nature of our commercial MSRs, which are carried at LOCOM, is different from our residential MSRs. Prepayment activity on serviced loans does not significantly impact the value of commercial MSRs because, unlike residential mortgages, commercial mortgages experience significantly lower prepayments due to certain contractual restrictions, impacting the borrower’s ability to prepay the mortgage. Additionally, for our commercial MSR portfolio, we are typically master/primary servicer, but not the special servicer, who is separately
 
responsible for the servicing and workout of delinquent and foreclosed loans. It is the special servicer, similar to our role as servicer of residential mortgage loans, who is affected by higher servicing and foreclosure costs due to an increase in delinquent and foreclosed loans. Accordingly, prepayment speeds and costs to service are not key assumptions for commercial MSRs as they do not significantly impact the valuation. The primary economic driver impacting the fair value of our commercial MSRs is forward interest rates, which are derived from market observable yield curves used to price capital markets instruments. Market interest rates significantly affect interest earned on custodial deposit balances. The sensitivity of the current fair value to an immediate adverse 25% change in the assumption about interest

116
Note 9: Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities (continued)

earned on deposit balances at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, results in a decrease in fair value of $347 million and $278 million, respectively. See Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities) for further information on our commercial MSRs.
The sensitivities in the preceding paragraph and table are hypothetical and caution should be exercised when relying on this data. Changes in value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in the assumption to the change in value may not be linear. Also, the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the value of the other interests held is calculated independently without changing any other assumptions. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in others (for example, changes in prepayment speed estimates could result in changes in the credit losses), which might magnify or counteract the sensitivities.
 
Off-Balance Sheet Loans
Table 9.6 presents information about the principal balances of off-balance sheet loans that were sold or securitized, including residential mortgage loans sold to FNMA, FHLMC, GNMA and other investors, for which we have some form of continuing involvement (including servicer). Delinquent loans include loans 90 days or more past due and loans in bankruptcy, regardless of delinquency status. For loans sold or securitized where servicing is our only form of continuing involvement, we would only experience a loss if we were required to repurchase a delinquent loan or foreclosed asset due to a breach in representations and warranties associated with our loan sale or servicing contracts.
Table 9.6: Off-Balance Sheet Loans Sold or Securitized
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net charge-offs
 
 
Total loans
 
 
Delinquent loans and foreclosed assets (1)
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
Sep 30, 2018

 
Dec 31, 2017

 
Sep 30, 2018

 
Dec 31, 2017

 
2018

 
2017

Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate mortgage
$
102,384

 
100,875

 
1,997

 
2,839

 
244

 
718

Total commercial
102,384

 
100,875

 
1,997

 
2,839

 
244

 
718

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate 1-4 family first mortgage
1,110,568

 
1,126,208

 
9,863

 
13,393

 
368

 
546

Total consumer
1,110,568

 
1,126,208

 
9,863

 
13,393

 
368

 
546

Total off-balance sheet sold or securitized loans (2)
$
1,212,952

 
1,227,083

 
11,860

 
16,232

 
612

 
1,264

(1)
Includes $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion of commercial foreclosed assets and $656 million and $879 million of consumer foreclosed assets at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(2)
At September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, the table includes total loans of $1.1 trillion at both dates, delinquent loans of $6.6 billion and $9.1 billion, and foreclosed assets of $455 million and $619 million, respectively, for FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA. Net charge-offs exclude loans sold to FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA as we do not service or manage the underlying real estate upon foreclosure and, as such, do not have access to net charge-off information.

117

Transactions with Consolidated VIEs and Secured Borrowings
Table 9.7 presents a summary of financial assets and liabilities for asset transfers accounted for as secured borrowings and involvements with consolidated VIEs. Carrying values of “Assets” are presented using GAAP measurement methods, which may include fair value, credit impairment or other adjustments, and
 
therefore in some instances will differ from “Total VIE assets.” For VIEs that obtain exposure synthetically through derivative instruments, the remaining notional amount of the derivative is included in “Total VIE assets.” On the consolidated balance sheet, we separately disclose the consolidated assets of certain VIEs that can only be used to settle the liabilities of those VIEs.
Table 9.7: Transactions with Consolidated VIEs and Secured Borrowings
 
 
 
Carrying value
 
(in millions)
Total VIE
assets

 
Assets

 
Liabilities

 
Noncontrolling
interests

 
Net assets

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secured borrowings:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Municipal tender option bond securitizations
$
647

 
545

 
(521
)
 
—

 
24

Residential mortgage securitizations
99

 
96

 
(97
)
 
—

 
(1
)
Total secured borrowings
746

 
641

 
(618
)
 
—

 
23

Consolidated VIEs:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial loans and leases
7,571

 
7,546

 
(447
)
 
(13
)
 
7,086

Nonconforming residential mortgage loan securitizations
2,127

 
1,873

 
(576
)
 
—

 
1,297

Commercial real estate loans
3,648

 
3,648

 
—

 
—

 
3,648

Structured asset finance
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Investment funds
61

 
61

 
(1
)
 
(18
)
 
42

Other
12

 
12

 
(1
)
 
(6
)
 
5

Total consolidated VIEs
13,419

 
13,140

 
(1,025
)
 
(37
)
 
12,078

Total secured borrowings and consolidated VIEs
$
14,165

 
13,781

 
(1,643
)
 
(37
)
 
12,101

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secured borrowings:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Municipal tender option bond securitizations
$
658

 
565

 
(532
)
 
—

 
33

Residential mortgage securitizations
113

 
110

 
(111
)
 
—

 
(1
)
Total secured borrowings
771

 
675

 
(643
)
 
—

 
32

Consolidated VIEs:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial loans and leases
9,116

 
8,626

 
(915
)
 
(29
)
 
7,682

Nonconforming residential mortgage loan securitizations
2,515

 
2,212

 
(694
)
 
—

 
1,518

Commercial real estate loans
2,378

 
2,378

 
—

 
—

 
2,378

Structured asset finance
10

 
6

 
(4
)
 
—

 
2

Investment funds
305

 
305

 
(2
)
 
(230
)
 
73

Other
100

 
90

 
(1
)
 
(24
)
 
65

Total consolidated VIEs
14,424

 
13,617

 
(1,616
)
 
(283
)
 
11,718

Total secured borrowings and consolidated VIEs
$
15,195

 
14,292

 
(2,259
)
 
(283
)
 
11,750

INVESTMENT FUNDS Subsequent to adopting ASU 2015-02 – Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis in first quarter 2016, we consolidate certain investment funds because we have both the power to manage fund assets and hold variable interests that are considered significant.
For complete descriptions of our accounting for transfers accounted for as secured borrowings and involvements with consolidated VIEs, see Note 8 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.

118
Note 10: Mortgage Banking Activities (continued)

Note 10:  Mortgage Banking Activities

Mortgage banking activities, included in the Community Banking and Wholesale Banking operating segments, consist of residential and commercial mortgage originations, sale activity and servicing.
 
We apply the amortization method to commercial MSRs and apply the fair value method to residential MSRs. Table 10.1 presents the changes in MSRs measured using the fair value method.
Table 10.1: Analysis of Changes in Fair Value MSRs
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Fair value, beginning of period
$
15,411

 
12,789

 
13,625

 
12,959

Purchases
—

 
541

 
—

 
541

Servicing from securitizations or asset transfers (1)
502

 
605

 
1,561

 
1,624

Sales and other (2)
(2
)
 
64

 
(7
)
 
9

Net additions
500

 
1,210

 
1,554

 
2,174

Changes in fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Due to changes in valuation model inputs or assumptions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage interest rates (3)
582

 
(171
)
 
2,211

 
(324
)
Servicing and foreclosure costs (4)
(9
)
 
60

 
55

 
73

Discount rates (5)
(9
)
 
—

 
(9
)
 
—

Prepayment estimates and other (6)
(33
)
 
(31
)
 
(51
)
 
(77
)
Net changes in valuation model inputs or assumptions
531

 
(142
)
 
2,206

 
(328
)
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time
(462
)
 
(519
)
 
(1,405
)
 
(1,467
)
Total changes in fair value
69

 
(661
)
 
801

 
(1,795
)
Fair value, end of period
$
15,980

 
13,338

 
15,980

 
13,338

(1)
Includes impacts associated with exercising our right to repurchase delinquent loans from GNMA loan securitization pools.
(2)
Includes sales and transfers of MSRs, which can result in an increase of total reported MSRs if the sales or transfers are related to nonperforming loan portfolios or portfolios with servicing liabilities.
(3)
Includes prepayment speed changes as well as other valuation changes due to changes in mortgage interest rates (such as changes in estimated interest earned on custodial deposit balances).
(4)
Includes costs to service and unreimbursed foreclosure costs.
(5)
Reflects discount rate assumption change, excluding portion attributable to changes in mortgage interest rates.
(6)
Represents changes driven by other valuation model inputs or assumptions including prepayment speed estimation changes and other assumption updates. Prepayment speed estimation changes are influenced by observed changes in borrower behavior and other external factors that occur independent of interest rate changes.
 
Table 10.2 presents the changes in amortized MSRs.
 
 
Table 10.2: Analysis of Changes in Amortized MSRs
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Balance, beginning of period
$
1,407

 
1,399

 
1,424

 
1,406

Purchases
42

 
31

 
82

 
75

Servicing from securitizations or asset transfers
33

 
41

 
106

 
123

Amortization
(68
)
 
(65
)
 
(198
)
 
(198
)
Balance, end of period (1)
$
1,414

 
1,406

 
1,414

 
1,406

Fair value of amortized MSRs:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
2,309

 
1,989

 
2,025

 
1,956

End of period
2,389

 
1,990

 
2,389

 
1,990

(1)
Commercial amortized MSRs are evaluated for impairment purposes by the following risk strata: agency (GSEs) for multi-family properties and non-agency. There was no valuation allowance recorded for the periods presented on the commercial amortized MSRs.



119

We present the components of our managed servicing portfolio in Table 10.3 at unpaid principal balance for loans serviced and subserviced for others and at book value for owned loans serviced.
 
 
Table 10.3: Managed Servicing Portfolio
(in billions)
Sep 30, 2018

 
Dec 31, 2017

Residential mortgage servicing:
 
 
 
Serviced for others
$
1,184

 
1,209

Owned loans serviced
337

 
342

Subserviced for others
5

 
3

Total residential servicing
1,526

 
1,554

Commercial mortgage servicing:
 
 
 
Serviced for others
529

 
495

Owned loans serviced
121

 
127

Subserviced for others
9

 
9

Total commercial servicing
659

 
631

Total managed servicing portfolio
$
2,185

 
2,185

Total serviced for others
$
1,713

 
1,704

Ratio of MSRs to related loans serviced for others
1.02
%
 
0.88

 
Table 10.4 presents the components of mortgage banking noninterest income. 
Table 10.4: Mortgage Banking Noninterest Income

 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
(in millions)
 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Servicing income, net:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Servicing fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contractually specified servicing fees
 
$
880

 
889

 
2,697

 
2,696

Late charges
 
40

 
41

 
126

 
133

Ancillary fees
 
49

 
51

 
136

 
160

Unreimbursed direct servicing costs (1)
 
(79
)
 
(186
)
 
(258
)
 
(430
)
Net servicing fees
 
890

 
795

 
2,701

 
2,559

Changes in fair value of MSRs carried at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Due to changes in valuation model inputs or assumptions (2)
(A)
531

 
(142
)
 
2,206

 
(328
)
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows over time
 
(462
)
 
(519
)
 
(1,405
)
 
(1,467
)
Total changes in fair value of MSRs carried at fair value
 
69

 
(661
)
 
801

 
(1,795
)
Amortization
 
(68
)
 
(65
)
 
(198
)
 
(198
)
Net derivative gains (losses) from economic hedges (3)
(B)
(501
)
 
240

 
(2,040
)
 
599

Total servicing income, net
 
390

 
309

 
1,264

 
1,165

Net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities
 
456

 
737

 
1,286

 
2,257

Total mortgage banking noninterest income
 
$
846

 
1,046

 
2,550

 
3,422

Market-related valuation changes to MSRs, net of hedge results (2)(3)
(A)+(B)
$
30

 
98

 
166

 
271

(1)
Includes costs associated with foreclosures, unreimbursed interest advances to investors, and other interest costs.
(2)
Refer to the analysis of changes in fair value MSRs presented in Table 10.1 in this Note for more detail.
(3)
Represents results from economic hedges used to hedge the risk of changes in fair value of MSRs. See Note 14 (Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments) for additional discussion and detail.


120
Note 10: Mortgage Banking Activities (continued)

Table 10.5 summarizes the changes in our liability for mortgage loan repurchase losses. This liability is in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” in our consolidated balance sheet and adjustments to the repurchase liability are recorded in net gains on mortgage loan origination/sales activities in “Mortgage banking” in our consolidated income statement.
Because of the uncertainty in the various estimates underlying the mortgage repurchase liability, there is a range of losses in excess of the recorded mortgage repurchase liability that is reasonably possible. The estimate of the range of possible loss for representations and warranties does not represent a probable
 
loss, and is based on currently available information, significant judgment, and a number of assumptions that are subject to change. The high end of this range of reasonably possible losses exceeded our recorded liability by $201 million at September 30, 2018, and was determined based upon modifying the assumptions (particularly to assume significant changes in investor repurchase demand practices) used in our best estimate of probable loss to reflect what we believe to be the high end of reasonably possible adverse assumptions.
Table 10.5: Analysis of Changes in Liability for Mortgage Loan Repurchase Losses
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Balance, beginning of period
$
179

 
178

 
181

 
229

Assumed with MSR purchases (1)
—

 
10

 
—

 
10

Provision for repurchase losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan sales
5

 
6

 
12

 
20

Change in estimate (2)
(4
)
 
(12
)
 
(5
)
 
(65
)
Net additions (reductions) to provision
1

 
(6
)
 
7

 
(45
)
Losses
(2
)
 
(3
)
 
(10
)
 
(15
)
Balance, end of period
$
178

 
179

 
178

 
179

(1)
Represents repurchase liability associated with portfolio of loans underlying mortgage servicing rights acquired during the period.
(2)
Results from changes in investor demand and mortgage insurer practices, credit deterioration and changes in the financial stability of correspondent lenders.



121

Note 11:  Intangible Assets
Table 11.1 presents the gross carrying value of intangible assets and accumulated amortization.
Table 11.1: Intangible Assets
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Gross
carrying
value

 
Accumulated
amortization

 
Net
carrying
value

 
Gross
carrying
value

 
Accumulated
amortization

 
Net
carrying
value

Amortized intangible assets (1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MSRs (2)
$
4,064

 
(2,650
)
 
1,414

 
3,876

 
(2,452
)
 
1,424

Core deposit intangibles
12,834

 
(12,642
)
 
192

 
12,834

 
(12,065
)
 
769

Customer relationship and other intangibles
3,997

 
(3,377
)
 
620

 
3,994

 
(3,153
)
 
841

Total amortized intangible assets
$
20,895

 
(18,669
)
 
2,226

 
20,704

 
(17,670
)
 
3,034

Unamortized intangible assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MSRs (carried at fair value) (2)
$
15,980

 
 
 
 
 
13,625

 
 
 
 
Goodwill
26,425

 
 
 
 
 
26,587

 
 
 
 
Trademark
14

 
 
 
 
 
14

 
 
 
 
(1)
Excludes fully amortized intangible assets.
(2)
See Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities) for additional information on MSRs.

Table 11.2 provides the current year and estimated future amortization expense for amortized intangible assets. We based our projections of amortization expense shown below on existing
 
asset balances at September 30, 2018. Future amortization expense may vary from these projections.
Table 11.2: Amortization Expense for Intangible Assets
(in millions)
 
Amortized MSRs

 
Core deposit
intangibles

 
Customer
relationship
and other
intangibles (1)

 
Total

Nine months ended September 30, 2018 (actual)
 
$
198

 
577

 
224

 
999

Estimate for the remainder of 2018
 
$
67

 
192

 
75

 
334

Estimate for year ended December 31,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
247

 
—

 
117

 
364

2020
 
220

 
—

 
97

 
317

2021
 
189

 
—

 
83

 
272

2022
 
168

 
—

 
69

 
237

2023
 
141

 
—

 
59

 
200

(1)
The nine months ended September 30, 2018 balance includes $7 million for lease intangible amortization.

122


Table 11.3 shows the allocation of goodwill to our reportable operating segments.
Table 11.3: Goodwill
(in millions)
Community
Banking

 
Wholesale
Banking

 
Wealth and Investment Management

 
Consolidated
Company

December 31, 2016
$
16,849

 
8,585

 
1,259


26,693

Reclassification of goodwill held for sale to other assets
—

 
(116
)
 
—

 
(116
)
Reduction in goodwill related to divested businesses and other
—

 
(20
)
 
—

 
(20
)
Goodwill from business combinations
—

 
—

 
24

 
24

September 30, 2017 (1)
$
16,849

 
8,449

 
1,283

 
26,581

December 31, 2017
$
16,849

 
8,455

 
1,283

 
26,587

Reclassification of goodwill held for sale to other assets
(155
)
 
—

 
—

 
(155
)
Reduction in goodwill related to divested businesses and other
(6
)
 
(1
)
 
—

 
(7
)
September 30, 2018 (1)
$
16,688

 
8,454

 
1,283

 
26,425

(1)
At September 30, 2017, other assets included Goodwill classified as held-for-sale of $116 million related to the sales agreement for Wells Fargo Insurance Services USA (and related businesses) and Wells Fargo Shareowner Services. At September 30, 2018, other assets included Goodwill classified as held-for-sale of $12 million related to the branch divestitures announced in June 2018.

We assess goodwill for impairment at a reporting unit level, which is one level below the operating segments. See Note 21 (Operating Segments) for further information on management reporting.


123

Note 12:  Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments
Guarantees are contracts that contingently require us to make payments to a guaranteed party based on an event or a change in an underlying asset, liability, rate or index. Guarantees are generally in the form of standby letters of credit, securities lending and other indemnifications, written put options, recourse obligations, and other types of arrangements. For complete
 
descriptions of our guarantees, see Note 14 (Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K. Table 12.1 shows carrying value, maximum exposure to loss on our guarantees and the related non-investment grade amounts.
Table 12.1: Guarantees – Carrying Value and Maximum Exposure to Loss
 
 
 
Maximum exposure to loss
 
(in millions)
Carrying
value of obligation (asset)

 
Expires in
one year
or less

 
Expires after
one year
through
three years

 
Expires after
three years
through
five years

 
Expires
after five
years

 
Total

 
Non-
investment
grade

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Standby letters of credit (1)
$
36

 
14,051

 
8,024

 
3,051

 
476

 
25,602

 
8,025

Securities lending and other indemnifications (2)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,454

 
1,454

 
—

Written put options (3)
(486
)
 
14,420

 
11,122

 
2,876

 
702

 
29,120

 
16,703

Loans and MLHFS sold with recourse (4)
50

 
148

 
654

 
1,178

 
9,540

 
11,520

 
8,587

Factoring guarantees (5)
—

 
978

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
978

 
891

Other guarantees
1

 
3

 
—

 
3

 
2,781

 
2,787

 
4

Total guarantees
$
(399
)
 
29,600

 
19,800

 
7,108

 
14,953

 
71,461

 
34,210

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Standby letters of credit (1)
$
39

 
15,357

 
7,908

 
3,068

 
645

 
26,978

 
8,773

Securities lending and other indemnifications (2)
—

 
—

 
—

 
2

 
809

 
811

 
2

Written put options (3)
(455
)
 
14,758

 
12,706

 
3,890

 
1,038

 
32,392

 
19,087

Loans and MLHFS sold with recourse (4)
51

 
165

 
533

 
934

 
9,385

 
11,017

 
8,155

Factoring guarantees (5)
—

 
747

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
747

 
668

Other guarantees
1

 
7

 
—

 
2

 
4,175

 
4,184

 
7

Total guarantees
$
(364
)
 
31,034

 
21,147

 
7,896

 
16,052

 
76,129

 
36,692

(1)
Total maximum exposure to loss includes direct pay letters of credit (DPLCs) of $7.2 billion and $8.1 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. We issue DPLCs to provide credit enhancements for certain bond issuances. Beneficiaries (bond trustees) may draw upon these instruments to make scheduled principal and interest payments, redeem all outstanding bonds because a default event has occurred, or for other reasons as permitted by the agreement. We also originate multipurpose lending commitments under which borrowers have the option to draw on the facility in one of several forms, including as a standby letter of credit. Total maximum exposure to loss includes the portion of these facilities for which we have issued standby letters of credit under the commitments.
(2)
Includes indemnifications provided to certain third-party clearing agents. Outstanding customer obligations under these arrangements were $115 million and $92 million with related collateral of $1.3 billion and $717 million at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. Estimated maximum exposure to loss was $1.5 billion at September 30, 2018 and $809 million at December 31, 2017.
(3)
Written put options, which are in the form of derivatives, are also included in the derivative disclosures in Note 14 (Derivatives). Carrying value net asset position is a result of certain deferred premium option trades.
(4)
Represent recourse provided, predominantly to the GSEs, on loans sold under various programs and arrangements. Under these arrangements, we repurchased $1 million and $2 million of loans associated with these agreements in both the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, and $1 million and $3 million in the same periods of 2017, respectively.
(5)
Consists of guarantees made under certain factoring arrangements to purchase trade receivables from third parties, generally upon their request, if receivable debtors default on their payment obligations.

“Maximum exposure to loss” and “Non-investment grade” are required disclosures under GAAP. Non-investment grade represents those guarantees on which we have a higher risk of being required to perform under the terms of the guarantee. If the underlying assets under the guarantee are non-investment grade (that is, an external rating that is below investment grade or an internal credit default grade that is equivalent to a below investment grade external rating), we consider the risk of performance to be high. Internal credit default grades are determined based upon the same credit policies that we use to evaluate the risk of payment or performance when making loans and other extensions of credit. Credit quality indicators we usually consider in evaluating risk of payments or performance are described in Note 6 (Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses).
 
Maximum exposure to loss represents the estimated loss that would be incurred under an assumed hypothetical circumstance, despite what we believe is a remote possibility, where the value of our interests and any associated collateral declines to zero. Maximum exposure to loss estimates in Table 12.1 do not reflect economic hedges or collateral we could use to offset or recover losses we may incur under our guarantee agreements. Accordingly, this required disclosure is not an indication of expected loss. We believe the carrying value, which is either fair value for derivative-related products or the allowance for lending-related commitments, is more representative of our exposure to loss than maximum exposure to loss.


124
Note 12: Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments (continued)

Pledged Assets
As part of our liquidity management strategy, we pledge various assets to secure trust and public deposits, borrowings and letters of credit from the FHLB and FRB, securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements), securities lending arrangements, and for other purposes as required or permitted by law or insurance statutory requirements. The types of collateral we pledge include securities issued by federal agencies, GSEs, domestic and foreign companies and various commercial and consumer loans. Table 12.2 provides the total carrying amount of pledged assets by asset type and pledged off-
 
balance sheet securities for securities financings. The table excludes pledged consolidated VIE assets of $13.1 billion and $13.6 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, which can only be used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The table also excludes $641 million and $675 million in assets pledged in transactions with VIE's accounted for as secured borrowings at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. See Note 9 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) for additional information on consolidated VIE assets and secured borrowings.
Table 12.2: Pledged Assets
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Held for trading:
 
 
 
Debt securities
$
94,862

 
96,993

Equity securities
10,996

 
12,161

       Total pledged assets held for trading (1)
105,858

 
109,154

Not held for trading:
 
 
 
Debt securities and other (2)
56,327

 
73,592

Mortgage loans held for sale and loans (3)
451,031

 
469,554

    Total pledged assets not held for trading
507,358

 
543,146

Total pledged assets
$
613,216

 
652,300

(1)
Consists of pledged assets held for trading of $47.2 billion and $41.9 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively and off-balance sheet securities of $58.6 billion and $67.3 billion as of the same dates, respectively, that are pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements and other securities financings. Total pledged assets held for trading includes $105.8 billion and $109.0 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively that permit the secured parties to sell or repledge the collateral.
(2)
Includes carrying value of $4.3 billion and $5.0 billion (fair value of $4.1 billion and $5.0 billion) in collateral for repurchase agreements at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, which are pledged under agreements that do not permit the secured parties to sell or repledge the collateral. Also includes $50 million and $64 million in collateral pledged under repurchase agreements at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, that permit the secured parties to sell or repledge the collateral. Substantially all other pledged securities are pursuant to agreements that do not permit the secured party to sell or repledge the collateral.
(3)
Includes mortgage loans held for sale of $1.4 billion and $2.6 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. Substantially all of the total mortgage loans held for sale and loans are pledged under agreements that do not permit the secured parties to sell or repledge the collateral. Amounts exclude $1.0 billion and $2.2 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, of pledged loans recorded on our balance sheet representing certain delinquent loans that are eligible for repurchase from GNMA loan securitizations.

