10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549  

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________.

Commission File Number 000-55871

________________________________  

THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

________________________________ 

Indiana	35-0472300
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1301 South Harrison Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana	46802
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (260) 455 - 2000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  Common Stock, par value $2.50

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  ☐     No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐     No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☐
Non-accelerated Filer	☒	Smaller Reporting Company	☐
		Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange

Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant      included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes  ☐     No  ☒

As of March 15, 2024, 10,000,000 shares of common stock of the registrant ($2.50 par value) were outstanding, all of which were directly owned by Lincoln National Corporation.

Documents Incorporated by Reference:  None

THE REGISTRANT MEETS THE CONDITIONS SET FORTH IN GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS I(1) (a) AND (b) OF FORM 10-K AND IS THEREFORE FILING THIS FORM 10-K WITH THE REDUCED DISCLOSURE FORMAT.

The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company

Table of Contents

		Page
	PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
	Overview	1
	Business Segments and Other Operations	2
	Annuities	2
	Life Insurance	4
	Group Protection	6
	Retirement Plan Services	8
	Other Operations	9
	Reinsurance	10
	Reserves	10
	Investments	11
	Financial Strength Ratings	11
	Regulatory	11
	Human Capital Management	17
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	19
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	32
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	32
Item 2.	Properties	34
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	34
	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	35
Item 6.	[Reserved]	35
Item 7.	Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations	36
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	58
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	64
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	174
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	174
Item 9B.	Other Information	174
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	174
	PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	175
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	175
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	175
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	175
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	175
	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	176
	Index to Exhibits	177
	Signatures	178
	Index to Financial Statement Schedules	FS-1

PART I

The “Business” section and other parts of this Form 10-K contain forward-looking statements that involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs and expectations, and containing words such as “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects” or similar words are forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from the projected results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and in the “Forward-Looking Statements – Cautionary Language” in “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations” (“MNA”) of the Form 10-K. The consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements (“Notes”) are presented in “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Item 1. Business

OVERVIEW

The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (“LNL” or the “Company,” which also may be referred to as “we,” “our” or “us”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lincoln National Corporation (“LNC” or the “Parent Company”). We own 100% of the outstanding common stock of one insurance company subsidiary, Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York (“LLANY”). We also own several non-insurance companies, including Lincoln Financial Distributors, Inc. (“LFD”), our wholesale distributor, and Lincoln Financial Advisors Corporation (“LFA”), part of LNC’s retail distributor, Lincoln Financial Network (“LFN”). LNL’s principal businesses consist of underwriting annuities, life insurance and deposit-type contracts through multiple distribution channels. LNL is licensed and sells its products throughout the U.S. and several U.S. territories.

We provide products and services and report results through four segments as follows:

Business Segments

Annuities

Life Insurance

Group Protection

Retirement Plan Services

We also have Other Operations, which includes the financial data for operations that are not directly related to the business segments

The results of LFN and LFD are included in the segments for which they distribute products. LFD distributes our individual products and services, retirement plans and corporate-owned universal life insurance and variable universal life insurance (“COLI”) and bank-owned universal life insurance and variable universal life insurance (“BOLI”) products and services. The distribution occurs primarily through consultants, brokers, planners, agents, financial advisers, third-party administrators (“TPAs”) and other intermediaries. Group Protection distributes its products and services primarily through employee benefit brokers, TPAs and other employee benefit firms. As of December 31, 2023, LFD had approximately 520 internal and external wholesalers (including sales and relationship managers). As of December 31, 2023, LFN offered LNL and non-proprietary products and advisory services through a national network of approximately 13,000 active producers who placed business with us within the last 24 months.

Financial information in the tables that follow is presented in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), unless otherwise indicated. We provide revenues, income (loss) from operations and assets attributable to each of our business segments and Other Operations in Note 20.

Sale of Wealth Management Business

On December 14, 2023, our parent company LNC announced that it had entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Osaic Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Osaic”), pursuant to which Osaic agreed to acquire all of the ownership interests in the subsidiaries of LNC that comprise its wealth management business operated through LFN, which includes our subsidiary LFA and certain of our non-insurance company subsidiaries. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2024, subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals. For additional information, see Note 1.

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BUSINESS SEGMENTS AND OTHER OPERATIONS

ANNUITIES

Overview

The Annuities segment provides tax-deferred investment growth and lifetime income opportunities for its clients by offering variable annuities, fixed (including indexed) annuities and indexed variable annuities, also referred to as registered index-linked annuities (“RILA”). The “fixed” and “variable” classifications describe whether we or the contract holders bear the investment risk of the assets supporting the contract. With “indexed variable” annuities, the extent to which we or the contract holders bear the investment risk of the assets is based on the investment allocations. The annuity classification also determines the manner in which we earn investment margin profits from these products, either as investment spreads for fixed products, as asset-based fees charged to variable products, or as both for RILA products.

Annuities have several features that are attractive to customers. Annuities are unique in that contract holders can select a variety of payout alternatives to provide an income flow for life. Many annuity contracts also include guarantee features (living and death benefits) that are not found in any other investment vehicle and that, we believe, make annuities attractive especially in times of economic uncertainty. In addition, growth on the underlying principal in annuities is typically granted tax-deferred treatment, thereby deferring the tax consequences of the growth in value until withdrawals are made from the accumulation values, potentially at lower tax rates occurring during retirement.

Products

In general, an annuity is a contract between an insurance company and an individual in which the insurance company, after receipt of one or more premium payments, agrees to pay an amount of money either in one lump sum or on a periodic basis (i.e., annually, semi-annually, quarterly or monthly), beginning on a certain date and continuing for a period of time as specified in the contract or as requested. Periodic payments can begin within 12 months after the premium is received (referred to as an immediate annuity) or at a future date in time (referred to as a deferred annuity). This retirement vehicle helps protect an individual from outliving their money.

Variable Annuities

A variable annuity provides the contract holder the ability to direct the investment of premium deposits into one or more variable sub-accounts (“variable funds”) offered through the product (“variable portion”) and, for a specified period, into a fixed account (if available) with a guaranteed return (“fixed portion”). The value of the variable portion of the contract holder’s account varies with the performance of the underlying variable funds chosen by the contract holder.

Our variable funds include the Managed Risk Strategies fund options, a series of funds that embed volatility risk management and, with some funds, capital protection strategies inside the funds themselves. These funds seek to reduce equity market volatility risk for both the contract holder and us.

We charge mortality and expense assessments and administrative fees on variable annuity accounts to cover insurance and administrative expenses. These assessments are built into accumulation unit values, which when multiplied by the number of units owned for any variable fund equals the contract holder’s account balance for that variable fund. In addition, for some contracts, we impose surrender charges, which are typically applicable to withdrawals during the early years of the annuity contract, with a declining level of surrender charges over time.

We offer guaranteed benefit riders with certain of our variable annuity products, such as a guaranteed death benefit (“GDB”), a guaranteed withdrawal benefit (“GWB”), a guaranteed income benefit (“GIB”) and a combination of such benefits.

The GDB features offered include those where we contractually guarantee to the contract holder that upon death, depending on the particular product, we will return no less than: the current contract value; the total deposits made to the contract, adjusted to reflect any partial withdrawals; the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted to reflect any partial withdrawals following the contract anniversary; or an earnings enhancement on gains in the contract.

We offer the optional Lincoln ProtectedPaySM lifetime income suite, which provides a GWB and includes: Secure Core, Secure Plus and Secure Max, and Select Core, Select Plus and Select Max. All provide contract holders with protected lifetime income that is based on a maximum rate of the income base that grows annually for a specified period of time at the greater of a specified simple rate or account balance growth. The riders provide higher income if the contract holder delays withdrawals. The Secure Core and Select Core riders are hybrid benefit riders combining aspects of GWB and GIB that provide a specified maximum rate of income. The Secure Plus and Secure Max riders and Select Plus and Select Max riders provide contract holders with protected lifetime income up to a specified maximum rate

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of the income base and a lower specified maximum rate of the income base if the account balance falls to zero. Contract holders under the Secure riders are subject to the allocation of their account balance to our Managed Risk Strategies fund options and certain fixed-income options. Contract holders under the Select riders are subject to restrictions on the allocation of their account balance within the various investment choices.

We also offer the American Legacy® Target Date Income variable annuity with an optional Target Date Income Benefit rider, which combines target date investing with a protected lifetime income. Contract holders who elect the Target Date Income Benefit are automatically allocated to the Target Date Fund based on their year of birth. The protected lifetime income is based on a percentage rate

of income for their age at the time of purchase of the optional rider, which will grow at the greater of a specified simple rate (available each year a withdrawal is not taken for a specified period of time) or account balance growth.

In addition, we offer the i4LIFE® Advantage and i4LIFE Advantage Guaranteed Income Benefit (Managed Risk) riders. These riders allow variable annuity contract holders access and control during a portion of the income distribution phase of their contract. In general, GIB is an optional feature available with the i4LIFE Advantage rider and a non-optional feature on the i4LIFE Advantage Guaranteed Income Benefit (Managed Risk) rider that guarantees regular income payments will not fall below the greater of a minimum income floor set at benefit issue and 75% of the highest income payment on a specified anniversary date (reduced for any subsequent withdrawals). Contract holders under the i4LIFE Advantage Guaranteed Income Benefit (Managed Risk) rider are subject to the allocation of their account balance to our Managed Risk Strategies fund options and certain fixed-income options.

We also offer the 4LATER® Select Advantage rider. This rider provides a minimum income base used to determine the GIB floor when a client begins income payments under the i4LIFE Advantage Select Guaranteed Income Benefit rider. The 4LATER Select Advantage rider provides growth during the accumulation phase through both an enhancement to the income base each year a withdrawal is not taken for a specified period of time and an annual step-up of the income base to the current contract value. Contract holders under the 4LATER Select Advantage rider are subject to restrictions on the allocation of their account balance within the various investment choices.

We design and actively manage the features and structure of our guaranteed benefit riders to maintain a competitive suite of products consistent with profitability and risk management goals. These GLB riders are reinsured among various reinsurance counterparties on either a modified coinsurance or coinsurance basis. We cede a portion of the GLB riders to Lincoln National Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Limited (“LNBAR”) on a modified coinsurance basis. The modified coinsurance basis includes a dynamic hedging strategy designed to mitigate selected risk. For more information on our hedging program, see “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Market Risk Benefits” in the MNA. For information regarding risks related to our guaranteed benefits, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Changes in the equity markets, interest rates and/or volatility affect the profitability of our products with guaranteed benefits; therefore, such changes may have a material adverse effect on our business and profitability.”

Fixed Annuities

A fixed annuity preserves the principal value of the contract while guaranteeing a minimum interest rate to be credited to the accumulation value. Our fixed annuity product offerings consist of traditional fixed-rate and fixed indexed deferred annuities, as well as fixed-rate immediate and deferred income annuities with various payment options, including lifetime incomes. Fixed annuity contracts are general account obligations. We bear the investment risk for fixed annuity contracts. To protect from premature withdrawals, we impose surrender charges. Surrender charges are typically applicable during the early years of the annuity contract, with a declining level of surrender charges over time. On most policies, within the surrender charge period, we also have a market value adjustment provision that protects us against disintermediation risk in the case of rapidly rising interest rates. We expect to earn a spread between what we earn on the underlying general account investments supporting the fixed annuity product line and what we credit to our fixed annuity contract holders’ accounts.

We offer single and flexible premium fixed deferred annuities. Single premium fixed deferred annuities are contracts that allow only a single premium to be paid. Flexible premium fixed deferred annuities are contracts that allow multiple premium payments, subject to contractual limits, on either a scheduled or non-scheduled basis.

Our fixed indexed annuities allow the contract holder to choose between a fixed interest crediting rate and an indexed interest crediting rate, which is based on the performance of the S&P 500® Index, the S&P 500 Daily Risk Control 5%TM Index, the S&P 500 Daily Risk Control 10%TM Index, the J.P. Morgan First Trust Balanced Capital Strength 6SM Index, the J.P. Morgan First Trust Balanced Capital Strength 5SM Index, the BlackRock Dynamic Allocation Index, or the Fidelity AIMSM Dividend Index. The indexed interest credit is guaranteed never to be less than zero.

We use derivatives to hedge the equity market risk associated with our fixed indexed annuity products. For more information on our hedging program, see “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Derivatives” in the MNA.

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RILA

Lincoln Level Advantage® is our RILA product. Lincoln Level Advantage provides the contract holder the ability to direct the investment of premium deposits into one or more variable funds and/or indexed accounts offered through the product. The value of the variable sub-accounts varies with the performance of the underlying variable funds chosen by the contract holder. The index interest crediting rate for an indexed account is based, in part, on the performance of an index. The available indices are the S&P 500® Index, the Russell 2000® Index, the MSCI EAFE, the Capital Strength Net Fee IndexSM, the First Trust American Leadership IndexTM and the NASDAQ-100 Index®.

We charge mortality and expense assessments and administrative fees on the variable funds to cover insurance and administrative expenses. These assessments are built into accumulation unit values, which when multiplied by the number of units owned for any variable fund equals the contract holder’s account balance for that variable fund. In addition, for some contracts, we impose surrender charges, which are typically applicable during the early years of the annuity contract, with a declining level of surrender charges over time.

We offer a GDB rider where we contractually guarantee to the contract holder that upon death, depending on the particular product, we will return no less than the current contract value or the total deposits made to the contract, adjusted to reflect any partial withdrawals.

We also offer the i4LIFE® Advantage rider. This rider allows annuity contract holders access and control during a portion of the income distribution phase of their contract. This added flexibility allows the contract holder to access the account balance for transfers and additional withdrawals.

We use derivatives to hedge the equity market risk associated with our indexed variable annuity products. For more information on our hedging program, see “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Derivatives” in the MNA.

Distribution

The Annuities segment distributes its individual fixed and variable annuity products through LFD. LFD’s distribution channels give the Annuities segment access to its target markets. LFD distributes the segment’s products to a large number of financial intermediaries, including LFN. The financial intermediaries include wire/regional firms, independent financial planners, financial institutions, registered investment advisers and managing general agents.

Competition

The annuities market is very competitive and consists of many companies, with no one company dominating the market for all products. The Annuities segment competes with numerous other financial services companies. The main factors upon which entities in this market compete are distribution channel access and the quality of wholesalers, investment performance, cost, breadth of product portfolio and features, speed to market, brand recognition, financial strength ratings, crediting rates and client service.

LIFE INSURANCE

Overview

The Life Insurance segment focuses on the creation and protection of wealth for its clients by providing life insurance products, including term insurance, both single (including universal life insurance (“UL”), COLI and BOLI) and survivorship versions of indexed universal life insurance (“IUL”) and variable universal life insurance (“VUL”) products, linked-benefit products (which are UL and VUL with riders providing for long-term care costs), and critical illness and long-term care riders, which can be attached to IUL or VUL policies. Some of our products include secondary guarantees, which are discussed more fully below. Generally, this segment has higher sales during the second half of the year with the fourth quarter being the strongest.

Similar to the annuity product classifications described above, life products can be classified as “fixed” (including indexed) or “variable” contracts. These classifications describe whether we or the contract holders bear the primary investment risk of the assets supporting the policy. This also determines the manner in which we earn investment margin profits from these products, either as investment spreads for fixed products or as asset-based fees charged to variable products.

In general, the Life Insurance segment’s sources of revenue include premium payments, cost of insurance assessments, expense and fee charges and investment income. In turn, this segment incurs expenses, which include paying death claims, long-term care claims, and surrender benefits, crediting interest, and accruing reserves for future claim payments, as well as other expenses related to the business. The difference between revenue earned and expenses incurred is the profit for the Life Insurance business. Profitability, including fluctuations from period to period, is impacted by factors such as changes in sales of products, mortality experience (the frequency and magnitude of mortality claims paid during a given period), persistency and investment income. The impact of each factor varies by product type.

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Products

We offer four categories of life insurance products, consisting of:

UL and IUL

UL insurance products provide life insurance with account balances that earn rates of return solely based on company-declared interest rates. Contract holder account balances are invested in our general account investment portfolio, so we bear the risk of investment performance. Our fixed IUL products function similarly to a traditional UL policy, with the added flexibility of allowing contract holders to have portions of their account balances earn credits based on the performance of indexes such as the S&P 500® Index. These products include Lincoln WealthPreserve® IUL and Lincoln WealthAccumulate® IUL.

In a UL contract, contract holders typically have flexibility in the timing and amount of premium payments and the amount of death benefit, provided there is sufficient account balance to cover all policy charges for cost of insurance and expenses for the coming period. Under certain contract holder options and market conditions, the death benefit amount may increase or decrease. Premiums received on a UL product, net of expense loads and charges, are added to the contract holder’s account balance and accrued with interest. The client has access to their account balance (or a portion thereof), less surrender charges and policy loan payoffs, through contractual liquidity features such as loans, partial withdrawals and full surrenders. Loans and withdrawals reduce the death benefit amount payable and are limited to certain contractual maximums (some of which are required under state law), and interest is charged on all loans. Our UL contracts assess surrender charges against the policies’ account balances for full or partial surrenders and certain policy

changes that occur during the contractual surrender charge period.

We offer a survivorship version of our individual IUL products, Lincoln WealthPreserve® SIUL. This product insures two lives with a single policy and pays death benefits upon the second death.

A UL policy with a lifetime secondary guarantee can stay in force, even if the base policy cash value is zero, as long as secondary guarantee requirements have been met. The secondary guarantee requirement is based on the payment of a required minimum premium or on the evaluation of a reference value within the policy, calculated in a manner similar to the base policy account balance, but using different expense charges, cost of insurance charges and credited interest rates. The parameters for the secondary guarantee requirement are listed in the contract. As long as the contract holder pays the minimum premium or funds the policy to a level that keeps this calculated reference value positive, the policy is guaranteed to stay in force. The reference value has no actual monetary value to the contract holder; it is only a calculated value used to determine whether or not the policy will lapse should the base policy cash value be less than zero. During 2022, we discontinued new sales of UL products with secondary guarantees, but we still have an in-force block of such products that we continue to administer.

VUL

VUL products are UL products that provide a return on account balances linked to an underlying investment portfolio of variable funds offered through the product. The value of the variable portion of the contract holder’s account is driven by the performance of the underlying variable funds chosen by the contract holder. As the return on the investment portfolio increases or decreases, that portion of the account balance of the VUL policy will increase or decrease. In addition, VUL products offer a fixed account option that is managed by us. As with fixed UL products, contract holders have access, within contractual maximums, to account balances through loans, withdrawals and surrenders. Surrender charges are assessed during the surrender charge period. Our single life VUL offerings include Lincoln AssetEdge® VUL and Lincoln VULONE insurance products. Our COLI products are also VUL-type products.

We also offer a survivorship version of our individual VUL products, Lincoln SVULONE. This product insures two lives with a single policy and pays death benefits upon the second death.

We offer lifetime guaranteed benefit riders with our Lincoln VULONE and Lincoln SVULONE products. The ONE rider features guarantee to the contract holder that upon death, as long as secondary guarantee requirements have been met, the death benefit will be payable even if the account balance equals zero.

Our secondary guarantee benefits maintain the flexibility of a UL or VUL policy, which allow a contract holder to take loans or withdrawals. Although loans and withdrawals are likely to shorten the time period of the secondary guarantee, the guarantee is not automatically or completely forfeited. Additional premium may be deposited to extend the length of the guarantee. For additional information on our reserves on UL and VUL products with secondary guarantees, see Note 13.

Linked-Benefit Life Products and Products with Critical Illness Riders

Lincoln MoneyGuard®, our linked-benefit life product group, combines UL or VUL with long-term care insurance through the use of a rider or riders. The policy rider allows the contract holder to accelerate death benefits on a tax-free basis in the event of a qualified long-

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term care need, reducing the remaining death benefit, and, once the death benefit is exhausted, offers access to an additional pool of dollars that can be used for qualified long-term care expenses. Certain policies also provide a reduced death benefit to the contract holder’s beneficiary if the death benefit has been fully accelerated as long-term care benefits during the contract holder’s life.

Some life products provide for critical illness or long-term care insurance by the use of riders attached to IUL or VUL policies. These riders allow the contract holder to accelerate death benefits on a tax-free basis in the event of a qualified condition.

Term Life Insurance

Term life insurance provides a fixed death benefit for a scheduled period of time. Our term life insurance products give the contract holder the option to convert into a UL, IUL or VUL product. Scheduled policy premiums are required to be paid at least annually. These products include Lincoln TermAccel® Level Term and Lincoln LifeElements® Level Term.

Distribution

The Life Insurance segment’s products are sold through LFD. LFD provides the Life Insurance segment with access to financial intermediaries in the following primary distribution channels: wire/regional firms; independent planner firms (including LFN); financial institutions; and managing general agents/independent marketing organizations. LFD distributes BOLI/COLI products and services to banks and mid- to large-sized corporations, primarily through intermediaries who specialize in one or both of these markets and who are serviced through a network of internal and external LFD sales professionals.

Competition

The life insurance market is very competitive and consists of many companies with no one company dominating the market for all products. Principal competitive factors include product features, price, underwriting and issue process, customer service and insurers’ financial strength. With our broad distribution network, we compete in the three primary needs of life insurance: death benefit protection, accumulation and linked benefits (MoneyGuard). In addition, we use automated underwriting within a defined criteria as well as LincXpress®, a streamlined issue process, both of which are seen as marketplace competitive advantages.

Underwriting

In the context of life insurance, underwriting is the process of evaluating medical and non-medical information about an individual and determining the effect these factors statistically have on mortality. This process of evaluation is often referred to as risk classification. No one can accurately predict how long any individual will live, but certain risk factors can affect life expectancy and are evaluated during the underwriting process.

Claims Administration

Claims service is handled primarily in-house, and claims examiners are assigned to each claim notification based on coverage amount, type of claim and the experience of the examiner. Claims meeting certain criteria are referred to senior claims examiners. A formal quality assurance program is carried out to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of claims examining activities. A network of in-house legal counsel, compliance officers, medical personnel and an anti-fraud investigative unit also support claims examiners. A special team of claims examiners, in conjunction with claims management, focus on more complex claims matters such as claims incurred during the contestable period, beneficiary disputes and litigated claims. Long-term care claims are handled primarily by a third-party administrator.

GROUP PROTECTION

Overview

The Group Protection segment offers group non-medical insurance products and services, including short- and long-term disability, statutory disability and paid family medical leave administration and absence management services, term life, dental, vision and accident, critical illness and hospital indemnity benefits and services to the employer marketplace through various forms of employee-paid and employer-paid plans. Group Protection markets its products and services to employer groups of all sizes, from small companies with fewer than 100 employees to large employers with 10,000 or more employees.

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Products

Disability Insurance and Services

We offer insured coverage for, as well as administrative services for employer self-funded, short- and long-term employer-sponsored group and voluntary disability insurance, which protects an employee against loss of wages due to illness or injury. Short-term disability insurance generally provides weekly benefits for up to 26 weeks following a short waiting period, ranging from 1 to 30 days. Long-term disability insurance provides benefits following a longer waiting period, usually between 90 and 180 days, and provides benefits for a longer period, up to normal (Social Security) retirement age. The monthly benefits provided are subject to reduction when Social Security benefits are also paid. We also provide insured coverage for, as well as administrative services for employer self-funded, state-specific statutory disability and paid family leave programs.

Absence Management

We offer a robust portfolio of absence management services to help employers manage their state and federal family medical and company leave programs (paid and unpaid), as well as accommodation services that help employers identify accommodations that could be made to help claimants return to work (e.g., assistive devices, ergonomic assessments, etc.). Our comprehensive and compliant solutions, with ease of intake, provide coordinated and integrated management expertise to handle both leave and disability events.

Life Insurance

We offer employer-sponsored group term life insurance products including basic, optional, and voluntary term life insurance to employees and their dependents. Additional benefits may be provided in the event of a covered individual’s accidental death or dismemberment.

Dental and Vision

We offer a variety of employer-sponsored group dental insurance plans, which cover a portion of the cost of eligible dental procedures for employees and their dependents. Products offered include: indemnity coverage, which does not distinguish benefits based on a dental provider’s participation in a network arrangement; Preferred Provider Organization (“PPO”) products, on an insured and administrative services only basis, that do reflect the dental provider’s participation in the PPO network arrangement, including an agreement with network fee schedules; a Dental Health Maintenance Organization product that limits benefit coverage to a closed panel of network providers; an in-network-only option that limits benefit coverage to providers in certain states; and self-funded options for groups with more than 200 employees.

