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GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Goodwill And Other Intangible Assets [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The carrying value of goodwill related to AB totaled $3,584 million and $3,562 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company annually tests goodwill for recoverability at December 31. The first step of the goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of its investment in AB, the reporting unit, to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not considered to be impaired and the second step of the impairment test is not performed. However, if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test is performed by measuring the amount of impairment loss only if the result indicates a potential impairment. The second step compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit to the aggregated fair values of its individual assets and liabilities to determine the amount of impairment, if any. The Company also assesses this goodwill for recoverability at each interim reporting period in consideration of facts and circumstances that may indicate a shortfall of the fair value of its investment in AB as compared to its carrying value and thereby require re-performance of its annual impairment testing.
The Company primarily uses a discounted cash flow valuation technique to measure the fair value of its investment in AB for purpose of goodwill impairment testing. The cash flows used in this technique are sourced from AB’s current business plan and projected thereafter over the estimated life of the goodwill asset by applying an annual growth rate assumption. The present value amount that results from discounting these expected cash flows is then adjusted to reflect the noncontrolling interest in AB as well as taxes incurred at the Company level in order to determine the fair value of its investment in AB. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company determined that goodwill was not impaired as the fair value of its investment in AB exceeded its carrying value at each respective date. Similarly, no impairments resulted from the Company’s interim assessments of goodwill recoverability during the periods then ended.
The gross carrying amount of AB related intangible assets was $625 million and $610 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively and the accumulated amortization of these intangible assets was $468 million and $439 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Amortization expense related to the AB intangible assets totaled $29 million, $28 million and $27 million for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and estimated amortization expense for each of the next five years is expected to be approximately $29 million.
At December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, net deferred sales commissions totaled $64 million and $99 million and are included within Other assets. The estimated amortization expense of deferred sales commissions, based on the December 31, 2016 net asset balance for each of the next five years is $32 million, $21 million, $8 million, $3 million and $0 million. The Company tests the deferred sales commission asset for impairment quarterly by comparing undiscounted future cash flows to the recorded value, net of accumulated amortization. Each quarter, significant assumptions used to estimate the future cash flows are updated to reflect management’s consideration of current market conditions on expectations made with respect to future market levels and redemption rates. As of December 31, 2016, the Company determined that the deferred sales commission asset was not impaired.

On September 23, 2016, AB acquired a 100% ownership interest in Ramius Alternative Solutions LLC (“RASL”), a global alternative investment management business that, as of the acquisition date, had approximately $2.5 billion in AUM. RASL offers a range of customized alternative investment and advisory solutions to a global institutional client base. On the acquisition date, AB made a cash payment of $21 million and recorded a contingent consideration payable of $12 million based on projected fee revenues over a five-year measurement period. The excess of the purchase price over the current fair value of identifiable net assets acquired resulted in the recognition of $22 million of goodwill. AB recorded $10 million of definite-lived intangible assets relating to investment management contracts.
On June 20, 2014, AB acquired an approximate 82.0% ownership interest in CPH Capital Fondsmaeglerselskab A/S (“CPH”), a Danish asset management firm that managed approximately $3,000 million in global core equity assets for institutional investors, for a cash payment of $64 million and a contingent consideration payable of $9 million based on projected assets under management levels over a three-year measurement period. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired resulted in the recognition of $58 million of goodwill. AB recorded $24 million of finite-lived intangible assets relating to separately-managed account relationships and $4 million of indefinite-lived intangible assets relating to an acquired fund’s investment contract. AB also recorded redeemable non-controlling interest of $17 million relating to the fair value of the portion of CPH AB does not own. During 2015 and 2016, AB purchased additional shares of CPH, bringing AB’s ownership interest to 90.0% as of December 31, 2016.

Capitalized Software

Capitalized software, net of accumulated amortization, amounted to $170 million and $157 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Amortization of capitalized software in 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $52 million, $55 million and $50 million, respectively.