Securities Financing Activities
We enter into resale and repurchase agreements and securities borrowing and lending agreements (collectively, “securities financing activities”) typically to finance trading positions (including securities and derivatives), acquire securities to cover short trading positions, accommodate customers’ financing needs, and settle other securities obligations. These activities are conducted through our broker-dealer subsidiaries and to a lesser extent through other bank entities. Most of our securities financing activities involve high quality, liquid securities such as U.S. Treasury securities and government agency securities, and to a lesser extent, less liquid securities, including equity securities, corporate bonds and asset-backed securities. We account for these transactions as collateralized financings in which we typically receive or pledge securities as collateral. We believe these financing transactions generally do not have material credit risk given the collateral provided and the related monitoring processes.

 
OFFSETTING OF RESALE AND REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS AND SECURITIES BORROWING AND LENDING AGREEMENTS Table 12.3 presents resale and repurchase agreements subject to master repurchase agreements (MRA) and securities borrowing and lending agreements subject to master securities lending agreements (MSLA). We account for transactions subject to these agreements as collateralized financings, and those with a single counterparty are presented net on our balance sheet, provided certain criteria are met that permit balance sheet netting. Most transactions subject to these agreements do not meet those criteria and thus are not eligible for balance sheet netting.
Collateral we pledged consists of non-cash instruments, such as securities or loans, and is not netted on the balance sheet against the related liability. Collateral we received includes securities or loans and is not recognized on our balance sheet. Collateral pledged or received may be increased or decreased over time to maintain certain contractual thresholds as the assets underlying each arrangement fluctuate in value. Generally, these agreements require collateral to exceed the asset or liability recognized on the balance sheet. The following table includes the amount of collateral pledged or received related to exposures subject to enforceable MRAs or MSLAs. While these agreements are typically over-collateralized, U.S. GAAP requires disclosure in this table to limit the reported amount of such collateral to the amount of the related recognized asset or liability for each counterparty.

125

In addition to the amounts included in Table 12.3, we also have balance sheet netting related to derivatives that is disclosed in Note 14 (Derivatives).
Table 12.3: Offsetting – Resale and Repurchase Agreements
(in millions)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Assets:
 
 
 
Resale and securities borrowing agreements
 
 
 
Gross amounts recognized
$
114,914

 
121,135

Gross amounts offset in consolidated balance sheet (1)
(14,371
)
 
(23,188
)
Net amounts in consolidated balance sheet (2)
100,543

 
97,947

Collateral not recognized in consolidated balance sheet (3)
(99,699
)
 
(96,829
)
Net amount (4)
$
844

 
1,118

Liabilities:
 
 
 
Repurchase and securities lending agreements
 
 
 
Gross amounts recognized (5)
$
106,253

 
111,488

Gross amounts offset in consolidated balance sheet (1)
(14,371
)
 
(23,188
)
Net amounts in consolidated balance sheet (6)
91,882

 
88,300

Collateral pledged but not netted in consolidated balance sheet (7)
(91,580
)
 
(87,918
)
Net amount (8)
$
302

 
382

(1)
Represents recognized amount of resale and repurchase agreements with counterparties subject to enforceable MRAs that have been offset in the consolidated balance sheet.
(2)
At September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, includes $83.4 billion and $78.9 billion, respectively, classified on our consolidated balance sheet in federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements. Balance also includes securities purchased under long-term resale agreements (generally one year or more) classified in loans, which totaled $17.1 billion and $19.0 billion, at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(3)
Represents the fair value of collateral we have received under enforceable MRAs or MSLAs, limited for table presentation purposes to the amount of the recognized asset due from each counterparty. At September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, we have received total collateral with a fair value of $124.1 billion and $130.8 billion, respectively, all of which, we have the right to sell or repledge. These amounts include securities we have sold or repledged to others with a fair value of $60.4 billion at September 30, 2018, and $66.3 billion at December 31, 2017.
(4)
Represents the amount of our exposure that is not collateralized and/or is not subject to an enforceable MRA or MSLA.
(5)
For additional information on underlying collateral and contractual maturities, see the “Repurchase and Securities Lending Agreements” section in this Note.
(6)
Amount is classified in short-term borrowings on our consolidated balance sheet.
(7)
Represents the fair value of collateral we have pledged, related to enforceable MRAs or MSLAs, limited for table presentation purposes to the amount of the recognized liability owed to each counterparty. At September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, we have pledged total collateral with a fair value of $108.7 billion and $113.6 billion, respectively, of which, the counterparty does not have the right to sell or repledge $4.3 billion as of September 30, 2018 and $5.2 billion as of December 31, 2017.
(8)
Represents the amount of our obligation that is not covered by pledged collateral and/or is not subject to an enforceable MRA or MSLA.
REPURCHASE AND SECURITIES LENDING AGREEMENTS Securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending arrangements are effectively short-term collateralized borrowings. In these transactions, we receive cash in exchange for transferring securities as collateral and recognize an obligation to reacquire the securities for cash at the transaction's maturity. These types of transactions create risks, including (1) the counterparty may fail to return the securities at maturity, (2) the fair value of the securities transferred may decline below the amount of our obligation to reacquire the securities, and therefore create an obligation for us to pledge additional amounts, and (3) the counterparty may accelerate the maturity on demand, requiring us to reacquire the security prior to contractual maturity. We attempt to mitigate these risks by the fact that most of our securities financing activities involve highly liquid securities, we underwrite and monitor the financial strength of our counterparties, we monitor the fair value of collateral pledged relative to contractually required repurchase amounts, and we monitor that our collateral is properly returned through the clearing and settlement process in advance of our cash repayment. Table 12.4 provides the underlying collateral types of our gross obligations under repurchase and securities lending agreements.

126
Note 12: Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments (continued)

Table 12.4: Underlying Collateral Types of Gross Obligations
(in millions)
 
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

Repurchase agreements:
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies (1)
 
$
35,758

 
40,507

Securities of U.S. States and political subdivisions
 
68

 
92

Federal agency mortgage-backed securities (1)
 
45,153

 
45,336

Non-agency mortgage-backed securities
 
1,441

 
1,324

Corporate debt securities (1)
 
8,869

 
8,020

Asset-backed securities
 
2,128

 
2,034

Equity securities
 
793

 
838

Other (1)
 
1,424

 
1,602

Total repurchases
 
95,634

 
99,753

Securities lending:
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
 
192

 
186

Corporate debt securities
 
418

 
619

Equity securities (2)
 
9,947

 
10,930

Other
 
62

 
—

Total securities lending
 
10,619

 
11,735

Total repurchases and securities lending
 
$
106,253

 
111,488

(1)
Amounts for December 31, 2017 have been revised to conform with the current period classification of certain collateral.
(2)
Equity securities are generally exchange traded and either re-hypothecated under margin lending agreements or obtained through contemporaneous securities borrowing transactions with other counterparties.

Table 12.5 provides the contractual maturities of our gross obligations under repurchase and securities lending agreements.
Table 12.5: Contractual Maturities of Gross Obligations
(in millions)
Overnight/continuous

 
Up to 30 days

 
30-90 days

 
>90 days

 
Total gross obligation

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
$
82,130

 
5,879

 
2,954

 
4,671

 
95,634

Securities lending
10,281

 
38

 
300

 
—

 
10,619

Total repurchases and securities lending (1)
$
92,411

 
5,917

 
3,254

 
4,671

 
106,253

December 31, 2017
 
Repurchase agreements
$
83,780

 
7,922

 
3,286

 
4,765

 
99,753

Securities lending
9,634

 
584

 
1,363

 
154

 
11,735

Total repurchases and securities lending (1)
$
93,414

 
8,506

 
4,649

 
4,919

 
111,488

(1)
Securities lending is executed under agreements that allow either party to terminate the transaction without notice, while repurchase agreements have a term structure to them that technically matures at a point in time. The overnight/continuous repurchase agreements require election of both parties to roll the trade rather than the election to terminate the arrangement as in securities lending.
OTHER COMMITMENTS To meet the financing needs of our customers, we may enter into commitments to purchase debt and equity securities to provide capital for their funding, liquidity or other future needs. As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, we had commitments to purchase debt securities of $1.4 billion and $194 million, respectively, and commitments to purchase equity securities of $2.4 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively.
As part of maintaining our memberships in certain clearing organizations, we are required to stand ready to provide liquidity meant to sustain market clearing activity in the event unforeseen events occur or are deemed likely to occur. This includes commitments we have entered into to purchase securities under resale agreements from a central clearing organization that, at its option, require us to provide funding under such agreements. We do not have any outstanding amounts funded, and the amount of our unfunded contractual commitment was $5.1 billion and
 
$2.8 billion as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
The Parent will fully and unconditionally guarantee securities that its 100% owned finance subsidiary, Wells Fargo Finance LLC, may issue.



127

Note 13:  Legal Actions
Wells Fargo and certain of our subsidiaries are involved in a number of judicial, regulatory, arbitration, and other proceedings concerning matters arising from the conduct of our business activities, and many of those proceedings expose Wells Fargo to potential financial loss. These proceedings include actions brought against Wells Fargo and/or our subsidiaries with respect to corporate-related matters and transactions in which Wells Fargo and/or our subsidiaries were involved. In addition, Wells Fargo and our subsidiaries may be requested to provide information or otherwise cooperate with government authorities in the conduct of investigations of other persons or industry groups.
Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome, Wells Fargo and/or our subsidiaries have generally denied, or believe we have a meritorious defense and will deny, liability in all significant legal actions pending against us, including the matters described below, and we intend to defend vigorously each case, other than matters we describe as having settled. We establish accruals for legal actions when potential losses associated with the actions become probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. For such accruals, we record the amount we consider to be the best estimate within a range of potential losses that are both probable and estimable; however, if we cannot determine a best estimate, then we record the low end of the range of those potential losses. The actual costs of resolving legal actions may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts accrued for those actions.
ATM ACCESS FEE LITIGATION In October 2011, plaintiffs filed a putative class action, Mackmin, et al. v. Visa, Inc. et al., against Wells Fargo & Company, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Visa, MasterCard, and several other banks in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Plaintiffs allege that the Visa and MasterCard requirement that if an ATM operator charges an access fee on Visa and MasterCard transactions, then that fee cannot be greater than the access fee charged for transactions on other networks violates antitrust rules. Plaintiffs seek treble damages, restitution, injunctive relief, and attorneys’ fees where available under federal and state law. Two other antitrust cases that make similar allegations were filed in the same court, but these cases did not name Wells Fargo as a defendant. On February 13, 2013, the district court granted defendants’ motions to dismiss the three actions. Plaintiffs appealed the dismissals and, on August 4, 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the district court’s decisions and remanded the three cases to the district court for further proceedings. On June 28, 2016, the United States Supreme Court granted defendants’ petitions for writ of certiorari to review the decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. On November 17, 2016, the United States Supreme Court dismissed the petitions as improvidently granted, and the three cases returned to the district court for further proceedings.
AUTOMOBILE LENDING MATTERS On April 20, 2018, the Company entered into consent orders with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (BCFP) to resolve, among other things, investigations by the agencies into the Company's compliance risk management program and its past practices involving certain automobile collateral protection insurance (CPI) policies and, as discussed below, certain mortgage interest rate lock extensions.
 
The consent orders require remediation to customers and the payment of a total of $1 billion in civil money penalties to the agencies. In July 2017, the Company announced a plan to remediate customers who may have been financially harmed due to issues related to automobile CPI policies purchased through a third-party vendor on their behalf. Multiple putative class action cases alleging, among other things, unfair and deceptive practices relating to these CPI policies, have been filed against the Company and consolidated into one multi-district litigation in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. A putative class of shareholders also filed a securities fraud class action against the Company and its executive officers alleging material misstatements and omissions of CPI-related information in the Company's public disclosures. Former team members have also alleged retaliation for raising concerns regarding automobile lending practices. In addition, the Company has identified certain issues related to the unused portion of guaranteed automobile protection (GAP) waiver or insurance agreements between the dealer and, by assignment, the lender, which will result in refunds to customers in certain states. Allegations related to the CPI and GAP programs are among the subjects of shareholder derivative lawsuits pending in federal and state court in California. The court dismissed the state court action in September 2018, but granted plaintiffs leave to file an amended complaint by November 23, 2018. These and other issues related to the origination, servicing, and/or collection of consumer automobile loans, including related insurance products, have also subjected the Company to formal or informal inquiries, investigations, or examinations from federal and state government agencies, including a multi-state attorneys general group that is conducting an investigation into CPI and GAP. The Company anticipates it may continue to identify and remediate issues related to historical practices concerning the origination, servicing, and/or collection of consumer automobile loans.
CONSUMER DEPOSIT ACCOUNT RELATED REGULATORY INVESTIGATION The BCFP is conducting an investigation into whether customers were unduly harmed by the Company’s procedures regarding the freezing (and, in many cases, closing) of consumer deposit accounts after the Company detected suspected fraudulent activity (by third parties or account holders) that affected those accounts. A former team member has brought a state court action alleging retaliation for raising concerns about these procedures.
FIDUCIARY AND CUSTODY ACCOUNT FEE CALCULATIONS Federal government agencies are conducting formal or informal inquiries, investigations, or examinations regarding fee calculations within certain fiduciary and custody accounts in the Company’s investment and fiduciary services business, which is part of the wealth management business within WIM. The Company has determined that there have been instances of incorrect fees being applied to certain assets and accounts, resulting in both overcharges and undercharges to customers.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE BUSINESS Federal government agencies, including the United States Department of Justice, are investigating or examining certain activities in the Company’s foreign exchange business. The Company has accrued amounts to remediate customers that may have received pricing inconsistent with commitments made to those customers, and to rebate customers where historic pricing, while consistent with contracts

128
Note 13: Legal Actions (continued)

entered into with those customers, does not conform to recently implemented standards and pricing.
INADVERTENT CLIENT INFORMATION DISCLOSURE In July 2017, the Company inadvertently provided certain client information in response to a third-party subpoena issued in a civil litigation. The Company obtained permanent injunctions in New Jersey and New York state courts requiring the electronic data that contained the client information and all copies to be delivered to the New Jersey state court and the Company for safekeeping. The court has now returned the data to counsel for the Company. The Company has made voluntary self-disclosures to various state and federal regulatory agencies. Notifications have been sent to clients whose personal identifying data was contained in the inadvertent production.
INTERCHANGE LITIGATION  Plaintiffs representing a putative class of merchants have filed putative class actions, and individual merchants have filed individual actions, against Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo & Company, Wachovia Bank, N.A. and Wachovia Corporation regarding the interchange fees associated with Visa and MasterCard payment card transactions. Visa, MasterCard, and several other banks and bank holding companies are also named as defendants in these actions. These actions have been consolidated in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The amended and consolidated complaint asserts claims against defendants based on alleged violations of federal and state antitrust laws and seeks damages, as well as injunctive relief. Plaintiff merchants allege that Visa, MasterCard, and payment card issuing banks unlawfully colluded to set interchange rates. Plaintiffs also allege that enforcement of certain Visa and MasterCard rules and alleged tying and bundling of services offered to merchants are anticompetitive. Wells Fargo and Wachovia, along with other defendants and entities, are parties to Loss and Judgment Sharing Agreements, which provide that they, along with other entities, will share, based on a formula, in any losses from the Interchange Litigation. On July 13, 2012, Visa, MasterCard, and the financial institution defendants, including Wells Fargo, signed a memorandum of understanding with plaintiff merchants to resolve the consolidated class action and reached a separate settlement in principle of the consolidated individual actions. The settlement payments to be made by all defendants in the consolidated class and individual actions totaled approximately $6.6 billion before reductions applicable to certain merchants opting out of the settlement. The class settlement also provided for the distribution to class merchants of 10 basis points of default interchange across all credit rate categories for a period of 8 consecutive months. The district court granted final approval of the settlement, which was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit by settlement objector merchants. Other merchants opted out of the settlement and are pursuing several individual actions. On June 30, 2016, the Second Circuit vacated the settlement agreement and reversed and remanded the consolidated action to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York for further proceedings. On November 23, 2016, prior class counsel filed a petition to the United States Supreme Court, seeking review of the reversal of the settlement by the Second Circuit, and the Supreme Court denied the petition on March 27, 2017. On November 30, 2016, the district court appointed lead class counsel for a damages class and an equitable relief class. The parties have entered into a settlement agreement to resolve the money damages class claims pursuant to which defendants will pay a total of approximately $6.2 billion, which includes
 
approximately $5.3 billion of funds remaining from the 2012 settlement and $900 million in additional funding. The Company's allocated responsibility for the additional funding is approximately $94.5 million. Plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of the settlement in September 2018. Several of the opt-out litigations were settled during the pendency of the Second Circuit appeal while others remain pending. Discovery is proceeding in the opt-out litigations and the equitable relief class case.
LOW INCOME HOUSING TAX CREDITS Federal government agencies have undertaken formal or informal inquiries or investigations regarding the manner in which the Company purchased, and negotiated the purchase of, certain federal low income housing tax credits in connection with the financing of low income housing developments.
MORTGAGE BANKRUPTCY LOAN MODIFICATION LITIGATION Plaintiffs, representing a putative class of mortgage borrowers who were debtors in Chapter 13 bankruptcy cases, filed a putative class action, Cotton, et al. v. Wells Fargo, et al., against Wells Fargo & Company and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of North Carolina on June 7, 2017. Plaintiffs allege that Wells Fargo improperly and unilaterally modified the mortgages of borrowers who were debtors in Chapter 13 bankruptcy cases. Plaintiffs allege that Wells Fargo implemented these modifications by improperly filing mortgage payment change notices in Chapter 13 bankruptcy cases, in violation of bankruptcy rules and process. The amended complaint asserts claims based on, among other things, alleged fraud, violations of bankruptcy rules and laws, and unfair and deceptive trade practices. The amended complaint seeks monetary damages, attorneys’ fees, and declaratory and injunctive relief. The parties have entered into a settlement agreement pursuant to which the Company will pay $13.5 million to resolve the claims. On October 24, 2018, the court granted preliminary approval of the settlement and scheduled a final fairness hearing for March 4, 2019.
MORTGAGE INTEREST RATE LOCK RELATED REGULATORY INVESTIGATION On April 20, 2018, the Company entered into consent orders with the OCC and BCFP to resolve, among other things, investigations by the agencies into the Company's compliance risk management program and its past practices involving certain automobile CPI policies and certain mortgage interest rate lock extensions. The consent orders require remediation to customers and the payment of a total of $1 billion in civil money penalties to the agencies. On October 4, 2017, the Company announced plans to reach out to all home lending customers who paid fees for mortgage rate lock extensions requested from September 16, 2013, through February 28, 2017, and to provide refunds, with interest, to customers who believe they should not have paid those fees. The Company was named in a putative class action, filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging violations of federal and state consumer fraud statutes relating to mortgage rate lock extension fees. The Company filed a motion to dismiss and the court granted the motion. Subsequently, a putative class action was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, raising similar allegations. In addition, former team members have asserted claims, including in pending litigation, that they were terminated for raising concerns regarding mortgage interest rate lock extension practices. Allegations related to mortgage interest rate lock extension fees are also among the subjects of two shareholder derivative lawsuits filed in

129

California state court. This matter has also subjected the Company to formal or informal inquiries, investigations or examinations from other federal and state government agencies, including a multi-state attorneys general group.
MORTGAGE-RELATED REGULATORY INVESTIGATIONS Federal and state government agencies, including the United States Department of Justice (Department of Justice), have been investigating or examining certain mortgage-related activities of Wells Fargo and predecessor institutions. Wells Fargo, for itself and for predecessor institutions, has responded, and continues to respond, to requests from these agencies seeking information regarding the origination, underwriting, and securitization of residential mortgages, including sub-prime mortgages. These agencies have advanced theories of purported liability with respect to certain of these activities. An agreement, pursuant to which the Company paid $2.09 billion, was reached to resolve the Department of Justice investigation, which related to certain 2005-2007 residential mortgage-backed securities activities. The amount was fully accrued as of June 30, 2018. Other financial institutions have entered into similar settlements with these agencies, the nature of which related to the specific activities of those financial institutions, including the imposition of significant financial penalties and remedial actions.
OFAC RELATED INVESTIGATION The Company has self-identified an issue whereby certain foreign banks utilized a Wells Fargo software-based solution to conduct import/export trade-related financing transactions with countries and entities prohibited by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the United States Department of the Treasury. We do not believe any funds related to these transactions flowed through accounts at Wells Fargo as a result of the aforementioned conduct. The Company has made voluntary self-disclosures to OFAC and is cooperating with an inquiry from the Department of Justice.
ORDER OF POSTING LITIGATION  Plaintiffs filed a series of putative class actions against Wachovia Bank, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as well as many other banks, challenging the “high to low” order in which the banks post debit card transactions to consumer deposit accounts. Most of these actions were consolidated in multi-district litigation proceedings (MDL proceedings) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. The court in the MDL proceedings has certified a class of putative plaintiffs, and Wells Fargo moved to compel arbitration of the claims of unnamed class members. The court denied the motions to compel arbitration in October 2016, and Wells Fargo appealed this decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. In May 2018, the Eleventh Circuit ruled in Wells Fargo's favor and found that Wells Fargo had not waived its arbitration rights and remanded the case to the District Court for further proceedings. Plaintiffs filed a petition for rehearing to the Eleventh Circuit, which was denied in August 2018.
RETAIL SALES PRACTICES MATTERS Federal, state, and local government agencies, including the Department of Justice, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the United States Department of Labor, and state attorneys general, including the New York Attorney General, and prosecutors’ offices, as well as Congressional committees, have undertaken formal or informal inquiries, investigations or examinations arising out of certain retail sales practices of the Company that were the subject of settlements with the BCFP, the OCC and the Office of the Los
 
Angeles City Attorney announced by the Company on September 8, 2016. These matters are at varying stages. The Company has responded, and continues to respond, to requests from a number of the foregoing and has discussed the resolution of some of the matters, including with a multi-state attorneys general group. In October 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to resolve the New York Attorney General's investigation pursuant to which the Company will pay $65 million to the State of New York.
In addition, a number of lawsuits have also been filed by non-governmental parties seeking damages or other remedies related to these retail sales practices. First, various class plaintiffs purporting to represent consumers who allege that they received products or services without their authorization or consent have brought separate putative class actions against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and various other jurisdictions. In April 2017, the Company entered into a settlement agreement in the first-filed action, Jabbari v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., to resolve claims regarding certain products or services provided without authorization or consent for the time period May 1, 2002 to April 20, 2017. Pursuant to the settlement, the Company will pay $142 million for remediation, attorneys’ fees, and settlement fund claims administration. In the unlikely event that the $142 million settlement total is not enough to provide remediation, pay attorneys' fees, pay settlement fund claims administration costs, and have at least $25 million left over to distribute to all class members, the Company will contribute additional funds to the settlement. In addition, in the unlikely event that the number of unauthorized accounts identified by settlement class members in the claims process and not disputed by the claims administrator exceeds plaintiffs’ 3.5 million account estimate, the Company will proportionately increase the $25 million reserve so that the ratio of reserve to unauthorized accounts is no less than what was implied by plaintiffs’ estimate at the time of the district court’s preliminary approval of the settlement in July 2017. The district court issued an order granting final approval of the settlement on June 14, 2018. Several appeals of the district court's order granting final approval of the settlement have been filed with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Second, Wells Fargo shareholders are pursuing a consolidated securities fraud class action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California alleging certain misstatements and omissions in the Company’s disclosures related to sales practices matters. The Company has entered into a settlement agreement to resolve this matter pursuant to which the Company will pay $480 million. The amount was fully accrued as of March 31, 2018. The district court issued an order granting preliminary approval of the settlement on September 4, 2018. Third, Wells Fargo shareholders have brought numerous shareholder derivative lawsuits asserting breach of fiduciary duty claims, among others, against current and former directors and officers for their alleged failure to detect and prevent sales practices issues. These actions have been filed or transferred to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and California state court for coordinated proceedings. An additional lawsuit asserting similar claims in Delaware state court has been stayed. Fourth, multiple employment litigation matters have been brought against Wells Fargo, including an Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) class action in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota on behalf of 401(k) plan participants that has now been dismissed; a class action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on behalf of team members who allege that they protested sales practice misconduct and/or

130
Note 13: Legal Actions (continued)

were terminated for not meeting sales goals that has now been dismissed, and we have entered into a framework with plaintiffs' counsel to address individual claims that have been asserted; various wage and hour class actions brought in federal and state court in California, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania on behalf of non-exempt branch based team members alleging that sales pressure resulted in uncompensated overtime; and multiple single plaintiff Sarbanes-Oxley Act complaints and state law whistleblower actions filed with the United States Department of Labor or in various state courts alleging adverse employment actions for raising sales practice misconduct issues.
RMBS TRUSTEE LITIGATION In November 2014, a group of institutional investors (Institutional Investor Plaintiffs), including funds affiliated with BlackRock, Inc., filed a putative class action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., alleging claims against the Company in its capacity as trustee for a number of residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) trusts (Federal Court Complaint). Similar complaints have been filed against other trustees in various courts, including in the Southern District of New York, in New York state court, and in other states, by RMBS investors. The Federal Court Complaint alleges that Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trustee, caused losses to investors and asserts causes of action based upon, among other things, the trustee's alleged failure to notify and enforce repurchase obligations of mortgage loan sellers for purported breaches of representations and warranties, notify investors of alleged events of default, and abide by appropriate standards of care following alleged events of default. Plaintiffs seek money damages in an unspecified amount, reimbursement of expenses, and equitable relief. In December 2014 and December 2015, certain other investors filed four complaints alleging similar claims against Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. in the Southern District of New York (Related Federal Cases), and the various cases pending against Wells Fargo are proceeding before the same judge. On January 19, 2016, the Southern District of New York entered an order in connection with the Federal Court Complaint dismissing claims related to certain of the trusts at issue (Dismissed Trusts). The Company's motion to dismiss the Federal Court Complaint and the complaints for the Related Federal Cases was granted in part and denied in part in March 2017. In May 2017, the Company filed third-party complaints against certain investment advisors affiliated with the Institutional Investor Plaintiffs seeking contribution with respect to claims alleged in the Federal Court Complaint (Third-Party Claims). The investment advisors have moved to dismiss those complaints. On April 17, 2018, the Southern District of New York denied class certification in the Related Federal Case brought by Royal Park Investments SA/NV (Royal Park).
A complaint raising similar allegations to the Federal Court Complaint was filed in May 2016 in New York state court by a different plaintiff investor. In December 2016, the Institutional Investor Plaintiffs filed a new putative class action complaint in New York state court in respect of 261 RMBS trusts, including the Dismissed Trusts, for which Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. serves or served as trustee (State Court Action). The Company has moved to dismiss the State Court Action.
In July 2017, certain of the plaintiffs from the State Court Action filed a civil complaint relating to Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.'s setting aside reserves for legal fees and expenses in connection with the liquidation of eleven RMBS trusts at issue in the State Court Action (Declaratory Judgment Action). The complaint seeks, among other relief, declarations that Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. is not entitled to indemnification, the
 
advancement of funds, or the taking of reserves from trust funds for legal fees and expenses it incurs in defending the claims in the State Court Action. In November 2017, the Company's motion to dismiss the complaint was granted. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal in January 2018. In September 2017, Royal Park filed a similar complaint in the Southern District of New York seeking declaratory and injunctive relief and money damages on an individual and class action basis (Royal Park Action).