We also offer comprehensive employer-sponsored fully insured vision plans with a wide range of benefits for protecting employees’ and their covered dependents’ sight and vision health. All plans provide access to a national network of providers, with in and out-of-network benefits.

Accident, Critical Illness and Hospital Indemnity Insurance

We offer employer-sponsored group accident insurance products for employees and their covered dependents. This product is predominantly purchased on an employee-paid basis. Accident insurance provides scheduled benefits for over 30 types of benefit triggers related to accidental causes, including sports-related injuries, and is available for non-occupational accidents exclusively or on a 24-hour coverage basis.

We also offer employer-sponsored group critical illness insurance to employees and their covered dependents. This product is predominantly purchased on an employee-paid basis. The coverage provides for lump sum payouts upon the occurrence of one of the specified critical illness benefit triggers covered within a critical illness insurance policy. This product also includes benefits and services that assist employees and their family members in the prevention, early detection and treatment of critical illness events.

We also offer hospital indemnity insurance as part of our suite of supplemental health solutions. Similar to our employer-sponsored group accident and critical illness insurance, hospital indemnity is offered to employees and their covered dependents and is predominantly purchased on an employee-paid basis. Hospital indemnity insurance provides scheduled benefits for hospital admission and daily confinement, as well as over 20 benefit triggers related to hospitalization due to an accident and/or illness.

Distribution

The Group Protection segment’s products are marketed primarily through a national distribution system. The managers and marketing representatives develop business through employee benefit brokers, consultants, and other employee benefit firms that work with employers to provide access to our products.

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Competition

The group protection marketplace is very competitive. Principal competitive factors include product features, price, quality of customer service and claims management, technological capabilities, quality and efficiency of distribution and financial strength ratings. In this market, the Group Protection segment competes nationally with a number of major companies and regionally with other companies offering all or some of the products within our product set. In addition, there is competition in attracting brokers to actively market our products and attracting and retaining sales representatives to sell our products. Key competitive factors in attracting brokers include product offerings and features, financial strength, support services and compensation.

Underwriting

The Group Protection segment’s underwriters evaluate the risk characteristics of each employer group. Generally, the relevant characteristics evaluated include employee census information (such as age, gender, income and occupation), employer industry classification, geographic location, benefit design elements and other factors. The segment employs detailed underwriting policies, guidelines and procedures designed to assist the underwriter to properly assess and quantify risks. Individual underwriting techniques (including evaluation of individual medical history information) may be used on certain covered individuals selecting benefit amounts that are above guarantee issue limits set forth in the insurance policies. For voluntary and other forms of employee paid coverages, minimum participation requirements are used to obtain a better spread of risk and minimize the risk of anti-selection.

Claims Administration

Claims for the Group Protection segment are managed by claim specialists. Claims are evaluated for eligibility and payment of benefits pursuant to the group insurance contract or self-insured plan and in compliance with federal and state laws and regulations. Efficient and accurate disability claims management is especially important to customer service satisfaction and segment results. Financial results can be impacted by both the incidence and the length of approved disability claims. The segment employs a variety of clinical experts, including employee and contract medical professionals and rehabilitation specialists, to evaluate medically supported functional capabilities and to assist in the development of return to work plans. The accuracy and speed of life claims are important customer service and risk management factors. Some life policies include a waiver of premium provision in the event of the insured’s disability. Dental claims management focuses on assisting plan administrators and members with the rising costs of insurance by utilizing tools to optimize dental claims payment accuracy through advanced claims review and validation, improved data analysis, enhanced clinical review of claims and provider utilization monitoring.

RETIREMENT PLAN SERVICES

Overview

The Retirement Plan Services segment provides employers with retirement plan products and services, primarily in the defined contribution retirement plan marketplace. Defined contribution plans are a popular employee benefit offered by employers large and small across a wide spectrum of industries. While our focus is employer-sponsored defined contribution plans, we also serve the defined benefit plan and individual retirement account (“IRA”) markets on a limited basis. We provide a variety of plan investment vehicles, including individual and group variable annuities, group fixed annuities and mutual fund-based programs. We also offer a broad array of plan services including plan recordkeeping, compliance testing, participant education and trust and custodial services through our affiliated trust company, Lincoln Financial Group Trust Company.

Products and Services

The Retirement Plan Services segment currently brings three primary offerings to the employer-sponsored market: LINCOLN DIRECTORSM group variable annuity, LINCOLN ALLIANCE® program and Multi-Fund® variable annuity. The LINCOLN ALLIANCE program is a mutual fund-based recordkeeping platform. These offerings primarily cover the 403(b), 401(k) and 457 plan marketplaces. The 403(b) plans are available to educational institutions, not-for-profit healthcare organizations and certain other not-for-profit entities; 401(k) plans are generally available to for-profit entities; and 457 plans are available to not-for-profit entities and state and local government entities. The investment options for our products encompass the spectrum of asset classes with varying levels of risk and include both equity and fixed-income.

LINCOLN DIRECTORSM group variable annuity is primarily a 401(k) defined contribution retirement plan solution available to small businesses, typically those with plans having less than $10 million in account balances. The LINCOLN DIRECTOR product offers participants a broad array of investment options from several fund families and a fixed account. The Retirement Plan Services segment earns revenue through asset charges and/or separate account charges, which are used to pay our fees for recordkeeping services. We also receive fees from the underlying mutual fund companies for the services we provide, and we earn investment margins on assets in the fixed account. Through the LINCOLN DIRECTOR product, as well the LINCOLN ALLIANCE® product discussed below, we also offer our proprietary YourPath® portfolios, a series of target-date portfolios for employer-sponsored retirement plans. These target-date

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portfolios are managed along multiple risk-based paths to support a more personalized investment approach based upon financial circumstances and risk tolerance. These target-date portfolios are also available with an income solution in the form of a GWB.

The LINCOLN ALLIANCE program is a defined contribution retirement plan solution aimed at small, mid-large and large market employers, typically those that have defined contribution plans with $10 million or more in account balance. The target market is primarily healthcare providers, public sector employers, corporations and educational institutions. The program bundles our traditional fixed annuity products with the employer’s choice of mutual funds, along with recordkeeping, plan compliance services and customized employee education services. The program allows the use of any mutual fund. We earn fees for our recordkeeping and educational services and other services that we provide to plan sponsors and participants. We also earn investment spreads on fixed annuities.

Multi-Fund® variable annuity is a defined contribution retirement plan solution with fully bundled administrative services and investment choices for small- to mid-sized healthcare, education, governmental and not-for-profit employers sponsoring 403(b), 457(b) and 401(a)/(k) plans. The product is available to the employer through the Multi-Fund group variable annuity contract or directly to the individual participant through the Multi-Fund Select variable annuity contract. We earn mortality and expense charges, investment income on the fixed account and surrender charges from this product. We also receive fees for services that we provide to funds in the underlying separate accounts.

Additionally, we offer other products and services that complement our primary offerings:

•The Lincoln Next Step® series of products is a suite of mutual fund-based IRAs available exclusively for participants in Lincoln-serviced retirement plans and their spouses. The products can accept rollovers and transfers from other providers as well as ongoing contributions. The Lincoln Next Step IRA product has no annual account charges and offers an array of mutual fund investment options provided by 20 fund families all offered at net asset value. The Lincoln Next Step Select IRA has an annual record keeping charge and offers an even wider array of mutual fund investment options from over 20 families, all at net asset value. We earn 12b-1 and service fees on the mutual funds within the product.

•Through a group annuity contract, we offer a series of products intended to fulfill future needs of retirement security for our clients. By offering a GWB inside a retirement plan, we provide plan sponsors a solution that gives participants the ability to participate in the market and receive guaranteed income for life while still maintaining access to their plan account balance. These products are available both to retirement plans where we provide plan recordkeeping services and those where we do not.

•Through a group annuity contract or funding agreement, we offer fixed return products to retirement plans and other institutional contract holders where we do not provide plan recordkeeping services. The fixed annuity or funding agreement is used within small, mid-large and large employer plan sponsors or institutional investors. The contract provides a conservative investment option for those seeking stability. In some cases, we earn investment spreads on assets in the fixed account, and in other product versions we earn a fee on assets in the underlying custodial account.

Distribution

Retirement Plan Services products are primarily distributed in two ways: through our Institutional Retirement Distribution team and by LFD. These teams distribute these products through advisers, consultants, banks, wirehouses and individual planners. We remain focused on wholesaler productivity, increasing relationship management expertise and growing the number of broker-dealer relationships.

The Multi-Fund program is sold primarily by affiliated advisers. The LINCOLN ALLIANCE program is sold primarily through consultants, registered independent advisers and both affiliated and non-affiliated financial advisers, planners and wirehouses. LINCOLN DIRECTOR group variable annuity is sold in the small plan marketplace by intermediaries, including financial advisers and planners.

Competition

The retirement plan marketplace is very competitive and comprised of many providers with no one company dominating the market for all products. As stated above, we compete with numerous other financial services corporations in the small, mid and large employer-size markets. The main factors upon which entities in this market compete are product strength, technology, service model delivery, participant education models, quality of wholesale distribution access to intermediary firms and brand recognition. Our key differentiator is our technology enabled people-connected service model, which leverages digitally focused tools with personalized support and has been shown to drive positive outcomes for plan sponsors and participants.

OTHER OPERATIONS

Other Operations includes the financial data for operations that are not directly related to the business segments. Other Operations includes investments related to our excess capital; corporate investments; benefit plan net liability; the results of certain disability income

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business; our run-off Institutional Pension business in the form of group annuity and insured funding-type of contracts; debt; and Spark program expenses.

REINSURANCE

Our reinsurance strategy is designed to protect us against the severity of losses on individual claims and unusually serious occurrences in which a number of claims produce an aggregate extraordinary loss. Although reinsurance does not discharge us from our primary liabilities to our contract holders for losses insured under the insurance policies, it does make the assuming reinsurer liable to us for the reinsured portion of the risk. Because we bear the risk of nonpayment by one or more of our reinsurers, we primarily cede reinsurance to well-capitalized, highly rated unaffiliated reinsurers. We also utilize inter-company reinsurance agreements to manage our statutory capital position as well as our hedge program for variable annuity guarantees.

As of December 31, 2023, the policy for our reinsurance program was to retain up to $20 million on a single insured life. For more information, see Note 8.

Some portions of our annuity and life businesses have been reinsured on either a coinsurance or a modified coinsurance basis with other companies. In a coinsurance program, the reinsurer shares proportionally in all financial terms of the reinsured policies (i.e., premiums, expenses, claims, etc.) based on their respective percentage of the risk. In a modified coinsurance program, we as the ceding company retain the reserves, as well as the assets backing those reserves, and the reinsurer shares proportionally in all financial terms of the reinsured policies based on their respective percentage of the risk.

In addition, we acquire other reinsurance to cover products other than as discussed above with retentions and limits that management believes are appropriate for the circumstances. For example, we use reinsurance to cover larger life and disability claims in our Group Protection business.

We obtain reinsurance from a diverse group of reinsurers, and we monitor concentration and financial strength ratings of our principal reinsurers. Fortitude Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“Fortitude Re”), Protective Life Insurance Company, Security Life of Denver Insurance Company (a subsidiary of Resolution Life that we refer to herein as “Resolution Life”), Athene Holding Ltd. (“Athene”) and LNBAR, a wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiary of LNC, represent our largest reinsurance exposures. LNBAR is an affiliate of LNL as both are wholly-owned subsidiaries of LNC, but LNBAR is not a subsidiary of LNL. LNBAR assumes risk from LNL under certain variable annuity contracts and certain UL contracts with secondary guarantees.

For more information regarding our reinsurance arrangements and exposure, see “Reinsurance” in the MNA and Note 8. For risks involving reinsurance, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Operational Matters – We face risks of non-collectability of reinsurance and increased reinsurance rates, which could materially affect our results of operations.”

RESERVES

The applicable insurance laws under which insurance companies operate require that they report, as liabilities, policy reserves to meet future obligations on their outstanding policies. These reserves are the amounts that, with the additional premiums to be received and interest thereon compounded annually at certain assumed rates, are calculated to be sufficient to meet the various policy and contract obligations as they mature. These laws specify that the reserves shall not be less than reserves calculated using certain specified mortality and morbidity tables, interest rates and methods of valuation. From time to time, the insurance laws, regulations, or regulatory guidance that specify the mortality and morbidity tables, interest rates and methods of valuation may be changed or interpreted differently, which may result in changes in the required reserves. For more information on reserves, see “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Future Contract Benefits” in the MNA. For information on risks regarding changes in regulations, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legislative, Regulatory and Tax – Our businesses are heavily regulated and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may affect our capital requirements, reduce our profitability, limit our growth or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

See “Regulatory” below for information on permitted practices and proposed regulations that may impact the amount of statutory reserves necessary to support our current insurance liabilities.

For risks related to reserves, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Changes in interest rates and sustained low interest rates may cause interest rate spreads to decrease, impacting our profitability, and make it more challenging to meet certain statutory requirements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Operational Matters – We face risks of non-collectability of reinsurance and increased reinsurance rates, which could materially affect our results of operations.”

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INVESTMENTS

An important component of our financial results is the return on investments. Our investment strategy is to balance the need for current income with prudent risk management, with an emphasis on generating sufficient current income to meet our obligations.

This approach requires the evaluation of risk and expected return of each asset class utilized, while still meeting our income objectives. This approach also permits us to be more effective in our asset-liability management because decisions can be made based upon both the economic and current investment income considerations affecting assets and liabilities. Investments we make must comply with the insurance laws and regulations of our state of domicile and the state of domicile of our insurance subsidiary.

Derivatives are used primarily for hedging purposes. Hedging strategies are employed for a number of reasons including, but not limited to, hedging certain portions of our exposure to changes in interest rate fluctuations, credit risks, foreign exchange risks, equity risks and the market-implied volatilities associated with guaranteed benefit riders available in our variable annuity products.

For additional information on our investments, including carrying values by category, quality ratings and net investment income, see Notes 1 and 4.

FINANCIAL STRENGTH RATINGS

The Nationally Recognized Statistical Ratings Organizations rate the financial strength of LNL and LLANY.

Rating agencies rate insurance companies based on financial strength and the ability to pay claims, factors more relevant to contract holders than investors. We believe that the ratings assigned by nationally recognized, independent rating agencies are material to our operations. There may be other rating agencies that also rate our insurance companies that we do not disclose in our reports.

The insurer financial strength rating scales of AM Best, Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”), Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”) and S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) are characterized as follows:

•AM Best – A++ to D

•Fitch – AAA to C

•Moody’s – Aaa to C

•S&P – AAA to D

As of March 8, 2024, the financial strength ratings of LNL and LLANY, as published by the principal rating agencies that rate us, were as follows:

	AM Best	Fitch	Moody's	S&P
LNL	A	A+	A2	A+
	(3rd highest of 16)	(5th highest of 19)	(6th highest of 21)	(5th highest of 21)
LLANY	A	A+	A2	A+
	(3rd highest of 16)	(5th highest of 19)	(6th highest of 21)	(5th highest of 21)

A downgrade of the financial strength rating of LNL or LLANY could affect our competitive position in the insurance industry and make it more difficult for us to market our products, as potential customers may select companies with higher financial strength ratings. See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Covenants and Ratings – A downgrade in our financial strength ratings could limit our ability to market products, increase the number or value of policies being surrendered and/or hurt our relationships with creditors.”

Our insurer financial strength ratings for LNL and LLANY are on outlook stable except for the ratings assigned by Fitch, which are on outlook negative. All of our ratings are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating agencies, and therefore, no assurance can be given that we or LLANY can maintain these ratings. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.

REGULATORY

Insurance Regulation

Similar to other insurance companies, we are subject to regulation and supervision by the states, territories and countries in which we are licensed to do business. The extent of such regulation varies, but generally has its source in statutes that delegate regulatory, supervisory and administrative authority to supervisory agencies. The U.S. federal government does not directly regulate the insurance industry. In the United States, this power is vested in state insurance departments.

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In supervising and regulating insurance companies, state insurance departments, charged primarily with protecting contract holders and the public rather than investors, enjoy broad authority and discretion in applying applicable insurance laws and regulation for that purpose. We are domiciled in the state of Indiana. LLANY is domiciled in the state of New York.

The insurance departments of the domiciliary states exercise principal regulatory jurisdiction over us. The extent of regulation by the states varies, but, in general, most jurisdictions have laws and regulations governing standards of solvency, adequacy of reserves, reinsurance, capital adequacy, licensing of companies and agents to transact business, prescribing and approving policy forms, regulating premium rates for some lines of business, prescribing the form and content of financial statements and reports, regulating the type and amount of investments permitted and standards of business conduct.

As part of their regulatory oversight process, state insurance departments conduct periodic examinations, generally once every three to five years, of the books, records, accounts and business practices of insurers domiciled in their states. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance regulators of other states under guidelines promulgated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). State and federal insurance and securities regulatory authorities and other state law enforcement agencies and Attorneys General also, from time to time, make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations regarding the compliance by our company, as well as other companies in our industry, with, among other things, insurance laws and securities laws. We, LLANY and our captive reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to periodic financial examinations by their respective domiciliary state insurance regulators. We have not received any material adverse findings resulting from state insurance department examinations of LNL or any of our insurance and captive reinsurance subsidiaries conducted during the three-year period ended December 31, 2023.

State insurance laws and regulations require us and LLANY to file financial statements with state insurance departments everywhere we do business, and our operations and accounts are subject to examination by those departments at any time. We and LLANY prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting practices and procedures prescribed or permitted by these departments. The NAIC has approved a series of statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) that have been adopted, in some cases with minor modifications, by virtually all state insurance departments. Changes in these statutory accounting principles can significantly affect our capital and surplus.

In August 2023, the NAIC approved temporary guidance to allow companies to admit a portion of net negative interest maintenance reserves (“IMR”) as an asset under certain conditions, up to a capital and surplus percentage limit. This guidance became effective for periods ending September 30, 2023, and will sunset on December 31, 2025, and has the effect of modestly increasing our statutory capital and risk-based capital (“RBC”) ratio.

In December 2022, the NAIC approved changes to Actuarial Guideline XLIX (“AG49”) that affect the way insurance companies are permitted to illustrate certain IUL products. We were required to comply with the amended guideline, AG49-B, for any IUL products sold on, or after, May 1, 2023, and such compliance could impact our sales of such products. The NAIC is also considering modifications to the economic scenario generator used to calculate life and annuity reserves according to the Valuation Manual (e.g., VM-20 and VM-21) and the required capital for these life and annuity contracts, as well as certain fixed annuity and single premium life insurance products, which could affect the level and volatility of statutory reserves and required capital for products in scope. These modifications are expected to be implemented by January 1, 2025, at the earliest. Effective December 31, 2022, the NAIC revised the C-2 mortality calculation that resulted in a small decrease in RBC. For more information, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legislative, Regulatory and Tax – Our businesses are heavily regulated and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may affect our capital requirements, reduce our profitability, limit our growth or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.” We are monitoring all potential changes and evaluating the potential impact they could have on our product offerings, financial condition and results of operations.

For more information on statutory reserving and our use of captive reinsurance structures, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital – Statutory Capital and Surplus” in the MNA.

Risk-Based Capital

The NAIC has adopted RBC requirements for life insurance companies to evaluate the adequacy of statutory capital and surplus in relation to investment and insurance risks. The requirements provide a means of measuring the minimum amount of statutory surplus appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations based on its size and risk profile. There are five major risks involved in determining the requirements:

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Category	Name	Description
Asset risk – affiliates	C-0	Risk of declining value of insurance subsidiaries and risk from off-balance sheet
		and other miscellaneous accounts
Asset risk – others	C-1	Risk of assets’ default of principal and interest or fluctuation in fair value
Insurance risk	C-2	Risk of underestimating liabilities from business already written or inadequately pricing
		business to be written in the future
Interest rate risk, health	C-3	Risk of losses due to changes in interest rate levels, risk that health benefits prepaid to
credit risk and market risk		providers become the obligation of the health insurer once again and risk of loss due
		to changes in market levels associated with variable products with guarantees
Business risk	C-4	Risk of general business

A company’s risk-based statutory surplus is calculated by applying factors and performing calculations relating to various asset, premium, claim, expense and reserve items. Regulators can then measure adequacy of a company’s statutory surplus by comparing it to the RBC determined by the formula. Under RBC requirements, regulatory compliance is determined by the ratio of a company’s total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to its company action level of RBC (known as the RBC ratio), also as defined by the NAIC.

Accordingly, factors that have an impact on the total adjusted capital of us and LLANY, such as the permitted practices discussed above or changes in actuarial assumptions that cause us to increase our reserves, will also affect our RBC levels. Four levels of regulatory attention may be triggered if the RBC ratio is insufficient:

•Company action level” – If the RBC ratio is between 75% and 100%, then the insurer must submit a plan to the regulator detailing corrective action it proposes to undertake;

•“Regulatory action level” – If the RBC ratio is between 50% and 75%, then the insurer must submit a plan, but a regulator may also issue a corrective order requiring the insurer to comply within a specified period;

•“Authorized control level” – If the RBC ratio is between 35% and 50%, then the regulatory response is the same as at the “Regulatory action level,” but, in addition, the regulator may take action to rehabilitate or liquidate the insurer; and

•“Mandatory control level” – If the RBC ratio is less than 35%, then the regulator must rehabilitate or liquidate the insurer.

As of December 31, 2023, our RBC ratio and the ratio reported by LLANY to our respective states of domicile and the NAIC all exceeded the “company action level.” We believe that we will be able to maintain our RBC ratios in excess of “company action level” through prudent underwriting, claims handling, investing and capital management. However, no assurances can be given that developments affecting us or LLANY, many of which could be outside of our control, will not cause our RBC ratios to fall below the “company action level” or below our targeted levels, which are significantly higher than the “company action level.” These developments may include, but may not be limited to: changes to the manner in which the RBC ratio is calculated; new regulatory requirements for calculating reserves, such as principles-based reserving; economic conditions leading to higher levels of impairments of securities in our general accounts; and an inability to finance life reserves.

See “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Liquidity and Capital Position – A decrease in our capital and surplus may result in a downgrade to our insurer financial strength ratings” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legislative, Regulatory and Tax – Our businesses are heavily regulated and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may affect our capital requirements, reduce our profitability, limit our growth or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

Privacy and Cybersecurity Regulation

We collect, process and maintain personal information from individuals who interact with our business, which subjects us to numerous privacy laws and regulations. These laws require, among other things, that we institute certain policies and procedures in our business to safeguard this information from improper use or disclosure; disclose our collection, processing, use and sharing practices to individuals; allow individuals, in certain circumstances, to access, correct, and delete their personal information; and, in some cases, allow individuals to opt out of certain data sharing practices. We must also promptly notify and report certain types of incidents involving this data. The laws and regulations vary by jurisdiction, and it is expected that additional laws and regulations will continue to be enacted.

We are also subject to information security laws and regulations that impose governance and compliance obligations applicable to our business. For example, in 2017, the New York Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) enacted a regulation establishing cybersecurity requirements for financial services companies (the “NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation”). The NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation included specific technical safeguards as well as requirements regarding governance, incident planning, training, data management, system testing and regulator notification in the event of certain cybersecurity events. In November 2023, the NYDFS adopted amendments to the NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation. The key changes include enhanced governance requirements, additional

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controls, requirements for more regular risk and vulnerability assessments, as well as more robust incident planning, updated notification requirements and updated training requirements.

While we employ robust and tested privacy and information security programs, as legislatures and regulators establish further laws and regulations for addressing privacy and cybersecurity, we may need to amend our policies and adapt our internal procedures. See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legislative, Regulatory and Tax – Compliance with existing and emerging privacy laws and regulations could result in increased compliance costs and/or lead to changes in business practices and policies, and any failure to protect the confidentiality of personal information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.” For information regarding cybersecurity risks, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Operational Matters – Our information systems or the information systems of third parties on which we rely may experience interruptions, breaches in security and/or a failure of disaster recovery systems that could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation, impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively and increased expenses.”

Securities, Broker-Dealer and Investment Adviser Regulation

In addition to being registered under the Securities Act of 1933, some of our separate accounts as well as mutual funds that we sponsor are registered as investment companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940, and the shares of certain of these entities are qualified for sale in some or all states and the District of Columbia. We also have subsidiaries that are registered as broker-dealers under the Exchange Act and are subject to federal and state regulation, including, but not limited to, the Financial Industry Regulation Authority’s (“FINRA”) net capital rules. In addition, we have subsidiaries that are registered investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Agents, advisers and employees registered or associated with any of our investment adviser or broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to federal securities laws and to examination requirements and regulation by state and federal securities regulators. Regulation also extends to various LNC entities that employ or control those individuals. The SEC and other governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations, as well as state securities commissions in the U.S., have the power to conduct administrative proceedings that can result in censure, fines, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or suspension and termination or limitation of the activities of the regulated entity or its employees. In recent years, there has been increased scrutiny by these bodies across the industry, which has included more extensive examinations, regular sweep inquiries and more detailed review of disclosure documents. Certain of our subsidiaries have been, and may continue to be, the subject of such inquiries and examinations. For more information about regulatory and litigation matters generally, see Note 18.