SEMINOLE TRIBE TRUSTEE LITIGATION The Seminole Tribe of Florida filed a complaint in Florida state court alleging that Wells Fargo, as trustee, charged excess fees in connection with the administration of a minor’s trust and failed to invest the assets of the trust prudently. The complaint was later amended to include three individual current and former beneficiaries as plaintiffs and to remove the Tribe as a party to the case. In December 2016, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on the grounds that the Tribe is a necessary party and that the individual beneficiaries lack standing to bring claims. The motion was denied in June 2018.
WHOLESALE BANKING CONSENT ORDER INVESTIGATION On November 19, 2015, the Company entered into a consent order with the OCC, pursuant to which the Wholesale Banking group was required to implement customer due diligence standards that include collection of current beneficial ownership information for certain business customers. The Company is responding to recent inquiries from various federal government agencies regarding potentially inappropriate conduct in connection with the collection of beneficial ownership information.
OUTLOOK  As described above, the Company establishes accruals for legal actions when potential losses associated with the actions become probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. The high end of the range of reasonably possible potential losses in excess of the Company’s accrual for probable and estimable losses was approximately $2.2 billion as of September 30, 2018. The outcomes of legal actions are unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties, and it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible. It is also inherently difficult to estimate the amount of any loss and there may be matters for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible but not currently estimable. Accordingly, actual losses may be in excess of the established accrual or the range of reasonably possible loss. Wells Fargo is unable to determine whether the ultimate resolution of the retail sales practices matters will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial condition. Based on information currently available, advice of counsel, available insurance coverage, and established reserves, Wells Fargo believes that the eventual outcome of other actions against Wells Fargo and/or its subsidiaries will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on Wells Fargo’s consolidated financial condition. However, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of a matter, if unfavorable, may be material to Wells Fargo’s results of operations for any particular period.


131

Note 14:  Derivatives
We use derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, including interest rate risk, credit risk and foreign currency risk, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. We designate certain derivatives as hedging instruments in a qualifying hedge accounting relationship (fair value or cash flow hedge). Our remaining derivatives consist of economic hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting and derivatives held for customer accommodation trading, or other purposes. For more information on our derivative activities, see Note 16 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
 
Table 14.1 presents the total notional or contractual amounts and fair values for our derivatives. Derivative transactions can be measured in terms of the notional amount, but this amount is not recorded on the balance sheet and is not, when viewed in isolation, a meaningful measure of the risk profile of the instruments. The notional amount is generally not exchanged but is used only as the basis on which interest and other payments are determined.
Table 14.1: Notional or Contractual Amounts and Fair Values of Derivatives
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Notional or
contractual
amount

 
 
 
Fair value

 
Notional or
contractual
amount

 
 
 
Fair value

(in millions)
 
Derivative
assets

 
Derivative
liabilities

 
 
Derivative
assets

 
Derivative
liabilities

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts (1)
$
184,332

 
2,471

 
650

 
209,677

 
2,492

 
1,092

Foreign exchange contracts (1)
35,136

 
737

 
1,221

 
34,135

 
1,482

 
1,137

Total derivatives designated as qualifying hedging instruments
 
 
3,208

 
1,871

 
 
 
3,974

 
2,229

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Economic hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts (2)
181,607

 
166

 
375

 
220,558

 
159

 
201

Equity contracts
15,764

 
929

 
210

 
12,315

 
716

 
138

Foreign exchange contracts
14,288

 
115

 
116

 
15,976

 
78

 
309

Credit contracts – protection purchased
101

 
26

 
—

 
111

 
37

 
—

Subtotal
 
 
1,236

 
701

 
 
 
990

 
648

Customer accommodation trading and
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
other derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
8,156,678

 
13,426

 
14,518

 
6,434,673

 
14,979

 
14,179

Commodity contracts
72,559

 
4,205

 
1,716

 
62,530

 
2,354

 
1,335

Equity contracts
229,905

 
6,894

 
8,514

 
213,750

 
6,291

 
8,363

Foreign exchange contracts
333,715

 
5,582

 
5,032

 
362,896

 
7,413

 
7,122

Credit contracts – protection sold
9,185

 
94

 
141

 
9,021

 
147

 
214

Credit contracts – protection purchased
17,973

 
134

 
177

 
17,406

 
207

 
208

Subtotal
 
 
30,335

 
30,098

 
 
 
31,391

 
31,421

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
31,571

 
30,799

 
 
 
32,381

 
32,069

Total derivatives before netting
 
 
34,779

 
32,670

 
 
 
36,355

 
34,298

Netting (3)
 
 
(22,968
)
 
(24,084
)
 
 
 
(24,127
)
 
(25,502
)
Total
 
 
$
11,811

 
8,586

 
 
 
12,228

 
8,796

(1)
Notional amounts presented exclude $0 million and $500 million of interest rate contracts at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, for certain derivatives that are combined for designation as a hedge in a single relationship. The notional amount for foreign exchange contracts at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, excludes $11.3 billion and $13.5 billion, respectively, for certain derivatives that are combined for designation as a hedge on a single instrument.
(2)
Includes economic hedge derivatives used to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of residential MSRs, MLHFS, loans, derivative loan commitments and other interests held.
(3)
Represents balance sheet netting of derivative asset and liability balances, related cash collateral and portfolio level counterparty valuation adjustments. See Table 14.2 for further information.

132
Note 14: Derivatives (continued)

Table 14.2 provides information on the gross fair values of derivative assets and liabilities, the balance sheet netting adjustments and the resulting net fair value amount recorded on our balance sheet, as well as the non-cash collateral associated with such arrangements. We execute substantially all of our derivative transactions under master netting arrangements and reflect all derivative balances and related cash collateral subject to enforceable master netting arrangements on a net basis within the balance sheet. The “Gross amounts recognized” column in the following table includes $31.4 billion and $29.2 billion of gross derivative assets and liabilities, respectively, at September 30, 2018, and $30.0 billion and $29.9 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2017, with counterparties subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that are carried on the balance sheet net of offsetting amounts. The remaining gross derivative assets and liabilities of $3.4 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively, at September 30, 2018, and $6.4 billion and $4.4 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2017, include those with counterparties subject to master netting arrangements for which we have not assessed the enforceability because they are with counterparties where we do not currently have positions to offset, those subject to master netting arrangements where we have not been able to confirm the enforceability and those not subject to master netting arrangements. As such, we do not net derivative balances or collateral within the balance sheet for these counterparties.
We determine the balance sheet netting adjustments based on the terms specified within each master netting arrangement. We disclose the balance sheet netting amounts within the column titled “Gross amounts offset in consolidated balance sheet.” Balance sheet netting adjustments are determined at the counterparty level for which there may be multiple contract types. For disclosure purposes, we allocate these netting adjustments to the contract type for each counterparty proportionally based upon the “Gross amounts recognized” by counterparty. As a result, the net amounts disclosed by contract type may not represent the actual exposure upon settlement of the contracts.
 
We do not net non-cash collateral that we receive and pledge on the balance sheet. For disclosure purposes, we present the fair value of this non-cash collateral in the column titled “Gross amounts not offset in consolidated balance sheet (Disclosure-only netting)” within the table. We determine and allocate the Disclosure-only netting amounts in the same manner as balance sheet netting amounts.
The “Net amounts” column within Table 14.2 represents the aggregate of our net exposure to each counterparty after considering the balance sheet and Disclosure-only netting adjustments. We manage derivative exposure by monitoring the credit risk associated with each counterparty using counterparty specific credit risk limits, using master netting arrangements and obtaining collateral. Derivative contracts executed in over-the-counter markets include bilateral contractual arrangements that are not cleared through a central clearing organization but are typically subject to master netting arrangements. The percentage of our bilateral derivative transactions outstanding at period end in such markets, based on gross fair value, is provided within the following table. Other derivative contracts executed in over-the-counter or exchange-traded markets are settled through a central clearing organization and are excluded from this percentage. In addition to the netting amounts included in the table, we also have balance sheet netting related to resale and repurchase agreements that are disclosed within Note 12 (Guarantees, Pledged Assets and Collateral, and Other Commitments).

133

Table 14.2: Gross Fair Values of Derivative Assets and Liabilities

(in millions)
Gross
amounts
recognized

 
Gross amounts
offset in
consolidated
balance
sheet (1)

 
Net amounts in
consolidated
balance
sheet

 
Gross amounts
not offset in
consolidated
balance sheet
(Disclosure-only
netting) (2)

 
Net
amounts

 
Percent
exchanged in
over-the-counter
market (3)

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
16,063

 
(10,905
)
 
5,158

 
(104
)
 
5,054

 
98
%
Commodity contracts
4,205

 
(1,165
)
 
3,040

 
(2
)
 
3,038

 
92

Equity contracts
7,823

 
(5,646
)
 
2,177

 
(494
)
 
1,683

 
74

Foreign exchange contracts
6,434

 
(5,036
)
 
1,398

 
(33
)
 
1,365

 
100

Credit contracts – protection sold
94

 
(92
)
 
2

 
—

 
2

 
13

Credit contracts – protection purchased
160

 
(124
)
 
36

 
(2
)
 
34

 
90

Total derivative assets
$
34,779

 
(22,968
)
 
11,811

 
(635
)
 
11,176

 
 
Derivative liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
15,543

 
(11,982
)
 
3,561

 
(306
)
 
3,255

 
98
%
Commodity contracts
1,716

 
(823
)
 
893

 
—

 
893

 
55

Equity contracts
8,724

 
(5,949
)
 
2,775

 
(235
)
 
2,540

 
84

Foreign exchange contracts
6,369

 
(5,023
)
 
1,346

 
(61
)
 
1,285

 
100

Credit contracts – protection sold
141

 
(140
)
 
1

 
(1
)
 
—

 
84

Credit contracts – protection purchased
177

 
(167
)
 
10

 
—

 
10

 
9

Total derivative liabilities
$
32,670

 
(24,084
)
 
8,586

 
(603
)
 
7,983

 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
17,630

 
(11,929
)
 
5,701

 
(145
)
 
5,556

 
99
%
Commodity contracts
2,354

 
(966
)
 
1,388

 
(4
)
 
1,384

 
88

Equity contracts
7,007

 
(4,233
)
 
2,774

 
(596
)
 
2,178

 
76

Foreign exchange contracts
8,973

 
(6,656
)
 
2,317

 
(25
)
 
2,292

 
100

Credit contracts – protection sold
147

 
(145
)
 
2

 
—

 
2

 
10

Credit contracts – protection purchased
244

 
(198
)
 
46

 
(3
)
 
43

 
89

Total derivative assets
$
36,355

 
(24,127
)
 
12,228

 
(773
)
 
11,455

 
 
Derivative liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
$
15,472

 
(13,226
)
 
2,246

 
(1,078
)
 
1,168

 
99
%
Commodity contracts
1,335

 
(648
)
 
687

 
(1
)
 
686

 
76

Equity contracts
8,501

 
(4,041
)
 
4,460

 
(400
)
 
4,060

 
85

Foreign exchange contracts
8,568

 
(7,189
)
 
1,379

 
(204
)
 
1,175

 
100

Credit contracts – protection sold
214

 
(204
)
 
10

 
(9
)
 
1

 
85

Credit contracts – protection purchased
208

 
(194
)
 
14

 
—

 
14

 
9

Total derivative liabilities
$
34,298

 
(25,502
)
 
8,796

 
(1,692
)
 
7,104

 
 
(1)
Represents amounts with counterparties subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that have been offset in the consolidated balance sheet, including related cash collateral and portfolio level counterparty valuation adjustments. Counterparty valuation adjustments were $243 million and $245 million related to derivative assets and $108 million and $95 million related to derivative liabilities at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. Cash collateral totaled $2.9 billion and $4.1 billion, netted against derivative assets and liabilities, respectively, at September 30, 2018, and $2.7 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2017.
(2)
Represents the fair value of non-cash collateral pledged and received against derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements. U.S. GAAP does not permit netting of such non-cash collateral balances in the consolidated balance sheet but requires disclosure of these amounts.
(3)
Represents derivatives executed in over-the-counter markets that are not settled through a central clearing organization. Over-the-counter percentages are calculated based on gross amounts recognized as of the respective balance sheet date. The remaining percentage represents derivatives settled through a central clearing organization, which are executed in either over-the-counter or exchange-traded markets.
Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedges
For fair value hedges, we use interest rate swaps to convert certain of our fixed-rate long-term debt and time certificates of deposit to floating rates to hedge our exposure to interest rate risk. We also enter into cross-currency swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps and forward contracts to hedge our exposure to foreign currency risk and interest rate risk associated with the issuance of non-U.S. dollar denominated long-term debt. In addition, we use interest rate swaps, cross-currency swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps and forward contracts to hedge
 
against changes in fair value of certain investments in available-for-sale debt securities due to changes in interest rates, foreign currency rates, or both. We also use interest rate swaps to hedge against changes in fair value for certain mortgage loans held for sale.
For cash flow hedges, we use interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in interest payments received on certain floating-rate commercial loans and paid on certain floating-rate debt due to changes in the contractually specified interest rate.

134
Note 14: Derivatives (continued)

We estimate $309 million pre-tax of deferred net losses primarily related to cash flow hedges in OCI at September 30, 2018, will be reclassified into net interest income during the next twelve months. The deferred losses expected to be reclassified into net interest income are primarily related to discontinued hedges of floating rate loans. We are hedging our foreign exposure to the variability of future cash flows for all forecasted
 
transactions for a maximum of 8 years. For more information on our accounting hedges, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 16 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Table 14.3 shows the net gains (losses) related to derivatives in fair value and cash flow hedging relationships.
Table 14.3: Gains (Losses) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Income on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
 
Net interest income
 
 
Noninterest income

 
(in millions)
Debt securities

Loans

Mortgage loans held for sale

Deposits

Long-term debt

 
Other

Total

Quarter ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of income
$
3,595

11,116

210

(1,499
)
(1,667
)
 
633

12,388

Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives (1)
(34
)
—

(1
)
(10
)
39

 
—

(6
)
Recognized on derivatives
386

—

10

(58
)
(1,119
)
 
—

(781
)
Recognized on hedged items
(410
)
—

(12
)
61

1,101

 
—

740

Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives (1)(2)
8

—

—

—

(118
)
 
—

(110
)
Recognized on derivatives (3)
2

—

—

—

(58
)
 
(139
)
(195
)
Recognized on hedged items
(3
)
—

—

—

126

 
139

262

Net income (expense) recognized on fair value hedges
(51
)
—

(3
)
(7
)
(29
)
 
—

(90
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedging relationships
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net income (4)
—

(78
)
—

—

—

 
—

(78
)
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net income (4)
$
—

—

—

—

(1
)
 
—

(1
)
Net income (expense) recognized on cash flow hedges
$
—

(78
)
—

—

(1
)
 
—

(78
)
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of income
$
10,603

32,607

587

(3,857
)
(4,901
)
 
1,720

36,759

Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives (1)
(158
)
—

(3
)
(35
)
291

 
—

95

Recognized on derivatives
1,692

1

21

(248
)
(4,331
)
 
—

(2,865
)
Recognized on hedged items
(1,730
)
(1
)
(27
)
233

4,215

 
—

2,690

Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives (1)(2)
23

—

—

—

(300
)
 
—

(277
)
Recognized on derivatives (3)
8

—

—

—

(132
)
 
(889
)
(1,013
)
Recognized on hedged items
(5
)
—

—

—

153

 
820

968

Net income (expense) recognized on fair value hedges
(170
)
—

(9
)
(50
)
(104
)
 
(69
)
(402
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedging relationships
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net income (4)
—

(215
)
—

—

—

 
—

(215
)
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net income (4)
—

—

—

—

(1
)
 
—

(1
)
Net income (expense) recognized on cash flow hedges
$
—

(215
)
—

—

(1
)

—

(216
)
(continued on following page)

135

(continued from previous page)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income
 
 
Noninterest income

 
(in millions)
Debt securities

Loans

Mortgage loans held for sale

Deposits

Long-term debt

 
Other

Total

Quarter ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of income
$
3,253

10,522

217

(869
)
(1,391
)
 
199

11,931

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives (1)
(110
)
—

(1
)
25

246

 
—

160

Recognized on derivatives
(6
)
—

—

1

(162
)
 
—

(167
)
Recognized on hedged items
(5
)
—

(2
)
—

164

 
—

157

Foreign exchange contracts










 


 
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives (1)(2)
4

—

—

—

(60
)
 
—

(56
)
Recognized on derivatives (3)
—

—

—

—

(32
)
 
851

819

Recognized on hedged items
—

—

—

—

15

 
(790
)
(775
)
         Net income (expense) recognized on fair value hedges
(117
)
—

(3
)
26

171

 
61

138

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedging relationships
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net income (4)
—

107

—

—

(2
)
 
—

105

Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net income (4)
—

—

—

—

—

 
—

—

Net income (expense) recognized on cash flow hedges
$
—

107

—

—

(2
)
 
—

105

Nine months ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of income
$
9,652

31,021

590

(2,082
)
(3,813
)
 
1,045

36,413

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives (1)
(363
)
(1
)
(4
)
29

1,041

 
—

702

Recognized on derivatives
(167
)
—

(11
)
30

(325
)
 
—

(473
)
Recognized on hedged items
121

—

4

(22
)
322

 
—

425

Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives (1)(2)
10

—

—

—

(142
)
 
—

(132
)
Recognized on derivatives (3)
11

—

—

—

(187
)
 
2,727

2,551

Recognized on hedged items
(7
)
—

—

—

215

 
(2,485
)
(2,277
)
         Net income (expense) recognized on fair value hedges
(395
)
(1
)
(11
)
37

924

 
242

796

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedging relationships
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net income (4)
—

468

—

—

(8
)
 
—

460

Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) reclassified from cumulative OCI into net income (4)
—

—

—

—

—

 
—

—

Net income (expense) recognized on cash flow hedges
$
—

468

—

—

(8
)
 
—

460

(1)
Includes $11 million and $35 million for third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, and includes $12 million and $22 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2017, respectively which represents changes in fair value due to the passage of time associated with the non-zero fair value amount at hedge inception.
(2)
The third quarter and first nine months of 2018 included $(5) million and $(3) million, respectively, and the third quarter and first nine months of 2017 included $(1) million, and $(2) million, respectively, of the time value component recognized as net interest income (expense) on forward derivatives hedging foreign currency debt securities and long-term debt that were excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
(3)
For certain fair value hedges of foreign currency risk, changes in fair value of cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in cross-currency basis spreads are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded in other comprehensive income. See Note 20 (Other Comprehensive Income) for the amounts recognized in other comprehensive income.
(4)
See Note 20 (Other Comprehensive Income) for details of amounts reclassified to net income.

136
Note 14: Derivatives (continued)

Table 14.4 shows the carrying amount and associated cumulative basis adjustment related to the application of hedge accounting that is included in the carrying amount of hedged assets and liabilities in fair value hedging relationships.
 


Table 14.4: Hedged Items in Fair Value Hedging Relationship
 
Hedged Items Currently Designated
 
 
Hedged Items No Longer Designated (1)
 
(in millions)
Carrying Amount of Assets/(Liabilities) (2)(4)

Hedge Accounting Basis Adjustment
Assets/(Liabilities) (3)

 
Carrying Amount of Assets/(Liabilities) (4)

Hedge Accounting Basis Adjustment
Assets/(Liabilities)

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities (5)
$
29,736

(1,008
)
 
4,947

261

Loans
—

—

 
—

—

Mortgage loans held for sale
681

(6
)
 
—

—

Deposits
(45,282
)
383

 
—

—

Long-term debt
(127,072
)
2,223

 
(808
)
10

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale debt securities (5)
32,498

870

 
5,221

343

Loans
140

(1
)
 
—

—

Mortgage loans held for sale
465

(1
)
 
—

—

Deposits
(23,679
)
158

 
—

—

Long-term debt
(128,950
)
(2,154
)
 
(1,953
)
16

(1)
Represents hedged items no longer designated in qualifying fair value hedging relationships for which an associated basis adjustment exists at the balance sheet date.
(2)
Does not include the carrying amount of hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk. The carrying amount excluded for debt securities is $1.3 billion and $(6.4) billion for long-term debt as of September 30, 2018 and $1.5 billion for debt securities and for long-term debt is $(7.7) billion as of December 31, 2017.
(3)
The balance includes $1.5 billion and $49 million of debt securities and long-term debt cumulative basis adjustments as of September 30, 2018, respectively, and $2.1 billion and $297 million of debt securities and long-term debt cumulative basis adjustments as of December 31, 2017, respectively, on terminated hedges whereby the hedged items have subsequently been re-designated into existing hedges.
(4)
Represents the full carrying amount of the hedged asset or liability item as of the balance sheet date, except for circumstances in which only a portion of the asset or liability was designated as the hedged item in which case only the portion designated is presented.
(5)
Carrying amount represents the amortized cost.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
We use economic hedge derivatives to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of certain residential MLHFS, residential MSRs measured at fair value, derivative loan commitments and other interests held. We also use economic hedge derivatives to mitigate the periodic earnings volatility caused by mismatches between the changes in fair value of the hedged item and hedging instrument recognized on our fair value accounting hedges. The resulting gain or loss on these economic hedge derivatives is reflected in mortgage banking noninterest income, net gains (losses) from equity investments and other noninterest income.
The derivatives used to hedge MSRs measured at fair value, resulted in net derivative gains (losses) of $(501) million and $(2.0) billion in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, and $240 million and $599 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2017, respectively which are included in mortgage banking noninterest income. The aggregate fair value of these derivatives was a net liability of $185 million at September 30, 2018, and net asset of $89 million at December 31, 2017. The change in fair value of these derivatives for each period end is due to changes in the underlying market indices and interest rates as well as the purchase and sale of derivative financial instruments throughout the period as part of our dynamic MSR risk management process.
 
Loan commitments for mortgage loans that we intend to sell are considered derivatives. The aggregate fair value of derivative loan commitments on the balance sheet was a net negative fair value of $7 million and a positive fair value of $17 million at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, and is included in the caption “Interest rate contracts” under “Customer accommodation trading and other derivatives” in Table 14.1 in this Note.
For more information on economic hedges and other derivatives, see Note 16 (Derivatives) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K. Table 14.5 shows the net gains (losses) recognized by income statement lines, related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.
 