Standard of Conduct Regulation

As a result of overlapping efforts by the Department of Labor (“DOL”), the NAIC, individual states and the SEC to impose fiduciary-like requirements in connection with the sale of annuities, life insurance policies and securities, which are each discussed in more detail below, there have been a number of proposed or adopted changes to the laws and regulations that govern the conduct of our business and the distribution of our products.

DOL Fiduciary Advice Rule

In 2016, the DOL released the DOL Fiduciary Rule, which became effective in 2017 and substantially expanded the range of activities considered to be fiduciary investment advice under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and the Internal Revenue Code. The DOL Fiduciary Rule was subsequently vacated by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (the “Fifth Circuit”) in March 2018, and in June 2018, the Fifth Circuit issued a mandate stating that the original definition of “fiduciary,” including the original five-part test, would apply going forward.

On October 31, 2023, the DOL again issued a proposed rule to redefine the meaning of “investment advice fiduciary” that would substantially expand the range of activities considered to be fiduciary investment advice under ERISA. The proposal would also amend the applicable prohibited transaction exemptions that allow investment advice fiduciaries to be paid compensation. If finalized as proposed, these revisions would potentially apply to almost all sales to retirement plan participants and IRA investors, resulting in more extensive disclosure and other compliance obligations as well as increased potential legal exposure for those involved in sales activities that would be newly treated as fiduciary advice. After a public comment period, the proposed rule is expected to be finalized and go into effect in the second or third quarter of 2024. It is uncertain at this time whether these changes would have a material impact on our business.

SEC Regulation Best Interest

In 2019, the SEC approved “Regulation Best Interest,” including a new standard of conduct for broker-dealers under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), which requires broker-dealers and their representatives to act in the best interest of retail customers when making recommendations of any securities transaction, without putting their financial interests ahead of the interests of retail customers. The final rule includes guidance on what constitutes a “recommendation” and a definition of who would be

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a “retail customer” in addition to provisions setting forth certain required disclosures, policies and procedures to identify conflicts of interest, and customer-specific best interest obligations.

In addition, the SEC approved the use of a new disclosure document, the customer or client relationship summary, or Form CRS. Form CRS is intended to provide retail investors with information about the nature of their relationship with their investment professional and supplements other more detailed disclosures, including existing Form ADV for advisers and the new disclosures under Regulation Best Interest for broker-dealers. Regulation Best Interest and Form CRS became effective as of September 10, 2019, with a transition period for compliance through June 30, 2020, as of which date broker-dealers were required to be compliant.

Finally, the SEC issued interpretative guidance regarding an investment adviser’s fiduciary obligation under the Advisers Act. The guidance indicates that investment advisers have a fiduciary duty to their clients that includes both a duty of care and a duty of loyalty and further describes an investment adviser’s responsibilities under these fiduciary duties.

State Law Standard of Conduct Rules and Regulations

In addition to the SEC and DOL rules, the NAIC and several states, including Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey and New York, have either enacted or proposed laws and regulations requiring investment advisers, broker-dealers and/or agents to meet a higher standard of care and provide additional disclosures when providing advice to their clients. The recently enacted state laws and regulations have resulted in, and upon adoption by other states such laws and regulations may result in, additional requirements related to the sale of our products. Additional disclosure and other requirements could adversely affect our business by causing us to reevaluate or change certain business practices or otherwise.

If the final DOL fiduciary rule or any additional new rules that are implemented are more onerous than Regulation Best Interest, or are not coordinated with Regulation Best Interest, the impact on our business could be substantial. While we continue to monitor and evaluate the various proposals, we cannot predict what other proposals may be made, or what new legislation or regulation may be introduced or become law. Therefore, until such time as final rules or laws are in place, the potential impact on our business is uncertain.

Fixed Indemnity Excepted Benefits Legislation

On July 7, 2023, the DOL, Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Treasury issued a proposed tri-agency federal rule that would change how hospital indemnity insurance and other fixed indemnity benefits qualify as “excepted benefits” under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”). If finalized as proposed, the rule would change the current structure of these products by only allowing hospital indemnity and other fixed indemnity policies to pay benefits in a fixed dollar amount per day (or other time period) of hospitalization or illness, regardless of the actual or estimated amount of expenses incurred, services or items received, severity of illness or injury experienced by a covered participant or beneficiary, or other characteristics particular to a course of treatment received by a covered participant or beneficiary. Notably, the proposed rule provides that benefits cannot be paid on a per item or per service basis to be an excepted benefit (which is a common plan benefit today). It is uncertain at this time whether these changes could materially adversely impact our business, including sales of our supplemental health products.

Financial Reform Legislation

Since it was enacted in 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”) has imposed considerable reform in the financial services industry. The ongoing implementation continues to present challenges and uncertainties for financial market participants. For instance, the Dodd-Frank Act and corresponding global initiatives imposed significant changes to the regulation of derivatives transactions, which we use to mitigate many types of risk in our business. As we post and collect initial margin in compliance with requirements that began in September 2021, we continue to evaluate the ways we are required to manage our derivatives trading and the attendant liquidity requirements. For more information, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legislative, Regulatory and Tax – Implementation of the provisions of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation relating to the regulation of derivatives transactions subject us to margin requirements, the impact of which remains uncertain.”

As financial services regulatory reform continues to evolve in the U.S. and abroad, and the marketplace continues to respond, the extent to which our derivatives costs and strategies may change and the extent to which those changes may affect the range or pricing of our products remains uncertain.

Additional provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act include, among other things, the creation of a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to protect consumers of certain financial products; and changes to certain corporate governance rules. The Federal Insurance Office established under the Dodd-Frank Act issues annually a wide-ranging report on the state of insurance regulation in the U.S., together with a series of recommendations on ways to monitor and improve the regulatory environment. The ultimate impact of these recommendations on our business is undeterminable at this time.

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Other Federal Legislation

Tax Legislation

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Biden. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 established a new 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for corporations whose average adjusted net income for any consecutive three-year period beginning after December 31, 2022, exceeds $1.0 billion. This provision became effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. Numerous forms of guidance on the provision were published during 2023 by the Internal Revenue Service and U.S. Treasury. While we have determined that we were not within the scope of the corporate alternative minimum tax for 2023, we will continue to evaluate the potential impact of this new alternative minimum tax on our business, results of operations and financial condition in future periods.

We will continue to be actively engaged with policymakers including the Biden Administration to ensure the impacts of tax policy changes on our business and our customers are well understood.

Outside of potential tax law changes, the uncertainty of federal funding and the future of the Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) program can have a substantial impact on the entire group benefit market because SSDI benefits are a direct offset to the benefits paid under group disability policies. Congress alleviated some of this uncertainty by passing the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015. As a result, the 2023 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds, published by the Social Security Administration, projects that the SSDI reserves will not be depleted until 2034.

Health Care Reform Legislation

In March 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which was subsequently amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act. This legislation, as well as subsequent state and federal laws and regulations, includes provisions that provide for additional taxes to help finance the cost of these reforms and substantive changes and additions to health care and related laws, which could potentially impact some of our lines of business. We continue to monitor any efforts by the government to repeal or replace provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the effect those efforts may have on our businesses.

Patriot Act

The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 includes anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws as well as various regulations applicable to broker-dealers and other financial services companies, including insurance companies. Financial institutions are required to collect information regarding the identity of their customers, watch for and report suspicious transactions, respond to requests for information by regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies and share information with other financial institutions. As a result, we are required to maintain certain internal compliance practices, procedures and controls.

SECURE Act

In December 2019, President Trump signed into law the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act (the “SECURE Act”). Most of the provisions of the SECURE Act were effective for plan years beginning after December 31, 2019. Among other things, the provisions of the SECURE Act make it easier for employers to offer lifetime income options in defined contribution retirement plans, facilitate the ability of small employers to offer access to retirement savings vehicles to their employees and increase opportunities for workers to save by enhancing retirement plan automatic enrollment and escalation features. Congress continued to build on the value created by the SECURE Act by passing SECURE Act 2.0 on December 29, 2022. This legislation also helps increase plan adoption and savings opportunities, while also making the offering of lifetime income in plans more feasible. We believe that the financial services industry will continue to benefit from the adoption of these legislative changes through continued or increased savings in retirement and annuity solutions, including through the utilization of our suite of offerings.

ERISA Considerations

ERISA is a comprehensive federal statute that applies to U.S. employee benefit plans sponsored by private employers and labor unions. Plans subject to ERISA include pension and profit-sharing plans and welfare plans, including health, life and disability plans. ERISA provisions include reporting and disclosure rules, standards of conduct that apply to plan fiduciaries and prohibitions on transactions known as “prohibited transactions,” such as conflict-of-interest transactions and certain transactions between a benefit plan and a party in interest. ERISA also provides for a scheme of civil and criminal penalties and enforcement. Our insurance, asset management, plan administrative services and other businesses provide services to employee benefit plans subject to ERISA, including services where we may act as an ERISA fiduciary. In addition, because certain of our businesses provide products and services to ERISA plans, transactions with those plans are subject to ERISA’s prohibited transaction rules, which may affect our ability to enter into transactions, or the terms on which transactions may be entered into, with such plans, even if the business entering into the transaction is unrelated to the business giving rise to party-in-interest status.

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Environmental Considerations

Federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations apply to our ownership and operation of real property. Inherent in owning and operating real property are the risks of hidden environmental liabilities and the costs of any required clean-up. Under the laws of certain states, contamination of a property may give rise to a lien on the property to secure recovery of the costs of clean-up, which could adversely affect our commercial mortgage lending. In several states, this lien has priority over the lien of an existing mortgage against such property. In addition, in some states and under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”), we may be liable, as an “owner” or “operator,” for costs of cleaning-up releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances at a property mortgaged to us. We also risk environmental liability when we foreclose on a property mortgaged to us. Federal legislation provides for a safe harbor from CERCLA liability for secured lenders that foreclose and sell the mortgaged real estate, provided that certain requirements are met. However, there are circumstances in which actions taken could still expose us to CERCLA liability. Application of various other federal and state environmental laws could also result in the imposition of liability on us for costs associated with environmental hazards.

We routinely conduct environmental assessments for real estate we acquire for investment and before taking title through foreclosure to real property collateralizing mortgages that we hold. Although unexpected environmental liabilities can always arise, based on these environmental assessments and compliance with our internal procedures, we believe that any costs associated with compliance with environmental laws and regulations or any clean-up of properties would not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

In addition, certain of our regulators and individual states have proposed or adopted, or may propose or adopt, environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) rules or standards that would apply to our business. For example, in March 2024, the SEC adopted extensive rule changes that will require companies to include certain climate-related disclosures in their registration statements and periodic reports filed with the SEC, subject to a phase-in period with the compliance date dependent on the registrant's filer status, and in October 2023, the Governor of California signed two bills into law that will require significant climate-related disclosures (in some cases beyond the disclosures required by the SEC’s rule) by large entities doing business in that state. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legislative, Regulatory and Tax – Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from investors, customers, regulators and other stakeholders regarding ESG matters may adversely affect our reputation or otherwise adversely impact our business and results of operations” and “– Climate change and climate change regulation may adversely affect our investment portfolio and financial condition.”

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. We have implemented a patent strategy designed to protect innovative aspects of our products and processes which we believe distinguish us from competitors. We currently own several issued U.S. patents.

We have an extensive portfolio of trademarks and service marks that we consider important in the marketing of our products and services, including, among others, the trademarks of the Lincoln National and Lincoln Financial names, the Lincoln silhouette logo and the combination of these marks. Trademark registrations may be renewed indefinitely subject to continued use and registration requirements. We regard our trademarks as valuable assets in marketing our products and services and intend to protect them against infringement and dilution.

HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of 10,968 employees, all based in the United States. LNC’s mission is to help people to plan, protect and retire with confidence by offering products and services across our four core businesses. We believe that every move we make, including how we manage talent, shapes the future we share with our customers, communities and investors. Accordingly, each of our employees has access to important resources designed to, among other things, help them improve their well-being, understand the value of their work, develop their careers and thrive in a diverse and inclusive environment. From the moment our employees become part of our company, they’re empowered to “Be Lincoln” by living and acting with integrity, accountability and passion in their communities, relationships and daily interactions with colleagues and clients. Our enterprise strategy is driven by continued focus on this unique employee culture, including the following key areas:

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

We believe that diversity, equity and inclusion are fundamental to our ability to deliver on our promise to help customers secure their financial futures. Our diversity, equity and inclusion strategy is designed to deliver outcomes based on objectives and milestones in our workplace, marketplace and the broader communities we serve. This strategy ensures that a culture of diversity, equity and inclusion permeates every level of our organization as well as our interactions with partners and suppliers.

LNC’s Board of Directors provides executive oversight of stated priorities, progress and strategic plans to support diversity, equity and inclusion across the enterprise. Our commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion begins at the highest level of management as a formal

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expectation of our leaders and all employees, as part of our performance management process. In 2022, LNC launched an annual Diversity, Equity and Inclusion conference available to all employees, featuring internal and external speakers and educational sessions. Our employees are actively involved in our efforts to further diversity, equity and inclusion at the company and beyond, through the work of LNC’s seven Business Resource Groups (“BRGs”). LNC maintains BRG chapters nationwide across seven categories: African American, Asian American, Latino, LGBTQ +, People with Disabilities, Veterans and Women. Each BRG is sponsored and supported by senior leaders across the enterprise.

Employee Feedback and Employee Engagement

We actively listen to our employees in a variety of ways, including enterprise-wide and department-specific engagement surveys and focus groups, and we gather feedback on an ongoing basis. LNC conducts a comprehensive, company-wide engagement survey every two years, and often conducts department-specific pulse surveys in the alternate years, to inform our human resources strategy, measure progress and adjust plans, as necessary. We focus on equipping our managers to foster employee development and strengthen their voices. We support our managers through tools, resources and development programs to help them be the best leaders possible. We have also created tools to help managers develop and execute on targeted action plans to address areas of opportunity for their work groups.

Talent and Development

Our talent strategy supports our ability to identify, develop, engage, retain and reward the talent we need for success in a competitive environment of constant change. Our employees work together with their managers to learn new skills, create an annual individual development plan and shape their careers. Their collaborative efforts are backed by a variety of resources we make available, which provide tools and resources to help employees discover, assess, plan and invest in their careers. In 2022, LNC launched Get CAREER FIT, an enterprise-wide program to support all employees in creating a specific and targeted development plan. This boot-camp style program includes expert advice, exercises and tools to clarify career aspirations and define specific steps to achieve success. As part of the program, managers attend virtual instructor-led training to support their effectiveness in having development conversations with their direct reports.

Our vision is to foster a premier learning culture, one that enhances leadership effectiveness, accelerates employee development and helps drive business performance. Employees can access a range of learning and development opportunities including numerous instructor-led, self-paced and curated courses. We have partnered with Harvard Business Publishing, a subsidiary of Harvard Business School, to offer courses specifically designed for our mid-level employees and senior level leaders. All of our employees can also access open online courses offered through third-party providers, including TED@Work and Harvard Business Publishing. In 2022, we launched a new Learner Experience Platform that serves as the front door to all of our learning content, courses and programs.

Total Rewards and Employee Well-Being

We invest in our employees’ futures by offering market-competitive compensation and a broad range of health and wellness programs as well as retirement savings, financial health and protection plans. Our employees receive a personalized Your Total Rewards statement that provides a comprehensive look at their direct and indirect compensation - the total investment that we make in them.

We offer paid time off and various flexible work arrangements, as part of a hybrid work model that was informed by direct feedback from our workforce. In addition, we offer benefits and wellness programs focusing on the physical, emotional, social and financial well-being of our employees. For eligible employees, such programs include:

•a subsidized medical plan with domestic partner eligibility, plus optional dental and vision, a health savings account with a company contribution and a healthcare flexible spending account;

•a well-being program that provides access to personal health coaches, health screenings and flu shots, discounts and reimbursements for programs that promote health;

•an employee assistance program (“EAP”) that provides counseling, work/life resources and tools to manage well-being;

•paid parental leave and adoption assistance programs;

•fertility, pregnancy and parenting support;

•a dependent care flexible spending account;

•access to Homework Connection which, provides one-on-one, on-demand homework help to students at no cost to employees;

•dedicated Lincoln Financial Retirement Consultants to evaluate employee retirement readiness and help them map out ways to improve their readiness; in addition to an independent financial wellness advisor for complete financial well-being assistance;

•our employee 401(k) plan with a core company contribution, company matching contribution and other convenient features; and

•hospital indemnity, accident and critical illness insurance coverages, short- and long-term disability plans and company-provided life insurance.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected.

Market Conditions

Weak conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally, both in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world. Major central bank policy actions, inflation, recessionary conditions and political policy uncertainty remain key challenges for markets and our business. These macro-economic conditions have in the past and may in the future have an adverse effect on us given our credit and equity market exposure. In the event of extreme prolonged market events, such as the global credit crisis and recession that occurred during 2008 and 2009, we could incur significant losses. Even in the absence of a market downturn, we are exposed to substantial risk of loss and ratings downgrades due to market volatility.

Factors such as consumer spending, business investment, domestic and foreign government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, the potential for inflation or deflation and uncertainty over domestic and foreign government actions all affect the business and economic environment and, ultimately, the amount and profitability of our business. In an economic downturn characterized by inflation, recessionary conditions, higher unemployment, lower disposable income, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment and lower consumer spending, the demand for our financial and insurance products could be adversely affected. In addition, we have at times experienced, and in the future could experience, an elevated incidence of claims, and we could experience changes in the rate of lapses or surrenders of policies or other changes in consumer behavior as a result of financial stress. Our contract holders may choose to defer paying insurance premiums or stop paying insurance premiums altogether. Adverse changes in the economy have in the past and could in the future affect earnings negatively and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in interest rates and sustained low interest rates may cause interest rate spreads to decrease, impacting our profitability, and make it more challenging to meet certain statutory requirements.

Interest rate fluctuations and/or a sustained period of low interest rates could negatively affect our profitability. Some of our products, principally fixed annuities and UL, including linked-benefit UL, have interest rate guarantees that expose us to the risk that changes in interest rates will reduce our spread, or the difference between the amounts that we are required to pay under the contracts and the amounts we are able to earn on our general account investments intended to support our obligations under the contracts. Spreads are an important component of our net income. Declines in our spread or instances where the returns on our general account investments are not enough to support the interest rate guarantees on these products could have a material adverse effect on our businesses or results of operations. In addition, low rates increase the cost of providing variable annuity living benefit guarantees, which could negatively affect our variable annuity profitability.

In periods when interest rates are declining or remain at low levels, we may have to reinvest the cash we receive as interest or return of principal on our investments in lower yielding instruments reducing our spread. Moreover, borrowers may prepay fixed-income securities, commercial mortgages and mortgage-backed securities in our general account in order to borrow at lower market rates, which exacerbates this risk. Lowering interest crediting rates helps to mitigate the effect of spread compression on some of our products. However, because we are entitled to reset the interest rates on our fixed-rate annuities only at limited, pre-established intervals, and since many of our contracts have guaranteed minimum interest or crediting rates, our spreads could still decrease. For additional information on our guaranteed crediting rates, see “Part II – Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Interest Rate Risk – Interest Rate Risk on Fixed Insurance Businesses – Falling Rates.”

Generally, a decline in market interest rates could also reduce our return on investments that do not support particular policy obligations. During periods of sustained lower interest rates, our recorded policy liabilities may not be sufficient to meet future policy obligations and may need to be strengthened, thereby reducing net income in the affected reporting period. Accordingly, declining interest rates or sustained low-interest rates may materially affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and significantly reduce our profitability. In addition, a decline in or sustained period of low market interest rates may make it more challenging for us to pass certain asset adequacy tests related to statutory reserves, given the required conservatism of some of the regulations with which we must comply. To meet these requirements, we may be required to post asset adequacy reserves, which, depending on the size of the reserve, could materially affect our financial results.

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Increases in interest rates may negatively affect our profitability, capital position and the value of our investment portfolio and may also result in increased contract withdrawals.

Throughout 2022 and into 2023, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds rate target range to combat inflation, with the most recently announced increase in July 2023, when it set the range at 5.25% to 5.50%. In periods of increasing or high interest rates, such as that we are experiencing currently, while higher interest rates will lead to higher yields on our asset portfolios, such increases in yield may be more than offset by increases in crediting rates necessary to keep our interest-sensitive products competitive and potentially higher borrowing costs, thus lowering our spreads. In such a scenario, we may have to accept a lower spread and thus lower profitability or face a decline in sales and greater loss of existing contracts and related assets.

An increase in market interest rates could also have a material adverse effect on the value of our investment portfolio and capital position, for example, by decreasing the estimated fair values of the fixed-income securities that comprise a substantial portion of our investment portfolio. This decline in the fair value of fixed-income securities can have an adverse impact on our capital position, particularly from a GAAP perspective, as the decline in fair value of fixed-income securities may not be offset by a corresponding decline in the value of liabilities due to higher interest rates. An increase in interest rates could also result in decreased fee income associated with a decline in the value of variable annuity account balances invested in fixed-income funds. In addition, statutory capital requirements for certain fixed annuity and single premium life insurance products incorporate stochastic projections that can result in increased capital requirements, particularly as interest rates increase, which may affect our reported RBC ratio.

Increases in interest rates have in the past and may in the future, cause increased surrenders and withdrawals of insurance products. In periods of high or increasing interest rates, policy loans and surrenders and withdrawals of life insurance policies and annuity contracts may increase as contract holders seek to buy products with perceived higher returns. This process may lead to a flow of cash out of our businesses. These outflows may require investments to be sold at a time when the prices of those assets are lower because of the increase in market interest rates, which may result in realized investment losses that reduce our capital position. A sudden demand among consumers to change product types or withdraw funds could lead us to sell assets at a loss to meet the demand for funds. Furthermore, unanticipated increases in withdrawals and terminations may accelerate amortization of our deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and value of business acquired (“VOBA”) assets, which would reduce net income.

Because the equity markets impact the profitability and expected profitability of many of our products, changes in equity markets may significantly affect our business and profitability.

The fee income that we earn on certain products, including variable annuities, is based primarily upon account balances, and the fee income that we earn on VUL policies is partially based upon account balances. Because strong equity markets result in higher account balances, strong equity markets positively affect our net income through increased fee income. Conversely, a weakening of the equity markets results in lower fee income and may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and capital resources.

Changes in the equity markets, interest rates and/or volatility affect the profitability of our products with guaranteed benefits; therefore, such changes may have a material adverse effect on our business and profitability.

Certain of our variable annuity and fixed indexed annuity products include optional guaranteed benefit riders, including GDB (variable annuity only) and GLB riders. The fair value of these guaranteed benefit riders is impacted by changes in equity markets, interest rates, volatility, foreign exchange rates and credit spreads. Accordingly, strong equity markets, increases in interest rates and decreases in volatility will generally decrease the guaranteed benefit riders liability and would result in an increase to our earnings. Conversely, a decrease in the equity markets along with a decrease in interest rates and an increase in volatility will generally result in an increase to the guaranteed benefit riders liability and would result in a decrease to our earnings. Our guaranteed benefit obligations are reinsured by both LNBAR and third-party reinsurance counterparties on either a modified coinsurance or coinsurance basis.

Certain of our VUL products include secondary guarantees. We accrue additional liabilities for these secondary guarantees, and these liabilities are impacted by changes in equity markets. Accordingly, strong equity markets generally decrease these additional liabilities. Conversely, a decrease in the equity markets will generally increase these additional liabilities.

Legislative, Regulatory and Tax

Our businesses are heavily regulated and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may affect our capital requirements, reduce our profitability, limit our growth or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to extensive supervision and regulation in the states in which we do business. The insurance departments of the domiciliary states exercise principal regulatory jurisdiction over us. The extent of regulation by the states varies, but, in general, most jurisdictions have laws and regulations governing standards of solvency, adequacy of reserves, reinsurance, capital adequacy, licensing of companies and agents to transact business, prescribing and approving policy forms, regulating premium rates for some lines of business, prescribing the form and content of statutory financial statements and reports, regulating the type and amount of investments permitted,

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and standards of business conduct. In addition, state insurance holding company laws impose restrictions on certain inter-company transactions and limitations on the amount of dividends that we can pay.