137

Table 14.5: Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
 
Noninterest income
 
(in millions)
Mortgage banking

Net gains (losses) from equity securities

Net gains (losses) from trading activities

Other

Total

Quarter ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Net gains (losses) recognized on economic hedges derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts (1)
$
(334
)
—

—

(1
)
(335
)
Equity contracts
—

(719
)
—

8

(711
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

—

—

78

78

Credit contracts
—

—

—

4

4

Subtotal (2)
(334
)
(719
)
—

89

(964
)
Net gains (losses) recognized on customer accommodation trading and other derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts (3)
(67
)
—

298

(1
)
230

Equity contracts
—

—

(1,147
)
(112
)
(1,259
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

—

258

—

258

Credit contracts
—

—

(28
)
—

(28
)
Commodity contracts
—

—

14

—

14

Other
—

—

—

—

—

Subtotal
(67
)
—

(605
)
(113
)
(785
)
Net gains (losses) recognized related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
$
(401
)
(719
)
(605
)
(24
)
(1,749
)
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Net gains (losses) recognized on economic hedges derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts (1)
$
(1,114
)
—

—

5

(1,109
)
Equity contracts
—

(1,317
)
—

13

(1,304
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

—

—

405

405

Credit contracts
—

—

—

(2
)
(2
)
Subtotal (2)
(1,114
)
(1,317
)
—

421

(2,010
)
Net gains (losses) recognized on customer accommodation trading and other derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts (3)
(372
)
—

865

(1
)
492

Equity contracts
—

—

(33
)
(378
)
(411
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

—

659

—

659

Credit contracts
—

—

(22
)
—

(22
)
Commodity contracts
—

—

88

—

88

Other
—

—

—

—

—

Subtotal
(372
)
—

1,557

(379
)
806

Net gains (losses) recognized related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
$
(1,486
)
(1,317
)
1,557

42

(1,204
)

(continued on following page)

138
Note 14: Derivatives (continued)

(continued from previous page)
 
 
Noninterest income
 
(in millions)
Mortgage banking

Net gains (losses) from equity securities

Net gains (losses) from trading activities

Other

Total

Quarter ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
Net gains (losses) recognized on economic hedges derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts (1)
$
138

—

—

(19
)
119

Equity contracts
—

(490
)
—

1

(489
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

—

—

(300
)
(300
)
Credit contracts
—

—

—

(6
)
(6
)
Subtotal (2)
138

(490
)
—

(324
)
(676
)
Net gains (losses) recognized on customer accommodation trading and other derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts (3)
152

—

17

—

169

Equity contracts
—

—

(851
)
—

(851
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

—

155

—

155

Credit contracts
—

—

(31
)
—

(31
)
Commodity contracts
—

—

63

—

63

Other
—

—

—

8

8

Subtotal
152

—

(647
)
8

(487
)
Net gains (losses) recognized related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
$
290

(490
)
(647
)
(316
)
(1,163
)
Nine months ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
Net gains (losses) recognized on economic hedges derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts (1)
$
480

—

—

(64
)
416

Equity contracts
—

(1,164
)
—

(11
)
(1,175
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

—

—

(834
)
(834
)
Credit contracts
—

—

—

8

8

Subtotal (2)
480

(1,164
)
—

(901
)
(1,585
)
Net gains (losses) recognized on customer accommodation trading and other derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest contracts (3)
599

—

80

—

679

Equity contracts
—

—

(2,525
)
—

(2,525
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

—

356

—

356

Credit contracts
—

—

(59
)
—

(59
)
Commodity contracts
—

—

138

—

138

Other
—

—

—

22

22

Subtotal
599

—

(2,010
)
22

(1,389
)
Net gains (losses) recognized related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
$
1,079

(1,164
)
(2,010
)
(879
)
(2,974
)
(1)
Includes gains (losses) on the derivatives used as economic hedges of MSRs measured at fair value, derivative loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale.
(2)
Includes hedging gains (losses) of $10 million and $46 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, and $(18) million and $(64) million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2017, respectively, which partially offset hedge accounting ineffectiveness.
(3)
Amounts presented in mortgage banking noninterest income are gains on derivative loan commitments.

139

Credit Derivatives
Credit derivative contracts are arrangements whose value is derived from the transfer of credit risk of a reference asset or entity from one party (the purchaser of credit protection) to another party (the seller of credit protection). We use credit derivatives to assist customers with their risk management objectives. We may also use credit derivatives in structured product transactions or liquidity agreements written to special purpose vehicles. The maximum exposure of sold credit derivatives is managed through posted collateral, purchased credit derivatives and similar products in order to achieve our desired credit risk profile. This credit risk management provides
 
an ability to recover a significant portion of any amounts that would be paid under the sold credit derivatives. We would be
required to perform under sold credit derivatives in the event of default by the referenced obligors. Events of default include events such as bankruptcy, capital restructuring or lack of principal and/or interest payment. In certain cases, other triggers may exist, such as the credit downgrade of the referenced obligors or the inability of the special purpose vehicle for which we have provided liquidity to obtain funding.
Table 14.6 provides details of sold and purchased credit derivatives.
Table 14.6: Sold and Purchased Credit Derivatives
 
 
 
Notional amount
 
 
 
(in millions)
Fair value
liability

 
Protection
sold (A)

 
Protection
sold –
non-
investment
grade

 
Protection
purchased
with
identical
underlyings (B)

 
Net
protection
sold
(A) - (B)

 
Other
protection
purchased

 
Range of
maturities
September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit default swaps on:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate bonds
$
23

 
1,906

 
391

 
1,266

 
640

 
1,300

 
2018 - 2027
Structured products
55

 
148

 
143

 
130

 
18

 
114

 
2022 - 2047
Credit protection on:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Default swap index
—

 
2,194

 
453

 
308

 
1,886

 
3,824

 
2018 - 2028
Commercial mortgage-backed securities index
53

 
402

 
122

 
375

 
27

 
51

 
2047 - 2058
Asset-backed securities index
9

 
43

 
43

 
42

 
1

 
1

 
2045 - 2046
Other
1

 
4,492

 
4,372

 
—

 
4,492

 
10,663

 
2018 - 2038
Total credit derivatives
$
141

 
9,185

 
5,524

 
2,121

 
7,064

 
15,953

 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit default swaps on:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate bonds
$
35

 
2,007

 
510

 
1,575

 
432

 
946

 
2018 - 2027
Structured products
86

 
267

 
252

 
232

 
35

 
153

 
2022 - 2047
Credit protection on:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Default swap index
—

 
2,626

 
540

 
308

 
2,318

 
3,932

 
2018 - 2027
Commercial mortgage-backed securities index
83

 
423

 
—

 
401

 
22

 
87

 
2047 - 2058
Asset-backed securities index
9

 
42

 
—

 
42

 
—

 
1

 
2045 - 2046
Other
1

 
3,656

 
3,306

 
—

 
3,656

 
9,840

 
2018 - 2031
Total credit derivatives
$
214

 
9,021

 
4,608

 
2,558

 
6,463

 
14,959

 
 

Protection sold represents the estimated maximum exposure to loss that would be incurred under an assumed hypothetical circumstance, where the value of our interests and any associated collateral declines to zero, without any consideration of recovery or offset from any economic hedges. We believe this hypothetical circumstance to be a remote possibility and accordingly, this required disclosure is not an indication of expected loss. The amounts under non-investment grade represent the notional amounts of those credit derivatives on which we have a higher risk of being required to perform under the terms of the credit derivative and are a function of the underlying assets.
 
We consider the risk of performance to be high if the underlying assets under the credit derivative have an external rating that is below investment grade or an internal credit default grade that is equivalent thereto. We believe the net protection sold, which is representative of the net notional amount of protection sold and purchased with identical underlyings, in combination with other protection purchased, is more representative of our exposure to loss than either non-investment grade or protection sold. Other protection purchased represents additional protection, which may offset the exposure to loss for protection sold, that was not purchased with an identical underlying of the protection sold.


140
Note 14: Derivatives (continued)

Credit-Risk Contingent Features
Certain of our derivative contracts contain provisions whereby if the credit rating of our debt were to be downgraded by certain major credit rating agencies, the counterparty could demand additional collateral or require termination or replacement of derivative instruments in a net liability position. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with such credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a net liability position was $7.7 billion at September 30, 2018, and $8.3 billion at December 31, 2017, for which we posted $5.9 billion and $7.1 billion, respectively, in collateral in the normal course of business. A credit rating below investment grade is the credit-risk-related contingent feature that if triggered requires the maximum amount of collateral to be posted. If the credit rating of our debt had been downgraded below investment grade, on September 30, 2018, or December 31, 2017, we would have been required to post additional collateral of $1.8 billion or $1.2 billion, respectively, or potentially settle the contract in an amount equal to its fair value. Some contracts require that we provide more collateral than the fair value of derivatives that are in a net liability position if a downgrade occurs.

 
Counterparty Credit Risk
By using derivatives, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk if counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as expected. If a counterparty fails to perform, our counterparty credit risk is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset on our balance sheet. The amounts reported as a derivative asset are derivative contracts in a gain position, and to the extent subject to legally enforceable master netting arrangements, net of derivatives in a loss position with the same counterparty and cash collateral received. We minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, executing master netting arrangements and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. To the extent the master netting arrangements and other criteria meet the applicable requirements, including determining the legal enforceability of the arrangement, it is our policy to present derivative balances and related cash collateral amounts net on the balance sheet. We incorporate credit valuation adjustments (CVA) to reflect counterparty credit risk in determining the fair value of our derivatives. Such adjustments, which consider the effects of enforceable master netting agreements and collateral arrangements, reflect market-based views of the credit quality of each counterparty. Our CVA calculation is determined based on observed credit spreads in the credit default swap market and indices indicative of the credit quality of the counterparties to our derivatives.

141

Note 15:  Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities

We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are presented in Table 15.2 in this Note. From time to time, we may be required to record fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of LOCOM accounting, measurement alternative accounting for nonmarketable equity securities or write-downs of individual assets. Assets recorded on a nonrecurring basis are presented in Table 15.13 in this Note.
See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K for discussion of how we determine fair value. For descriptions of the valuation methodologies we use for assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis and for estimating fair value for financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value, see Note 17 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.

FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY  We group our assets and liabilities measured at fair value in three levels based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:
•
Level 1 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
•
Level 2 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
•
Level 3 – Valuation is generated from techniques that use significant assumptions that are not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
 
We do not classify an equity security in the fair value hierarchy if we use the non-published net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent) that has been communicated to us as an investor as a practical expedient to measure fair value. We generally use NAV per share as the fair value measurement for certain nonmarketable equity fund investments. Marketable equity securities with published NAVs continue to be classified in the fair value hierarchy.
Fair Value Measurements from Vendors
For certain assets and liabilities, we obtain fair value measurements from vendors, which predominantly consist of third-party pricing services, and record the unadjusted fair value in our financial statements. For additional information, see Note 17 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K. Table 15.1 presents unadjusted fair value measurements provided by brokers or third-party pricing services by fair value hierarchy level. Fair value measurements obtained from brokers or third-party pricing services that we have adjusted to determine the fair value recorded in our financial statements are excluded from Table 15.1.

142
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Table 15.1: Fair Value Measurements by Brokers or Third-Party Pricing Services
 
Brokers
 
 
Third-party pricing services
 
(in millions)
Level 1

 
Level 2

 
Level 3

 
Level 1

 
Level 2

 
Level 3

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities
$
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
212

 
—

Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,267

 
2,920

 
—

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
47,382

 
40

Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
27

 
—

 
—

 
160,382

 
41

Other debt securities (1)
—

 
423

 
967

 
—

 
44,451

 
48

Total available-for-sale debt securities
—

 
450

 
967

 
3,267

 
255,135

 
129

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
224

 
—

Nonmarketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
46

Total equity securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
225

 
46

Derivative assets
—

 
—

 
—

 
34

 
—

 
—

Derivative liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(38
)
 
—

 
—

Other liabilities (2)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities
$
—

 
—

 
—

 
926

 
215

 
—

Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,389

 
2,930

 
—

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
50,401

 
49

Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
33

 
—

 
—

 
168,948

 
75

Other debt securities (1)
—

 
307

 
1,158

 
—

 
44,465

 
22

Total available-for-sale debt securities
—

 
340

 
1,158

 
3,389

 
266,744

 
146

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
227

 
—

Nonmarketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total equity securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
227

 
—

Derivative assets
—

 
—

 
—

 
19

 
—

 
—

Derivative liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(19
)
 
—

 
—

Other liabilities (2)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(1)
Includes corporate debt securities, collateralized loan and other debt obligations, asset-backed securities, and other debt securities.
(2)
Includes short sale liabilities and other liabilities.

143

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 
Table 15.2 presents the balances of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.
Table 15.2: Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
(in millions)
Level 1

 
Level 2

 
Level 3

 
Netting

 
Total

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
14,234

 
3,184

 
—

 
—

 
17,418

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
3,215

 
3

 
—

 
3,218

Collateralized loan obligations
—

 
772

 
263

 
—

 
1,035

Corporate debt securities
—

 
11,826

 
35

 
—

 
11,861

Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
30,662

 
—

 
—

 
30,662

Asset-backed securities
—

 
960

 
—

 
—

 
960

Other trading debt securities
—

 
17

 
17

 
—

 
34

Total trading debt securities
14,234

 
50,636

 
318

 
—

 
65,188

Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
3,267

 
2,920

 
—

 
—

 
6,187

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
47,621

 
595

 
—

 
48,216

Mortgage-backed securities:
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
Federal agencies
—

 
153,511

 
—

 
—

 
153,511

Residential
—

 
2,966

 
—

 
—

 
2,966

Commercial
—

 
3,932

 
41

 
—

 
3,973

Total mortgage-backed securities
—

 
160,409

 
41

 
—

 
160,450

Corporate debt securities
35

 
6,191

 
388

 
—

 
6,614

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations (1)
—

 
35,351

 
843

 
—

 
36,194

Asset-backed securities:
  

 
  

 
  

 
  

 
 
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
547

 
—

 
—

 
547

Home equity loans
—

 
124

 
—

 
—

 
124

Other asset-backed securities
—

 
4,229

 
402

 
—

 
4,631

Total asset-backed securities
—

 
4,900

 
402

 
—

 
5,302

Other debt securities
—

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
1

Total available-for-sale debt securities
3,302

 
257,393

 
2,269

(2)
—

 
262,964

Mortgage loans held for sale
—

 
12,905

 
980

 
—

 
13,885

Loans held for sale
—

 
1,244

 
22

 
—

 
1,266

Loans
—

 
—

 
286

 
—

 
286

Mortgage servicing rights (residential)
—

 
—

 
15,980

 
—

 
15,980

Derivative assets:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
Interest rate contracts
19

 
15,996

 
48

 
—

 
16,063

Commodity contracts
—

 
4,129

 
76

 
—

 
4,205

Equity contracts
2,022

 
4,306

 
1,495

 
—

 
7,823

Foreign exchange contracts
34

 
6,391

 
9

 
—

 
6,434

Credit contracts
—

 
172

 
82

 
—

 
254

Netting
—

 
—

 
—

 
(22,968
)
(3)
(22,968
)
Total derivative assets
2,075

 
30,994

 
1,710

 
(22,968
)
 
11,811

Equity securities - excluding securities at NAV:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
30,799

 
1,044

 
—

 
—

 
31,843

Nonmarketable
—

 
33

  
6,328

 
—

 
6,361

Total equity securities
$
30,799

 
1,077

 
6,328

 
—

 
38,204

Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy
$
50,410


354,249


27,893


(22,968
)
 
409,584

Equity securities at NAV (4)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
118

Total assets recorded at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
409,702

Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
Interest rate contracts
$
(16
)
 
(15,371
)
 
(156
)
 
—

 
(15,543
)
Commodity contracts
—

 
(1,701
)
 
(15
)
 
—

 
(1,716
)
Equity contracts
(1,411
)
 
(5,544
)
 
(1,769
)
 
—

 
(8,724
)
Foreign exchange contracts
(38
)
 
(6,301
)
 
(30
)
 
—

 
(6,369
)
Credit contracts
—

 
(263
)
 
(55
)
 
—

 
(318
)
Netting
—

 
—

 
—

 
24,084

(3)
24,084

Total derivative liabilities
(1,465
)
 
(29,180
)
 
(2,025
)
 
24,084

  
(8,586
)
Short sale liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
(14,334
)
 
(609
)
 
—

 
—

 
(14,943
)
Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
(121
)
 
—

 
—

 
(121
)
Corporate debt securities
—

 
(5,416
)
 
—

 
—

 
(5,416
)
Equity securities
(3,506
)
 
(5
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3,511
)
Other securities
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
Total short sale liabilities
(17,840
)
 
(6,152
)
 
—

 
—

 
(23,992
)
Other liabilities
—

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(2
)
Total liabilities recorded at fair value
$
(19,305
)
 
(35,332
)
 
(2,027
)
 
24,084

 
(32,580
)
(1)
Includes collateralized debt obligations of $843 million.
(2)
A significant portion of the balance consists of securities that are investment grade based on ratings received from the ratings agencies or internal credit grades categorized as investment grade if external ratings are not available. The securities are classified as Level 3 due to limited market activity.
(3)
Represents balance sheet netting of derivative asset and liability balances and related cash collateral. See Note 14 (Derivatives) for additional information.
(4)
Consists of certain nonmarketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

(continued on following page)

144
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

(continued from previous page)
(in millions)  
Level 1

 
Level 2

 
Level 3

 
Netting

 
Total

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
$
12,491

 
2,383

 
—

 
—

 
14,874

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
3,732

 
3

 
—

 
3,735

Collateralized loan obligations
—

 
565

 
354

 
—

 
919

Corporate debt securities
—

 
11,760

 
31

 
—

 
11,791

Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
25,273

 
—

 
—

 
25,273

Asset-backed securities
—

 
993

 
—

 
—

 
993

Other trading debt securities
—

 
20

 
19

 
—

 
39

Total trading debt securities
12,491

 
44,726

 
407

 
—

 
57,624

Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
3,389

 
2,930

 
—

 
—

 
6,319

Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
50,401

 
925

 
—

 
51,326

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Federal agencies
—

 
160,219

 
—

 
—

 
160,219

Residential
—

 
4,607

 
1

 
—

 
4,608

Commercial
—

 
4,490

 
75

 
—

 
4,565

Total mortgage-backed securities
—

 
169,316

 
76

 
—

 
169,392

Corporate debt securities
56

 
7,203

 
407

 
—

 
7,666

Collateralized loan and other debt obligations (1)
—

 
35,036

 
1,020

 
—

 
36,056

Asset-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Automobile loans and leases
—

 
553

 
—

 
—

 
553

Home equity loans
—

 
149

 
—

 
—

 
149

Other asset-backed securities
—

 
4,380

 
566

 
—

 
4,946

Total asset-backed securities
—

 
5,082

 
566

 
—

 
5,648

Other debt securities
—

 
—

 
—

  
—

 
—

Total available-for-sale debt securities
3,445

 
269,968

 
2,994

(2)
—

 
276,407

Mortgage loans held for sale
—

 
15,118

 
998

 
—

 
16,116

Loans held for sale
—

 
1,009

 
14

 
—

 
1,023

Loans
—

 
—

 
376

 
—

 
376

Mortgage servicing rights (residential)
—

 
—

 
13,625

 
—

 
13,625

Derivative assets:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 

Interest rate contracts
17

 
17,479

 
134

 
—

 
17,630

Commodity contracts
—

 
2,318

 
36

 
—

 
2,354

Equity contracts
1,698

 
3,970

 
1,339

 
—

 
7,007

Foreign exchange contracts
19

 
8,944

 
10

 
—

 
8,973

Credit contracts
—

 
269

 
122

 
—

 
391

Netting
—

 
—

 
—

 
(24,127
)
(3)
(24,127
)
Total derivative assets
1,734

 
32,980

 
1,641

 
(24,127
)
 
12,228

Equity securities - excluding securities at NAV:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
33,931

 
429

 
—

 
—

 
34,360

Nonmarketable
—

 
46

 
4,821

 
—

 
4,867

Total equity securities
$
33,931

 
475

 
4,821

 
—

 
39,227

Total assets included in the fair value hierarchy
$
51,601

 
364,276

 
24,876

 
(24,127
)
 
416,626

Equity securities at NAV (4)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

Total assets recorded at fair value


 


 


 


 
$
416,626

Derivative liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 

Interest rate contracts
$
(17
)
 
(15,392
)
 
(63
)
 
—

 
(15,472
)
Commodity contracts
—

 
(1,318
)
 
(17
)
 
—

 
(1,335
)
Equity contracts
(1,313
)
 
(5,338
)
 
(1,850
)
 
—

 
(8,501
)
Foreign exchange contracts
(19
)
 
(8,546
)
 
(3
)
 
—

 
(8,568
)
Credit contracts
—

 
(336
)
 
(86
)
 
—

 
(422
)
Netting
—

 
—

 
—

 
25,502

(3)
25,502

Total derivative liabilities
(1,349
)
 
(30,930
)
 
(2,019
)
 
25,502

 
(8,796
)
Short sale liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 


Securities of U.S. Treasury and federal agencies
(10,420
)
 
(568
)
 
—

 
—

 
(10,988
)
Corporate debt securities
—

 
(4,986
)
 
—

 
—

 
(4,986
)
Equity securities
(2,168
)
 
(45
)
 
—

 
—

 
(2,213
)
Other securities
—

 
(285
)
 
—

 
—

 
(285
)
Total short sale liabilities
(12,588
)
 
(5,884
)
 
—

 
—

 
(18,472
)
Other liabilities
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
(3
)
Total liabilities recorded at fair value
$
(13,937
)
 
(36,814
)
 
(2,022
)
 
25,502

 
(27,271
)
(1)
Includes collateralized debt obligations of $1.0 billion.
(2)
Balance primarily consists of securities that are investment grade based on ratings received from the ratings agencies or internal credit grades categorized as investment grade if external ratings are not available. The securities are classified as Level 3 due to limited market activity.
(3)
Represents balance sheet netting of derivative asset and liability balances and related cash collateral. See Note 14 (Derivatives) for additional information.
(4)
Consists of certain nonmarketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.





145

Changes in Fair Value Levels
We monitor the availability of observable market data to assess the appropriate classification of financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy and transfer between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 accordingly. Observable market data includes but is not limited to quoted prices and market transactions. Changes in economic conditions or market liquidity generally will drive changes in availability of observable market data. Changes in availability of observable market data, which also may result in
 
changing the valuation technique used, are generally the cause of transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. The amounts reported as transfers represent the fair value as of the beginning of the quarter in which the transfer occurred. The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, are presented in Table 15.3.

Table 15.3: Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Assets and Liabilities on a Recurring Basis – Quarter ended September 30, 2018
  
  

 
Total net gains
(losses) included in
 
 
Purchases,
sales,
issuances
and
settlements,
net (1)

 
  

 
  

 
  

 
Net unrealized
gains (losses)
included in
income related
to assets and
liabilities held
at period end

  
(in millions)
Balance,
beginning
of period

 
Net
income

 
Other
compre-
hensive
income

 
 
Transfers into
Level 3 (2)

 
Transfers
out of
Level 3 (3)

 
Balance,
end of
period

 
(4)
Quarter ended September 30, 2018
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
Trading debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
$
3

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3

 
—

  
Collateralized loan obligations
291

 
2

 
—

 
(26
)
 
—

 
(4
)
 
263

 
1

  
Corporate debt securities
36

 
2

 
—

 
7

 
—

 
(10
)
 
35

 
2

  
Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Other trading debt securities
17

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
17

 
1

 
Total trading debt securities
347

 
4

 
—

 
(19
)
 
—

 
(14
)
 
318

 
4

(5)
Available-for-sale debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
559

 
—

 
(3
)
 
39

 
—

 
—

 
595

 
—

  
Mortgage-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Residential
—

 
—

 
1

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Commercial
53

 
(1
)
 
—

 
(11
)
 
—

 
—

 
41

 
(1
)
  
Total mortgage-backed securities
53

 
(1
)
 
1

 
(12
)
 
—

 
—

 
41

 
(1
)
 
Corporate debt securities
443

 
2

 
(2
)
 
(55
)
 
—

 
—

 
388

 
—

  
Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
1,037

 
44

 
(33
)
 
(205
)
 
—

 
—

 
843

 
—

  
Asset-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Other asset-backed securities
401

 
(4
)
 
(2
)
 
7

 
—

 
—

 
402

 
(3
)
  
Total asset-backed securities
401

 
(4
)
 
(2
)
 
7

 
—

 
—

 
402

 
(3
)
  
Total available-for-sale debt securities
2,493

 
41

 
(39
)
 
(226
)
 
—

 
—

 
2,269

 
(4
)
(6)
Mortgage loans held for sale
986

 
(12
)
 
—

 
(8
)
 
16

 
(2
)
 
980

 
(12
)
(7)
Loans held for sale
20

 
1

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
22

 
—

 
Loans
321

 
—

 
—

 
(35
)
 
—

 
—

 
286

 
(5
)
(7)
Mortgage servicing rights (residential)(8)
15,411

 
69

 
—

 
500

 
—

 
—

 
15,980

 
531

(7)
Net derivative assets and liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Interest rate contracts
(41
)
 
(103
)
 
—

 
36

 
—

 
—

 
(108
)
 
(43
)
  
Commodity contracts
26

 
29

 
—

 
6

 
—

 
—

 
61

 
38

  
Equity contracts
(339
)
 
(30
)
 
—

 
89

 
—

 
6

 
(274
)
 
(74
)
  
Foreign exchange contracts
(15
)
 
(10
)
 
—

 
4

 
—

 
—

 
(21
)
 
(4
)
  
Credit contracts
24

 
5

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
27

 
3

  
Other derivative contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Total derivative contracts
(345
)
 
(109
)
 
—

 
133

 
—

 
6

 
(315
)
 
(80
)
(9)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
Nonmarketable
5,806

 
817

 
—

 
(295
)
 
—

 
—

 
6,328

 
770

 
Total equity securities
5,806

 
817

 
—

 
(295
)
 
—

 
—

 
6,328

 
770

(10)
Short sale liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(5)
Other liabilities
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

(7)
(1)
See Table 15.4 for detail.
(2)
All assets and liabilities transferred into level 3 were previously classified within level 2.
(3)
All assets and liabilities transferred out of level 3 are classified as level 2.
(4)
Represents only net gains (losses) that are due to changes in economic conditions and management’s estimates of fair value and excludes changes due to the collection/ realization of cash flows over time.
(5)
Included in net gains (losses) from trading activities in the income statement.
(6)
Included in net gains (losses) from debt securities in the income statement.
(7)
Included in mortgage banking and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(8)
For more information on the changes in mortgage servicing rights, see Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities).
(9)
Included in mortgage banking, trading activities, equity securities and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(10)
Included in net gains (losses) from equity securities in the income statement.
 (continued on following page)

146
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

(continued from previous page)
 
Table 15.4 presents gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements related to the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the quarter ended September 30, 2018.
Table 15.4: Gross Purchases, Sales, Issuances and Settlements – Level 3 – Quarter ended September 30, 2018
(in millions)
Purchases

 
Sales

 
Issuances

 
Settlements

 
Net

Quarter ended September 30, 2018
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Trading debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
$
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Collateralized loan obligations
75

 
(70
)
 
—

 
(31
)
 
(26
)
Corporate debt securities
8

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
7

Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other trading debt securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total trading debt securities
83

 
(71
)
 
—

 
(31
)
 
(19
)
Available-for-sale debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
—

 
69

 
(30
)
 
39

Mortgage-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Residential
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Commercial
—

 
—

 
—

 
(11
)
 
(11
)
Total mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(12
)
 
(12
)
Corporate debt securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(55
)
 
(55
)
Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
—

 
(149
)
 
—

 
(56
)
 
(205
)
Asset-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
96

 
(89
)
 
7

Total asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
96

 
(89
)
 
7

Total available-for-sale debt securities
—

 
(149
)
 
165

 
(242
)
 
(226
)
Mortgage loans held for sale
17

 
(89
)
 
104

 
(40
)
 
(8
)
Loans held for sale
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

Loans
2

 
—

 
5

 
(42
)
 
(35
)
Mortgage servicing rights (residential) (1)
—

 
(2
)
 
502

 
—

 
500

Net derivative assets and liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Interest rate contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
36

 
36

Commodity contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
6

 
6

Equity contracts
3

 
(37
)
 
—

 
123

 
89

Foreign exchange contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
4

 
4

Credit contracts
1

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(1
)
 
(2
)
Other derivative contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total derivative contracts
4

 
(39
)
 
—

 
168

 
133

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Nonmarketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
(295
)
 
(295
)
Total equity securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(295
)
 
(295
)
Short sale liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(1)
For more information on the changes in mortgage servicing rights, see Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities).


147

The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, are presented in Table 15.5.
Table 15.5: Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Assets and Liabilities on a Recurring Basis – Quarter ended September 30, 2017
  
Balance,
beginning
of period

 
Total net gains
(losses) included in
 
 
Purchases,
sales,
issuances
and
settlements,
net (1)

 
  

 
  

 
  

 
Net unrealized
gains (losses)
included in
income related
to assets and
liabilities held
at period end

  
(in millions)
 
Net
income 

 
Other
compre-
hensive
income

 
 
Transfers
into
Level 3 (2)

 
Transfers
out of
Level 3 (3)

 
Balance,
end of
period

 
(4)
Quarter ended September 30, 2017
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
Trading debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
Securities of U.S. states and
     political subdivisions
$
9

 
—

 
—

 
(6
)
 
—

 
—

 
3

 
—

  
Collateralized loan obligations
403

 
—

 
—

 
(20
)
 
—

 
—

 
383

 
(4
)
  
Corporate debt securities
26

 
—

 
—

 
6

 
2

 
—

 
34

 
—

  
Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Other trading debt securities
25

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
25

 
—

  
Total trading debt securities
463

 
—

 
—

 
(20
)
 
2

 
—

 
445

 
(4
)
(5)
Available-for-sale debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
1,557

 
3

 
3

 
(19
)
 
—

 
(838
)
 
706

 
—

  
Mortgage-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Residential
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
—

  
Commercial
75

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
76

 
—

  
Total mortgage-backed securities
76

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
77

 
—

  
Corporate debt securities
376

 
1

 
4

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
380

 
—

  
Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
1,002

 
7

 
25

 
(20
)
 
—

 
—

 
1,014

 
—

  
Asset-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Other asset-backed securities
872

 
1

 
2

 
(240
)
 
—

 
—

 
635

 
—

  
Total asset-backed securities
872

 
1

 
2

 
(240
)
 
—

 
—

 
635

 
—

  
Total available-for-sale debt securities
3,883

 
12

 
35

 
(280
)
 
—

 
(838
)
 
2,812

 
—

(6)
Mortgage loans held for sale
995

 
(10
)
 
—

 
(6
)
 
55

 
(2
)
 
1,032

 
(11
)
(7)
Loans held for sale
14

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
18

 
—

 
31

 
—

 
Loans
443

 
—

 
—

 
(33
)
 
—

 
—

 
410

 
(3
)
(7)
Mortgage servicing rights (residential) (8)
12,789

 
(661
)
 
—

 
1,210

 
—

 
—

 
13,338

 
(142
)
(7)
Net derivative assets and liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Interest rate contracts
115

 
158

 
—

 
(159
)
 
—

 
—

 
114

 
8

  
Commodity contracts
17

 
(16
)
 
—

 
9

 
2

 
—

 
12

 
7

  
Equity contracts
(471
)
 
(70
)
 
—

 
(27
)
 
(17
)
 
(6
)
 
(591
)
 
(130
)
  
Foreign exchange contracts
4

 
3

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
7

 
1

  
Credit contracts
72

 
(6
)
 
—

 
(13
)
 
—

 
—

 
53

 
(6
)
  
Other derivative contracts
(34
)
 
8

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(26
)
 
8

  
Total derivative contracts
(297
)
 
77

 
—

 
(190
)
 
(15
)
 
(6
)
 
(431
)
 
(112
)
(9)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
Nonmarketable
3,960

 
513

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,473

 
513

 
Total equity securities
3,960

 
513

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,473

 
513

(10)
Short sale liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

(5)
Other liabilities
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

(7)
(1)
See Table 15.6 for detail.
(2)
All assets and liabilities transferred into level 3 were previously classified within level 2.
(3)
All assets and liabilities transferred out of level 3 are classified as level 2.
(4)
Represents only net gains (losses) that are due to changes in economic conditions and management’s estimates of fair value and excludes changes due to the collection/realization of cash flows over time.
(5)
Included in net gains (losses) from trading activities in the income statement.
(6)
Included in net gains (losses) from debt securities in the income statement.
(7)
Included in mortgage banking and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(8)
For more information on the changes in mortgage servicing rights, see Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities).
(9)
Included in mortgage banking, trading activities, equity securities and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(10)
Included in net gains (losses) from equity securities in the income statement.
 
(continued on following page)





148
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

(continued from previous page)
 
Table 15.6 presents gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements related to the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the quarter ended September 30, 2017.
Table 15.6: Gross Purchases, Sales, Issuances and Settlements – Level 3 – Quarter ended September 30, 2017
(in millions)
Purchases

 
Sales

 
Issuances

 
Settlements

 
Net

Quarter ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
$
30

 
(35
)
 
—

 
(1
)
 
(6
)
Collateralized loan obligations
51

 
(36
)
 
—

 
(35
)
 
(20
)
Corporate debt securities
9

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
6

Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other trading debt securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total trading debt securities
90

 
(74
)
 
—

 
(36
)
 
(20
)
Available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
(68
)
 
98

 
(49
)
 
(19
)
Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Commercial
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Corporate debt securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
6

 
—

 
—

 
(26
)
 
(20
)
Asset-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
16

 
(256
)
 
(240
)
Total asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
16

 
(256
)
 
(240
)
Total available-for-sale debt securities
6

 
(68
)
 
114

 
(332
)
 
(280
)
Mortgage loans held for sale
17

 
(130
)
 
147

 
(40
)
 
(6
)
Loans held for sale
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
Loans
2

 
—

 
5

 
(40
)
 
(33
)
Mortgage servicing rights (residential) (1)
541

 
64

 
605

 
—

 
1,210

Net derivative assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
(159
)
 
(159
)
Commodity contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
9

 
9

Equity contracts
—

 
(48
)
 
—

 
21

 
(27
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Credit contracts
1

 
—

 
—

 
(14
)
 
(13
)
Other derivative contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total derivative contracts
1

 
(48
)
 
—

 
(143
)
 
(190
)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Nonmarketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total equity securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Short sale liabilities
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
Other liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(1)
For more information on the changes in mortgage servicing rights, see Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities).



149

The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the first nine months of 2018, are presented in Table 15.7.
Table 15.7: Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Assets and Liabilities on a Recurring Basis – Nine months ended September 30, 2018
 
  

 
Total net gains
(losses) included in
 
 
Purchases,
sales,
issuances
and
settlements,
net (1)

 
  

 
  

 
  

 
Net unrealized
gains (losses)
included in
income related
to assets and
liabilities held
at period end

  
(in millions)
Balance,
beginning
of period

 
Net
income

 
Other
compre-
hensive
income

 
 
Transfers
into
Level 3 (2)

 
Transfers
out of
Level 3 (3)

 
Balance,
end of
period

 
(4)
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
Trading debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
Securities of U.S. states and
political subdivisions
$
3

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3

 
—

  
Collateralized loan obligations
354

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(85
)
 
—

 
(4
)
 
263

 
—

  
Corporate debt securities
31

 
2

 
—

 
13

 
—

 
(11
)
 
35

 
4

  
Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Other trading debt securities
19

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
17

 
—

 
Total trading debt securities
407

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(72
)
 
—

 
(15
)
 
318

 
4

(5)
Available-for-sale debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
925

 
5

 
(5
)
 
(51
)
 
—

 
(279
)
 
595

 
—

  
Mortgage-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Residential
1

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Commercial
75

 
—

 
(2
)
 
(32
)
 
—

 
—

 
41

 
(2
)
  
Total mortgage-backed securities
76

 
—

 
(2
)
 
(33
)
 
—

 
—

 
41

 
(2
)
 
Corporate debt securities
407

 
4

 
2

 
(25
)
 
—

 
—

 
388

 
—

  
Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
1,020

 
55

 
20

 
(252
)
 
—

 
—

 
843

 
—

  
Asset-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Other asset-backed securities
566

 
4

 
(10
)
 
(158
)
 
—

 
—

 
402

 
(3
)
  
Total asset-backed securities
566

 
4

 
(10
)
 
(158
)
 
—

 
—

 
402

 
(3
)
  
Total available-for-sale debt securities
2,994

 
68

 
5

 
(519
)
 
—

 
(279
)
 
2,269

 
(5
)
(6)
Mortgage loans held for sale
998

 
(46
)
 
—

 
(20
)
 
56

 
(8
)
 
980

 
(42
)
(7)
Loans held for sale
14

 
2

 
—

 
(15
)
 
21

 
—

 
22

 
—

 
Loans
376

 
(1
)
 
—

 
(89
)
 
—

 
—

 
286

 
(9
)
(7)
Mortgage servicing rights (residential) (8)
13,625

 
801

 
—

 
1,554

 
—

 
—

 
15,980

 
2,206

(7)
Net derivative assets and liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Interest rate contracts
71

 
(511
)
 
—

 
332

 
—

 
—

 
(108
)
 
(163
)
  
Commodity contracts
19

 
59

 
—

 
(20
)
 
3

 
—

 
61

 
60

  
Equity contracts
(511
)
 
27

 
—

 
153

 
—

 
57

 
(274
)
 
(67
)
  
Foreign exchange contracts
7

 
(35
)
 
—

 
7

 
—

 
—

 
(21
)
 
(23
)
  
Credit contracts
36

 
1

 
—

 
(10
)
 
—

 
—

 
27

 
(6
)
  
Other derivative contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Total derivative contracts
(378
)
 
(459
)
 
—

 
462

 
3

 
57

 
(315
)
 
(199
)
(9)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
Nonmarketable (10)
5,203

 
1,510

 
—

 
(391
)
 
10

 
(4
)
 
6,328

 
1,457

 
Total equity securities
5,203

 
1,510

 
—

 
(391
)
 
10

 
(4
)
 
6,328

 
1,457

(11)
Short sale liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(5)
Other liabilities
(3
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

(7)
(1)
See Table 15.8 for detail.
(2)
All assets and liabilities transferred into level 3 were previously classified within level 2.
(3)
All assets and liabilities transferred out of level 3 are classified as level 2.
(4)
Represents only net gains (losses) that are due to changes in economic conditions and management’s estimates of fair value and excludes changes due to the collection/realization of cash flows over time.
(5)
Included in net gains (losses) from trading activities in the income statement.
(6)
Included in net gains (losses) from debt securities in the income statement.
(7)
Included in mortgage banking and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(8)
For more information on the changes in mortgage servicing rights, see Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities).
(9)
Included in mortgage banking, trading activities, equity securities and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(10)
Beginning balance includes $382 million of auction rate securities, which changed from the cost to fair value method of accounting in connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-01 in first quarter 2018.
(11)
Included in net gains (losses) from equity securities in the income statement.
 
(continued on following page)


150
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

(continued from previous page)
 
Table 15.8 presents gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements related to the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the first nine months of 2018.
Table 15.8: Gross Purchases, Sales, Issuances and Settlements – Level 3 – Nine months ended September 30, 2018
(in millions)
Purchases

 
Sales

 
Issuances

 
Settlements

 
Net

Nine months ended September 30, 2018
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Trading debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
$
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Collateralized loan obligations
346

 
(300
)
 
—

 
(131
)
 
(85
)
Corporate debt securities
16

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
13

Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other trading debt securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total trading debt securities
362

 
(303
)
 
—

 
(131
)
 
(72
)
Available-for-sale debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
(4
)
 
79

 
(126
)
 
(51
)
Mortgage-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Residential
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Commercial
—

 
—

 
—

 
(32
)
 
(32
)
Total mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(33
)
 
(33
)
Corporate debt securities
31

 
—

 
—

 
(56
)
 
(25
)
Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
—

 
(149
)
 
—

 
(103
)
 
(252
)
Asset-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other asset-backed securities
—

 
(8
)
 
154

 
(304
)
 
(158
)
Total asset-backed securities
—

 
(8
)
 
154

 
(304
)
 
(158
)
Total available-for-sale debt securities
31

 
(161
)
 
233

 
(622
)
 
(519
)
Mortgage loans held for sale
64

 
(240
)
 
271

 
(115
)
 
(20
)
Loans held for sale
1

 
(16
)
 
—

 
—

 
(15
)
Loans
3

 
—

 
13

 
(105
)
 
(89
)
Mortgage servicing rights (residential) (1)
—

 
(7
)
 
1,561

 
—

 
1,554

Net derivative assets and liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Interest rate contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
332

 
332

Commodity contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
(20
)
 
(20
)
Equity contracts
3

 
(37
)
 
—

 
187

 
153

Foreign exchange contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
7

 
7

Credit contracts
9

 
(6
)
 
—

 
(13
)
 
(10
)
Other derivative contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total derivative contracts
12

 
(43
)
 
—

 
493

 
462

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Nonmarketable
—

 
(17
)
 
—

 
(374
)
 
(391
)
Total equity securities
—

 
(17
)
 
—

 
(374
)
 
(391
)
Short sale liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(1)
For more information on the changes in mortgage servicing rights, see Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities).


151

The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the first nine months of 2017, are presented in Table 15.9.

Table 15.9: Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Assets and Liabilities on a Recurring Basis – Nine months ended September 30, 2017
  
Balance,
beginning
of period

 
Total net gains
(losses) included in
 
 
Purchases,
sales,
issuances
and
settlements,
net (1)

 
  

 
  

 
  

 
Net unrealized
gains (losses)
included in
income related
to assets and
liabilities held
at period end

  
(in millions)
 
Net
income 

 
Other
compre-
hensive
income

 
 
Transfers
into
Level 3 (2)

 
Transfers
out of
Level 3 (3)

 
Balance,
end of
period

 
(4)
Nine months ended September 30, 2017
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
Trading debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
Securities of U.S. states and
political subdivisions
$
3

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3

 
—

  
Collateralized loan obligations
309

 
(3
)
 
—

 
77

 
—

 
—

 
383

 
(12
)
  
Corporate debt securities
34

 
1

 
—

 
(5
)
 
5

 
(1
)
 
34

 
—

  
Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Other trading debt securities
28

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
25

 
(2
)
 
Total trading debt securities
374

 
(5
)
 
—

 
72

 
5

 
(1
)
 
445

 
(14
)
(5)
Available-for-sale debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
1,140

 
4

 
7

 
884

 
5

 
(1,334
)
 
706

 
—

  
Mortgage-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Residential
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
—

  
Commercial
91

 
(6
)
 
—

 
(9
)
 
—

 
—

 
76

 
(11
)
  
Total mortgage-backed securities
92

 
(6
)
 
—

 
(9
)
 
—

 
—

 
77

 
(11
)
 
Corporate debt securities
432

 
(13
)
 
14

 
(53
)
 
—

 
—

 
380

 
—

  
Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
879

 
17

 
70

 
48

 
—

 
—

 
1,014

 
—

  
Asset-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

  
Other asset-backed securities
962

 
1

 
5

 
(333
)
 
—

 
—

 
635

 
—

  
Total asset-backed securities
962

 
1

 
5

 
(333
)
 
—

 
—

 
635

 
—

  
Total available-for-sale debt securities
3,505

 
3

 
96

 
537

 
5

 
(1,334
)
 
2,812

 
(11
)
(6)
Mortgage loans held for sale
985

 
(20
)
 
—

 
(41
)
 
116

 
(8
)
 
1,032

 
(21
)
(7)
Loans held for sale
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
34

 
—

 
31

 
—

 
Loans
758

 
(6
)
 
—

 
(342
)
 
—

 
—

 
410

 
(9
)
(7)
Mortgage servicing rights (residential) (8)
12,959

 
(1,795
)
 
—

 
2,174

 
—

 
—

 
13,338

 
(328
)
(7)
Net derivative assets and liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
Interest rate contracts
121

 
625

 
—

 
(632
)
 
—

 
—

 
114

 
(10
)
  
Commodity contracts
23

 
(14
)
 
—

 
3

 
2

 
(2
)
 
12

 
9

  
Equity contracts
(267
)
 
(128
)
 
—

 
(70
)
 
(39
)
 
(87
)
 
(591
)
 
(223
)
  
Foreign exchange contracts
12

 
(5
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
7

 
(1
)
  
Credit contracts
77

 
29

 
—

 
(53
)
 
—

 
—

 
53

 
(42
)
  
Other derivative contracts
(47
)
 
22

 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(26
)
 
22

  
Total derivative contracts
(81
)
 
529

 
—

 
(753
)
 
(37
)
 
(89
)
 
(431
)
 
(245
)
(9)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
Nonmarketable
3,259

 
1,214

 
—

 
(1
)
 
1

 
—

 
4,473

 
1,215

 
Total equity securities
3,259

 
1,214

 
—

 
(1
)
 
1

 
—

 
4,473

 
1,215

(10)
Short sale liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

(5)
Other liabilities
(4
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

(7)
(1)
See Table 15.10 for detail.
(2)
All assets and liabilities transferred into level 3 were previously classified within level 2.
(3)
All assets and liabilities transferred out of level 3 are classified as level 2.
(4)
Represents only net gains (losses) that are due to changes in economic conditions and management’s estimates of fair value and excludes changes due to the collection/realization of cash flows over time.
(5)
Included in net gains (losses) from trading activities in the income statement.
(6)
Included in net gains (losses) from debt securities in the income statement.
(7)
Included in mortgage banking and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(8)
For more information on the changes in mortgage servicing rights, see Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities).
(9)
Included in mortgage banking, trading activities, equity securities and other noninterest income in the income statement.
(10)
Included in net gains (losses) from equity securities in the income statement.
 
(continued on following page)

152
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

(continued from previous page)

Table 15.10 presents gross purchases, sales, issuances and settlements related to the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the first nine months of 2017.

Table 15.10: Gross Purchases, Sales, Issuances and Settlements – Level 3 – Nine months ended September 30, 2017
(in millions)
Purchases

 
Sales

 
Issuances

 
Settlements

 
Net

Nine months ended September 30, 2017
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Trading debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
$
37

 
(36
)
 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

Collateralized loan obligations
337

 
(165
)
 
—

 
(95
)
 
77

Corporate debt securities
18

 
(23
)
 
—

 
—

 
(5
)
Mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other trading debt securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total trading debt securities
392

 
(224
)
 
—

 
(96
)
 
72

Available-for-sale debt securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Securities of U.S. states and political subdivisions
—

 
(68
)
 
1,099

 
(147
)
 
884

Mortgage-backed securities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
Residential
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Commercial
—

 
—

 
—

 
(9
)
 
(9
)
Total mortgage-backed securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
(9
)
 
(9
)
Corporate debt securities
4

 
—

 
—

 
(57
)
 
(53
)
Collateralized loan and other debt obligations
135

 
—

 
—

 
(87
)
 
48

Asset-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Automobile loans and leases
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
198

 
(531
)
 
(333
)
Total asset-backed securities
—

 
—

 
198

 
(531
)
 
(333
)
Total available-for-sale debt securities
139

 
(68
)
 
1,297

 
(831
)
 
537

Mortgage loans held for sale
57

 
(374
)
 
386

 
(110
)
 
(41
)
Loans held for sale
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
(2
)
 
(3
)
Loans
5

 
(129
)
 
14

 
(232
)
 
(342
)
Mortgage servicing rights (residential) (1)
541

 
9

 
1,624

 
—

 
2,174

Net derivative assets and liabilities:
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
Interest rate contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
(632
)
 
(632
)
Commodity contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
3

 
3

Equity contracts
—

 
(117
)
 
—

 
47

 
(70
)
Foreign exchange contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Credit contracts
5

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(56
)
 
(53
)
Other derivative contracts
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Total derivative contracts
5

 
(119
)
 
—

 
(639
)
 
(753
)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Nonmarketable
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
Total equity securities
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
Short sale liabilities
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
Other liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

(1)
For more information on the changes in mortgage servicing rights, see Note 10 (Mortgage Banking Activities).

Table 15.11 and Table 15.12 provide quantitative information about the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of substantially all of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which we use an internal model.
The significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 assets and liabilities that are valued using fair values obtained from third party vendors are not included in the table, as the specific inputs applied are not provided by the vendor. In addition, the table excludes the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs for certain classes of Level 3 assets and liabilities measured using an internal model that we consider, both individually and in the aggregate, insignificant relative to our overall Level 3 assets and liabilities. We made this determination based upon an evaluation of each class, which considered the magnitude of the positions, nature of the unobservable inputs and potential for significant changes in fair value due to changes
 
in those inputs. For information on how changes in significant unobservable inputs affect the fair values of Level 3 assets and liabilities, see Note 17 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K. 