State insurance regulators and the NAIC regularly re-examine existing laws and regulations applicable to insurance companies and their products. Changes in these laws and regulations, or in interpretations thereof, sometimes lead to changes in business practices or additional expense, statutory reserves and/or RBC requirements for the insurer and, thus, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, the NAIC is considering modifications to the economic scenario generator used to calculate annuity and life reserves according to the Valuation Manual (e.g., VM-20 and VM-21) and the required capital for these annuity and life contracts, as well as certain fixed annuity and single premium life insurance products, which could affect the level and volatility of statutory reserves and required capital for products in scope. The economic scenarios are a key input in the statutory reserve and required capital calculations for certain products, such as variable annuities. If the NAIC adopts an economic scenario generator that produces scenarios with characteristics that differ significantly from what the current economic scenario generator prescribed in these calculations would produce under the same circumstances, this could have a significant impact on the statutory reserves and required capital for products in scope upon adoption as well as affect how the statutory reserves and required capital for these products respond to changes in market conditions. We are monitoring all potential changes and evaluating the potential impact they could have on our product offerings and financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 1. Business – Regulatory – Insurance Regulation” for a discussion of additional changes under consideration and recent changes implemented by the NAIC, including changes to principles-based reserving and changes to actuarial guidelines, and the impact of such changes on our business.

Although we endeavor to maintain all required licenses and approvals, our businesses may not fully comply with the wide variety of applicable laws and regulations or the relevant authority’s interpretation of the laws and regulations, which may change from time to time.

Also, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew or revoke licenses and approvals. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the insurance regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or impose substantial fines. Further, insurance regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to issue orders of supervision, which permit such authorities to supervise the business and operations of an insurance company. As of December 31, 2023, no state insurance regulatory authority had imposed on us any material fines or revoked or suspended any of our licenses to conduct insurance business in any state or issued an order of supervision with respect to either LLANY or us that would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Compliance with existing and emerging privacy laws and regulations could result in increased compliance costs and/or lead to changes in business practices and policies, and any failure to protect the confidentiality of personal information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Complying with the numerous privacy laws and regulations to which we are subject and other existing, emerging and changing privacy requirements could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices and policies. Non-compliance could result in monetary penalties or significant legal liability. For more information, see “Item 1. Business – Regulatory – Privacy and Cybersecurity Regulation.”

Many of the employees and associates who conduct our business have access to, and routinely process, personal information (including confidential information from consumers, clients and individuals with whom we have a business relationship) through a variety of media, including information technology systems. Although we rely on various internal processes and controls to protect the confidentiality of personal information that is accessible to, or in the possession of, our employees and our associates, including service providers, distribution partners, independent agents and others, a breach in the security of our information technology systems, a breach in the security of our associate’s information technology systems, or intentional or unintentional actions by an employee or associate could result in the disclosure or misappropriation of individuals’ personal information. State and federal laws and regulations also require us to disclose our data collection and sharing practices to individuals who interact with us and to provide certain individuals with access to certain pieces of their personal information, the right to request correction of their information, the right to request deletion of their information, and the right to opt out of certain tracking, sharing and processing. We rely on various internal processes and associates to report our practices accurately and to respond appropriately to consumer and customer requests. We cannot predict what, if any, actions from U.S. state and federal regulators may be taken if we fail to maintain these processes or if we or our associates fail to comply with our policies or procedures. If we or our associates fail to comply with applicable processes, policies, procedures and controls, misappropriation or intentional or unintentional inappropriate disclosure or misuse of individuals’ personal information, or violation of applicable state or federal laws, could occur. Such an event could materially damage our reputation or lead to regulatory, civil or criminal investigations and penalties, which, in turn, could have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See also “Operational Matters – Our information systems or the information systems of third parties on which we rely may experience interruptions, breaches in security and/or a failure of disaster recovery systems that could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation, impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively and increased expense,” below.

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Compliance with existing and emerging rules and regulations governing the use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) could result in increased compliance costs and/or lead to changes in business practices and policies, and challenges with properly managing the use of AI could result in reputational harm, competitive harm and legal liability.

We analyze personal information to better manage our business. There has been increased scrutiny, including from U.S. state and federal regulators, regarding the use of artificial intelligence on large data sets for activities such as price optimization. In August 2020, members of the NAIC unanimously adopted guiding principles on artificial intelligence to inform and articulate general expectations for businesses, professionals and stakeholders across the insurance industry as they implement artificial intelligence tools to facilitate operations. More recently, in December 2023, the NAIC adopted a model bulletin on the use of AI by insurers, which was intended to remind insurance carriers that decisions impacting consumers that are made or supported by advanced analytical and computational technologies, including AI, must comply with all applicable insurance laws and regulations, including unfair trade practices. The bulletin also sets forth state insurance regulators’ expectations on how insurers should govern the use of such technologies by or on behalf of the insurer to make or support such decisions. Additionally, in October 2023, the White House issued an Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence, which directs federal agencies and departments to create standards and regulations for the use or oversight of artificial intelligence. We cannot predict how existing and emerging guidance, rules and regulations governing the use of AI will be interpreted or applied, or what, if any, actions may be taken regarding AI, but any applicable regulations and limitations could result in increased compliance costs and/or lead to changes in business practices and policies, which could have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, if the data sets, processes or outputs that AI systems produce are or are alleged to be deficient, inaccurate, unfairly biased, lacking in transparency or explainability, or do not meet evolving legal requirements, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. AI also presents emerging ethical issues and if our use of AI becomes controversial, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability. These same risks may affect us if a third-party service provider uses AI. Our use or our service provider’s use of AI systems could also result in cybersecurity incidents that may involve the personal information of end users of such applications. Any such cybersecurity incidents could adversely affect our reputation and business, financial condition and results of operations. For additional information regarding cybersecurity risks, see “Operational Matters – Our information systems or the information systems of third parties on which we rely may experience interruptions, breaches in security and/or a failure of disaster recovery systems that could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation, impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively and increased expenses,” below.

Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from investors, customers, regulators and other stakeholders regarding ESG matters may adversely affect our reputation or otherwise adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Certain existing or potential investors, customers, regulators and other stakeholders evaluate our business or other practices according to a variety of ESG standards and expectations. Certain of our regulators have proposed or adopted, or may propose or adopt, ESG rules or standards that would apply to our business. For example, in March 2024, the SEC adopted extensive rule changes that will require companies to include certain climate-related disclosures in their registration statements and periodic reports filed with the SEC, subject to a phase-in period with the compliance date dependent on the registrant's filer status, and in October 2023, the Governor of California signed two bills into law that will require significant climate-related disclosures (in some cases beyond the disclosures required by the SEC’s rule) by large entities doing business in that state. ESG-related rules, guidance and policies may impose additional costs, cause changes to our corporate governance and risk management practices and expose the industry to new or additional risks.

Our practices may be judged by ESG standards that are continually evolving and not always clear. Prevailing ESG standards and expectations may also reflect contrasting or conflicting values or agendas. We may fail to meet our ESG-related commitments or targets, and our policies and processes to evaluate and manage ESG standards in coordination with other business priorities may not prove completely effective or satisfy investors, customers, regulators or others. We may face adverse regulatory, investor, customer, media or public scrutiny leading to business, reputational or legal challenges, which could adversely affect our reputation or otherwise adversely affect our business and results of operations, including but not limited to the ability to sell products, policyholder retention and increased cost of financing.

Federal or state regulatory actions could result in substantial fines, penalties or prohibitions or restrictions on our business activities that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our broker-dealer and investment adviser subsidiaries as well as our variable annuities and variable life insurance products are subject to regulation and supervision by the SEC, FINRA and/or state securities regulators. Applicable laws and regulations generally grant supervisory agencies and self-regulatory organizations broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the subsidiaries from carrying on their businesses in the event that they fail to comply with such laws and regulations. The foregoing regulatory or governmental bodies, as well as the DOL and others, have the authority to review our products and business practices and those of our agents, advisers, registered representatives, associated persons and employees. These regulatory or governmental bodies may bring regulatory or other legal actions against us if, in their view, our practices, or those of our agents or employees, are improper. In recent years, there has been increased scrutiny by these bodies across the industry, which has included more extensive examinations, regular

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sweep inquiries and more detailed review of disclosure documents. Certain of our subsidiaries have been, and may continue to be, the subject of these examinations and inquiries. These or future regulatory actions could result in substantial fines, penalties or prohibitions or restrictions on our business activities that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Changes to laws or regulations could adversely affect our distribution model and sales of our products and may result in additional disclosure and other requirements related to the sale and delivery of our products and services, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

On July 7, 2023, the DOL, Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Treasury issued a proposed tri-agency federal rule that would change how hospital indemnity insurance and other fixed indemnity benefits qualify as “excepted benefits” under HIPAA. If finalized as proposed, the rule would change the current structure of these products by only allowing hospital indemnity and other fixed indemnity policies to pay benefits in a fixed dollar amount per day (or other time period) of hospitalization or illness, regardless of the actual or estimated amount of expenses incurred, services or items received, severity of illness or injury experienced by a covered participant or beneficiary, or other characteristics particular to a course of treatment received by a covered participant or beneficiary. Notably, the proposed rule provides that benefits cannot be paid on a per item or per service basis to be an excepted benefit (which is a common plan benefit today). While it is uncertain at this time whether these changes could have a material impact on our business, finalization of the rule in its proposed form could adversely impact sales of our supplemental health products, which could adversely affect our business., results of operation or financial condition.

On October 31, 2023, the DOL again issued a proposed rule to redefine the meaning of “investment advice fiduciary” that would substantially expand the range of activities considered to be fiduciary investment advice under ERISA. The proposal would also amend the applicable prohibited transaction exemptions that allow investment advice fiduciaries to be paid compensation. If finalized as proposed, these revisions would potentially apply to almost all sales to retirement plan participants and IRA investors, resulting in more extensive disclosure and other compliance obligations as well as increased potential legal exposure for those involved in sales activities that would be newly treated as fiduciary advice. After a public comment period, the proposed rule is expected to be finalized and go into effect in the second or third quarter of 2024. It is uncertain at this time whether these changes would have a material impact on our business.

In 2019, the SEC approved “Regulation Best Interest,” including a new standard of conduct for broker-dealers under the Exchange Act, which requires broker-dealers and their representatives to act in the best interest of retail customers when making recommendations of any securities transaction, without putting their financial interests ahead of the interests of retail customers. Among other things, the final rule includes provisions setting forth certain required disclosures, policies and procedures to identify conflicts of interest, and customer-specific best interest obligations. Regulation Best Interest became effective as of September 10, 2019, with a transition period for compliance through June 30, 2020, as of which date broker-dealers were required to be compliant.

In addition to the SEC and DOL rules, the NAIC and several states have either enacted or proposed laws and regulations requiring investment advisers, broker-dealers and/or agents to meet a higher standard of care and provide additional disclosures when providing advice to their clients, resulting in additional requirements related to the sale of our products. For more information on these regulations, see “Item 1. Business – Regulatory – Standard of Conduct Regulation.”

Additional disclosure and other requirements related to standards of conduct could adversely affect our business by causing us to reevaluate or change certain business practices or otherwise. If the final DOL fiduciary rule or any additional new rules that are implemented are more onerous than Regulation Best Interest, or are not coordinated with Regulation Best Interest, the impact on our business could be substantial. While we continue to monitor and evaluate the various proposals, we cannot predict what other proposals may be made, or what new legislation or regulation may be introduced or become law. Therefore, until such time as final rules or laws are in place, the potential impact on our business is uncertain.

Changes in U.S. federal income tax law could impact our tax costs and the products that we sell.

Changes in tax laws or interpretations of such laws could increase our corporate taxes and negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. Tax authorities may enact changes in tax law or issue new regulations or other pronouncements that could increase our current tax burden and impose new taxes on our business. Guidance on previously enacted tax law changes could impact our interpretations of existing law and also have an impact on our business. In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Biden. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 established a new 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for corporations whose average adjusted net income for any consecutive three-year period beginning after December 31, 2022, exceeds $1.0 billion. This provision is effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. While we have determined that we were not within the scope of the corporate alternative minimum tax for 2023, we will continue to evaluate the potential impact of this new alternative minimum tax on our business, results of operations and financial condition in future periods.

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Legal and regulatory actions are inherent in our businesses and could result in financial losses or harm our businesses.

We are, and in the future may be, subject to legal and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of our business. Pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings relating to aspects of our businesses and operations that are specific to us and proceedings that are typical of the businesses in which we operate. Some of these legal proceedings have been brought on behalf of various alleged classes of complainants. In certain of these matters, the plaintiffs are seeking large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive or exemplary damages. Substantial legal liability in these or future legal or regulatory actions could have a material financial effect or cause significant harm to our reputation, which in turn could materially harm our business prospects. See Note 18 for a description of legal and regulatory proceedings and actions.

Climate change and climate change regulation may adversely affect our investment portfolio and financial condition.

Climate change and climate change regulation may affect the prospects of companies and other entities whose securities we hold or our willingness to continue to hold their securities. Climate change could also impact our counterparties and other third parties, including, among others, reinsurers and derivatives counterparties. Additionally, the value of investments, including real estate investments we hold, and the broader market indices could be adversely affected, which may impact our product profitability and the ability to write new business. Although we have performed, and will continue to perform, climate change scenario analyses with respect to the investments in portions of our general account, we cannot accurately predict the long-term impacts on us or our portfolio from climate change or related regulation.

Implementation of the provisions of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation relating to the regulation of derivatives transactions subjects us to margin requirements, the impact of which remains uncertain.

The Dodd-Frank Act, and corresponding global initiatives, including the European Market Infrastructure Regulation implemented in 2012, imposed significant changes to the regulation of derivatives transactions, which we use to mitigate many types of risk in our business. The European Market Infrastructure Regulation and matching U.K. rules impose initial margin requirements that largely correspond to the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. As an exception, our Europe-based swap providers may be subject to additional margin requirements with respect to equity options beginning in 2024, which may require us to post and collect additional initial margin. Until the application of initial margin requirements is complete, the impact of these provisions on liquidity and capital resources remains uncertain.

Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect our financial statements.

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP as identified in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards CodificationTM (“ASC”). From time to time, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards or guidance that are incorporated into the FASB ASC. It is possible that future accounting standards we are required to adopt could change the current accounting treatment that we apply to the consolidated financial statements and that such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we are subject to SAP and specific state insurance regulations. Any changes in the method for calculating reserves for our annuity and life insurance products under SAP or applicable state insurance regulations may result in increased reserve requirements.

The NAIC also adopts changes to its regulations from time to time, which, depending on the scope of the change, could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 1. Business – Regulatory – Insurance Regulation.”

Liquidity and Capital Position

Adverse capital and credit market conditions may affect our ability to meet liquidity needs, access to capital and cost of capital.

In the event that our current sources of liquidity do not satisfy our needs, we may have to seek additional financing. The availability of additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the volume of trading activities, the overall availability of credit to the financial services industry, our credit capacity, as well as the possibility that customers or lenders could develop a negative perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects if we incur large investment losses or if the level of our business activity decreases due to a market downturn. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us. Our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient, and in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all.

Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets may also limit our access to capital required to operate our business, most significantly our insurance operations. Such market conditions may limit our ability to replace, in a timely manner, maturing liabilities; satisfy statutory capital requirements; generate fee income and market-related revenue to meet liquidity needs; and access the

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capital necessary to grow our business. As such, we may be forced to delay raising capital, issue shorter term securities than we prefer or bear an unattractive cost of capital which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility. Our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and statutory capital position could be materially adversely affected by disruptions in the financial markets.

A decrease in our capital and surplus may result in a downgrade to our insurer financial strength ratings.

In any particular year, statutory surplus amounts and RBC ratios may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors, including the amount of statutory income or losses generated by us and LLANY (which itself is sensitive to equity market and credit market conditions), the amount of additional capital we or LLANY must hold to support business growth, changes in reserving requirements, such as principles-based reserving, our inability to obtain reserve relief, changes in equity market levels, the value of certain fixed-income and equity securities in our investment portfolio, the value of certain derivative instruments that do not get hedge accounting treatment, changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, as well as changes to the NAIC RBC formulas. The RBC ratio is also affected by the product mix of the in-force book of business (i.e., the amount of business without guarantees is not subject to the same level of reserves as the business with guarantees). In extreme scenarios of equity market declines, the amount of additional statutory reserves that we are required to hold for our VUL insurance guarantees and variable annuity guarantees may increase at a rate greater than the rate of change of the markets. Increases in reserves reduce the statutory surplus used in calculating our RBC ratios. Most of these factors are outside of our control. Our insurer financial strength ratings are significantly influenced by our statutory surplus amounts and RBC ratios. Our RBC ratio is also an important factor in the determination of the credit and financial strength ratings of LNC. For example, shortly after LNC’s announcement in November 2022 that LNC expected decreases to our statutory capital and RBC ratio by the end of 2022, AM Best downgraded the financial strength ratings of us and LLANY, due in part to a decrease in our capital, while Moody’s and Fitch revised their financial strength ratings outlooks for us and LLANY from stable to negative. Further, in October 2023, Moody’s downgraded the financial strength ratings of us and LLANY, due in part to the decrease in our capital resulting from our third quarter 2022 annual assumption review, and revised its ratings outlook from negative to stable for us and LLANY. See “Item 1. Business – Financial Strength Ratings” for a full description of our ratings and ratings outlooks, including our S&P ratings and outlooks, certain of which were also downgraded or revised in November 2022 prior to the above-referenced announcement.

In addition, rating agencies may implement changes to their internal models that have the effect of increasing or decreasing the amount of statutory capital we must hold in order to maintain our current ratings. For example, in November 2023, S&P implemented changes to its insurer RBC capital adequacy model, which could increase the amount of statutory capital we are required to hold in certain scenarios in order to maintain our current ratings. To the extent that our statutory capital resources are deemed to be insufficient to maintain a particular rating by one or more rating agencies, we may seek to raise additional capital through debt financing, which may be on terms not as favorable as in the past.

Alternatively, if we were not to raise additional capital in such a scenario, either at our discretion or because we were unable to do so, our financial strength ratings might be downgraded by one or more rating agencies. For more information on risks regarding our ratings, see “Covenants and Ratings – A downgrade in our financial strength ratings could limit our ability to market products, increase the number or value of policies being surrendered and/or hurt our relationships with creditors” below.

An inability to access our credit facilities could result in a reduction in our liquidity and lead to downgrades in our financial strength ratings.

We rely on our credit facilities as a potential source of liquidity. We also use the credit facilities as a potential backstop to provide statutory reserve credit. If we were unable to access our facility in such circumstances, it could materially impact our capital position. The availability of these facilities could be critical to our financial strength ratings and our ability to meet our obligations as they come due in a market when alternative sources of credit are tight.

In addition, our failure to comply with the covenants in the credit facilities or fulfill the conditions to borrowings, or the failure of lenders to fund their lending commitments (whether due to insolvency, illiquidity or other reasons) in the amounts provided for under the terms of the facilities, would restrict our ability to access these credit facilities when needed and, consequently, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Assumptions and Estimates

As a result of changes in assumptions, estimates and methods in calculating reserves, our reserves for future policy benefits and claims related to our current and future business as well as businesses we may acquire in the future may prove to be inadequate.

We establish and carry, as a liability, reserves based on estimates of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims. For our insurance products, we calculate these reserves based on many assumptions and estimates, including, but not limited to, estimated premiums we will receive over the assumed life of the policies, the timing of the events covered by the insurance policies, the lapse rate of the policies, the amount of benefits or claims to be paid and the investment returns on the assets we purchase with the premiums we receive.

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The sensitivity of our statutory reserves and surplus established for our variable annuity base contracts and riders and VUL contracts to changes in the equity markets will vary depending on the magnitude of the decline. The sensitivity will be affected by the level of account balances relative to the level of guaranteed amounts, product design and reinsurance. Statutory reserves for variable annuities depend upon the cumulative equity market impacts on the business in force, and therefore, result in non-linear relationships with respect to the level of equity market performance within any reporting period.

The assumptions and estimates we use in connection with establishing and carrying our reserves are inherently uncertain. Accordingly, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amount or the timing of the payment of actual benefits and claims or whether the assets supporting the policy liabilities will grow to the level we assume prior to payment of benefits or claims. If our actual experience is different from our assumptions or estimates, our reserves may prove to be inadequate in relation to our estimated future benefits and claims, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, increases in reserves have a negative effect on income from operations in the quarter incurred and could also have a negative impact in future periods. For example, in the third quarter of 2022, we incurred a substantial charge related to the company’s annual review of reserve assumptions, related primarily to updated lapse assumptions related to UL products with secondary guarantees in response to emerging experience, combined with recently validated external industry perspectives. This charge also impacted our statutory capital in the fourth quarter of 2022. For more information on our annual assumption review, including the most recent review conducted in the third quarter of 2023, see “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Annual Assumption Review” in the MNA. For information on impacts to our statutory capital, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Overview” in the MNA.

We may be required to recognize an impairment of our goodwill or to establish a valuation allowance against our deferred income tax assets.

If our businesses do not perform well and/or their estimated fair values decline or the price of LNC’s common stock does not increase, we may be required to recognize an impairment of our goodwill or to establish a valuation allowance against the deferred income tax asset, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For example, during the third quarter of 2022, we recorded goodwill impairment of $634 million related to our Life Insurance segment. Future reviews of goodwill could result in an impairment of goodwill, and such write-downs could have a material adverse effect on our net income and book value, although they would not affect our statutory capital. For more information on goodwill, see “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” in the MNA and Note 9.

If, based on available information, including about the performance of a business and its ability to generate future capital gains, we determine that it is more likely than not that the deferred income tax asset will not be realized, then a valuation allowance must be established with a corresponding charge to net income. Such valuation allowance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For more information on our deferred income tax assets, see Note 23.

The determination of the amount of allowance for credit losses and impairments taken on our investments is highly subjective and could materially impact our results of operations or financial condition.

The determination of the amount of allowances and impairments varies by investment type and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Management updates its evaluations regularly and reflects changes in allowances and impairments in operations as such evaluations are revised. There can be no assurance that our management has accurately assessed the level of impairments taken and allowances reflected in our financial statements. Furthermore, additional impairments may need to be taken or allowances provided for in the future. Historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments or allowances.

With respect to unrealized losses, we establish deferred tax assets for the tax benefit we may receive in the event that losses are realized. The realization of significant realized losses could result in an inability to recover the tax benefits and may result in the establishment of valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets. Realized losses or impairments may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. See “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Investments” in the MNA for additional information.

Changes to our valuation of investments and our methodologies, estimations and assumptions could harm our results of operations or financial condition.

During periods of market disruption or rapidly-changing market conditions, such as significantly rising or high interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, or infrequent trading, or when market data is limited, our investments may become less liquid and we may base our valuations on less-observable and more subjective inputs, assumptions, or methods that may result in estimated fair values that significantly vary by period, and may exceed the investment’s sale price. Decreases in the estimated fair value of our securities may harm our results of operations or financial condition. See “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Investments” in the MNA for additional information.

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Significant adverse mortality experience may result in the loss of, or higher prices for, reinsurance, which could adversely affect our profitability.

We reinsure a portion of the mortality risk on fully underwritten, newly issued, individual life insurance contracts. We regularly review retention limits for continued appropriateness, and they may be changed in the future. In the event that we experience adverse mortality or morbidity experience, a significant portion of that is reimbursed by our reinsurers. Prolonged or severe adverse mortality or morbidity experience could result in increased reinsurance costs and, ultimately, reinsurers being unwilling to offer future coverage. If we are unable to maintain our current level of reinsurance or obtain new reinsurance protection at comparable rates to what we are paying currently, we may have to accept an increase in our net exposures or revise our pricing to reflect higher reinsurance premiums or both. If this were to occur, we may be exposed to reduced profitability and cash flow strain or we may not be able to price new business at competitive rates.

Pandemics and other catastrophes have impacted, and may in the future, adversely impact liabilities for contract holder claims.