153

Table 15.11: Valuation Techniques – Recurring Basis – September 30, 2018
($ in millions, except cost to service amounts)
Fair Value Level 3

 
Valuation Technique(s)
 
Significant Unobservable Input
 
Range of Inputs 
 
 
 
Weighted
Average (1)

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading and available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. states and
political subdivisions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government, healthcare and
other revenue bonds
$
549

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
2.2

-
6.3

%
 
3.1

Other municipal bonds
9

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
5.2

-
5.2

 
 
5.2

 
40

 
Vendor priced
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Collateralized loan and other debt
obligations (2)
263

 
Market comparable pricing
 
Comparability adjustment
 
(12.0
)
-
17.8

 
 
2.3

 
843

 
Vendor priced
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asset-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diversified payment rights (3)
176

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
2.9

-
8.3

 
 
4.9

Other commercial and consumer
200

(4)
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
4.4

-
5.9

 
 
4.6

 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average life
 
1.3

-
1.6

yrs
 
1.4

 
26

 
Vendor priced
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held for sale (residential)
962

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Default rate
 
0.0

-
8.6

%
 
0.9

 
 
 
 
 
Discount rate
 
1.1

-
7.2

 
 
5.9

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
0.0

-
45.2

 
 
25.0

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate
 
2.8

-
12.8

 
 
5.0

 
18

 
Market comparable pricing
 
Comparability adjustment
 
(56.3
)
-
(6.3
)
 
 
(38.1
)
Loans
286

(5)
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
3.4

-
7.4

 
 
4.2

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate
 
3.8

-
100.0

 
 
89.1

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
0.0

-
33.6

 
 
9.3

Mortgage servicing rights (residential)
15,980

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Cost to service per loan (6)
 
$
77

-
517

 
 
129

 
 
 
 
 
Discount rate
 
7.0

-
13.1

%
 
7.2

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate (7)
 
7.9

-
20.3

 
 
9.0

Net derivative assets and (liabilities):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
(101
)
 
Discounted cash flow
 
Default rate
 
0.1

-
5.0

 
 
2.2

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
50.0

-
50.0

 
 
50.0

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate
 
2.8

-
25.0

 
 
11.8

Interest rate contracts: derivative loan
commitments
(7
)
 
Discounted cash flow
 
Fall-out factor
 
1.0

-
99.0

 
 
13.9

 
 
 
 
 
Initial-value servicing
 
(40.3
)
-
79.3

bps
 
15.1

Equity contracts
129

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Conversion factor
 
(9.2
)
-
0.0

%
 
(7.7
)
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average life
 
0.8

-
2.3

yrs
 
1.6

 
(403
)
 
Option model
 
Correlation factor
 
(77.0
)
-
99.0

%
 
18.3

 
 
 
 
 
Volatility factor
 
6.5

-
100.0

 
 
21.6

Credit contracts
(2
)
 
Market comparable pricing
 
Comparability adjustment
 
(16.2
)
-
37.1

 
 
1.6

 
29

 
Option model
 
Credit spread
 
0.0

-
9.2

 
 
0.6

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
13.0

-
60.0

 
 
48.3

Nonmarketable equity securities
9

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
10.0

-
10.0

 
 
10.0

 
 
 
 
 
Volatility Factor
 
2.3

-
3.1

 
 
2.5

 
6,273

 
Market comparable pricing
 
Comparability adjustment
 
(21.1
)
-
(6.5
)
 
 
(14.9
)
 
46

 
Vendor priced
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Insignificant Level 3 assets, net of liabilities
541

(8)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total level 3 assets, net of liabilities
$
25,866

(9)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Weighted averages are calculated using outstanding unpaid principal balance for cash instruments, such as loans and securities, and notional amounts for derivative instruments.
(2)
Includes $843 million of collateralized debt obligations.
(3)
Securities backed by specified sources of current and future receivables generated from foreign originators.
(4)
A significant portion of the balance consists of investments in asset-backed securities that are revolving in nature, for which the timing of advances and repayments of principal are uncertain.
(5)
Consists of reverse mortgage loans.
(6)
The high end of the range of inputs is for servicing modified loans. For non-modified loans the range is $77 - $235.
(7)
Includes a blend of prepayment speeds and expected defaults. Prepayment speeds are influenced by mortgage interest rates as well as our estimation of drivers of borrower behavior.
(8)
Represents the aggregate amount of Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis that are individually and in the aggregate insignificant. The amount includes corporate debt securities, mortgage-backed securities, other trading positions, other liabilities and certain net derivative assets and liabilities, such as commodity contracts, foreign exchange contracts, and other derivative contracts.
(9)
Consists of total Level 3 assets of $27.9 billion and total Level 3 liabilities of $2.0 billion, before netting of derivative balances.


154
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Table 15.12: Valuation Techniques – Recurring Basis –December 31, 2017

($ in millions, except cost to service amounts)
Fair Value Level 3

 
Valuation Technique(s)
 
Significant Unobservable Input
 
Range of Inputs 
 
 
 
Weighted
Average (1)

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading and available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities of U.S. states and
political subdivisions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government, healthcare and
other revenue bonds
$
868

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
1.7

-
5.8

%
 
2.7

Other municipal bonds
11

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
4.7

-
4.9

 
 
4.8

 
49

 
Vendor priced
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Collateralized loan and other debt
obligations (2)
354

 
Market comparable pricing
 
Comparability adjustment
 
(22.0
)
-
19.5

 
 
3.0

 
1,020

 
Vendor priced
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asset-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diversified payment rights (3)
292

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
2.4

-
3.9

 
 
3.1

Other commercial and consumer
248

(4)
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
3.7

-
5.2

 
 
3.9

 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average life
 
2.0

-
2.3

yrs
 
2.1

 
26

 
Vendor priced
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held for sale (residential)
974

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Default rate
 
0.0

-
7.1

%
 
1.3

 
 
 
 
 
Discount rate
 
2.6

-
7.3

 
 
5.6

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
0.1

-
41.4

 
 
19.6

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate
 
6.5

-
15.9

 
 
9.1

 
24

 
Market comparable pricing
 
Comparability adjustment
 
(56.3
)
-
(6.3
)
 
 
(42.7
)
Loans
376

(5)
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
3.1

-
7.5

 
 
4.2

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate
 
8.7

-
100.0

 
 
91.9

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
0.0

-
33.9

 
 
6.6

Mortgage servicing rights (residential)
13,625

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Cost to service per loan (6)
 
$
78

-
587

 
 
143

 
 
 
 
 
Discount rate
 
6.6

-
12.9

%
 
6.9

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate (7)
 
9.7

-
20.5

 
 
10.5

Net derivative assets and (liabilities):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate contracts
54

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Default rate
 
0.0

-
5.0

 
 
2.1

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
50.0

-
50.0

 
 
50.0

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate
 
2.8

-
12.5

 
 
10.5

Interest rate contracts: derivative loan
commitments
17

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Fall-out factor
 
1.0

-
99.0

 
 
15.2

 
 
 
 
 
Initial-value servicing
 
(59.9
)
-
101.1

bps
 
2.7

Equity contracts
102

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Conversion factor
 
(9.7
)
-
0.0

%
 
(7.6
)
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average life
 
0.5

-
3.0

yrs
 
1.6

 
(613
)
 
Option model
 
Correlation factor
 
(77.0
)
-
98.0

%
 
24.2

 
 
 
 
 
Volatility factor
 
5.7

-
95.5

 
 
19.2

Credit contracts
(3
)
 
Market comparable pricing
 
Comparability adjustment
 
(29.9
)
-
17.3

 
 
(0.2
)
 
39

 
Option model
 
Credit spread
 
0.0

-
63.7

 
 
1.3

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
13.0

-
60.0

 
 
50.7

Nonmarketable equity securities
8

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
10.0

-
10.0

 
 
10.0

 
 
 
 
 
Volatility Factor
 
0.5

-
1.9

 
 
1.4

 
4,813

 
Market comparable pricing
 
Comparability adjustment
 
(21.1
)
-
(5.5
)
 
 
(15.0
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Insignificant Level 3 assets, net of liabilities
570

(8)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total level 3 assets, net of liabilities
$
22,854

(9)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Weighted averages are calculated using outstanding unpaid principal balance for cash instruments, such as loans and securities, and notional amounts for derivative instruments.
(2)
Includes $1.0 billion of collateralized debt obligations.
(3)
Securities backed by specified sources of current and future receivables generated from foreign originators.
(4)
A significant portion of the balance consists of investments in asset-backed securities that are revolving in nature, for which the timing of advances and repayments of principal are uncertain.
(5)
Consists of reverse mortgage loans.
(6)
The high end of the range of inputs is for servicing modified loans. For non-modified loans the range is $78 - $252.
(7)
Includes a blend of prepayment speeds and expected defaults. Prepayment speeds are influenced by mortgage interest rates as well as our estimation of drivers of borrower behavior.
(8)
Represents the aggregate amount of Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis that are individually and in the aggregate insignificant. The amount includes corporate debt securities, mortgage-backed securities, other trading positions, other liabilities and certain net derivative assets and liabilities, such as commodity contracts, foreign exchange contracts, and other derivative contracts.
(9)
Consists of total Level 3 assets of $24.9 billion and total Level 3 liabilities of $2.0 billion, before netting of derivative balances.


155

The valuation techniques used for our Level 3 assets and liabilities, as presented in the previous tables, are described as follows: 
•
Discounted cash flow – Discounted cash flow valuation techniques generally consist of developing an estimate of future cash flows that are expected to occur over the life of an instrument and then discounting those cash flows at a rate of return that results in the fair value amount.
•
Market comparable pricing – Market comparable pricing valuation techniques are used to determine the fair value of certain instruments by incorporating known inputs, such as recent transaction prices, pending transactions, or prices of other similar investments that require significant adjustment to reflect differences in instrument characteristics.
•
Option model – Option model valuation techniques are generally used for instruments in which the holder has a contingent right or obligation based on the occurrence of a future event, such as the price of a referenced asset going above or below a predetermined strike price. Option models estimate the likelihood of the specified event occurring by incorporating assumptions such as volatility estimates, price of the underlying instrument and expected rate of return.
•
Vendor-priced  – Prices obtained from third party pricing vendors or brokers that are used to record the fair value of the asset or liability for which the related valuation technique and significant unobservable inputs are not provided.
 
Significant unobservable inputs presented in the previous tables are those we consider significant to the fair value of the Level 3 asset or liability. We consider unobservable inputs to be significant if by their exclusion the fair value of the Level 3 asset or liability would be impacted by a predetermined percentage change. We also consider qualitative factors, such as nature of the instrument, type of valuation technique used, and the significance of the unobservable inputs relative to other inputs used within the valuation. Following is a description of the significant unobservable inputs provided in the table. 
•
Comparability adjustment – is an adjustment made to observed market data, such as a transaction price in order to reflect dissimilarities in underlying collateral, issuer, rating, or other factors used within a market valuation approach, expressed as a percentage of an observed price.
•
Conversion Factor – is the risk-adjusted rate in which a particular instrument may be exchanged for another instrument upon settlement, expressed as a percentage change from a specified rate.
•
Correlation factor – is the likelihood of one instrument changing in price relative to another based on an established relationship expressed as a percentage of relative change in price over a period over time.

 
•
Cost to service – is the expected cost per loan of servicing a portfolio of loans, which includes estimates for unreimbursed expenses (including delinquency and foreclosure costs) that may occur as a result of servicing such loan portfolios.
•
Credit spread – is the portion of the interest rate in excess of a benchmark interest rate, such as Overnight Index Swap (OIS), LIBOR or U.S. Treasury rates, that when applied to an investment captures changes in the obligor’s creditworthiness.
•
Default rate – is an estimate of the likelihood of not collecting contractual amounts owed expressed as a constant default rate (CDR).
•
Discount rate – is a rate of return used to calculate the present value of the future expected cash flow to arrive at the fair value of an instrument. The discount rate consists of a benchmark rate component and a risk premium component. The benchmark rate component, for example, OIS, LIBOR or U.S. Treasury rates, is generally observable within the market and is necessary to appropriately reflect the time value of money. The risk premium component reflects the amount of compensation market participants require due to the uncertainty inherent in the instruments’ cash flows resulting from risks such as credit and liquidity.
•
Fall-out factor – is the expected percentage of loans associated with our interest rate lock commitment portfolio that are likely of not funding.
•
Initial-value servicing – is the estimated value of the underlying loan, including the value attributable to the embedded servicing right, expressed in basis points of outstanding unpaid principal balance.
•
Loss severity – is the estimated percentage of contractual cash flows lost in the event of a default.
•
Prepayment rate – is the estimated rate at which forecasted prepayments of principal of the related loan or debt instrument are expected to occur, expressed as a constant prepayment rate (CPR).
•
Volatility factor – is the extent of change in price an item is estimated to fluctuate over a specified period of time expressed as a percentage of relative change in price over a period over time.
•
Weighted average life – is the weighted average number of years an investment is expected to remain outstanding based on its expected cash flows reflecting the estimated date the issuer will call or extend the maturity of the instrument or otherwise reflecting an estimate of the timing of an instrument’s cash flows whose timing is not contractually fixed.


156
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from application of LOCOM accounting, write-downs of individual assets or commencing in 2018 with adoption of ASU 2016-01, use of the
 
measurement alternative for nonmarketable equity securities. Table 15.13 provides the fair value hierarchy and fair value at the date of the nonrecurring fair value adjustment for all assets that were still held as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, and for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and year ended December 31, 2017.
Table 15.13: Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Level 1

 
Level 2

 
Level 3

 
Total

 
Level 1

 
Level 2

 
Level 3

 
Total

Mortgage loans held for sale (LOCOM) (1)
$
—

 
1,641

 
1,252

 
2,893

 
—

 
1,646

 
1,333

 
2,979

Loans held for sale
—

 
334

 
—

 
334

 
—

 
108

 
—

 
108

Loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Commercial
—

 
313

 
—

 
313

 
—

 
374

 
—

 
374

Consumer
—

 
295

 
1

 
296

 
—

 
502

 
10

 
512

Total loans (2)
—

 
608

 
1

 
609

 
—

 
876

 
10

 
886

Nonmarketable equity securities (3)
—

 
613

 
212

 
825

 
—

 
—

 
136

 
136

Other assets (4)
—

 
183

 
6

 
189

 
—

 
177

 
161

 
338

Total assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis (5)
$
—

 
3,379

 
1,471

 
4,850

 
—

 
2,807

 
1,640

 
4,447

(1)
Consists of commercial mortgages and residential real estate 1-4 family first mortgage loans.
(2)
Represents the carrying value of loans for which nonrecurring adjustments are based on the appraised value of the collateral.
(3)
Consists of certain nonmarketable equity securities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including observable price adjustments for nonmarketable equity securities carried under the measurement alternative.
(4)
Includes the fair value of foreclosed real estate, other collateral owned and operating lease assets.
(5)
Prior period balances exclude $6 million of nonmarketable equity securities at NAV.
Table 15.14 presents the increase (decrease) in value of certain assets held at the end of the respective reporting periods presented for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recognized during the periods presented.
Table 15.14: Change in Value of Assets with Nonrecurring Fair Value Adjustment
 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

Mortgage loans held for sale (LOCOM)
$
7

 
23

Loans held for sale
(46
)
 
(1
)
Loans:
 
 
  
Commercial
(175
)
 
(286
)
Consumer
(241
)
 
(371
)
Total loans (1)
(416
)
 
(657
)
Nonmarketable equity securities (2)
206

 
(108
)
Other assets (3)
(36
)
 
(71
)
Total
$
(285
)
 
(814
)
(1)
Represents write-downs of loans based on the appraised value of the collateral.
(2)
Includes impairment losses and observable price adjustments for certain nonmarketable equity securities.
(3)
Includes the losses on foreclosed real estate and other collateral owned that were measured at fair value subsequent to their initial classification as foreclosed assets.

 

157

Table 15.15 provides quantitative information about the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of substantially all of our Level 3 assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using an internal model. The table is limited to financial instruments that had nonrecurring fair value adjustments during the periods presented.
We have excluded from the table valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs for certain classes of Level 3
 
assets measured using an internal model that we consider, both individually and in the aggregate, insignificant relative to our overall Level 3 nonrecurring measurements. We made this determination based upon an evaluation of each class that considered the magnitude of the positions, nature of the unobservable inputs and potential for significant changes in fair value due to changes in those inputs.
 
Table 15.15: Valuation Techniques – Nonrecurring Basis
($ in millions)
Fair Value
Level 3

 
Valuation Technique(s) (1)
 
Significant
Unobservable Inputs (1)
 
Range of inputs
 
Weighted
Average (2)

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (LOCOM)
$
1,252

(3)
Discounted cash flow
 
Default rate
(4)
0.2
—
2.4
%
 
1.3
%
 
 
 
 
 
Discount rate
 
1.5
—
8.5

 
4.0

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
0.6
—
63.0

 
1.9

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate
(5)
4.6
—
100.0

 
47.4

Nonmarketable equity securities
12

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
5.0
—
10.5

 
7.3

Insignificant level 3 assets
207

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
$
1,471

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (LOCOM)
$
1,333

(3)
Discounted cash flow
 
Default rate
(4)
0.1
—
4.1
%
 
1.7
%
 
 
 
 
 
Discount rate
 
1.5
—
8.5

 
3.8

 
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
0.7
—
52.9

 
2.2

 
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate
(5)
5.4
—
100.0

 
50.6

Nonmarketable equity securities
122

 
Discounted cash flow
 
Discount rate
 
5.0
—
10.5

 
10.2

Insignificant level 3 assets
185

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
$
1,640

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Refer to the narrative following Table 15.12 for a definition of the valuation technique(s) and significant unobservable inputs.
(2)
For residential MLHFS, weighted averages are calculated using the outstanding unpaid principal balance of the loans.
(3)
Consists of approximately $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion of government insured/guaranteed loans purchased from GNMA-guaranteed mortgage securitizations at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively, and $26 million of other mortgage loans that are not government insured/guaranteed at both dates.
(4)
Applies only to non-government insured/guaranteed loans.
(5)
Includes the impact on prepayment rate of expected defaults for government insured/guaranteed loans, which impact the frequency and timing of early resolution of loans.


158
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Fair Value Option
The fair value option is an irrevocable election, generally only permitted upon initial recognition of financial assets or liabilities, to measure eligible financial instruments at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in earnings. We may elect the fair value option to align the measurement model with how the financial assets or liabilities are managed or to reduce complexity or accounting asymmetry. For more information, including the
 
basis for our fair value option elections, see Note 17 (Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K.
Table 15.16 reflects differences between the fair value carrying amount of the assets for which we have elected the fair value option and the contractual aggregate unpaid principal amount at maturity. 
Table 15.16: Fair Value Option
  
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions)
Fair value
carrying
amount

 
Aggregate
unpaid
principal

 
Fair value
carrying
amount
less
aggregate
unpaid
principal

 
Fair value
carrying
amount

 
Aggregate
unpaid
principal

 
Fair value
carrying
amount
less
aggregate
unpaid
principal

Mortgage loans held for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total loans
$
13,885

 
13,808

 
77

 
16,116

 
15,827

 
289

Nonaccrual loans
122

 
158

 
(36
)
 
127

 
165

 
(38
)
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing
8

 
11

 
(3
)
 
16

 
21

 
(5
)
Loans held for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total loans
1,266

 
1,301

 
(35
)
 
1,023

 
1,075

 
(52
)
Nonaccrual loans
33

 
47

 
(14
)
 
34

 
56

 
(22
)
Loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total loans
286

 
318

 
(32
)
 
376

 
404

 
(28
)
Nonaccrual loans
206

 
238

 
(32
)
 
253

 
281

 
(28
)
Equity securities (1)
6,313

 
N/A

 
N/A

 
4,867

 
N/A

 
N/A

(1)
Consists of nonmarketable equity securities carried at fair value.


159

The assets accounted for under the fair value option are initially measured at fair value. Gains and losses from initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. The changes in fair value related to initial
 
measurement and subsequent changes in fair value included in earnings for these assets measured at fair value are shown in Table 15.17 by income statement line item.
Table 15.17: Fair Value Option – Changes in Fair Value Included in Earnings
  
2018
 
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Mortgage banking noninterest income

 
Net gains
(losses)
from
trading
activities

 
Net gains
from
equity
securities

 
Other
noninterest
income

 
Mortgage
banking
noninterest
income

 
Net gains (losses)
from
trading
activities

 
Net gains
from
equity
securities

 
Other
noninterest
income

Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
  

 
 
 
  

 
  

 
  

 
 
 
  

Mortgage loans held for sale
$
183

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
400

 
—

 
—

 
—

Loans held for sale
—

 
3

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
6

 
—

 
—

Loans
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Equity securities
—

 
—

 
798

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
522

 
—

Other interests held (1)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held for sale
$
238

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
967

 
—

 
—

 
—

Loans held for sale
—

 
18

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
42

 
—

 
1

Loans
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Equity securities
—

 
—

 
1,492

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,233

 
—

Other interests held (1)
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5
)
 
—

 
—

(1)
Includes retained interests in securitizations.

For performing loans, instrument-specific credit risk gains or losses were derived principally by determining the change in fair value of the loans due to changes in the observable or implied credit spread. Credit spread is the market yield on the loans less the relevant risk-free benchmark interest rate. For
 
nonperforming loans, we attribute all changes in fair value to instrument-specific credit risk. Table 15.18 shows the estimated gains and losses from earnings attributable to instrument-specific credit risk related to assets accounted for under the fair value option.
Table 15.18: Fair Value Option – Gains/Losses Attributable to Instrument-Specific Credit Risk
  
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Gains (losses) attributable to instrument-specific credit risk:
  

 
  

 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans held for sale
$
(1
)
 
(4
)
 
(2
)
 
(9
)
Loans held for sale
3

 
6

 
18

 
42

Total
$
2

 
2

 
16

 
33


Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Table 15.19 is a summary of fair value estimates for financial instruments, excluding financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, as they are included within Table 15.2 in this Note. In connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-01 in first quarter 2018, the valuation methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial instruments in Table 15.19 have been changed, where necessary, to conform with an exit price notion. Under an exit price notion, fair value estimates are based upon the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the balance sheet date. For certain loans and deposit liabilities, the estimated fair values prior to adoption of ASU 2016-01 followed an entrance price notion that based fair values on recent prices offered to customers for loans and deposits with similar characteristics. The carrying amounts in the following table are recorded on the balance sheet under the indicated captions.
We have not included assets and liabilities that are not financial instruments in our disclosure, such as the value of the long-term relationships with our deposit, credit card and trust
 
customers, amortized MSRs, premises and equipment, goodwill and other intangibles, deferred taxes and other liabilities.
The total of the fair value calculations presented does not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company.

160
Note 15: Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Table 15.19: Fair Value Estimates for Financial Instruments
 
  

 
Estimated fair value
 
(in millions)
Carrying amount

 
Level 1

 
Level 2

 
Level 3

 
Total

September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks (1)
$
18,791

 
18,791

 
—

 
—

 
18,791

Interest-earning deposits with banks (1)
140,732

 
140,566

 
166

 
—

 
140,732

Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (1)
83,471

 
—

 
83,471

 
—

 
83,471

Held-to-maturity debt securities
144,131

 
43,668

 
94,881

 
487

 
139,036

Mortgage loans held for sale
5,340

 
—

 
4,098

 
1,252

 
5,350

Loans held for sale
499

 
—

 
500

 
—

 
500

Loans, net (2)(3)
912,548

 
—

 
46,272

 
867,348

 
913,620

Nonmarketable equity securities (cost method) (4)
5,467

 
—

 
—

 
5,500

 
5,500

Total financial assets
$
1,310,979

 
203,025

 
229,388

 
874,587

 
1,307,000

Financial liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits (3)(5)
$
128,648

 
—

 
107,272

 
21,257

 
128,529

Short-term borrowings
105,451

 
—

 
105,451

 
—

 
105,451

Long-term debt (6)
221,286

 
—

 
222,436

 
1,879

 
224,315

Total financial liabilities
$
455,385


—


435,159


23,136

 
458,295

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks (1)
$
23,367

 
23,367

 
—

 
—

 
23,367

Interest-earning deposits with banks (1)
192,580

 
192,455

 
125

 
—

 
192,580

Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (1)
80,025

 
1,002

 
78,954

 
69

 
80,025

Held-to-maturity securities
139,335

 
44,806

 
93,694

 
485

 
138,985

Mortgage loans held for sale
3,954

 
—

 
2,625

 
1,333

 
3,958

Loans held for sale
108

 
—

 
108

 
—

 
108

Loans, net (2)(3)
926,273

 
—

 
51,713

 
886,622

 
938,335

Nonmarketable equity securities (cost method)
7,136

 
—

 
23

 
7,605

 
7,628

Total financial assets (7)
$
1,372,778

 
261,630

 
227,242

 
896,114

 
1,384,986

Financial liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits (3)(5)
$
128,594

 
—

 
108,146

 
19,768

 
127,914

Short-term borrowings
103,256

 
—

 
103,256

 
—

 
103,256

Long-term debt (6)
224,981

 
—

 
227,109

 
3,159

 
230,268

Total financial liabilities
$
456,831


—


438,511


22,927

 
461,438

(1)
Amounts consist of financial instruments for which carrying value approximates fair value.
(2)
Excludes lease financing with a carrying amount of $19.7 billion and $19.4 billion at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(3)
In connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-01, the valuation methodologies used to estimate the fair value at September 30, 2018, for a portion of loans and deposit liabilities with a defined or contractual maturity has been changed to conform to an exit price notion. The fair value estimates at December 31, 2017 have not been revised to reflect application of the modified methodology.
(4)
Excludes $1.4 billion of nonmarketable equity securities accounted for under the measurement alternative at September 30, 2018, that were accounted for under the cost method in prior periods.
(5)
Excludes deposit liabilities with no defined or contractual maturity of $1.1 trillion and $1.2 trillion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(6)
Excludes capital lease obligations under capital leases of $37 million and $39 million at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(7)
Excludes $27 million of carrying value and $30 million of fair value relating to nonmarketable equity securities at NAV at December 31, 2017.
Loan commitments, standby letters of credit and commercial and similar letters of credit are not included in the table above. A reasonable estimate of the fair value of these instruments is the carrying value of deferred fees plus the allowance for unfunded credit commitments, which totaled $1.0 billion at both September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017.

161

Note 16:  Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue 20 million shares of preferred stock and 4 million shares of preference stock, both without par value. Preferred shares outstanding rank senior to common shares both as to dividends and liquidation preference but have no general voting rights. We have not issued any preference shares under
 
this authorization. If issued, preference shares would be limited to one vote per share. Our total authorized, issued and outstanding preferred stock is presented in the following two tables along with the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock.

Table 16.1: Preferred Stock Shares
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Liquidation
preference
per share

 
Shares
authorized
and designated

 
Liquidation
preference
per share

 
Shares
authorized
and designated

DEP Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividend Equalization Preferred Shares (DEP)
$
10

 
97,000

 
$
10

 
97,000

Series I
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Floating Class A Preferred Stock (1)
100,000

 
25,010

 
100,000

 
25,010

Series J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock (2)
—

 
—

 
1,000

 
2,300,000

Series K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock (3)
1,000

 
3,500,000

 
1,000

 
3,500,000

Series L
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7.50% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Class A Preferred Stock
1,000

 
4,025,000

 
1,000

 
4,025,000

Series N
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.20% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
30,000

 
25,000

 
30,000

Series O
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.125% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
27,600

 
25,000

 
27,600

Series P
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.25% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
26,400

 
25,000

 
26,400

Series Q
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.85% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
69,000

 
25,000

 
69,000

Series R
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.625% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
34,500

 
25,000

 
34,500

Series S
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.90% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
80,000

 
25,000

 
80,000

Series T
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
32,200

 
25,000

 
32,200

Series U
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.875% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
80,000

 
25,000

 
80,000

Series V
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
40,000

 
25,000

 
40,000

Series W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.70% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
40,000

 
25,000

 
40,000

Series X
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.50% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
46,000

 
25,000

 
46,000

Series Y
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
27,600

 
25,000

 
27,600

ESOP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (4)
—

 
1,674,596

 
—

 
1,556,104

Total
 
 
9,854,906

 
 
 
12,036,414

(1)
Floating rate for Preferred Stock, Series I, is the greater of three-month LIBOR plus 0.93% and 5.56975%.
(2)
Preferred Stock, Series J, was redeemed in third quarter 2018.
(3)
Effective June 15, 2018, Preferred Stock, Series K, converted from a fixed to a floating coupon rate of three-month LIBOR plus 3.77%.
(4)
See the ESOP Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock section in this Note for additional information about the liquidation preference for the ESOP Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock.

162
Note 16: Preferred Stock (continued)

Table 16.2: Preferred Stock – Shares Issued and Carrying Value
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
(in millions, except shares)
Shares
issued and
outstanding

 
Liquidation preference
value

 
Carrying
value

 
Discount

 
Shares
issued and
outstanding

 
Liquidation preference
value

 
Carrying
value

 
Discount

DEP Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividend Equalization Preferred Shares (DEP)
96,546

 
$
—

 
—

 
—

 
96,546

 
$
—

 
—

 
—

Series I (1)(2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Floating Class A Preferred Stock
25,010

 
2,501

 
2,501

 
—

 
25,010

 
2,501

 
2,501

 
—

Series J (1)(3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,150,375

 
2,150

 
1,995

 
155

Series K (1)(4)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
3,352,000

 
3,352

 
2,876

 
476

 
3,352,000

 
3,352

 
2,876

 
476

Series L (1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7.50% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Class A Preferred Stock
3,968,000

 
3,968

 
3,200

 
768

 
3,968,000

 
3,968

 
3,200

 
768

Series N (1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.20% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
30,000

 
750

 
750

 
—

 
30,000

 
750

 
750

 
—

Series O (1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.125% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
26,000

 
650

 
650

 
—

 
26,000

 
650

 
650

 
—

Series P (1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.25% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
25,000

 
625

 
625

 
—

 
25,000

 
625

 
625

 
—

Series Q (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.85% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
69,000

 
1,725

 
1,725

 
—

 
69,000

 
1,725

 
1,725

 
—

Series R (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.625% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
33,600

 
840

 
840

 
—

 
33,600

 
840

 
840

 
—

Series S (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.90% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
80,000

 
2,000

 
2,000

 
—

 
80,000

 
2,000

 
2,000

 
—

Series T (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
32,000

 
800

 
800

 
—

 
32,000

 
800

 
800

 
—

Series U (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.875% Fixed-to-Floating Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
80,000

 
2,000

 
2,000

 
—

 
80,000

 
2,000

 
2,000

 
—

Series V (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6.00% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
40,000

 
1,000

 
1,000

 
—

 
40,000

 
1,000

 
1,000

 
—

Series W (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.70% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
40,000

 
1,000

 
1,000

 
—

 
40,000

 
1,000

 
1,000

 
—

Series X (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.50% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
46,000

 
1,150

 
1,150

 
—

 
46,000

 
1,150

 
1,150

 
—

Series Y (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Class A Preferred Stock
27,600

 
690

 
690

 
—

 
27,600

 
690

 
690

 
—

ESOP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock
1,674,596

 
1,675

 
1,675

 
—

 
1,556,104

 
1,556

 
1,556

 
—

Total
9,645,352

 
$
24,726

 
23,482

 
1,244

 
11,677,235

 
$
26,757

 
25,358

 
1,399

(1)
Preferred shares qualify as Tier 1 capital.
(2)
Floating rate for Preferred Stock, Series I, is the greater of three-month LIBOR plus 0.93% and 5.56975%.
(3)
Preferred Stock, Series J, was redeemed in third quarter 2018.
(4)
Effective June 15, 2018, Preferred Stock, Series K, converted from a fixed to a floating coupon rate of three-month LIBOR plus 3.77%.

See Note 9 (Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities) for additional information on our trust preferred securities.


163

ESOP CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK  All shares of our ESOP Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (ESOP Preferred Stock) were issued to a trustee acting on behalf of the Wells Fargo & Company 401(k) Plan (the 401(k) Plan). Dividends on the ESOP Preferred Stock are cumulative from the date of initial issuance and are payable quarterly at annual rates based upon the year of issuance. Each share of ESOP Preferred Stock released from the unallocated reserve of the 401(k) Plan is converted into shares of our common stock based on the stated
 
value of the ESOP Preferred Stock and the then current market price of our common stock. The ESOP Preferred Stock is also convertible at the option of the holder at any time, unless previously redeemed. We have the option to redeem the ESOP Preferred Stock at any time, in whole or in part, at a redemption price per share equal to the higher of (a) $1,000 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends or (b) the fair market value, as defined in the Certificates of Designation for the ESOP Preferred Stock.
Table 16.3: ESOP Preferred Stock
 
Shares issued and outstanding
 
 
Carrying value
 
 
Adjustable dividend rate
(in millions, except shares)
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
Sep 30,
2018

 
Dec 31,
2017

 
Minimum

 
Maximum
ESOP Preferred Stock
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$1,000 liquidation preference per share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018
605,081

 
—

 
$
605

 
—

 
7.00
%
 
8.00
2017
222,210

 
273,210

 
222

 
273

 
7.00

 
8.00
2016
233,835

 
322,826

 
234

 
323

 
9.30

 
10.30
2015
144,338

 
187,436

 
144

 
187

 
8.90

 
9.90
2014
174,151

 
237,151

 
174

 
237

 
8.70

 
9.70
2013
133,948

 
201,948

 
134

 
202

 
8.50

 
9.50
2012
77,634

 
128,634

 
78

 
129

 
10.00

 
11.00
2011
61,796

 
129,296

 
62

 
129

 
9.00

 
10.00
2010
21,603

 
75,603

 
22

 
76

 
9.50

 
10.50
Total ESOP Preferred Stock (1)
1,674,596

 
1,556,104

 
$
1,675

 
1,556

 
 
 
 
Unearned ESOP shares (2)
 
 
 
 
$
(1,780
)
 
(1,678
)
 
 
 
 
(1)
At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, additional paid-in capital included $105 million and $122 million, respectively, related to ESOP preferred stock.
(2)
We recorded a corresponding charge to unearned ESOP shares in connection with the issuance of the ESOP Preferred Stock. The unearned ESOP shares are reduced as shares of the ESOP Preferred Stock are committed to be released.


164
Note 17: Revenue from Contracts with Customers (continued)

Note 17: Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Our revenue includes net interest income on financial instruments and noninterest income. Table 17.1 presents our revenue by operating segment. The Other segment for each of the tables below includes the elimination of certain items that are included in more than one business segment, most of which represents products and services for WIM customers served
 
through Consumer Banking distribution channels. For additional description of our operating segments, including additional financial information and the underlying management accounting process, see Note 21 (Operating Segments) to Financial Statements in this Report.
Table 17.1: Revenue by Operating Segment
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Net interest income (1)
$
7,338

7,154

4,726

4,763

1,102

1,177

(594
)
(645
)
12,572

12,449

Noninterest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service charges on deposit accounts
700

739

505

538

3

3

(4
)
(4
)
1,204

1,276

Trust and investment fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees
470

461

79

65

2,268

2,241

(483
)
(463
)
2,334

2,304

Trust and investment management
231

225

112

129

727

718

(235
)
(232
)
835

840

Investment banking
(17
)
(13
)
476

479

3

(1
)
—

—

462

465

Total trust and investment fees
684

673

667

673

2,998

2,958

(718
)
(695
)
3,631

3,609

Card fees
925

909

92

91

1

1

(1
)
(1
)
1,017

1,000

Other fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Charges and fees on loans (1)
65

72

233

246

—

1

—

(1
)
298

318

Cash network fees
121

125

—

1

—

—

—

—

121

126

Commercial real estate brokerage commissions
—

1

129

119

—

—

—

—

129

120

Letters of credit fees (1)
2

1

70

76

1

1

(1
)
(1
)
72

77

Wire transfer and other remittance fees
67

60

52

52

2

3

(1
)
(1
)
120

114

All other fees
89

103

20

19

1

—

—

—

110

122

Total other fees
344

362

504

513

4

5

(2
)
(3
)
850

877

Mortgage banking (1)
747

937

101

110

(3
)
(3
)
1

2

846

1,046

Insurance (1)
21

35

76

225

19

21

(12
)
(12
)
104

269

Net gains (losses) from trading activities (1)
10

(58
)
135

157

13

21

—

—

158

120

Net gains (losses) on debt securities (1)
1

169

53

(5
)
3

2

—

—

57

166

Net gains from equity securities (1)
274

270

50

40

92

53

—

—

416

363

Lease income (1)
—

—

453

475

—

—

—

—

453

475

Other income of the segment (1)
772

330

(58
)
(76
)
(6
)
18

(75
)
(73
)
633

199

Total noninterest income
4,478

4,366

2,578

2,741

3,124

3,079

(811
)
(786
)
9,369

9,400

Revenue
$
11,816

11,520

7,304

7,504

4,226

4,256

(1,405
)
(1,431
)
21,941

21,849

 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
 
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Net interest income (1)
$
21,879

21,419

13,951

14,253

3,325

3,489

(1,804
)
(1,917
)
37,351

37,244

Noninterest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service charges on deposit accounts
1,971

2,206

1,569

1,658

12

13

(12
)
(12
)
3,540

3,865

Trust and investment fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees
1,413

1,357

224

231

6,896

6,741

(1,442
)
(1,372
)
7,091

6,957

Trust and investment management
684

658

335

390

2,201

2,137

(700
)
(679
)
2,520

2,506

Investment banking
(27
)
(60
)
1,401

1,407

4

(2
)
—

—

1,378

1,345

Total trust and investment fees
2,070

1,955

1,960

2,028

9,101

8,876

(2,142
)
(2,051
)
10,989

10,808

Card fees
2,650

2,703

275

260

4

4

(3
)
(3
)
2,926

2,964

Other fees:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Charges and fees on loans (1)
208

235

695

715

2

3

(2
)
(3
)
903

950

Cash network fees
364

379

3

7

—

—

—

—

367

386

Commercial real estate brokerage commissions
—

1

323

302

—

—

—

—

323

303

Letters of credit fees (1)
4

4

219

223

3

3

(3
)
(3
)
223

227

Wire transfer and other remittance fees
197

178

157

151

6

7

(3
)
(3
)
357

333

All other fees
246

355

75

89

2

1

—

—

323

445

Total other fees
1,019

1,152

1,472

1,487

13

14

(8
)
(9
)
2,496

2,644

Mortgage banking (1)
2,284

3,081

269

343

(8
)
(7
)
5

5

2,550

3,422

Insurance (1)
65

104

233

695

55

63

(33
)
(36
)
320

826

Net gains (losses) from trading activities (1)
33

(143
)
514

615

45

71

—

—

592

543

Net gains (losses) on debt securities (1)
(1
)
455

96

(135
)
4

2

—

—

99

322

Net gains from equity securities (1)
1,367

960

232

92

(105
)
155

—

—

1,494

1,207

Lease income (1)
—

—

1,351

1,449

—

—

—

—

1,351

1,449

Other income of the segment (1)
2,115

1,406

(142
)
(185
)
(27
)
59

(226
)
(235
)
1,720

1,045

Total noninterest income
13,573

13,879

7,829

8,307

9,094

9,250

(2,419
)
(2,341
)
28,077

29,095

Revenue
$
35,452

35,298

21,780

22,560

12,419

12,739

(4,223
)
(4,258
)
65,428

66,339

(1)
These revenues are not within the scope of ASU 2014-09 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and additional details are included in other footnotes to our financial statements. The scope explicitly excludes net interest income as well as many other revenues for financial assets and liabilities, including loans, leases, securities, and derivatives.

165

Following is a discussion of key revenues within the scope of ASU 2014-09 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“the new revenue guidance”). We provide services to customers which have related performance obligations that we complete to recognize revenue. Our revenues are generally recognized either immediately upon the completion of our service or over time as we perform services. Any services performed over time generally require that we render services each period and therefore we measure our progress in completing these services based upon the passage of time.

 
SERVICE CHARGES ON DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS are earned on depository accounts for commercial and consumer customers and include fees for account and overdraft services. Account charges include fees for periodic account maintenance activities and event-driven services such as stop payment fees. Our obligation for event-driven services is satisfied at the time of the event when the service is delivered, while our obligation for maintenance services is satisfied over the course of each month. Our obligation for overdraft services is satisfied at the time of the overdraft.
Table 17.2 presents our service charges on deposit accounts by operating segment.

Table 17.2: Service Charges on Deposit Accounts by Operating Segment
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Overdraft fees
$
484

503

1

2

—

—

—

—

485

505

Account charges
216

236

504

536

3

3

(4
)
(4
)
719

771

Service charges on deposit accounts
$
700

739

505

538

3

3

(4
)
(4
)
1,204

1,276

 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Overdraft fees
$
1,312

1,471

4

5

1

1

—

—

1,317

1,477

Account charges
659

735

1,565

1,653

11

12

(12
)
(12
)
2,223

2,388

Service charges on deposit accounts
$
1,971

2,206

1,569

1,658

12

13

(12
)
(12
)
3,540

3,865

BROKERAGE ADVISORY, COMMISSIONS AND OTHER FEES are earned for providing full-service and discount brokerage services predominantly to retail brokerage clients. These revenues include fees earned on asset-based and transactional accounts and other brokerage advisory services.
Asset-based revenues are charged based on the market value of the client’s assets. The services and related obligations associated with certain of these revenues, which include investment advice, active management of client assets, or assistance with selecting and engaging a third-party advisory manager, are generally satisfied over a month or quarter. The remaining revenues include trailing commissions which are earned for selling shares to investors. Our obligation associated with earning trailing commissions is satisfied at the time shares are sold. However, these fees are received and recognized over time during the period the customer owns the shares and we remain the broker of record. The amount of trailing commissions is variable based on the length of time the customer holds the shares and on changes in the value of the underlying assets.
 
Transactional revenues are earned for executing transactions at the client’s direction. Our obligation is generally satisfied upon the execution of the transaction and the fees are based on the size and number of transactions executed.
Other revenues earned from other brokerage advisory services include omnibus and networking fees received from mutual fund companies in return for providing record keeping and other administrative services, and annual account maintenance fees charged to customers.

166
Note 17: Revenue from Contracts with Customers (continued)

Table 17.3 presents our brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees by operating segment.
Table 17.3: Brokerage Advisory, Commissions and Other Fees by Operating Segment
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Asset-based revenue (1)
$
371

347

1

—

1,720

1,669

(372
)
(347
)
1,720

1,669

Transactional revenue
82

93

19

9

388

421

(94
)
(95
)
395

428

Other revenue
17

21

59

56

160

151

(17
)
(21
)
219

207

Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees
$
470

461

79

65

2,268

2,241

(483
)
(463
)
2,334

2,304

 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Asset-based revenue (1)
$
1,107

1,013

1

—

5,185

4,910

(1,108
)
(1,012
)
5,185

4,911

Transactional revenue
258

287

47

33

1,227

1,356

(286
)
(303
)
1,246

1,373

Other revenue
48

57

176

198

484

475

(48
)
(57
)
660

673

Brokerage advisory, commissions and other fees
$
1,413

1,357

224

231

6,896

6,741

(1,442
)
(1,372
)
7,091

6,957

(1)
We earned trailing commissions of $323 million and $975 million in the third quarter and first nine months of 2018, respectively, and $337 million and $1.0 billion for the third quarter and nine months of 2017, respectively.
TRUST AND INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT FEES are earned for providing trust, investment management and other related services.
Investment management services include managing and administering assets, including mutual funds, and institutional separate accounts. Fees for these services are generally determined based on a tiered scale relative to the market value of assets under management (AUM). In addition to AUM we have client assets under administration (AUA) that earn various administrative fees which are generally based on the extent of the services provided to administer the account. Services with AUM and AUA-based fees are generally performed over time.
 
Trust services include acting as a trustee or agent for corporate trust, personal trust, and agency assets. Obligations for trust services are generally satisfied over time, while obligations for activities that are transactional in nature are satisfied at the time of the transaction.
Other related services include the custody and safekeeping of accounts. Our obligation for these services is generally satisfied over time.
Table 17.4 presents our trust and investment management fees by operating segment.

Table 17.4: Trust and Investment Management Fees by Operating Segment
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Investment management fees
$
—

—

—

—

520

508

—

—

520

508

Trust fees
229

224

82

104

181

189

(235
)
(231
)
257

286

Other revenue
2

1

30

25

26

21

—

(1
)
58

46

Trust and investment management fees
$
231

225

112

129

727

718

(235
)
(232
)
835

840

 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Investment management fees
$
—

2

—

—

1,585

1,525

—

—

1,585

1,527

Trust fees
682

655

250

315

554

566

(700
)
(678
)
786

858

Other revenue
2

1

85

75

62

46

—

(1
)
149

121

Trust and investment management fees
$
684

658

335

390

2,201

2,137

(700
)
(679
)
2,520

2,506


167

INVESTMENT BANKING FEES are earned for underwriting debt and equity securities, arranging loan syndications and performing other advisory services. Our obligation for these services is generally satisfied at closing of the transaction.

CARD FEES include credit and debit card interchange and network revenues and various card-related fees. Card-related fees such as late fees, cash advance fees, and balance transfer fees are loan-related and excluded from the scope of the new revenue guidance.
 
Credit and debit card interchange and network revenues are earned on credit and debit card transactions conducted through payment networks such as Visa, MasterCard, and American Express. Our obligation is satisfied concurrently with the delivery of services on a daily basis.
Table 17.5 presents our card fees by operating segment.

Table 17.5: Card Fees by Operating Segment
 
Quarter ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Credit card interchange and network revenues (1)
$
218

230

92

91

1

1

(1
)
(1
)
310

321

Debit card interchange and network revenues
523

496

—

—

—

—

—

—

523

496

Late fees, cash advance fees, balance transfer fees, and annual fees
184

183

—

—

—

—

—

—

184

183

Card fees (1)
$
925

909

92

91

1

1

(1
)
(1
)
1,017

1,000

 
Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
Community Banking
 
Wholesale Banking
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(in millions)
2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Credit card interchange and network revenues (1)
$
600

703

275

260

4

4

(3
)
(3
)
876

964

Debit card interchange and network revenues
1,527

1,459

—

—

—

—

—

—

1,527

1,459

Late fees, cash advance fees, balance transfer fees, and annual fees
523

541

—

—

—

—

—

—

523

541

Card fees (1)
$
2,650

2,703

275

260

4

4

(3
)
(3
)
2,926

2,964

(1)
The cost of credit card rewards and rebates of $335 million and $1,013 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and $310 million and $873 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, are presented net against the related revenues.
CASH NETWORK FEES are earned for processing ATM transactions. Our obligation is completed daily upon settlement of ATM transactions.

COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE BROKERAGE COMMISSIONS are earned for assisting customers in the sale of real estate property. Our obligation is satisfied upon the successful brokering of a transaction. Fees are based on a fixed percentage of the sales price.
 
WIRE TRANSFER AND OTHER REMITTANCE FEES consist of fees earned for funds transfer services and issuing cashier’s checks and money orders. Our obligation is satisfied at the time of the funds transfer services or upon issuance of the cashier’s check or money order.

ALL OTHER FEES include various types of fees earned on services to customers which have related performance obligations that we complete to recognize revenue. A significant portion of the revenue is earned from providing business payroll services and merchant services, which are generally recognized over time as we perform the services.

168


Note 18: Employee Benefits
We sponsor a frozen noncontributory qualified defined benefit retirement plan, the Wells Fargo & Company Cash Balance Plan (Cash Balance Plan), which covers eligible employees of Wells Fargo. The Cash Balance Plan was frozen on July 1, 2009, and no new benefits accrue after that date.
Table 18.1 presents the components of net periodic benefit cost.
 




Table 18.1: Net Periodic Benefit Cost
  
2018
 
 
2017
 
  
Pension benefits
 
 
  

 
Pension benefits
 
 
  

(in millions)
Qualified

 
Non-qualified

 
Other
benefits

 
Qualified

 
Non-qualified

 
Other
benefits

Quarter ended September 30,
  
 
 
  
 
Service cost
$
2

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
—

Interest cost (1)
97

 
5

 
6

 
103

 
5

 
7

Expected return on plan assets (1)
(160
)
 
—

 
(8
)
 
(163
)
 
—

 
(7
)
Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain) (1)
32

 
4

 
(4
)
 
37

 
3

 
(3
)
Amortization of prior service credit (1)
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
—

 
(2
)
Settlement loss (1)
—

 
—

 
—

 
6

 
—

 
—

Net periodic benefit cost (income)
$
(29
)
 
9

 
(9
)
 
(16
)
 
8

 
(5
)
Nine months ended September 30,
  
 
 
  
 
Service cost
$
5

 
—

 
—

 
4

 
—

 
—

Interest cost (1)
293

 
16

 
16

 
309

 
17

 
21

Expected return on plan assets (1)
(481
)
 
—

 
(23
)
 
(489
)
 
—

 
(22
)
Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain) (1)
98

 
10

 
(13
)
 
113

 
9

 
(8
)
Amortization of prior service credit (1)
—

 
—

 
(8
)
 
—

 
—

 
(7
)
Settlement loss (1)
—

 
3

 
—

 
7

 
6

 
—

Net periodic benefit cost (income)
$
(85
)
 
29

 
(28
)
 
(56
)
 
32

 
(16
)
(1)
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-07 – Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. Accordingly, 2018 balances are reported in other noninterest expense on the consolidated statement of income. For 2017, these balances were reported in employee benefits.

169


Note 19:  Earnings and Dividends Per Common Share
Table 19.1 shows earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share and reconciles the numerator and denominator of both earnings per common share calculations.
Table 19.1: Earnings Per Common Share Calculations
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions, except per share amounts)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Wells Fargo net income (1)
$
6,007

 
4,542

 
$
16,329

 
16,032

Less: Preferred stock dividends and other (2)
554

 
411

 
1,351

 
1,218

Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock (numerator) (1)
$
5,453

 
4,131

 
$
14,978

 
14,814

Earnings per common share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Average common shares outstanding (denominator)
4,784.0

 
4,948.6

 
4,844.8

 
4,982.1

Per share (1)
$
1.14

 
0.83

 
$
3.09

 
2.97

Diluted earnings per common share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Average common shares outstanding
4,784.0

 
4,948.6

 
4,844.8

 
4,982.1

Add: Stock options
7.5

 
15.8

 
8.5

 
18.1

Restricted share rights
26.5

 
22.4

 
25.9

 
24.1

Warrants
5.2

 
10.0

 
5.8

 
11.1

Diluted average common shares outstanding (denominator)
4,823.2

 
4,996.8

 
4,885.0

 
5,035.4

Per share (1)
$
1.13

 
0.83

 
$
3.07

 
2.94

(1)
Financial information for the prior period has been revised to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-12 – Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, effective January 1, 2017.
(2)
The quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2018, includes $155 million as a result of eliminating the discount on our Series J Preferred Stock, which was redeemed on September 17, 2018.

Table 19.2 presents the outstanding options to purchase shares of common stock that were anti-dilutive (the exercise
price was higher than the weighted-average market price), and therefore not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share.
 