Our insurance operations are exposed to the risk of catastrophic mortality and morbidity, such as that caused by a pandemic, an act of terrorism, natural disaster or other event that causes a large number of deaths, injuries or illnesses. In addition, in our group insurance operations, an event that affects the workplace of one or more of our group insurance customers, such as a pandemic or a natural disaster, could also cause a significant loss due to mortality or morbidity claims. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic that emerged in the first quarter of 2020, we experienced higher mortality claim payments due to an elevation in claim incidence. In addition, we experienced an increase in short-term and long-term disability claims related to the pandemic that negatively impacted our earnings. We expect COVID-19-related mortality to continue to follow U.S. death trends. The likelihood, timing or severity of a future pandemic or other catastrophe cannot be predicted. Additionally, the impact of climate change has caused, and may continue to cause, changes in weather patterns, resulting in more severe and more frequent natural disasters such as forest fires, hurricanes, tornados, floods and storm surges. Future pandemics or other catastrophic events could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations in any period and, depending on their severity, could also materially and adversely affect our financial condition.

The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Pandemics, natural disasters and man-made catastrophes, including terrorism, may produce significant damage in larger areas, especially those that are heavily populated. Although our investment, product and physical exposures are diversified (e.g., geographically), reducing the enterprise impact to catastrophic events, claims resulting from natural or man-made catastrophic events could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could materially reduce our profitability or harm our financial condition. Also, catastrophic events could harm the financial condition of our reinsurers and thereby increase the probability of default on reinsurance recoveries. Accordingly, our ability to write new business could also be affected.

Consistent with industry practice and accounting standards, we establish liabilities for claims arising from a catastrophe only after assessing the probable losses arising from the event. We cannot be certain that the liabilities we have established or applicable reinsurance will be adequate to cover actual claim liabilities, and a catastrophic event or multiple catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Operational Matters

We may not realize or sustain all of the benefits we expect from the Spark Initiative, our investments associated with the initiative could be greater than expected, and our efforts with respect to the initiative may result in disruption of our businesses or distraction of our management and employees, which could have a material effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In November 2021, LNC formally communicated a new expense savings initiative, the Spark Initiative, focused on driving efficiencies throughout all aspects of our business, from leveraging automation to simplifying and improving process efficiency. In addition, this program is targeting benefits beyond cost savings, including improving the way we work by focusing on reskilling and upskilling our valuable employee base. The multi-year program has and will continue to require significant investment and resource prioritization. If we do not successfully manage and execute the Spark Initiative, or if the program is inadequate or ineffective, we may not achieve all of the cost savings we expect from the initiative, or projected savings may be delayed or not sustained. In addition, our investments related to the program may be greater than expected, and the work we are undertaking with respect to the initiative could result in disruption of our business or distraction of our management and employees. If any of these risks occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected.

Our enterprise risk management policies and procedures may leave us exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risk, which could negatively affect our businesses or result in losses.

Our policies and procedures to identify, monitor and manage risks may not be fully effective. Many of our methods of managing risk and exposures are based upon our use of observed historical market behavior or statistics based on historical models. As a result, these methods may not predict future exposures, which could be significantly greater than the historical measures indicate, such as the risk of pandemics causing a large number of deaths. Other risk management methods depend upon the evaluation of information regarding markets, clients, catastrophe occurrence or other matters that is publicly available or otherwise accessible to us, which may not always be

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accurate, complete, up-to-date or properly evaluated. Management of operational, legal and regulatory risks requires, among other things, policies and procedures to record properly and verify a large number of transactions and events, and these policies and procedures may not be fully effective.

We face risks of non-collectability of reinsurance and increased reinsurance rates, which could materially affect our results of operations.

We follow the insurance practice of reinsuring with other insurance and reinsurance companies a portion of the risks under the policies written by us and LLANY (known as “ceding”). As of December 31, 2023, we ceded $1.1 trillion of life insurance in force to reinsurers for reinsurance protection. Although reinsurance does not discharge us from our primary obligation to pay contract holders for losses insured under the policies we issue, reinsurance does make the assuming reinsurer liable to us or LLANY for the reinsured portion of the risk. For more information regarding our reinsurance arrangements and exposure, see “Reinsurance” in the MNA and Note 8.

The collectability of reinsurance is largely a function of the solvency of the individual reinsurers. We perform due diligence on all reinsurers, including, but not limited to, a review of creditworthiness prior to entering into any reinsurance transaction, and we review our reinsurers on an ongoing basis to monitor credit ratings. To support balances due and allow reserve credit when reinsurance is obtained from reinsurers not authorized to transact business in the applicable jurisdictions, we also require assets in trust, LOCs or other acceptable collateral. Despite these measures, the insolvency, inability or unwillingness to make payments under the terms of a reinsurance contract by a large reinsurer or multiple reinsurers could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For information on reinsurance-related credit losses, see Note 8.

Reinsurers also may attempt to increase rates with respect to our existing reinsurance arrangements. The ability of our reinsurers to increase rates depends upon the terms of each reinsurance contract. Some of our reinsurance contracts contain provisions that limit the reinsurer’s ability to increase rates on in-force business. An increase in reinsurance rates may affect the profitability of our insurance business. Additionally, such a rate increase could result in our recapture of the business, which may result in a need for additional reserves and increase our exposure to claims. In recent years, we have faced a number of rate increase actions on in-force business, and reinsurers have initiated, and may in the future initiate, legal proceedings against us. Our management of these rate increase actions and the outcomes of legal proceedings have not to date had a material effect on our results of operations or financial condition, but we can make no assurance regarding the impact of future rate increase actions or outcomes of legal proceedings. See Note 18 for a description of reinsurance-related actions.

Competition for our employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the highly skilled people we need to support our business.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees. Intense competition exists for employees with demonstrated ability, and the competition for talent has increased in recent years. In addition, opportunities to work remotely have expanded the reach of recruiters and options for employees. As a result of this competition, we may be unable to hire or retain the qualified employees we need to support our business. Further, the unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key employees could have a material adverse effect on our operations due to their skills, knowledge of our business, their years of industry experience and the potential difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement employees. We compete with other financial institutions primarily on the basis of our products, compensation, support services and financial condition. Sales in our businesses and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected if we are unsuccessful in attracting and retaining employees, including financial advisers, wholesalers and other employees, as well as independent distributors of our products.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.

We may have to litigate to enforce and protect our intellectual property, which represents a diversion of resources that may be significant and may not prove successful. The loss of intellectual property protection or the inability to secure or enforce the protection of our intellectual property assets could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to compete.

We also may be subject to costly litigation in the event that another party alleges our operations or activities infringe upon another party’s intellectual property rights. If we were found to have infringed a third-party patent or other intellectual property rights, we could incur substantial liability, and in some circumstances could be enjoined from providing certain products or services to our customers, or alternatively could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our information systems or the information systems of third parties on which we rely may experience interruptions, breaches in security and/or a failure of disaster recovery systems that could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation, impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively and increased expense.

Our information systems are critical to the operation of our business. We collect, process, maintain, retain and distribute large amounts of personal financial and health information and other confidential and sensitive data about individuals with whom we interact in the ordinary course of our business. Our business therefore depends on the public’s willingness to entrust us with their personal information.

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Any failure, interruption or breach in security could result in disruptions to our critical systems and adversely affect these relationships. In addition, our flexible hybrid work model, which allows the majority of our employees to work remotely on a regular basis, could increase our operational risk in these areas, including, but not limited to, cybersecurity risks, discussed further below.

Publicly reported cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats and incidents have increased over recent periods, including a proliferation of ransomware attacks. Although our computer systems have in the past been, and will likely in the future be, subject to or targets of unauthorized or fraudulent access, to date, we have not had a material security breach. While we employ a robust and tested information security program, the preventative actions we take to reduce the incidence and severity of cyber incidents and protect our information technology may be insufficient to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, cyberattacks, including ransomware and malware attacks, attacks targeting remote workers, compromised credentials, fraud, other security breaches or other unauthorized access to our computer systems, and, given the increasing sophistication of cyberattacks, in some cases, such incidents could occur and persist for an extended period of time without detection. As a result, there can be no assurance that any such failure, interruption or security breach will not occur or, if any does occur, that it will be detected in a timely manner or that it can be sufficiently remediated. Such an occurrence may impede or interrupt our business operations, adversely affect our reputation or lead to increased expense, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the event of a disaster such as a natural catastrophe, pandemic, epidemic, industrial accident, blackout, computer virus, terrorist attack, cyberattack or war, unanticipated problems with our disaster recovery systems could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business and on our results of operations and financial condition, particularly if those problems affect our computer-based data processing, transmission, storage and retrieval systems and destroy valuable data. In addition, in the event that a significant number of our managers were unavailable following a disaster, our ability to effectively conduct business could be severely compromised. These interruptions also may interfere with our suppliers’ ability to provide goods and services and our employees’ ability to perform their job responsibilities.

The failure of our computer systems and/or our disaster recovery plans for any reason could cause significant interruptions in our operations and result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to our customers. The occurrence of any such failure, interruption or security breach of our systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and financial liability. Depending on the nature of the information compromised, in the event of a data breach or other unauthorized access to our customer data, we may also have obligations to notify affected individuals about the incident, and we may need to provide some form of remedy, such as a subscription to a credit monitoring service, for the individuals affected by the incident. For more information, see “Legislative, Regulatory and Tax – State Regulation – Compliance with existing and emerging privacy laws and regulations could result in increased compliance costs and/or lead to changes in business practices and policies, and any failure to protect the confidentiality of personal information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

Although we conduct due diligence, negotiate contractual provisions and, in many cases, conduct periodic reviews of our vendors and other third party suppliers with whom we contract and who we believe may pose a cybersecurity threat to the Company, our customers or our business partners due to the type of services they provide and/or confidential information they may be handling to confirm compliance with our information security standards, the failure of such third parties’ computer systems and/or their disaster recovery plans for any reason might cause significant interruptions in our operations and result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to our customers. Although such third parties’ computer systems have in the past been, and will likely in the future be, subject to or targets of unauthorized or fraudulent access, to date, our business, financial condition and results of operations have not been materially affected by such a cybersecurity incident at a third party. The occurrence of such a failure, interruption or security breach of the systems of third parties could harm our reputation, subject us to regulatory sanctions and legal claims, lead to a loss of customers, clients, agents and revenues and otherwise adversely affect our business and financial results.

Finally, our cyber liability insurance may not be sufficient to protect us against all losses resulting from any cyberattack or other interruption, breach in security or failure of our disaster recovery systems.

For more information on our cybersecurity risk management and strategy and governance, see “Item 1C. Cybersecurity.” We are also subject to information security laws and regulations that impose governance and compliance obligations applicable to our business. For more information, see “Item 1. Business – Regulatory – Privacy and Cybersecurity Regulation.”

Acquisitions and dispositions of businesses may not produce anticipated benefits and could result in operating difficulties, unforeseen liabilities or asset impairments, which may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

We may from time to time engage in acquisitions of businesses. Once completed, an acquired business may not perform as projected, expense and revenue synergies may not materialize as expected and costs associated with the integration may be greater than anticipated. Our financial results could be adversely affected by unanticipated performance issues, unforeseen liabilities, transaction-related charges,

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diversion of management time and resources to acquisition integration challenges or growth strategies, loss of key employees or customers, amortization of expenses related to intangibles, charges for impairment of long-term assets or goodwill and indemnifications. Factors such as receiving the required governmental or regulatory approvals to merge the acquired entity, delays in implementation or completion of transition activities or a disruption to our or the acquired entity’s business could impact our results.

We may from time to time dispose of business or blocks of in-force business through outright sales, reinsurance transactions or by alternate means. For example, on December 14, 2023, LNC announced that it had entered into an agreement to sell all of the ownership interests in its subsidiaries comprising its wealth management business. After a disposition, we may remain liable to the acquirer or to third parties for certain losses or costs arising from the divested business or on other bases. We also may not realize the anticipated profit on a disposition or incur a loss on the disposition. In anticipation of any disposition, we may need to restructure our operations, which could disrupt such operations and affect our ability to recruit key personnel needed to operate and grow such business pending the completion of such transaction. In addition, the actions of key employees of the business to be divested could adversely affect the success of such disposition as they may be more focused on obtaining employment, or the terms of their employment, than on maximizing the value of the business to be divested. Furthermore, transition services or tax arrangements related to any such disposition could further disrupt our operations and may impose restrictions, liabilities, losses or indemnification obligations on us. Depending on its particulars, a disposition could increase our exposure to certain risks, such as by decreasing the diversification of our sources of revenue. Moreover, we may be unable to timely dissolve all contractual relationships with the divested business in the course of the proposed transaction, which may materially adversely affect our ability to realize value from the disposition. Such disposition could also adversely affect our internal controls and procedures and impair our relationships with key customers, distributors and suppliers. An interruption or significant change in certain key relationships could materially affect our ability to market our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Covenants and Ratings

A downgrade in our financial strength ratings could limit our ability to market products, increase the number or value of policies being surrendered and/or hurt our relationships with creditors.

A downgrade of the financial strength rating of us or LLANY could affect our competitive position in the insurance industry by making it more difficult for us to market our products, as potential customers may select companies with higher financial strength ratings, and by leading to increased withdrawals by current customers seeking companies with higher financial strength ratings. This could lead to a decrease in fees as net outflows of assets increase, and therefore, result in lower fee income and lower spread income. Furthermore, sales of assets to meet customer withdrawal demands could also result in losses, depending on market conditions.

Our ratings and the ratings of LLANY are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating agencies, and therefore, no assurance can be given that we or LLANY can maintain our current ratings. See “Item 1. Business – Financial Strength Ratings” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Ratings” in the MNA for a description of our ratings. See also “Liquidity and Capital Position – A decrease in our capital and surplus may result in a downgrade to our insurer financial strength ratings” above.

Certain blocks of our insurance business purchased from third-party insurers under indemnity reinsurance agreements may require us to place assets in trust, secure letters of credit or return the business, if the financial strength ratings and/or capital ratios of us or LLANY are not maintained at specified levels.

Under certain indemnity reinsurance agreements, we and LLANY provide 100% indemnity reinsurance for the business assumed; however, the third-party insurer, or the “cedent,” remains primarily liable on the underlying insurance business. These indemnity reinsurance arrangements require that we, as the reinsurer, maintain certain insurer financial strength ratings and capital ratios. If these ratings or capital ratios are not maintained, depending upon the reinsurance agreement, the cedent may recapture the business, or require us to place assets in trust or provide LOCs at least equal to the relevant statutory reserves. See “Item 1. Business – Reinsurance” for a discussion of the indemnity reinsurance arrangements and the financial strength ratings and/or capital ratios that are required to be maintained under such arrangements. As of December 31, 2023, our and LLANY’s financial strength ratings and RBC ratios exceeded the ratings and ratios required under each agreement. See “Item 1. Business – Financial Strength Ratings” for a description of our financial strength ratings. See “Reinsurance” in the MNA for additional information on these indemnity reinsurance agreements.

If the cedent recaptured the business, we and LLANY would be required to release reserves and transfer assets to the cedent. Such a recapture could adversely impact our future profits. Alternatively, if we and LLANY established a security trust for the cedent, the ability to transfer assets out of the trust could be severely restricted, thus negatively impacting our liquidity.

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Investments

We may have difficulty selling certain holdings in our investment portfolio in a timely manner and realizing full value.

We hold certain investments that may lack liquidity, such as privately placed securities, mortgage loans on real estate, policy loans, limited partnership interests and other investments. These asset classes represented 43% of the carrying value of our total investments as of December 31, 2023. If we require significant amounts of cash on short notice in excess of normal cash requirements or are required to post or return collateral in connection with our investment portfolio, derivatives transactions or securities lending activities, we may have difficulty selling these investments in a timely manner, be forced to sell them for less than we otherwise would have been able to realize, or both.

The reported value of our relatively illiquid types of investments, our investments in the asset classes described in the paragraph above and, at times, our high quality, generally liquid asset classes, do not necessarily reflect the lowest current market price for the asset. If we were forced to sell certain of our assets in the current market, there can be no assurance that we would be able to sell them for the prices at which we have recorded them, and we might be forced to sell them at significantly lower prices.

The amount and timing of income from certain investments can be uneven, and their valuations infrequent or volatile, which can impact the amount of income we record or lead to lower than expected returns, and thereby adversely impact our earnings.

We invest a portion of our investments in investment funds, many of which make private equity investments. The amount and timing of income from such investment funds tends to be uneven as a result of the performance of the underlying investments, including private equity investments. The timing of distributions from the funds, which depends on particular events relating to the underlying investments, as well as the funds’ schedules for making distributions and their needs for cash, can be difficult to predict. In addition, because these funds, and private equity investments, do not trade on public markets and indications of realizable market value may not be readily available, valuations can be infrequent and/or more volatile. As a result, the amount of income that we record from these investments can vary substantially from quarter to quarter, and a sudden or sustained decline in the markets or valuation of one or more substantial investments could result in lower than expected returns earned by our investment portfolio and thereby adversely impact our earnings.

Defaults and write-downs on our mortgage loans may adversely affect our profitability.

Our mortgage loans face default risk and are principally collateralized by commercial properties. The performance of our mortgage loan investments may fluctuate in the future. In addition, some of our mortgage loan investments have balloon payment maturities. An increase in the default rate of our mortgage loan investments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, any geographic or sector exposure in our mortgage loans may have adverse effects on our investment portfolios and consequently on our consolidated results of operations or financial condition. While we seek to mitigate this risk by having a broadly diversified portfolio, events or developments that have a negative effect on any particular geographic region or sector may have a greater adverse effect on the investment portfolios to the extent that the portfolios are exposed.

The difficulties faced by other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks and other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty. In addition, with respect to secured transactions, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the related loan or derivative exposure. We also may have exposure to these financial institutions in the form of unsecured debt instruments, derivative transactions and/or equity investments. These parties may default on their obligations to us due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, downturns in the economy or real estate values, operational failure, corporate governance issues or other reasons. A downturn in the U.S. or other economies could result in increased impairments. There can be no assurance that any such losses or impairments to the carrying value of these assets would not materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our requirements to post collateral or make payments related to declines in market value of specified assets may adversely affect our liquidity and expose us to counterparty credit risk.

Many of our transactions with financial and other institutions, including settling futures positions, specify the circumstances under which the parties are required to post collateral. The amount of collateral we may be required to post under these agreements may increase under certain circumstances, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, under the terms of some of our transactions, we may be required to make payments to our counterparties related to any decline in the market value of the specified assets.

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Competition

Intense competition could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our profitability.

Our businesses are intensely competitive. We compete based on a number of factors, including name recognition, service, the quality of investment advice, investment performance, product features, price and perceived financial strength and claims-paying ability. Our competitors include insurers, broker-dealers, investment advisers, asset managers, hedge funds and other financial institutions. A number of our business units face competitors that have greater market share, offer a broader range of products or have higher financial strength ratings than we do. In recent years, there has been consolidation and convergence among companies in the financial services industry resulting in increased competition from large, well-capitalized financial services firms. Many of these firms also have been able to increase their distribution systems through mergers or contractual arrangements. Furthermore, larger competitors may have lower operating costs and an ability to absorb greater risk while maintaining their financial strength ratings, thereby allowing them to price their products more competitively. Our customers and clients may engage other financial service providers, and the resulting loss of business may harm our results of operations or financial condition.

Our sales representatives are not captive and may sell products of our competitors.

We sell our annuity and life insurance products through independent sales representatives. These representatives are not captive, which means they may also sell our competitors’ products. If our competitors offer products that are more attractive than ours or pay higher commission rates to the sales representatives than we do, these representatives may concentrate their efforts in selling our competitors’ products instead of ours.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

Operational Risk Management and Strategy

Identifying, assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats is a core component of our overall operational risk management. LNC’s Information Security team is the primary group responsible for cybersecurity and consists of four divisions with specific mandates:

•The security engineering division, which leads our “security by design” efforts to help ensure cybersecurity considerations are taken into account in our applications, cloud architecture and infrastructure;

•The governance, risk and compliance division, which includes responsibility for developing cybersecurity-related policies and procedures, training and supplier security review;

•The cybersecurity response and investigations (“CSRI”) division; and

•The identity access management division, which is responsible for managing access to our data and technology infrastructure.

The work done by each of these divisions is applied both tactically and strategically to operations, as well as to broader risk management activities.

The governance, risk and compliance division of the Information Security team includes a dedicated information technology (“IT”) and Cyber operation risk assessment team. This team conducts assessments that are focused on the company’s most significant IT and cyber risks, the results of which are leveraged by IT leadership, among other inputs, to mitigate, reduce and/or manage against such risks. While it is not possible to be certain that all risks, threats and vulnerabilities to our information and systems have been identified, our cybersecurity risk management processes are designed to, using a risk-based approach, identify reasonably known risks from cybersecurity threats and ensure material risks are managed appropriately.

The work done by the Information Security team integrates into the LNC’s overall Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) program. Data is contributed to the ERM team in support of our broader operational risk framework and processes through completion of the Risk and Control Self-Assessment for IT and cyber, which is aggregated into the larger operational risk program. Members of IT and Information Security senior leadership participate on LNC’s Operational Risk Committee (“ORC”), which is a standing committee whose purpose is to review and monitor threats to our business operations and strategy that manifest from inadequate or failed internal

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processes, controls, people or systems or from external events. In addition, LNC’s Internal Audit team performs an annual security audit that focuses on cybersecurity risks, the results of which are reported to the IT leadership team and the Audit Committee of LNC’s Board of Directors. This audit process provides an additional layer of support to help ensure that cybersecurity risks are managed and responded to appropriately.

While the Information Security team uses some third-party resources as part of its efforts to assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats (e.g., certain third-party software tools, threat intelligence and periodic penetration testing), our cybersecurity efforts are predominantly conducted through our internal resources.

Monitoring and Incident Response

The CSRI division of the Information Security team is responsible for the operation of LNC’s internal Security Operations Center (“SOC”), which performs monitoring and alerting for security events 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. The CSRI division also actively seeks out cybersecurity threats that might affect the organization and/or our customers. The CSRI team is a component of LNC’s formal security incident response team (“SIRT”) and process. In addition to the Information Security team, the SIRT also includes representatives from LNC’s legal and compliance teams (including Privacy), office of business resiliency, chief risk office, corporate communications, as well as the information technology team. While the CSRI division is responsible for cybersecurity responses generally, should a critical event arise, such an event would be raised to and addressed by the SIRT.

The Privacy team, which is part of the compliance function, has a dedicated incident response team responsible for assessing, identifying and managing risks from cybersecurity threats involving personal information. The team follows documented processes for investigation, research, assessment, notification, regulatory reporting and, if necessary, escalation to management, and such processes have been integrated into the Information Security incident response program. The Information Security team works closely with the Privacy team to respond to any cybersecurity incidents involving personal information. The Privacy team engages third parties to assist with incident assessment and notification.

Supplier Risk Management and Strategy

Within the governance, risk and compliance division of the Information Security team, LNC operates a formal supplier security assessment program, with a team dedicated to evaluating the cybersecurity risk associated with third party suppliers with whom we have contracted and who we believe may pose a cybersecurity threat to the company, our customers or our business partners due to the type of services they provide and/or confidential information they may be handling. This team assesses the security posture of the supplier, as well as the security of the systems and services provided. In addition, the team works closely with the procurement and legal teams to help ensure that appropriate security requirements are included in our contractual arrangements with the suppliers. The team conducts an assessment both at the outset of the engagement of a new supplier, and then periodically thereafter, based on assigned risk levels, as well as in the event of any new services or changes to the engagement. The Information Security team’s process for conducting periodic security reviews of third parties is a component of the operational risk management team’s broader periodic review of third parties.

Risks from Cybersecurity Threats

Although our computer systems and the computer systems of third parties on which we rely have in the past been, and will likely in the future be, subject to or targets of unauthorized or fraudulent access, to date the Company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, has not been materially affected by a cybersecurity breach. There are risks from cybersecurity threats that if they were to occur could materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, as discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Operational Matters – Our information systems or the information systems of third parties on which we rely may experience interruptions, breaches in security and/or a failure of disaster recovery systems that could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation, impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively and increased expenses” and ‘Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legislative, Regulatory and Tax – Compliance with existing and emerging privacy laws and regulations could result in increased compliance costs and/or lead to changes in business practices and policies, and any failure to protect the confidentiality of personal information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

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Governance

LNC’s Board of Directors is responsible for regular oversight of LNC’s overall risk management process. The Board reviews the most significant risks the company faces and the manner in which our executives manage these risks. The Board has also delegated certain of its risk oversight efforts to its committees. Oversight of cybersecurity risk has been delegated to the Audit Committee of the LNC Board of Directors.

LNC’s senior management is primarily responsible for establishing policies and procedures designed to identify, assess and manage the Company’s significant risks, with LNC’s Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) having primary responsibility with respect to material risks from cybersecurity threats. LNC also has a Corporate Enterprise Risk and Capital Committee, made up of members of senior management and LNC’s Chief Risk Officer, which provides oversight of our enterprise-wide risk structure and of our processes to identify, measure, monitor and manage significant risks, including, but not limited to, cybersecurity risk.

The Information Security organization is led by the CISO. The head of each of the four divisions of the Information Security team reports directly to the CISO. The CISO reports directly to LNC’s Chief Information Officer and Head of IT (“CIO”), who is a member of LNC’s Senior Management Committee. As a result, all information security personnel report into the CISO, and ultimately the CIO. The CISO also reports indirectly to the Audit Committee of the LNC Board of Directors. Biannually, the CISO reports to the Audit Committee on the cybersecurity risks facing the company and cybersecurity developments generally. In addition, as discussed above, LNC’s Internal Audit team reports to the LNC Audit Committee the results of its annual security audit focused on cybersecurity risks. LNC’s Chief Compliance Officer reports key Privacy risk indicators and statistics (including those related to cybersecurity risks) to the LNC Audit Committee on a quarterly basis.

The current CISO has over 20 years of experience in the field of cybersecurity and holds a Certified Information Security Systems Professional designation. The CISO has a staff of more than 100 employees dedicated to protecting the data and systems belonging to the Company, our customers, business partners and consumers.

Item 2. Properties

Our principal executive office is located in Fort Wayne, Indiana. As of December 31, 2023, LNL and our subsidiaries owned or leased 2.2 million square feet of office and other space. Space that is owned or leased includes office space in: (i) Fort Wayne, Indiana, primarily for our Annuities and Retirement Plan Services segments; (ii) Greensboro, North Carolina, primarily for our Life Insurance segment; and (iii) Omaha, Nebraska; Atlanta, Georgia; and Dover, New Hampshire, primarily for our Group Protection segment. A subsidiary of our Parent Company leased space in: (i) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which includes space for LFN; and (ii) Radnor, Pennsylvania, for the corporate center and for LFD. Additional office space is leased in other U.S. cities for branch offices. This discussion regarding properties does not include information on field offices and investment properties.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

For information regarding legal proceedings, see “Regulatory and Litigation Matters” in Note 13, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

(a)    Stock Market and Dividend Information

All of our outstanding common stock is owned by LNC. There is no established public trading market for our common stock. For discussion regarding The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company’s payment of dividends and restrictions on dividends, see Notes 19 and 24 in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements presented in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we paid dividends to LNC of $495 million and $645 million, respectively. We expect that we could pay dividends to LNC of approximately $780 million in 2024 without prior approval from the state commissioner.

(b)    Not Applicable

(c)    Not Applicable

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations

	Page
Forward-Looking Statements – Cautionary Language	37
Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates	38
Results of Consolidated Operations	46
Results of Annuities	48
Results of Life Insurance	50
Results of Group Protection	51
Results of Retirement Plan Services	52
Results of Other Operations	53
Reinsurance	54
Liquidity and Capital Resources	55

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The following Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations (“MNA”) is intended to help the reader understand the financial condition as of December 31, 2023, compared with December 31, 2022, and the results of operations in 2023 compared to 2022 of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (“LNL”) and its consolidated subsidiaries. Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto, as updated by our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on May 23, 2023. Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, “LNL,” “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refers to The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. LNL is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lincoln National Corporation (“LNC”).

The MNA is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements (“Notes”) presented in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” as well as “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors” above.

See “Part I – Item 1. Business” and Note 1 for a description of the business.

In November 2023, we closed our reinsurance agreements with Fortitude Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“Fortitude Re”) and Lincoln National Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Limited (“LNBAR”), with effective dates of October 1, 2023. For additional information, see Notes 4 and 8.

On January 1, 2023, we adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments (“ASU 2018-12”) with a transition date of January 1, 2021. ASU 2018-12 updated accounting and reporting requirements for long-duration contracts and certain investment contracts issued by insurance entities. We adopted ASU 2018-12 under the modified retrospective approach, except for market risk benefits (“MRBs”) for which we applied the full retrospective approach. Our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021. For more information, see Note 3.

In this report, in addition to providing consolidated revenues and net income (loss), we also provide segment operating revenues and income (loss) from operations because we believe they are meaningful measures of revenues and the profitability of our operating segments. Operating revenues and income (loss) from operations are the financial performance measures we use to evaluate and assess the results of our segments. Accordingly, we define and report operating revenues and income (loss) from operations by segment in Note 20. Our management believes that operating revenues and income (loss) from operations explain the results of our ongoing businesses in a manner that allows for a better understanding of the underlying trends in our current businesses. Certain items are excluded from operating revenue and income (loss) from operations because they are unpredictable and not necessarily indicative of current operating fundamentals or future performance of the business segments, and, in many instances, decisions regarding these items do not necessarily relate to the operations of the individual segments. In addition, we believe that our definitions of operating revenues and income (loss) from operations will provide readers with a more valuable measure of our performance because it better reveals trends in our business.

Management’s Narrative Analysis is presented pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(a) of Form 10-K in lieu of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS – CAUTIONARY LANGUAGE

Certain statements made in this report and in other written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”). A forward-looking statement is a statement that is not a historical fact and, without limitation, includes any statement that may predict, forecast, indicate or imply future results, performance or achievements. Forward-looking statements may contain words like: “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “shall,” “will” and other words or phrases with similar meaning in connection with a discussion of future operating or financial performance. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions, trends in our businesses, prospective services or products, future performance or financial results and the outcome of contingencies, such as legal proceedings. We claim the protection afforded by the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided by the PSLRA.

Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including:

•Weak general economic and business conditions that may affect demand for our products, account balances, investment results, guaranteed benefit liabilities, premium levels and claims experience;

•Adverse global capital and credit market conditions that may affect our ability to raise capital, if necessary, and may cause us to realize impairments on investments and certain intangible assets, including goodwill and the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, which may reduce future earnings and/or affect our financial condition;

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•Legislative, regulatory or tax changes that affect: the cost of, or demand for, our products; the required amount of reserves and/or surplus; our ability to conduct business as well as restrictions on the payment of revenue sharing and 12b-1 distribution fees;

•The impact of U.S. federal tax reform legislation on our business, earnings and capital;

•The impact of regulations adopted by the SEC, the Department of Labor or other federal or state regulators or self-regulatory organizations that could adversely affect our distribution model and sales of our products and result in additional disclosure and other requirements related to the sale and delivery of our products;

•The impact of new and emerging rules, laws and regulations relating to privacy, cybersecurity and artificial intelligence that may lead to increased compliance costs, reputation risk and/or changes in business practices;

•Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations and regulations regarding environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters that may adversely affect our reputation and our investment portfolio;

•Actions taken by reinsurers to raise rates on in-force business;

•Declines in or sustained low interest rates causing a reduction in investment income, the interest margins of our businesses and demand for our products;

•Rapidly increasing or sustained high interest rates that may negatively affect our profitability, value of our investment portfolio and capital position and may cause policyholders to surrender annuity and life insurance policies, thereby causing realized investment losses;

•The impact of the implementation of the provisions of the European Market Infrastructure Regulation relating to the regulation of derivatives transactions;

•The initiation of legal or regulatory proceedings against us, and the outcome of any legal or regulatory proceedings, such as: adverse actions related to present or past business practices common in businesses in which we compete; adverse decisions in significant actions including, but not limited to, actions brought by federal and state authorities and class action cases; new decisions that result in changes in law; and unexpected trial court rulings;

•A decline or continued volatility in the equity markets causing a reduction in the sales of our products; a reduction of asset-based fees that we charge on various investment and insurance products; and an increase in liabilities related to guaranteed benefit riders, which are accounted for as MRBs, of our variable annuity products;

•Ineffectiveness of our risk management policies and procedures;

•A deviation in actual experience regarding future policyholder behavior, mortality, morbidity, interest rates or equity market returns from the assumptions used in pricing our products and in establishing related insurance reserves, which may reduce future earnings;

•Changes in accounting principles that may affect our consolidated financial statements;

•Lowering of one or more of our financial strength ratings;

•Significant credit, accounting, fraud, corporate governance or other issues that may adversely affect the value of certain financial assets, as well as counterparties to which we are exposed to credit risk, requiring that we realize losses on financial assets;

•Interruption in telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems or failure to safeguard the confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data on such systems, including from cyberattacks or other breaches of our data security systems;

•The effect of acquisitions and divestitures, including the inability to realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions and dispositions of businesses and potential operating difficulties and unforeseen liabilities relating thereto, as well as the effect of restructurings, product withdrawals and other unusual items;

•The inability to realize or sustain the benefits we expect from, greater than expected investments in, and the potential impact of efforts related to, our strategic initiatives, including the Spark Initiative;

•The adequacy and collectability of reinsurance that we have obtained;

•Pandemics, acts of terrorism, war or other man-made and natural catastrophes that may adversely impact liabilities for policyholder claims, affect our businesses and increase the cost and availability of reinsurance;

•Competitive conditions, including pricing pressures, new product offerings and the emergence of new competitors, that may affect the level of premiums and fees that we can charge for our products;

•The unknown effect on our businesses resulting from evolving market preferences and the changing demographics of our client base; and

•The unanticipated loss of key management, financial planners or wholesalers.

The risks and uncertainties included here are not exhaustive. Other sections of this report and other reports that we file with the SEC include additional factors that could affect our businesses and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a rapidly changing and competitive environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors.

We do not intend, and are under no obligation, to update any particular forward-looking statement included in this document. See “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of certain risks relating to our business.

SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

We have identified the accounting estimates below as critical to the understanding of our results of operations and our financial condition. In applying these critical accounting estimates in preparing our financial statements, management must use critical assumptions, estimates and judgments concerning future results or other developments, including the likelihood, timing or amount of one or more future events.

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Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our assumptions, estimates and judgments based upon historical experience and various other information that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. For a detailed discussion of significant accounting policies, see Note 1.

Investments

Investments are an integral part of our operations, and we invest in fixed maturity securities that are primarily classified as AFS and carried at fair value with the difference from amortized cost due to factors other than credit loss included in stockholder’s equity as a component of AOCI. The difference between amortized cost and fair value due to credit loss impairment is recognized in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). We also invest in equity securities that are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in realized gain (loss).

Investment Valuation

Our measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset or non-performance risk, which would include our own credit risk. Our estimate of an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (“exit price”) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market, for that asset or liability, as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or receive a liability (“entry price”). We categorize our financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined in Note 1.

For the categories and associated fair value of our fixed maturity AFS securities classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, see Notes 1 and 15.

Our investments are valued using the appropriate market inputs based on the investment type, and include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. In addition, market indicators and industry and economic events are monitored, and further market data is acquired if certain triggers are met. We incorporate the issuer’s credit rating and a risk premium, if warranted, given the issuer’s industry and the security’s time to maturity. We use an internationally recognized pricing service as our primary pricing source, and we do not adjust prices received from third parties or obtain multiple prices when measuring the fair value of our investments. We generally use prices from the pricing service rather than broker quotes because we have documentation from the pricing service on the observable market inputs they use, as compared to the limited information on the pricing inputs from broker quotes. For private placement securities, we use pricing matrices that utilize observable pricing inputs of similar public securities and Treasury yields as inputs to the fair value measurement. It is possible that different valuation techniques and models, other than those described above, could produce materially different estimates of fair value.

When the volume and level of activity for an asset or liability has significantly decreased in relation to normal market activity for the asset or liability, we believe that the market is not active. Activities that may indicate a market is not active include fewer recent transactions in the market, price quotations that lack current information and/or vary substantially over time or among market makers, limited public information, uncorrelated indexes with recent fair values of assets and abnormally wide bid-ask spread. As of December 31, 2023, we evaluated the markets that our securities trade in and concluded that none were inactive. We will continue to re-evaluate this conclusion, as needed, based on market conditions.

We use unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of securities trading in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information. We obtain broker quotes for securities such as synthetic convertibles, index-linked certificates of deposit and collateralized debt obligations when sufficient security structure or other market information is not available to produce an evaluation. For broker-quoted only securities, non-binding quotes from market makers or broker-dealers are obtained from sources recognized as market participants. Broker-quoted securities are based solely on receipt of updated quotes from a single market maker or a broker-dealer recognized as a market participant. Our broker-quoted only securities are generally classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

In order to validate the pricing information and broker quotes, we employ, where possible, procedures that include comparisons with similar observable positions, comparisons with subsequent sales and observations of general market movements for those security classes. Our primary third-party pricing service has policies and processes to ensure that it is using objectively verifiable observable market data. The pricing service regularly reviews the evaluation inputs for securities covered, including broker quotes, executed trades and credit information, as applicable. If the pricing service determines it does not have sufficient objectively verifiable information about a security’s valuation, it discontinues providing a valuation for the security. The pricing service regularly publishes and updates a summary of inputs used in its valuations by major security type. In addition, we have policies and procedures in place to review the process that is utilized by the third-party pricing service and the output that is provided to us by the pricing service. On a periodic basis, we test the pricing for a sample of securities to evaluate the inputs and assumptions used by the pricing service, and we perform a comparison of the pricing service output to an alternative pricing source. In addition, we check prices provided by our primary pricing service to ensure that they are not stale or unreasonable by reviewing the prices for unusual changes from period to period based on certain parameters or for lack of

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change from one period to the next. If such anomalies in the pricing are observed, we may use pricing information from another pricing source.

Valuation of Alternative Investments

Recognition of investment income on alternative investments is delayed due to the availability of the related financial statements, which are generally obtained from the partnerships’ general partners, as our venture capital, real estate and oil and gas portfolios are generally reported to us on a three-month delay, and our hedge funds are reported to us on a one-month delay. In addition, the effect of annual audit adjustments related to completion of calendar-year financial statement audits of the investees are typically received during the first or second quarter of each calendar year. Accordingly, our investment income from alternative investments for any calendar year period may not include the complete effect of the change in the underlying net assets for the partnership for that calendar year period. Recorded audit adjustments affect our investment income on alternative investments in the period that the adjustments are recorded.

Measurement of Allowances for Credit Losses and Recognition of Impairments

We regularly review our fixed maturity AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be impairment-related. Realized gains and losses generally originate from asset sales to reposition the portfolio or to respond to product experience. In the process of evaluating whether a security with an unrealized loss reflects declines that are related to credit losses, we consider our ability and intent to sell the security prior to a recovery of value. However, subsequent decisions on securities sales are made within the context of overall risk monitoring, assessing value relative to other comparable securities and overall portfolio maintenance. Although our portfolio managers may, at a given point in time, believe that the preferred course of action is to hold securities with unrealized losses attributable to factors other than credit loss until such losses are recovered, the dynamic nature of portfolio management may result in a subsequent decision to sell. These subsequent decisions are consistent with the classification of our investment portfolio as AFS. We expect to continue to manage all non-trading investments within our portfolios in a manner that is consistent with the AFS classification.

We consider economic factors and circumstances within industries and countries where recent impairments have occurred in our assessment of the position of securities we own of similarly situated issuers. While it is possible for realized or unrealized losses on a particular investment to affect other investments, our risk management strategy has been designed to identify correlation risks and other risks inherent in managing an investment portfolio. Once identified, strategies and procedures are developed to effectively monitor and manage these risks. The areas of risk correlation that we pay particular attention to are risks that may be correlated within specific financial and business markets, risks within specific industries and risks associated with related parties. When the detailed analysis by our external asset managers and investment portfolio managers leads us to the conclusion that a security’s decline in fair value is due to credit loss, a credit loss allowance is recorded. In instances where declines are related to factors other than credit loss, the security will continue to be carefully monitored.

There are risks and uncertainties associated with determining whether an investment shows indications of impairment. These include subsequent significant changes in general overall economic conditions, as well as specific business conditions affecting particular issuers, future financial market effects such as interest rate spreads, stability of foreign governments and economies, future rating agency actions and significant accounting, fraud or corporate governance issues that may adversely affect certain investments. In addition, there are often significant estimates and assumptions that we use to estimate the fair values of securities as described in “Investment Valuation” above. We continually monitor developments and update underlying assumptions and financial models based upon new information.

For certain securitized fixed maturity AFS securities with contractual cash flows, including asset-backed securities (“ABS”), we use our best estimate of cash flows for the life of the security to determine whether it is credit impaired. In addition, we review for other indicators of impairment as required by the Investments – Debt and Equity Securities Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM (“ASC”).

Write-downs on real estate and other investments are experienced when the estimated value of the asset is deemed to be less than the carrying value. Write-downs and allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage loans are established when the estimated value of the asset is deemed to be less than the carrying value. All commercial mortgage loans that are impaired are individually reviewed to determine an appropriate credit loss allowance. Changing economic conditions affect our valuation of commercial mortgage loans. Increasing vacancies, declining rents and the like are incorporated into the allowance for credit losses analysis that we perform for monitored loans and may contribute to an increase in the allowance for credit losses. In addition, we continue to monitor the entire commercial mortgage loan portfolio to identify both current and projected future risk based on reasonable and supportable forecasts. Areas of emphasis include properties that have deteriorating credits or have experienced debt-service coverage and/or loan-to-value reduction. Where warranted, we have established or increased our allowance for credit losses based upon this analysis.

We have also established an allowance for credit losses on our residential mortgage loan portfolio that includes a specific credit loss allowance for loans that are deemed to be impaired as well as an allowance for credit losses for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. The allowance for credit losses for the performing population of loans is based on historical performance for similar

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loans, as well as projected future losses based on modeling, which includes reasonable and supportable forecasts. The historical data utilized in the allowance for credit losses calculation process is adjusted for current economic conditions.

Our additional liabilities for other insurance benefits reflect an assumption for an expected level of credit-related investment losses. When actual credit-related investment losses are realized, we recognize a true-up to our additional liabilities reserve. These actual to expected adjustments would be reported in benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Derivatives

Derivatives are primarily used for hedging purposes. We hedge certain portions of our exposure to interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity market risk, basis risk, commodity risk and credit risk by entering into derivative transactions. We also purchase and issue financial instruments that contain embedded derivative instruments. See “Policyholder Account Balances” below for information on embedded derivatives. Assessing the effectiveness of hedging and evaluating the carrying values of the related derivatives often involve a variety of assumptions and estimates.

We carry our derivative instruments at fair value, which we determine through valuation techniques or models that use market data inputs or independent broker quotations. The fair values fluctuate from period to period due to the volatility of the valuation inputs, including but not limited to swap interest rates, interest and equity volatility and equity index levels, foreign currency forward and spot rates, credit spreads and correlations, some of which are significantly affected by economic conditions. The effect to revenue is reported in realized gain (loss) and such amount along with the associated federal income taxes is excluded from income (loss) from operations of our segments.

For more information on derivatives, see Notes 1 and 6. For more information on market exposures associated with our derivatives, including sensitivities, see “Part II – Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Future Contract Benefits

Future contract benefits represent liability reserves that we have established and carry based on estimates of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims.

Liability for Future Policy Benefits

Liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”) represents the reserve amounts associated with non-participating traditional life insurance contracts and limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts that are calculated to meet the various policy and contract obligations as they mature. Establishing adequate reserves for our obligations to policyholders requires assumptions to be made that are intended to represent an estimation of experience for the period that policy benefits are payable. If actual experience is better than or equal to the assumptions, then reserves should be adequate to provide for future benefits and expenses. If experience is worse than the assumptions, additional reserves may be required. Significant assumptions include mortality rates, morbidity and policyholder behavior (e.g., persistency) and withdrawals. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the actuarial assumptions to best estimate future premium and benefit cash flows (“cash flow assumptions”) and projection models used in estimating these liabilities and update these assumptions as needed (excluding the claims settlement expense assumption that is locked-in at inception) in the calculation of the net premium ratio. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update. See “Annual Assumption Review” below for more information. In measuring our LFPB, we establish cohorts, which are groupings of long-duration contracts. On a quarterly basis, we retrospectively update the net premium ratio at the cohort level for actual experience. For all contract cohorts issued after January 1, 2021, interest is accrued on LFPB at the single-A interest rate on the contract cohort inception date. For contract cohorts issued prior to January 1, 2021, interest remains accruing at the original discount rate in effect on the contract cohort inception date due to the modified retrospective transition method. We also remeasure the LFPB using the single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period.

Liability for Future Claims

Future contract benefits include reserves for long-term life and disability claims associated with our Group Protection segment. These reserves use actuarial assumptions primarily based on claim termination rates, offsets for other insurance including social security and long-term disability incidence and severity assumptions. Such cash flow assumptions are subject to the comprehensive review process discussed above. We remeasure the liability for future claims using a single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period. See “Annual Assumption Review” below for more information.

Universal Life Insurance Products with Secondary Guarantees

We issue UL-type contracts where we provide a secondary guarantee to the policyholder. The policy can remain in force, even if the base policy account balance is zero, as long as contractual secondary guarantee requirements have been met. These guaranteed benefits require

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an additional liability that is calculated based on the application of a benefit ratio (calculated as the present value of total expected benefit payments over the life of the contract from inception divided by the present value of total expected assessments over the life of the contract). These secondary guarantees are reported within future contract benefits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The level and direction of the change in reserves will vary over time based on the emergence of the benefit ratio and the level of assessments associated with the contracts. Cash flow assumptions incorporated in a benefit ratio in measuring these additional liabilities for other insurance benefits include mortality rates, morbidity, policyholder behavior (e.g., persistency) and withdrawals based principally on generally accepted actuarial methods and assumptions. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the cash flow assumptions and projection models used in estimating these liabilities and update these assumptions in the calculation of the benefit ratio. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update. See “Annual Assumption Review” below for more information.

For additional information on future contract benefits, see Note 13.

Market Risk Benefits

MRBs are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk upon the occurrence of a specific event or circumstance, such as death, annuitization or periodic withdrawal. An MRB can be in either an asset or a liability position. Our MRB assets and MRB liabilities are reported at fair value separately on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

We issue variable and fixed annuity contracts that may include various types of guaranteed living benefit (“GLB”) and guaranteed death benefit (“GDB”) riders that we have accounted for as MRBs. For contracts that contain multiple riders that qualify as MRBs, the MRBs are valued on a combined basis using an integrated model. We have entered into reinsurance agreements to cede certain GLB and GDB riders where the reinsurance agreements themselves are accounted for as MRBs or contain MRBs. We therefore record ceded MRB assets and ceded MRB liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements. We report ceded MRBs associated with these reinsurance agreements in other assets or other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We cede a portion of these GLB and GDB features to LNBAR on a modified coinsurance basis. The modified coinsurance arrangement includes a dynamic hedging strategy designed to mitigate selected risk. Effective January 1, 2023, we revised our hedge program, which continues to focus on generating sufficient income to fund future claims with a goal of maximizing distributable earnings and explicitly protecting capital. We utilize options and total return swaps on U.S.-based equity indices, and futures on U.S.-based and international equity indices, as well as interest rate futures, interest rate swaps and currency futures.

Change in the fair value of MRB assets and liabilities is reported in market risk benefit gain (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), except for the portion attributable to the change in non-performance risk, which is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”). Change in the fair value of ceded MRB assets and liabilities, including the changes in our counterparties’ non-performance risks, is reported in market risk benefit gain (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

MRBs are valued based on a stochastic projection of risk-neutral scenarios that incorporate a spread reflecting our non-performance risk. Ceded MRBs are valued based on a stochastic projection of risk-neutral scenarios that incorporate a spread reflecting our counterparties’ non-performance risk. The scenario assumptions, at each valuation date, are those we view to be appropriate for a hypothetical market participant and include assumptions for capital markets, lapse, benefit utilization, mortality, risk margin and administrative expenses. These assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgments. The assumption for our own non-performance risk and our counterparties’ non-performance risk for MRBs and ceded MRBs, respectively, are determined at each valuation date and reflect our risk and our counterparties’ risks of not fulfilling the obligations of the underlying liability. The spread for the non-performance risk is added to the discount rates used in determining the fair value from the net cash flows. We believe these assumptions are consistent with those that would be used by a market participant; however, as the related markets develop, we will continue to reassess our assumptions. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of these MRBs and update these assumptions on a prospective basis as needed. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update. For information on fair value inputs, see Note 15. See “Annual Assumption Review” below for more information.

As part of our hedge program, equity market and interest rate conditions are monitored on a daily basis. We rebalance our hedge positions based upon changes in these factors as needed. While we actively manage our hedge positions, these positions may not completely offset changes in the fair value of our GLB and GDB riders caused by movements in these factors due to, among other things, differences in timing between when a market exposure changes and corresponding changes to the hedge positions, extreme swings in the equity markets, interest rates and market-implied volatilities, realized market volatility, policyholder behavior, divergence between the performance of the underlying funds and the hedging indices, divergence between the actual and expected performance of the hedge instruments or our ability to purchase hedging instruments at prices consistent with our desired risk and return trade-off.