 
Table 19.2: Outstanding Anti-Dilutive Options
 
Weighted-average shares
 
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
(in millions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Options
—

 
1.8

 
0.4

 
2.0


Table 19.3 presents dividends declared per common share.
Table 19.3: Dividends Declared Per Common Share
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Per common share
$
0.430

 
0.390

 
1.210

 
1.150


170
Note 20: Other Comprehensive Income (continued)


Note 20:  Other Comprehensive Income
Table 20.1 provides the components of other comprehensive income (OCI), reclassifications to net income by income statement line item, and the related tax effects.
Table 20.1: Summary of Other Comprehensive Income
 
Quarter ended September 30,
 
 
Nine months ended September 30,
 
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Before
tax

 
Tax
effect

 
Net of
tax

 
Before
tax

 
Tax
effect

 
Net of
tax

 
Before
tax

 
Tax
effect

 
Net of
tax

 
Before
tax

 
Tax
effect

 
Net of
tax

Debt securities (1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period
$
(1,468
)
 
360

 
(1,108
)
 
891

 
(353
)
 
538

 
(5,528
)
 
1,360

 
(4,168
)
 
2,825

 
(1,075
)
 
1,750

Reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest income on debt securities (2)
109

 
(27
)
 
82

 
70

 
(26
)
 
44

 
268

 
(66
)
 
202

 
122

 
(46
)
 
76

Net gains on debt securities
(57
)
 
15

 
(42
)
 
(166
)
 
62

 
(104
)
 
(99
)
 
25

 
(74
)
 
(322
)
 
119

 
(203
)
Net gains from equity securities (3)
—

 
—

 
—

 
(106
)
 
41

 
(65
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(323
)
 
120

 
(203
)
Other noninterest income
(1
)
 
—

 
(1
)
 
2

 
—

 
2

 
(1
)
 
—

 
(1
)
 
1

 
—

 
1

Subtotal reclassifications to net income
51


(12
)

39

 
(200
)
 
77

 
(123
)
 
168

 
(41
)
 
127

 
(522
)
 
193

 
(329
)
Net change
(1,417
)

348


(1,069
)
 
691

 
(276
)
 
415

 
(5,360
)
 
1,319

 
(4,041
)
 
2,303

 
(882
)
 
1,421

Derivatives and hedging activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value Hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in fair value of excluded components on fair value hedges (4)
(21
)
 
5

 
(16
)
 
72

 
(26
)
 
46

 
(147
)
 
36

 
(111
)
 
(254
)
 
96

 
(158
)
Cash Flow Hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period on cash flow hedges
(3
)
 
—

 
(3
)
 
32

 
(12
)
 
20

 
(269
)
 
66

 
(203
)
 
272

 
(103
)
 
169

Reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income on cash flow hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest income on loans
78

 
(19
)
 
59

 
(107
)
 
42

 
(65
)
 
215

 
(53
)
 
162

 
(468
)
 
178

 
(290
)
Interest expense on long-term debt
1

 
—

 
1

 
2

 
(1
)
 
1

 
1

 
—

 
1

 
8

 
(3
)
 
5

Subtotal reclassifications to net income
79


(19
)

60


(105
)

41


(64
)

216


(53
)

163


(460
)

175


(285
)
Net change
55


(14
)

41

 
(1
)
 
3

 
2

 
(200
)

49


(151
)
 
(442
)

168


(274
)
Defined benefit plans adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net actuarial and prior service gains arising during the period
—

 
—

 
—

 
11

 
(5
)
 
6

 
6

 
(2
)
 
4

 
4

 
(2
)
 
2

Reclassification of amounts to net periodic benefit costs (5):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amortization of net actuarial loss
32

 
(8
)
 
24

 
37

 
(13
)
 
24

 
95

 
(23
)
 
72

 
114

 
(43
)
 
71

Settlements and other
(3
)
 
2

 
(1
)
 
4

 
(1
)
 
3

 
(5
)
 
3

 
(2
)
 
6

 
—

 
6

Subtotal reclassifications to net periodic benefit costs
29


(6
)

23

 
41

 
(14
)
 
27

 
90

 
(20
)
 
70

 
120

 
(43
)
 
77

Net change
29


(6
)

23

 
52

 
(19
)
 
33

 
96

 
(22
)
 
74

 
124

 
(45
)
 
79

Foreign currency translation adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period
(9
)
 
2

 
(7
)
 
39

 
3

 
42

 
(94
)
 
—

 
(94
)
 
86

 
6

 
92

Net change
(9
)

2


(7
)
 
39

 
3

 
42

 
(94
)
 
—

 
(94
)
 
86

 
6

 
92

Other comprehensive income (loss)
$
(1,342
)

330


(1,012
)
 
781


(289
)

492

 
(5,558
)
 
1,346

 
(4,212
)
 
2,071

 
(753
)
 
1,318

Less: Other comprehensive loss from noncontrolling interests, net of tax
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
(34
)
 
 
 
 
 
(1
)
 
 
 
 
 
(29
)
Wells Fargo other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 
 
 
 
$
(1,012
)
 
 
 
 
 
526

 
 
 
 
 
(4,211
)
 
 
 
 
 
1,347

(1)
The quarter and nine months ended ended September 30, 2017 includes net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period from equity securities of $(13) million and $113 million and reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income related to equity securities of $(106) million and $(323) million, respectively. With the adoption in first quarter 2018 of ASU 2016-01, the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2018 reflects net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period and reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income from only debt securities.
(2)
Represents net unrealized gains and losses amortized over the remaining lives of securities that were transferred from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio.
(3)
Net gains from equity securities is presented for table presentation purposes. After adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, this line does not contain balances as realized and unrealized gains and losses on marketable equity securities are recorded in earnings.
(4)
Represents changes in fair value of cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in cross-currency basis spreads, which are excluded from the assessment of effectiveness recorded in other comprehensive income.
(5)
These items are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost, which is recorded in employee benefits expense (see Note 18 (Employee Benefits) for additional details).

171

Table 20.2: Cumulative OCI Balances
(in millions)
Debt
securities (1)

 
Derivatives
and
hedging
activities

 
Defined
benefit
plans
adjustments

 
Foreign
currency
translation
adjustments

 
Cumulative
other
compre-
hensive
income

Quarter ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
$
(2,919
)
 
(610
)
 
(1,757
)
 
(175
)
 
(5,461
)
Reclassification of certain tax effects to retained earnings (2)
31

 
(87
)
 
(353
)
 
9

 
(400
)
Net unrealized losses arising during the period
(1,108
)
 
(19
)
 
—

 
(7
)
 
(1,134
)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
39

 
60

 
23

 
—

 
122

Net change
(1,038
)
 
(46
)
 
(330
)
 
2

 
(1,412
)
Balance, end of period
$
(3,957
)
 
(656
)
 
(2,087
)
 
(173
)
 
(6,873
)
Quarter ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
$
(96
)
 
(19
)
 
(1,897
)
 
(136
)
 
(2,148
)
Net unrealized gains arising during the period
538

 
66

 
6

 
42

 
652

Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
(123
)
 
(64
)
 
27

 
—

 
(160
)
Net change
415

 
2

 
33

 
42

 
492

Less: Other comprehensive loss from noncontrolling interests
(34
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(34
)
Balance, end of period
$
353

 
(17
)
 
(1,864
)
 
(94
)
 
(1,622
)
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
$
171

 
(418
)
 
(1,808
)
 
(89
)
 
(2,144
)
Transition adjustment (3)
(118
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(118
)
Balance, January 1, 2018
53

 
(418
)
 
(1,808
)
 
(89
)
 
(2,262
)
Reclassification of certain tax effects to retained earnings (2)
31

 
(87
)
 
(353
)
 
9

 
(400
)
Net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period
(4,168
)
 
(314
)
 
4

 
(94
)
 
(4,572
)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
127

 
163

 
70

 
—

 
360

Net change
(4,010
)
 
(238
)
 
(279
)
 
(85
)
 
(4,612
)
Less: Other comprehensive loss from noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Balance, end of period
$
(3,957
)
 
(656
)
 
(2,087
)
 
(173
)
 
(6,873
)
Nine months ended September 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance, beginning of period
$
(1,099
)
 
89

 
(1,943
)
 
(184
)
 
(3,137
)
Transition adjustment (4)
—

 
168

 
—

 
—

 
168

Balance, January 1, 2017
(1,099
)
 
257

 
(1,943
)
 
(184
)
 
(2,969
)
Net unrealized gains arising during the period
1,750

 
11

 
2

 
92

 
1,855

Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
(329
)
 
(285
)
 
77

 
—

 
(537
)
Net change
1,421

 
(274
)
 
79

 
92

 
1,318

Less: Other comprehensive income (loss) from noncontrolling interests
(31
)
 
—

 
—

 
2

 
(29
)
Balance, end of period
$
353

 
(17
)
 
(1,864
)
 
(94
)
 
(1,622
)
(1)
The quarter and nine months ended ended September 30, 2017 includes net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period from equity securities of $(13) million and $113 million and reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income related to equity securities of $(106) million and $(323) million, respectively. With the adoption in first quarter 2018 of ASU 2016-01, the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2018 reflects net unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period and reclassification of net (gains) losses to net income from only debt securities.
(2)
Represents the reclassification from other comprehensive income to retained earnings as a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-02 – Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, in the third quarter of 2018. For additional information, see Note 1.
(3)
The transition adjustment relates to the adoption of ASU 2016-01 – Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. See Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) for more information.
(4)
The transition adjustment relates to the adoption of ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.

172


Note 21:  Operating Segments
We have three reportable operating segments: Community Banking; Wholesale Banking; and Wealth and Investment Management (WIM). We define our operating segments by product type and customer segment and their results are based on our management accounting process, for which there is no comprehensive, authoritative guidance equivalent to GAAP for financial accounting. The management accounting process measures the performance of the operating segments based on our management structure and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for other financial services companies. If the management structure and/or the allocation process changes, allocations, transfers and assignments may change. Effective first quarter 2018, assets and liabilities receive a funding charge or
 
credit that considers interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and other product characteristics on a more granular level. This methodology change affects results across all three of our reportable operating segments and prior period operating segment results have been revised to reflect this methodology change. Our previously reported consolidated financial results were not impacted by the methodology change; however, in connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-01 in first quarter 2018, certain reclassifications have occurred within noninterest income. For a description of our operating segments see Note 25 (Operating Segments) to Financial Statements in our 2017 Form 10-K. Table 21.1 presents our results by operating segment.
Table 21.1: Operating Segments
 
Community
Banking 
 
 
Wholesale
Banking
 
 
Wealth and Investment Management
 
 
Other (1)
 
 
Consolidated
Company
 
(income/expense in millions, average balances in billions)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Quarter ended
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income (2)
$
7,338

 
7,154

 
4,726

 
4,763

 
1,102

 
1,177

 
(594
)
 
(645
)
 
12,572

 
12,449

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses
547

 
650

 
26

 
69

 
6

 
(1
)
 
1

 
(1
)
 
580

 
717

Noninterest income
4,478

 
4,366

 
2,578

 
2,741

 
3,124

 
3,079

 
(811
)
 
(786
)
 
9,369

 
9,400

Noninterest expense
7,467

 
7,852

 
3,935

 
4,234

 
3,243

 
3,102

 
(882
)
 
(837
)
 
13,763

 
14,351

Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)
3,802

 
3,018

 
3,343

 
3,201

 
977

 
1,155

 
(524
)
 
(593
)
 
7,598

 
6,781

Income tax expense (benefit)
925

 
1,079

 
475

 
894

 
244

 
433

 
(132
)
 
(225
)
 
1,512

 
2,181

Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interests
2,877

 
1,939

 
2,868

 
2,307

 
733

 
722

 
(392
)
 
(368
)
 
6,086

 
4,600

Less: Net income (loss) from noncontrolling interests
61

 
62

 
17

 
(7
)
 
1

 
3

 
—

 
—

 
79

 
58

Net income (loss) (3)
$
2,816

 
1,877

 
2,851

 
2,314

 
732

 
719

 
(392
)
 
(368
)
 
6,007

 
4,542

Average loans
$
460.9

 
473.7

 
462.8

 
463.7

 
74.6

 
72.4

 
(58.8
)
 
(57.5
)
 
939.5

 
952.3

Average assets
1,024.9

 
1,089.6

 
827.2

 
824.2

 
83.8

 
83.2

 
(59.6
)
 
(58.5
)
 
1,876.3

 
1,938.5

Average deposits
760.9

 
734.6

 
413.6

 
463.4

 
159.8

 
184.4

 
(67.9
)
 
(76.0
)
 
1,266.4

 
1,306.4

Nine months ended Sep 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income (2)
$
21,879

 
21,419

 
13,951

 
14,253

 
3,325

 
3,489

 
(1,804
)
 
(1,917
)
 
37,351

 
37,244

Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses
1,249

 
1,919

 
(30
)
 
(39
)
 
(2
)
 
2

 
6

 
(5
)
 
1,223

 
1,877

Noninterest income
13,573

 
13,879

 
7,829

 
8,307

 
9,094

 
9,250

 
(2,419
)
 
(2,341
)
 
28,077

 
29,095

Noninterest expense
23,459

 
22,399

 
12,132

 
12,437

 
9,894

 
9,377

 
(2,698
)
 
(2,529
)
 
42,787

 
41,684

Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)
10,744

 
10,980

 
9,678

 
10,162

 
2,527

 
3,360

 
(1,531
)
 
(1,724
)
 
21,418

 
22,778

Income tax expense (benefit)
3,147

 
3,316

 
1,302

 
2,642

 
630

 
1,255

 
(383
)
 
(654
)
 
4,696

 
6,559

Net income (loss) before noncontrolling interests
7,597

 
7,664

 
8,376

 
7,520

 
1,897

 
2,105

 
(1,148
)
 
(1,070
)
 
16,722

 
16,219

Less: Net income (loss) from noncontrolling interests
372

 
198

 
15

 
(21
)
 
6

 
10

 
—

 
—

 
393

 
187

Net income (loss) (3)
$
7,225

 
7,466

 
8,361

 
7,541

 
1,891

 
2,095

 
(1,148
)
 
(1,070
)
 
16,329

 
16,032

Average loans
$
465.0

 
476.5

 
464.2

 
466.3

 
74.4

 
71.6

 
(58.8
)
 
(56.8
)
 
944.8

 
957.6

Average assets
1,040.2

 
1,089.6

 
827.6

 
817.9

 
84.0

 
82.5

 
(59.6
)
 
(57.8
)
 
1,892.2

 
1,932.2

Average deposits
756.4

 
726.8

 
424.4

 
463.7

 
168.2

 
190.6

 
(70.8
)
 
(78.8
)
 
1,278.2

 
1,302.3

(1)
Includes the elimination of certain items that are included in more than one business segment, most of which represents products and services for Wealth and Investment Management customers served through Community Banking distribution channels. 
(2)
Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on assets and the cost of liabilities to fund those assets. Interest earned includes actual interest earned on segment assets as well as interest credits for any funding of a segment available to be provided to other segments. The cost of liabilities includes actual interest expense on segment liabilities as well as funding charges for any funding provided from other segments.
(3)
Represents segment net income (loss) for Community Banking; Wholesale Banking; and Wealth and Investment Management segments and Wells Fargo net income for the consolidated company.


173


Note 22:  Regulatory and Agency Capital Requirements
The Company and each of its subsidiary banks are subject to regulatory capital adequacy requirements promulgated by federal bank regulatory agencies. The Federal Reserve establishes capital requirements for the consolidated financial holding company, and the OCC has similar requirements for the Company’s national banks, including Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (the Bank).
Table 22.1 presents regulatory capital information for Wells Fargo & Company and the Bank using Basel III, which increased minimum required capital ratios, and introduced a minimum Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio. We must report the lower of our CET1, tier 1 and total capital ratios calculated under the Standardized Approach and under the Advanced Approach in the assessment of our capital adequacy. The Standardized Approach applies assigned risk weights to broad risk categories, while the calculation of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) under the Advanced Approach differs by requiring applicable banks to utilize a risk-sensitive methodology, which relies upon the use of internal credit models, and includes an operational risk component. The
 
Basel III capital rules are being phased-in effective January 1, 2014, through the end of 2021. Beginning January 1, 2018, the requirements for calculating CET1 and tier 1 capital, along with RWAs, became fully phased-in. Accordingly, the information presented reflects fully phased-in CET1 capital, tier 1 capital, and RWAs, but reflects total capital still in accordance with Transition Requirements.
The Bank is an approved seller/servicer of mortgage loans and is required to maintain minimum levels of shareholders’ equity, as specified by various agencies, including the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, GNMA, FHLMC and FNMA. At September 30, 2018, the Bank met these requirements. Other subsidiaries, including the Company’s insurance and broker-dealer subsidiaries, are also subject to various minimum capital levels, as defined by applicable industry regulations. The minimum capital levels for these subsidiaries, and related restrictions, are not significant to our consolidated operations.
Table 22.1: Regulatory Capital Information
 
Wells Fargo & Company
 
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
(in millions, except ratios)
Advanced Approach

 
Standardized
Approach

 
 
Advanced Approach

 
Standardized
Approach

 
 
Advanced Approach

 
Standardized
Approach

 
 
Advanced Approach

 
Standardized
Approach

 
Regulatory capital:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common equity tier 1
$
148,855

 
148,855

 
 
154,765

 
154,765

 
 
141,459

 
141,459

 
 
143,292

 
143,292

 
Tier 1
170,342

 
170,342

 
 
178,209

 
178,209

 
 
141,459

 
141,459

 
 
143,292

 
143,292

 
Total
201,616

 
209,924

 
 
210,333

 
220,097

 
 
154,468

 
162,353

 
 
156,661

 
165,734

 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk-weighted
$
1,189,464

 
1,250,215

 
 
1,199,545

 
1,260,663

 
 
1,082,515

 
1,162,179

 
 
1,090,360

 
1,169,863

 
Adjusted average (1)
1,847,338

 
1,847,338

 
 
1,905,568

 
1,905,568

 
 
1,647,541

 
1,647,541

 
 
1,708,828

 
1,708,828

 
Regulatory capital ratios:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common equity tier 1 capital
12.51
%

11.91

*
 
12.90

 
12.28

*
 
13.07


12.17

*
 
13.14


12.25

*
Tier 1 capital
14.32


13.63

*
 
14.86

 
14.14

*
 
13.07


12.17

*
 
13.14


12.25

*
Total capital
16.95


16.79

*
 
17.53

 
17.46

*
 
14.27


13.97

*
 
14.37


14.17

*
Tier 1 leverage (1)
9.22

 
9.22

 
 
9.35

 
9.35

 
 
8.59

 
8.59

 
 
8.39

 
8.39

 
*Denotes the lowest capital ratio as determined under the Advanced and Standardized Approaches.
(1)
The leverage ratio consists of Tier 1 capital divided by quarterly average total assets, excluding goodwill and certain other items.
Table 22.2 presents the minimum required regulatory capital ratios under Transition Requirements to which the Company and the Bank were subject as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
 

Table 22.2: Minimum Required Regulatory Capital Ratios – Transition Requirements (1)
  
Wells Fargo & Company
 
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
 
September 30, 2018

 
December 31, 2017
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Regulatory capital ratios:
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
Common equity tier 1 capital
7.875
%
 
6.750
 
6.375
 
5.750
Tier 1 capital
9.375

 
8.250
 
7.875
 
7.250
Total capital
11.375

 
10.250
 
9.875
 
9.250
Tier 1 leverage
4.000

 
4.000
 
4.000
 
4.000
(1)
At September 30, 2018, under transition requirements, the CET1, tier 1 and total capital minimum ratio requirements for Wells Fargo & Company include a capital conservation buffer of 1.875% and a global systemically important bank (G-SIB) surcharge of 1.500%. Only the 1.875% capital conservation buffer applies to the Bank at September 30, 2018.


174


Glossary of Acronyms
  
  
  
  
ABS
Asset-backed security
G-SIB
Globally systemic important bank
ACL
Allowance for credit losses
HAMP
Home Affordability Modification Program
ALCO
Asset/Liability Management Committee
HUD
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
ARM 
Adjustable-rate mortgage
LCR
Liquidity coverage ratio
ASC 
Accounting Standards Codification
LHFS
Loans held for sale
ASU
Accounting Standards Update
LIBOR
London Interbank Offered Rate
AUA
Assets under administration
LIHTC
Low income housing tax credit
AUM
Assets under management
LOCOM
Lower of cost or fair value
AVM
Automated valuation model
LTV
Loan-to-value
BCBS
Basel Committee on Bank Supervision
MBS
Mortgage-backed security
BCFP
Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection
MHA
Making Home Affordable programs
BHC
Bank holding company
MLHFS
Mortgage loans held for sale
CCAR
Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
MSR
Mortgage servicing right
CD
Certificate of deposit
MTN
Medium-term note
CDO
Collateralized debt obligation
NAV
Net asset value
CDS
Credit default swaps
NPA
Nonperforming asset
CECL
Current expected credit loss
OCC
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
CET1
Common Equity Tier 1
OCI
Other comprehensive income
CLO
Collateralized loan obligation
OTC
Over-the-counter
CLTV
Combined loan-to-value
OTTI
Other-than-temporary impairment
CMBS
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
PCI Loans
Purchased credit-impaired loans
CPI
Collateral protection insurance
PTPP
Pre-tax pre-provision profit
CPP
Capital Purchase Program
RBC
Risk-based capital
CRE
Commercial real estate
RMBS
Residential mortgage-backed securities
DPD
Days past due
ROA
Wells Fargo net income to average total assets
ESOP
Employee Stock Ownership Plan
ROE
Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock
FAS
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards
  
to average Wells Fargo common stockholders' equity
FASB
Financial Accounting Standards Board
ROTCE
Return on average tangible common equity
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
RWAs
Risk-weighted assets
FFELP
Federal Family Education Loan Program
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission
FHA
Federal Housing Administration
S&P
Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services
FHLB
Federal Home Loan Bank
SLR
Supplementary leverage ratio
FHLMC
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
SPE
Special purpose entity
FICO
Fair Isaac Corporation (credit rating)
TARP
Troubled Asset Relief Program
FNMA
Federal National Mortgage Association
TDR
Troubled debt restructuring
FRB
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
TLAC
Total Loss Absorbing Capacity
GAAP
Generally accepted accounting principles
VA
Department of Veterans Affairs
GNMA
Government National Mortgage Association
VaR
Value-at-Risk
GSE
Government-sponsored entity
VIE
Variable interest entity

175


PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.            Legal Proceedings
 
Information in response to this item can be found in Note 13 (Legal Actions) to Financial Statements in this Report which information is incorporated by reference into this item.

Item 1A.         Risk Factors
 
Information in response to this item can be found under the “Financial Review – Risk Factors” section in this Report which information is incorporated by reference into this item. 

Item 2.           Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
 
The following table shows Company repurchases of its common stock for each calendar month in the quarter ended September 30, 2018.
Calendar month
Total number
of shares
repurchased (1)

 
Weighted-average
price paid per share

 
Maximum number of
shares that may yet
be repurchased under
the authorization

July
43,844,808

 
$
55.60

 
290,628,420

August
53,449,561

 
58.68

 
237,178,859

September
49,192,674

 
57.09

 
187,986,185

Total
146,487,043

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
All shares were repurchased under an authorization covering up to 350 million shares of common stock approved by the Board of Directors and publicly announced by the Company on January 23, 2018. Unless modified or revoked by the Board, this authorization does not expire.
The following table shows Company repurchases of the warrants for each calendar month in the quarter ended September 30, 2018.
Calendar month
Total number
of warrants
repurchased (1)

 
Average price
paid per warrant

 
Maximum dollar value
of warrants that
may yet be repurchased

July
—

 
$
—

 
451,944,402

August
—

 
—

 
451,944,402

September
—

 
—

 
451,944,402

Total
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Warrants are repurchased under the authorization covering up to $1 billion in warrants approved by the Board of Directors (ratified and approved on June 22, 2010). Unless modified or revoked by the Board, this authorization does not expire.

176


Item 6.
Exhibits
 
A list of exhibits to this Form 10-Q is set forth below.
 
The Company’s SEC file number is 001-2979. On and before November 2, 1998, the Company filed documents with the SEC under the name Norwest Corporation. The former Wells Fargo & Company filed documents under SEC file number 001-6214.

Exhibit
Number
 
Description 
 
Location 
 
 
Filed herewith.
 
 
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 1, 2018.
4(a)
 
See Exhibits 3(a) and 3(b).
 
 
4(b)
 
The Company agrees to furnish upon request to the Commission a copy of each instrument defining the rights of holders of senior and subordinated debt of the Company.
 
 
 
 
Filed herewith.
 
 
Filed herewith.
 
 
Furnished herewith.
 
 
Furnished herewith.
101.INS
 
XBRL Instance Document
 
Filed herewith.
101.SCH
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
 
Filed herewith.
101.CAL
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
 
Filed herewith.
101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definitions Linkbase Document
 
Filed herewith.
101.LAB
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
 
Filed herewith.
101.PRE
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
 
Filed herewith.

177


SIGNATURE
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
Dated: November 6, 2018                                                             WELLS FARGO & COMPANY
 
 
By:       /s/ RICHARD D. LEVY                                 
Richard D. Levy
Executive Vice President and Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)

178