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For additional information on MRBs, see Note 10.

Policyholder Account Balances

Policyholder account balances include the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. This liability includes UL and VUL and investment-type annuity products where account balances are equal to deposits plus interest credited less withdrawals, surrender charges, asset-based fees and policyholder administration charges (collectively known as “policyholder assessments”), as well as amounts representing the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with our IUL and indexed annuity products. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the assumptions and projection models underlying our reserves and embedded derivatives and update assumptions as needed. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update. See “Annual Assumption Review” below for more information.

Our indexed annuity and IUL contracts permit the holder to elect a fixed interest rate return or a return where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of the S&P 500® Index or other indices. The value of the variable portion of the policyholder’s account balance varies with the performance of the underlying variable funds chosen by the policyholder. Policyholders may elect to rebalance among the various accounts within the product at renewal dates. At the end of each indexed term, which can be up to six years, we have the opportunity to re-price the indexed component by establishing different participation rates, caps, spreads or specified rates, subject to contractual guarantees. We purchase and sell index options that are highly correlated to the portfolio allocation decisions of our policyholders, such that we are economically hedged with respect to equity returns for the current reset period. The mark-to-market of the options held generally offsets the change in value of the embedded derivative within the contract, both of which are recorded as a component of realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The Derivatives and Hedging and the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topics of the FASB ASC require that we calculate fair values of index options we may purchase or sell in the future to hedge policyholder index allocations in future reset periods. These fair values represent an estimate of the cost of the options we will purchase or sell in the future, discounted back to the date of the balance sheet, using current market indicators of volatility and interest rates. Changes in the fair values of these liabilities are included as a component of realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). For more information on indexed product derivative results, see Note 21.

For additional information on the liability for policyholder account balances, see Note 12.

Reinsurance Recoverables

Reinsurance recoverables are generally measured and recognized consistent with the assumptions and methodologies used to project the future performance of the underlying direct business as discussed in the “Future Contract Benefits” and “Policyholder Account Balances” sections above. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the assumptions and projection models and update assumptions as needed. See “Annual Assumption Review” below for more information. In addition, we consider the potential impact of counterparty credit risks related to the reinsurance recoverable by estimating an allowance for credit losses using a probability of loss model approach to estimate expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables. For additional information on our allowance for credit losses on reinsurance-related assets, see Note 8.

Annual Assumption Review

During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the assumptions and projection models used in estimating MRBs, our reserves and embedded derivatives. For more information on our comprehensive review, see Note 1.

Details underlying the effect to net income (loss) from our annual assumption review (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Income (loss) from operations:
Annuities	$	1	$	1	$	(1)
Life Insurance	(113)		(1,853)		77
Group Protection	24		(12)		24
Retirement Plan Services	–		–		–
Excluded from income (loss) from operations	(47)		123		(148)
Net income (loss)	$	(135)	$	(1,741)	$	(48)

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The impacts of our annual assumption review were driven primarily by the following:

2023

•For Life Insurance, the unfavorable impact was driven by updates to policyholder lapse behavior and mortality assumptions, partially offset by the favorable impact of a 50-basis-point increase in our long-term new money investment yield assumption.

•For Group Protection, the favorable impact was driven by updates to long-term disability and life waiver claim termination rate assumptions, partially offset by the unfavorable impact due to updates to long-term disability social security offset assumptions.

•For excluded from income (loss) from operations, the unfavorable impact, related to net annuity product features, was driven by updates to mortality and policyholder lapse behavior assumptions and other items, partially offset by a favorable impact from updates to volatility and policyholder GLB utilization behavior assumptions.

2022

•For Life Insurance, the unfavorable impact was driven by updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions related to UL products with secondary guarantees in the amount of $1.7 billion, after-tax, as well as updates to mortality and morbidity assumptions and other items.

•For Group Protection, the unfavorable impact was driven by updates to long-term disability incidence and severity assumptions, partially offset by the favorable impact of updates to life waiver termination assumptions.

•For excluded from income (loss) from operations, the favorable impact, related to net annuity product features, was driven by updates to policyholder benefit utilization behavior and fund mapping and volatility assumptions, partially offset by an unfavorable impact from updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions related to UL products with secondary guarantees that impacted ceded reserves.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but are reviewed for impairment annually as of October 1 and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Intangibles that do not have indefinite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test where the fair value of the reporting unit is determined and compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, goodwill is impaired and written down to the reporting unit’s fair value. The results of one test on one reporting unit cannot subsidize the results of another reporting unit.

For the purposes of the evaluation of the carrying value of goodwill, our reporting units correspond with our reporting segments.

The fair values of our reporting units are comprised of the value of in-force (i.e., existing) business and the value of new business. Specifically, new business is representative of cash flows and profitability associated with policies or contracts we expect to issue in the future, reflecting our forecasts of future sales volume and product mix over a 10-year period. To determine the values of in-force and new business, we use a discounted cash flows technique that applies a discount rate reflecting the market expected, weighted-average rate of return adjusted for the risk factors associated with operations to the projected future cash flows for each reporting unit.

We apply significant judgment when determining the estimated fair value of our reporting units. Factors that can influence the value of goodwill include the capital markets, competitive landscape, regulatory environment, consumer confidence and any items that can directly or indirectly affect new business future cash flows. Factors that could affect production levels and profitability of new business include mix of new business, pricing changes, customer acceptance of our products and distribution strength. Spread compression and related effects to profitability caused by lower interest rates affect the valuation of in-force business more significantly than the valuation of new business, as new business pricing assumptions reflect the current and anticipated future interest rate environment. Estimates of fair value are inherently uncertain and represent only management’s reasonable expectation regarding future developments.

Examples of unfavorable changes to assumptions or factors that could result in future impairment include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Lower expectations for future sales levels or future sales profitability;

•Higher discount rates on new business assumptions;

•Weakened expectations for the ability to execute future reserve financing transactions for life insurance business over the long-term or expectations for significant increases in the associated costs;

•Legislative, regulatory or tax changes that affect the cost of, or demand for, our subsidiaries’ products, the required amount of reserves and/or surplus, or otherwise affect our ability to conduct business, including changes to statutory reserve requirements or changes to RBC requirements; and

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•Valuations of significant mergers or acquisitions of companies or blocks of business that would provide relevant market-based inputs for our impairment assessment that could support less favorable conclusions regarding the estimated fair value of our reporting units.

As of October 1, 2023, we performed our annual quantitative goodwill impairment test for our reporting units (Annuities, Group Protection and Retirement Plan Services), and, as of such date, the fair value was in excess of the carrying value for each such reporting unit.

In the third quarter of 2022, as a result of the capital market environment, including (i) declining equity markets and (ii) the impact of rising interest rates on our discount rate assumption, we accelerated our quantitative goodwill impairment test for our Life Insurance reporting unit as we concluded that there were indicators of impairment. Based on this quantitative test, which included updating our best estimate assumptions therein, we incurred an impairment during the third quarter of 2022 of the Life Insurance reporting unit goodwill of $634 million, which represented the write-off of the entire balance of goodwill for the reporting unit.

As of October 1, 2022, we performed our annual quantitative goodwill impairment test for the remaining reporting units, and, as of October 1, 2022, the fair value was in excess of each such other reporting unit’s carrying value.

For more information on goodwill and specifically identifiable intangible assets by segment, see Notes 1 and 9.

Income Taxes

Management uses certain assumptions and estimates in determining the income taxes payable or refundable for the current year, the deferred income tax assets and liabilities for items recognized differently in its financial statements from amounts shown on its income tax returns and the federal income tax expense. Determining these amounts requires analysis and interpretation of current tax laws and regulations. Management exercises judgment in evaluating the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting income tax assets and liabilities. These judgments and estimates are re-evaluated on a continual basis as regulatory and business factors change. Legislative changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, modifications or new regulations, administrative rulings, or court decisions could increase or decrease our effective tax rate.

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Biden. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 established a new 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for corporations whose average adjusted net income for any consecutive three-year period beginning after December 31, 2022, exceeds $1.0 billion. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 also established a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases made by publicly traded corporations. Both provisions became effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. We determined that we were not within the scope of the corporate alternative minimum tax for 2023.

The application of GAAP requires us to evaluate the recoverability of our deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce our deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not to be realizable. Judgment and the use of estimates are required in determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary, and if so, the amount of such valuation allowance. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including: the nature and character of the deferred tax assets and liabilities; taxable income in prior carryback years; future reversals of existing temporary differences; the length of time carryovers can be utilized; and any future prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

As of December 31, 2023, we had a $1.2 billion deferred tax asset related to net unrealized losses on fixed maturity available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities. In the assessment of the future realizability of this deferred tax asset, management concluded that its tax planning strategy to hold these securities to recovery was prudent and feasible as these unrealized losses were caused by factors other than credit loss, and we have the intent and ability to hold these securities to recovery and collect all of the contractual cash flows. As of December 31, 2023, we had a $606 million deferred tax asset related to the portfolio of investments sold in the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. See Notes 4 and 8 for additional information. In the assessment of the future realizability of this deferred tax asset, management considered future tax planning strategies, including sales of certain appreciated fixed maturity securities, sales of certain corporate assets and other investment management strategies. Such tax planning strategies are viewed by management as prudent and feasible, and one or a combination of these strategies may be implemented if necessary to realize the deferred tax asset.

We may experience an increased likelihood of recording a valuation allowance in the future based on the following factors:

•Adverse global capital and credit market conditions that may impact the value of appreciated securities and the sale of certain corporate assets; and

•Legislative, regulatory or tax changes that may impact the sale of certain corporate assets.

Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, we had an $87 million deferred tax asset related to net operating losses, a $103 million deferred tax asset related to federal income tax credits and a $93 million deferred tax asset related to capital losses generated from the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. These deferred tax assets can be used to offset taxable income in future periods and reduce our income taxes

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payable in those future periods. The net operating losses do not expire and can be carried forward indefinitely. The federal income tax credits expire in 10 years. The capital losses can be carried back three years and carried forward five years.

Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets, will be realized.

For risks related to establishing a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Assumptions and Estimates – We may be required to recognize an impairment of our goodwill or to establish a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.”

For additional information on income taxes, see Note 23.

RESULTS OF CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS

Details underlying the consolidated results (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net Income (Loss)
Income (loss) from operations:
Annuities	$	840	$	948	$	1,089
Life Insurance	(126)		(1,933)		497
Group Protection	297		40		(165)
Retirement Plan Services	155		198		235
Other Operations	(356)		(374)		(244)
Net annuity product features, after-tax	1,295		416		1,866
Net life insurance product features, after-tax	148		21		(1)
Credit loss-related adjustments, after-tax	(58)		(102)		86
Investment gains (losses), after-tax	(3,210)		15		516
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans, after-tax	(18)		465		130
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR, after-tax	(728)		(735)		(701)
Impairment of intangibles	–		(634)		–
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers,
acquisitions and divestitures, after-tax	(27)		–		(11)
Net income (loss)	$	(1,788)	$	(1,675)	$	3,297

Comparison of 2023 to 2022

Net loss increased due primarily to the following:

•Higher investment losses driven by losses on fixed maturity AFS securities as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction.

•Unfavorable changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and certain mortgage loans compared to favorable changes in 2022 driven by the changes in fair value of the embedded derivative related to certain modified coinsurance arrangements, partially offset by the changes in fair value of trading securities.

•Higher compensation-related expenses and other costs pertaining to business operations.

•Transaction costs pertaining to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction and the planned sale of LNC’s wealth management business.

The increase in net loss was partially offset by the following:

•Less unfavorable impact from our annual assumption review.

•Higher gain in net annuity product features driven by gains in MRB-related impacts in 2023 compared to losses in 2022 attributable to the impact of capital markets.

•Goodwill impairment in 2022 in our Life Insurance segment.

•Lower total loss ratio in our Group Protection segment.

•More favorable gains in net life insurance product features driven by the impact of capital markets on our benefit ratio, partially offset by mark-to-market losses on hedges associated with VUL products.

•Higher investment income on alternative investments, partially offset by lower prepayment and bond make-whole premiums.

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Additional Information

In November 2023, we closed our reinsurance agreements with Fortitude Re and LNBAR, with effective dates of October 1, 2023. For additional information, see Notes 4 and 8.

In December 2023, our parent company LNC announced it had entered into an agreement to sell its wealth management business operated through LFN. For additional information, see “Results of Annuities” below and Note 1.

See “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Annual Assumption Review” above for information on the impacts from our annual assumption review.

For a discussion of the 2022 goodwill impairment, see “Introduction – Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Goodwill” above.

We provide information about our segments’ and Other Operations’ operating revenue and expense line items, key drivers of changes and historical details underlying the line items below. For factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth, see “Forward-Looking Statements – Cautionary Language” above and “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

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RESULTS OF ANNUITIES

Details underlying the results for Annuities (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating Revenues
Insurance premiums (1)	$	(1,584)	$	165	$	116
Fee income	2,016		2,160		2,405
Net investment income	1,810		1,387		1,314
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on business sold
through reinsurance	31		25		26
Other revenues (2)	352		365		397
Total operating revenues	2,625		4,102		4,258
Operating Expenses
Benefits (1)	(1,508)		249		200
Interest credited	1,254		896		812
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	2		3		(3)
Commissions and other expenses	1,958		1,878		1,971
Total operating expenses	1,706		3,026		2,980
Income (loss) from operations before taxes	919		1,076		1,278
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	79		128		189
Income (loss) from operations	$	840	$	948	$	1,089

(1) Insurance premiums include primarily our income annuities that have a corresponding offset in benefits. Benefits include primarily changes in income annuity reserves driven by insurance premiums.

(2) Consists primarily of revenues attributable to broker-dealer services, which are subject to market volatility, and the net settlement related to certain reinsurance transactions, which has a corresponding offset in net investment income and interest credited.

Comparison of 2023 to 2022

Income from operations for this segment decreased due primarily to the following:

•Lower fee income driven by lower average daily variable account balances.

•Higher commissions and other expenses driven by higher compensation-related expenses and other costs pertaining to business operations.

The decrease in income from operations was partially offset by the following:

•Higher net investment income, net of interest credited, due to higher average fixed account balances and impacts to portfolio yields from the current interest rate environment, partially offset by lower prepayment and bond make-whole premiums.

•Lower federal income tax expense due to a more favorable tax return true-up driven by the separate account dividends-received deduction.

Additional Information

Effective October 1, 2023, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re to reinsure liabilities under certain blocks of in-force fixed annuities. We expect an ongoing reduction in income (loss) from operations in future quarters of approximately zero to $5 million per quarter as a result of this reinsurance transaction. Insurance premiums and benefits within the table above in 2023 reflect the ceding of in-force life-contingent payout fixed annuities that had no income (loss) from operations impact. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction, which improved our capital position and is expected to be accretive to ongoing free cash flow.

On December 14, 2023, our parent company LNC announced that it had entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Osaic, pursuant to which Osaic agreed to acquire all of the ownership interests in the subsidiaries of LNC that comprise its wealth management business operated through LFN, which includes our subsidiary LFA and certain of our non-insurance company subsidiaries. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2024, subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals.

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New deposits are an important component of net flows and key to our efforts to grow our business. Although deposits do not significantly affect current period income from operations, they can significantly impact future income from operations.

The other component of net flows relates to the retention of new business and account balances. An important measure of retention is the reduction in account balances caused by full surrenders, deaths and other contract benefits. These outflows as a percentage of average gross account balances were 9%, 7% and 8% in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our outflow rate increase in 2023 was due primarily to an increase in full surrenders as a result of the increased interest rate environment.

Our fixed annuities and registered index-linked annuities have discretionary fixed and indexed crediting rates that reset on an annual or periodic basis and may be subject to surrender charges. Our ability to retain these annuities will be subject to current competitive conditions at the time crediting rates for these products reset. We expect to manage the effects of spreads on near-term income from operations through portfolio management and, to a lesser extent, crediting rate actions, which assumes no significant changes in net flows or other changes that may cause interest rate spreads to differ from our expectations. For information on interest rate spreads and interest rate risk, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Changes in interest rates and sustained low interest rates may cause interest rate spreads to decrease, impacting our profitability, and make it more challenging to meet certain statutory requirements” and “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Increases in interest rates may negatively affect our profitability, capital position and the value of our investment portfolio and may also result in increased contract withdrawals” and “Part II – Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Interest Rate Risk.” For information on the interest rate environment, see “Introduction – Interest Rate Environment” above.

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RESULTS OF LIFE INSURANCE

Details underlying the results for Life Insurance (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating Revenues
Insurance premiums (1)	$	915	$	908	$	783
Fee income	2,897		2,952		3,072
Net investment income	2,515		2,464		3,054
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on
business sold through reinsurance	16		11		7
Other revenues	19		9		22
Total operating revenues	6,362		6,344		6,938
Operating Expenses
Benefits	3,972		3,855		3,683
Interest credited	1,242		1,291		1,436
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	131		2,533		47
Commissions and other expenses	1,205		1,142		1,163
Total operating expenses	6,550		8,821		6,329
Income (loss) from operations before taxes	(188)		(2,477)		609
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(62)		(544)		112
Income (loss) from operations	$	(126)	$	(1,933)	$	497

(1) Includes term insurance premiums, which have a corresponding partial offset in benefits for changes in reserves.

Comparison of 2023 to 2022

Loss from operations for this segment decreased due primarily to the following:

•Lower policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss and benefits driven by less unfavorable impacts from the annual assumption review and the impact of the fourth quarter 2023 reinsurance transaction, respectively, partially offset by higher benefits due to growth in reserves.

•Higher net investment income, net of interest credited, driven by higher investment income on alternative investments, partially offset by lower prepayment and bond make-whole premiums and the impact of the fourth quarter 2023 reinsurance transaction.

The decrease in loss from operations was partially offset by the following:

•Higher commissions and other expenses due to higher compensation-related expenses and other costs pertaining to business operations.

•Lower fee income due to the impact of the fourth quarter 2023 reinsurance transaction, partially offset by growth in business in force.

See “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Annual Assumption Review” above for information on the impacts from our annual assumption review.

For more information on the fourth quarter 2023 reinsurance transaction, see “Additional Information” below.

Additional Information

Effective October 1, 2023, we entered into reinsurance agreements with Fortitude Re and LNBAR to reinsure liabilities under certain blocks of in-force UL with secondary guarantees (“ULSG”) and MoneyGuard®. Due to the timing of when the reinsurance agreements were finalized in mid-November, income (loss) from operations for the fourth quarter of 2023 was unfavorably impacted by approximately $10 million. We expect an ongoing reduction in income (loss) from operations in future quarters of approximately $20 million to $25 million per quarter as a result of this reinsurance transaction. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction, which improved our capital position and is expected to be accretive to ongoing free cash flow.

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Generally, we experience higher mortality in the first quarter of the year due to the seasonality of claims. We expect COVID-19-related mortality to continue to follow U.S. death trends.

Generally, we have higher sales during the second half of the year with the fourth quarter being our strongest.

For information on interest rate spreads and interest rate risk, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Changes in interest rates and sustained low interest rates may cause interest rate spreads to decrease, impacting our profitability, and make it more challenging to meet certain statutory requirements” and “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Increases in interest rates may negatively affect our profitability, capital position and the value of our investment portfolio and may also result in increased contract withdrawals” and “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Interest Rate Risk.” For information on the current interest rate environment, see “Introduction – Interest Rate Environment” above.

RESULTS OF GROUP PROTECTION

Details underlying the results for Group Protection (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating Revenues
Insurance premiums	$	5,014	$	4,768	$	4,450
Net investment income	336		333		364
Other revenues (1)	210		202		180
Total operating revenues	5,560		5,303		4,994
Operating Expenses
Benefits	4,020		4,034		4,069
Interest credited	5		5		6
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	(288)		(103)		(163)
Commissions and other expenses	1,447		1,316		1,291
Total operating expenses	5,184		5,252		5,203
Income (loss) from operations before taxes	376		51		(209)
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	79		11		(44)
Income (loss) from operations	$	297	$	40	$	(165)

(1) Consists of revenue from third parties for administrative services performed, which has a corresponding partial offset in commissions and other expenses.

Comparison of 2023 to 2022

Income from operations for this segment increased due primarily to the following:

•Higher insurance premiums due to growth in business in force.

•Lower total benefits and policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss driven by more favorable discount rate impacts on new claims, lower incidence in our disability and life businesses and the impact from our annual assumption review.

The increase in income from operations was partially offset by higher commissions and other expenses driven by higher compensation-related expenses and other costs pertaining to business operations and higher commissions due to growth in business in force.

See “Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Annual Assumption Review” above for information on our reserve adjustments.

Additional Information

Our total loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, was 74.5% and 82.5%, respectively.

Generally, we experience higher mortality in the first quarter of the year and higher disability claims in the fourth quarter of the year due to the seasonality of claims. We expect COVID-19-related mortality to continue to follow U.S. death trends.

Management compares trends in actual loss ratios to pricing expectations as group-underwriting risks change over time. We expect normal fluctuations in our total loss ratio, as claims experience is inherently uncertain. For every one percent increase in the total loss

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ratio, we would expect an annual decrease to income from operations of approximately $38 million to $42 million. The effects are symmetrical for a comparable decrease in the loss ratio and, therefore, move in an equal and opposite direction.

For information on the effects of current interest rates on our long-term disability claim reserves, see “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Interest Rate Risk – Effect of Interest Rate Sensitivity.” For information on the current interest rate environment, see “Introduction – Interest Rate Environment” above.

RESULTS OF RETIREMENT PLAN SERVICES

Details underlying the results for Retirement Plan Services (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating Revenues
Fee income	$	255	$	254	$	288
Net investment income	999		966		982
Other revenues (1)	36		37		36
Total operating revenues	1,290		1,257		1,306
Operating Expenses
Interest credited	665		629		616
Commissions and other expenses	445		398		407
Total operating expenses	1,110		1,027		1,023
Income (loss) from operations before taxes	180		230		283
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	25		32		48
Income (loss) from operations	$	155	$	198	$	235

(1) Consists primarily of mutual fund account program revenues from mid to large employers.

Comparison of 2023 to 2022

Income from operations for this segment decreased due primarily to higher commissions and other expenses driven by compensation-related expenses and other costs pertaining to business operations.

Additional Information

Net flows in this business fluctuate based on the timing of larger plans being implemented and terminating over the course of the year.

New deposits are an important component of net flows and key to our efforts to grow our business. Although deposits do not significantly affect current period income from operations, they can significantly impact future income from operations. The other component of net flows relates to the retention of the business. An important measure of retention is the reduction in account balances caused by plan sponsor terminations and participant withdrawals. These outflows as a percentage of average account balances were 12%, 11% and 12% for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Our net flows are negatively affected by the continued net outflows from our oldest blocks of annuities business, which are among our higher margin product lines in this segment, due to the fact that they are mature blocks with low distribution and servicing costs. The proportion of these products to our total account balances was 15%, 17% and 18% for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Due to this overall shift in business mix toward products with lower returns, new deposit production continues to be necessary to maintain earnings at current levels.

Our fixed annuity business includes products with discretionary and index-based crediting rates that are reset on either a quarterly or semi-annual basis. Our ability to retain quarterly or semi-annual reset annuities will be subject to current competitive conditions at the time crediting rates for these products reset. We expect to manage the effects of spreads on near-term income from operations through portfolio management and, to a lesser extent, crediting rate actions, which assumes no significant changes in net flows into or out of our fixed accounts or other changes that may cause interest rate spreads to differ from our expectations. For information on interest rate spreads and interest rate risk, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Changes in interest rates and sustained low interest rates may cause interest rate spreads to decrease, impacting our profitability, and make it more challenging to meet certain statutory requirements” and “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Increases in interest rates may negatively affect our

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profitability, capital position and the value of our investment portfolio and may also result in increased contract withdrawals” and “Part II Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Interest Rate Risk.”

RESULTS OF OTHER OPERATIONS

Details underlying the results for Other Operations (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating Revenues
Insurance premiums (1)	$	(929)	$	–	$	10
Net investment income	118		124		125
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on
business sold through reinsurance	1		–		–
Other revenues	32		9		23
Total operating revenues	(778)		133		158
Operating Expenses
Benefits	(868)		66		75
Interest credited	36		39		42
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	(3)		3		1
Other expenses	172		179		153
Interest and debt expense	190		137		114
Spark program expense	153		167		87
Total operating expenses	(320)		591		472
Income (loss) from operations before taxes	(458)		(458)		(314)
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(102)		(84)		(70)
Income (loss) from operations	$	(356)	$	(374)	$	(244)

(1) Includes our disability income business, which has a corresponding offset in benefits for changes in reserves.

Comparison of 2023 to 2022

Loss from operations for Other Operations decreased due primarily to the following:

•Higher other revenues due to the effect of market fluctuations on assets held as part of certain compensation plans, which increased during 2023 compared to a decrease during 2022.

•Lower Spark program expense as part of our Spark Initiative.

•Lower other expenses driven by lower legal expenses compared to 2022, partially offset by higher compensation-related expenses and other costs pertaining to business operations.

The decrease in loss from operations was partially offset by higher interest and debt expense driven by an increase in average interest rates.

Additional Information

Effective October 1, 2023, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re to reinsure liabilities under certain blocks of in-force institutional pension business. Insurance premiums and benefits within the table above in 2023 reflect the ceding of in-force institutional pension business that had no income (loss) from operations impact. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction, which improved our capital position and is expected to be accretive to ongoing free cash flow.

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REINSURANCE

We and Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York (“LLANY”) cede insurance to other companies. The portion of our life insurance risks exceeding each of our insurance companies’ retention limit is reinsured with other insurers. We seek annuity and life reinsurance coverage to limit our exposure to mortality losses and/or to enhance our capital and risk management. We acquire other reinsurance as applicable with retentions and limits that management believes are appropriate for the circumstances. The consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” reflect insurance premiums, insurance fees, benefits and amortization of deferred acquisition costs net of insurance ceded. We remain liable if our reinsurers are unable to meet contractual obligations under applicable reinsurance agreements. We utilize inter-company and affiliate reinsurance agreements to manage our statutory capital position as well as the hedge program for variable annuity guarantees. For information regarding reserve financing and letter of credit (“LOC”) expenses from inter-company reinsurance agreements, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Material Cash Outflows” below.

We focus on obtaining reinsurance from a diverse group of reinsurers. We have established standards and criteria for our use and selection of reinsurers. In order for a new reinsurer to participate in our current program, we generally require the reinsurer to have an AM Best rating of A+ or greater or an S&P rating of AA- or better and a specified RBC percentage (or similar capital ratio measure). If the reinsurer does not have these ratings, we may require them to post collateral as described below; however, we may waive the collateral requirements based on the facts and circumstances. In addition, we may require collateral from a reinsurer to mitigate credit/collectability risk. Typically, in such cases, the reinsurer must either maintain minimum specified ratings and RBC ratios or establish the specified quality and quantity of collateral. Similarly, we have also required collateral in connection with books of business sold pursuant to indemnity reinsurance agreements.

Reinsurers, including affiliated reinsurers, that are not licensed, accredited or authorized in the state of domicile of the reinsured (“ceding company”), i.e., unauthorized reinsurers, are required to post statutorily prescribed forms of collateral for the ceding company to receive reinsurance credit. The three primary forms of collateral are: (i) qualifying assets held in a reserve credit trust; (ii) irrevocable, unconditional, evergreen LOCs issued by a qualified U.S. financial institution; and (iii) assets held by the ceding company in a segregated funds withheld account. Collateral must be maintained in accordance with the rules of the ceding company’s state of domicile and must be readily accessible by the ceding company to cover claims under the reinsurance agreement. Accordingly, we require unauthorized reinsurers to post acceptable forms of collateral to support their reinsurance obligations to us.

As a result of our modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld agreements, we reported deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses of $21.1 billion on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023. For additional information, see Note 8.

Our amounts recoverable from reinsurers represent receivables from and reserves ceded to third-party reinsurers and LNBAR. As of December 31, 2023, 93%, or $41.2 billion, of our total reinsurance recoverable was secured by collateral for our benefit. Of this amount, $34.3 billion was held by reinsurers in reserve credit trusts (such reserve credit trusts are held by non-affiliated reinsurers; therefore, they are not reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets), $6.1 billion was held in our funds withheld portfolios and $813 million was secured by LOCs for which we are the beneficiary, an off-balance sheet arrangement. We reported funds withheld reinsurance liabilities of $13.6 billion on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023. The excess funds withheld represent funds above the reinsurance recoverable from our third-party reinsurers and LNBAR.

We regularly evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentration risk with our largest reinsurers. We monitor all of our existing reinsurers’ financial strength ratings on a monthly basis. We also monitor our reinsurers’ financial health, trends and commitment to the reinsurance business, statutory surplus, RBC levels, statutory earnings and fluctuations, current claims payment aging and our reinsurers’ own reinsurers. In addition, we present at least annually information regarding our reinsurance exposures to the Finance Committee of our Board of Directors. For more discussion of our counterparty risk with our reinsurers, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Operational Matters – We face risks of non-collectability of reinsurance and increased reinsurance rates, which could materially affect our results of operations.”

Under certain indemnity reinsurance agreements, we and LLANY provide 100% indemnity reinsurance for the business assumed; however, the third-party insurer, or the “cedent,” remains primarily liable on the underlying insurance business. These indemnity reinsurance arrangements require that we, as the reinsurer, maintain certain insurer financial strength ratings and capital ratios. If these ratings or capital ratios are not maintained, depending upon the reinsurance agreement, the cedent may recapture the business, or require us to place assets in trust or provide LOCs at least equal to the relevant statutory reserves. Under our reinsurance arrangement, we held approximately $2.6 billion of statutory reserves as of December 31, 2023. We must maintain an AM Best financial strength rating of at least B++, an S&P financial strength rating of at least BBB- and a Moody’s financial strength rating of at least Baa3. This arrangement may require us to place assets in trust equal to the relevant statutory reserves. Under LLANY’s largest indemnity reinsurance arrangement, we held approximately $1.0 billion of statutory reserves as of December 31, 2023. LLANY must maintain an AM Best financial strength rating of at least B+, an S&P financial strength rating of at least BB+ and a Moody’s financial strength rating of at least Ba1, as well as maintain an RBC ratio of at least 160% or an S&P capital adequacy ratio of 100%, or the cedent may recapture the business. Under two other LLANY arrangements, by which we established $585 million of statutory reserves as of December 31, 2023,

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LLANY must maintain an AM Best financial strength rating of at least B++, an S&P financial strength rating of at least BBB- and a Moody’s financial strength rating of at least Baa3. One of these arrangements also requires LLANY to maintain an RBC ratio of at least 185% or an S&P capital adequacy ratio of 115%. Each of these arrangements may require LLANY to place assets in trust equal to the relevant statutory reserves. See “Item 1. Business – Financial Strength Ratings” for a description of our financial strength ratings.

For more information about reinsurance, see Notes 8 and 18 and “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital – Statutory Capital and Surplus” below.

For factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in this section, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements – Cautionary Language” above.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overview

Liquidity refers to our ability to generate adequate amounts of cash from our normal operations to meet cash requirements with a prudent margin of safety. Capital refers to our long-term financial resources to support the operations of our businesses, to fund long-term growth strategies and to support our operations during adverse conditions. Our ability to generate and maintain sufficient liquidity and capital depends on the profitability of our businesses, general economic conditions and access to the capital markets and other sources of liquidity and capital as described below. When considering our liquidity, it is important to distinguish between our needs, the needs of LLANY and the needs of the holding company, LNC. As a holding company with no operations of its own, LNC derives its cash primarily from its operating subsidiaries. Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets may materially affect our business operations and results of operations and may adversely affect our or LLANY’s statutory surplus and risk-based capital (“RBC”).

Reductions to our or LLANY’s statutory surplus and RBC may cause us to retain more capital, which may pressure our ability to receive dividends from LLANY or pay dividends to LNC, which may lead us to take steps to preserve or raise additional capital. We believe we and LLANY have adequate capital to operate our business as we replenish statutory capital back to our targeted levels. For more information, see “Statutory Capital and Surplus” below.

For factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in this section and that could affect our expectations for liquidity and capital, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements – Cautionary Language” above.

Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital

Our primary sources of liquidity and capital are insurance premiums and fees, investment income, maturities and sales of investments, issuance of debt or other types of securities and policyholder deposits. We also have access to alternative sources of liquidity as discussed below. Our primary uses are to pay policy claims and benefits, to fund commissions and other general operating expenses, to purchase investments, to fund policy surrenders and withdrawals, to pay dividends to LNC and to repay debt. Our operating activities provided (used) cash of $(764) million, $3.9 billion and $(176) million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, we received capital contributions from LNC of $5 million, $925 million and $65 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We paid dividends to LNC of $495 million, $645 million and $1.9 billion in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note 24 for additional information. We also received dividends from our subsidiaries of $474 million, $373 million and $466 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Statutory Capital and Surplus

We must maintain certain regulatory capital levels. We utilize the RBC ratio as a primary measure of our capital adequacy. The RBC ratio is an important factor in the determination of our financial strength ratings, and a reduction in our or LLANY’s surplus will affect our RBC ratios and dividend-paying capacity. For additional information on RBC ratios, see “Part I – Item 1. Business – Regulatory – Insurance Regulation – Risk-Based Capital.”

Our regulatory capital levels are affected by statutory accounting rules, which are subject to change by each applicable insurance regulator. For instance, our term products and UL products containing secondary guarantees require reserves calculated pursuant to the Valuation of Life Insurance Policies Model Regulation (“XXX”) and Actuarial Guideline XXXVIII (“AG38”), respectively. We employ strategies to reduce the strain caused by XXX and AG38 by reinsuring the business to reinsurance captives. Our captive reinsurance subsidiaries and LNBAR provide a mechanism for financing a portion of the excess reserve amounts in a more efficient manner and free up capital we can use for any number of purposes, including paying dividends to LNC. We use long-dated letters of credit (“LOCs”) and debt financing as well as other financing strategies to finance those reserves. For information on the LOCs, see the credit facilities table in Note 14. Our captive reinsurance subsidiaries and LNBAR have also issued long-term notes to finance a portion of the excess reserves. For information on long-term notes issued by our captive reinsurance subsidiaries, see Note 5. We have also used the proceeds from certain senior notes issued by LNC to execute long-term structured solutions primarily supporting reinsurance of UL products containing secondary guarantees.

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Statutory reserves established for variable annuity guaranteed benefit riders are sensitive to changes in the equity markets and interest rates and are affected by the level of account balances relative to the level of any guarantees, product design and reinsurance arrangements. As a result, the relationship between reserve changes and equity market performance is non-linear during any given reporting period. We cede a portion of the guaranteed benefit riders to LNBAR through a modified coinsurance agreement. The variable annuity hedge program mitigates the risk to LNBAR from guaranteed benefit riders and continues to focus on generating sufficient income to fund future claims with a goal of maximizing distributable earnings and explicitly protecting capital. Market conditions greatly influence the ultimate capital required due to its effect on the valuation of reserves and supporting derivatives.

Changes in equity markets may also affect our capital position. We may decide to reallocate available capital among us and our insurance and captive reinsurance subsidiaries, which would result in different RBC ratios for us. In addition, changes in the equity markets can affect the value of our variable annuity and VUL separate accounts. When the market value of our separate account assets increases, the statutory surplus within us and LLANY also increases. Contrarily, when the market value of our separate account assets decreases, the statutory surplus within us and LLANY may also decrease, which will affect RBC ratios, and in the case of our separate account assets becoming less than the related product liabilities, we must allocate additional capital to fund the difference.

We continue to analyze the use of our existing captive reinsurance structures, as well as additional third-party reinsurance arrangements, and our hedging strategies relative to managing the effects of equity markets and interest rates on the statutory reserves, statutory capital and the dividend capacity of LNL and LLANY.

In November 2023, we closed our reinsurance agreements with Fortitude Re and LNBAR, with effective dates of October 1, 2023, which improved our statutory capital position. For more information, see Notes 4 and 8.

Debt

For information about our short-term and long-term debt and our credit facilities, see Note 14.

Alternative Sources of Liquidity

Inter-Company Cash Management Program

To promote effective short-term cash management strategies, we participate in an inter-company cash management program between LNC and its participating subsidiaries where each entity can lend to or borrow from the holding company to meet short-term borrowing needs. As of December 31, 2023, we had a net receivable balance of $67 million due from certain affiliates in the inter-company cash management program. Loans under the cash management program are permitted under applicable insurance laws subject to certain restrictions. LNL, domiciled in Indiana, is subject to a borrowing and lending limit of, currently, 3% of the insurance company’s admitted assets as of its most recent year end. For our New York-domiciled insurance subsidiary, it may borrow from LNC less than 2% of its admitted assets as of its most recent year end but may not lend any amounts to LNC.

Federal Home Loan Bank

LNL is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Indianapolis (“FHLBI”). Membership allows LNL access to the FHLBI’s financial services, including the ability to obtain loans and to issue funding agreements as an alternative source of liquidity that are collateralized by qualifying mortgage-related assets, agency securities or U.S. Treasury securities. Borrowings under this facility are subject to the FHLBI’s discretion and require the availability of qualifying assets at LNL. As of December 31, 2023, LNL had an estimated maximum borrowing capacity of $7.0 billion under the FHLBI facility and maximum available borrowing based on qualifying assets of $5.1 billion. As of December 31, 2023, LNL had outstanding borrowings of $2.7 billion under this facility reported within payables for collateral on investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. LLANY is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”) with an estimated maximum borrowing capacity of $750 million. Borrowings under this facility are subject to the FHLBNY’s discretion and require the availability of qualifying assets at LLANY. As of December 31, 2023, LLANY had no outstanding borrowings under this facility. For additional information, see “Payables for Collateral on Investments” in Note 4.

Securities Lending Programs and Repurchase Agreements

LNL and LLANY, by virtue of their general account fixed-income investment holdings, can access liquidity through securities lending programs and repurchase agreements. As of December 31, 2023, we had securities pledged under securities lending agreements with a carrying value of $205 million. In addition, LNL, LLANY and LNBAR had access to $2.25 billion through committed repurchase agreements, of which $25 million was utilized as of December 31, 2023. The cash received in our securities lending programs and repurchase agreements is typically invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities. For additional information, see “Payables for Collateral on Investments” in Note 4.

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Collateral on Derivative Contracts

Our cash flows associated with collateral received from counterparties (when we are in a net collateral payable position) and posted with counterparties (when we are in a net collateral receivable position) change as the market value of the underlying derivative contract changes. The net collateral position depends on changes in interest rates and equity markets related to the amount of the exposures hedged. As of December 31, 2023, we were in a net collateral payable position of $4.9 billion compared to $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2022. In the event of adverse changes in fair value of our derivative instruments, we may need to post collateral with a counterparty. If we do not have sufficient high-quality securities or cash and invested cash to provide as collateral, we have committed liquidity sources through facilities that can provide up to $1.25 billion of additional liquidity to help meet collateral needs.

Access to such facilities is contingent upon interest rates having achieved certain threshold levels. In addition to these facilities, we have the FHLB facilities and the repurchase agreements discussed above as well as the five-year revolving credit facility discussed in Note 14 to leverage that would be eligible for collateral posting. For additional information, see “Credit Risk” in Note 6.

Material Cash Outflows

Details underlying our estimated material cash outflows as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

	Less Than 1 Year		1 - 3 Years		3 - 5 Years		More than 5 Years		Total
Future contract benefits and policyholder account balances (1)	$	22,277	$	45,994	$	46,683	$	388,175	$	503,129
Short-term and long-term debt (2)	840		–		1,865		330		3,035
Reserve financing and LOC expenses (3)	42		78		72		76		268
Payables for collateral on investments (4)	2,855		–		–		–		2,855
Investment commitments (5)	884		979		1,133		50		3,046
Operating leases (6)	34		48		23		7		112
Finance leases (6)	18		11		–		–		29
Certain financing arrangements (7)	152		396		137		6		691
Retirement and other plans (8)	9		18		16		34		77
Total	$	27,111	$	47,524	$	49,929	$	388,678	$	513,242

(1) Estimates are based on financial projections over 40 years and are not discounted for the time value of money. New business issued or acquired, business ceded or sold, changes to or variances from actuarial assumptions and economic conditions will cause these amounts to change over time, possibly materially. See Note 1 for details of what these liabilities include and represent.

(2) Represents principal amounts of debt only. See Note 14 for additional information.

(3) Estimates are based on the level of capacity we expect to utilize during the life of the LOCs and other reserve financing arrangements. See Note 14 for additional information.

(4) Excludes collateral payable held for derivative investments. See Note 4 for additional information.

(5) See Note 4 for additional information.

(6) See Note 18 for additional information.

(7) Represents certain financing arrangements that did not meet the requirements to be classified as a sale-leaseback arrangement. See Note 18 for additional information.

(8) Includes anticipated funding for benefit payments for our retirement and postretirement plans through 2033. In addition to these benefit payments, we periodically contribute to the agents’ defined benefit plan and remit funds to LNC to assist in funding the employees’ defined benefit plan. See Note 16 for additional information.

Ratings

Financial Strength Ratings

See “Part I – Item 1. Business – Financial Strength Ratings” for information on our financial strength ratings.

If our current financial strength ratings were downgraded in the future, terms in our derivative agreements may be triggered, which could negatively affect overall liquidity. For the majority of our derivative counterparties, there is a termination event if our financial strength ratings drop below BBB-/Baa3 (S&P/Moody’s). In addition, contractual selling agreements with intermediaries could be negatively affected, which could have an adverse effect on overall sales of annuities, life insurance and investment products.

See “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Liquidity and Capital Position – A decrease in our capital and surplus may result in a downgrade to our financial strength ratings” and “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Covenants and Ratings – A downgrade in our financial strength

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ratings could limit our ability to market products, increase the number or value of policies being surrendered and/or hurt our relationships with creditors” for more information.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We analyze and manage the risks arising from market exposures of financial instruments, as well as other risks, in an integrated asset-liability management process that considers diversification. By aggregating the potential effect of market and other risks on the entire enterprise, we estimate, review and in some cases manage the risk to our earnings and enterprise value. We have exposures to several market risks including interest rate risk, equity market risk, credit risk and, to a lesser extent, foreign currency exchange risk. The exposures of financial instruments to market risks, and the related risk management processes, are most important to our business where most of the investments support accumulation and investment-oriented insurance products.

As an important element of our integrated asset-liability management processes, we use derivatives to minimize the effects of changes in interest levels, the shape of the yield curve, currency movements and volatility. In this context, derivatives serve to minimize interest rate risk by mitigating the effect of significant increases in interest rates on our earnings. Additional market exposures exist in our other general account insurance products and in our debt structure and derivatives positions. Our primary sources of market risk are substantial, relatively rapid and sustained increases or decreases in interest rates or a sharp drop in equity market values. These market risks are discussed in detail in the following pages and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying Notes presented in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” as well as “Item 7. Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations.”

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is the risk of financial loss due to adverse changes in the value of assets and liabilities due to movements in interest rates. We are exposed to interest rate risk arising from our fixed maturity securities and interest sensitive liabilities.

With respect to accumulation and investment-oriented products, we seek to earn a stable and profitable spread, or margin, between investment income we earn on our investments and interest credited to account balances of our contract holders. If we have adverse experience on investments that cannot be passed on to customers, our spreads are reduced. The combination of a probable range of interest rate changes over the next 12 months, asset-liability management strategies, flexibility in adjusting policy crediting rate levels and protection afforded by policy surrender charges all work together to mitigate this risk. The interest rate scenarios of concern are those in which there is a substantial, relatively prolonged decrease in interest rates that is sustained over a long period or a rapid increase in interest rates.

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Significant Interest Rate Exposures

The following provides a general measure of our significant interest rate risk; principal, including amortization of premiums and discounts, notional amounts, and estimated fair values of assets, liabilities and derivatives are shown by year of maturity (dollars in millions) as of December 31, 2023:

																						Estimated
	2024			2025			2026			2027			2028			Thereafter			Total			Fair Value
Rate Sensitive Assets
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Fixed interest rate securities	$	4,095		$	3,171		$	3,748		$	4,683		$	4,387		$	58,509		$	78,593		$	72,725
Average interest rate	3.4		%	3.8		%	3.5		%	3.7		%	4.1		%	4.1		%	4.0		%
Variable interest rate securities	$	296		$	284		$	454		$	536		$	1,179		$	6,889		$	9,638		$	9,575
Average interest rate	8.4		%	10.4		%	10.1		%	10.2		%	8.0		%	7.1		%	7.6		%
Trading securities:
Fixed interest rate securities	$	77		$	140		$	83		$	74		$	52		$	1,642		$	2,068		$	1,929
Average interest rate	4.7		%	4.9		%	4.3		%	5.1		%	4.7		%	4.8		%	4.8		%
Variable interest rate securities	$	5		$	–		$	6		$	–		$	–		$	401		$	412		$	392
Average interest rate	2.5		%	0.0		%	7.2		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	6.4		%	6.4		%
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Total mortgage loans	$	944		$	1,051		$	1,424		$	1,762		$	2,176		$	11,632		$	18,989		$	17,330
Average interest rate	4.2		%	4.0		%	3.7		%	4.1		%	4.4		%	4.2		%	4.2		%
Rate Sensitive Liabilities
Investment-type
insurance contracts (1)	$	3,210		$	2,540		$	3,357		$	3,933		$	4,267		$	27,272		$	44,579		$	41,540
Average interest rate (1)	3.5		%	3.8		%	3.5		%	3.8		%	4.2		%	4.1		%	4.0		%
Debt	$	50		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	1,865		$	330		$	2,245		$	2,176
Average interest rate	9.8		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	6.7		%	5.9		%	6.7		%
Rate Sensitive Derivative Financial Instruments
Interest rate, foreign currency swaps and forwards: (4)
Pay variable/receive fixed	$	2,854		$	689		$	8,249		$	805		$	4,048		$	27,423		$	44,068		$	(2,710)
Average pay rate	6.1		%	5.2		%	4.4		%	4.9		%	5.4		%	5.1		%	5.1		%
Average receive rate	2.7		%	3.4		%	2.3		%	2.8		%	2.1		%	2.4		%	2.4		%
Pay fixed/receive variable	$	2,583		$	1,155		$	8,789		$	325		$	2,245		$	20,587		$	35,684		$	1,599
Average pay rate	2.7		%	4.1		%	2.1		%	1.0		%	1.8		%	2.5		%	2.4		%
Average receive rate	6.6		%	5.4		%	5.4		%	5.0		%	5.5		%	5.5		%	5.6		%
Interest rate cap corridors:	$	12,300		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	12,300		$	–
Average buy strike rate (2)	6.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	6.0		%
Average sell strike rate (2)	10.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	10.0		%
Forward swap curve	3.5		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	3.5		%
Reverse Treasury locks:
30-year on-the-run Treasury	$	340		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	340		$	(37)
Average strike rate	3.3		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	3.3		%
Forward CMT curve (3)	4.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	0.0		%	4.0		%
Total return swaps:
Pay variable/receive fixed	$	164		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	164		$	5
Pay fixed/receive variable	3,609			–			–			–			–			–			3,609			(129)
Interest rate futures:
2-year Treasury notes	$	104		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	104		$	–
5-year Treasury notes	20			–			–			–			–			–			20			–
10-year Treasury notes	329			–			–			–			–			–			329			–
Treasury bonds	139			–			–			–			–			–			139			–

(1) The information shown is for our fixed maturity securities and mortgage loans on real estate that support these insurance contracts.

(2) The indexes are the 5-year and 10-year constant maturity swap.

(3) The Constant Maturity Treasury (“CMT”) curve is the applicable 5-year, 10-year or 30-year CMT forward curve.

(4) Includes notional of $290 million and fair value of $5 million that support our modified coinsurance and funds withheld reinsurance agreements. Investment results for these agreements are passed directly to the reinsurers.

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The following provides the principal, including amortization of premiums and discounts, notional amounts, and estimated fair values of assets, liabilities and derivatives (in millions) having significant interest rate risks as of December 31, 2022:

	Principal/
	Notional		Estimated
	Amount		Fair Value
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	110,944	$	99,465
Trading securities	3,782		3,446
Mortgage loans on real estate	18,309		16,477
Investment-type insurance contracts (1)	42,430		38,061
Debt	2,269		2,166
Interest rate and foreign currency swaps	77,890		(819)
Interest rate cap corridors	25,800		2
Reverse Treasury locks	1,305		(230)
Total return swaps	7,028		38
Interest rate futures	635		–

(1) The information shown is for our fixed maturity securities and mortgage loans on real estate that support these insurance contracts.

Effect of Interest Rate Sensitivity

The following table presents our estimate of the effect on income (loss) from operations by segment (in millions) for the next 12-month period if the level of interest rates were to instantaneously increase or decrease by 1% and remain at those levels immediately after December 31, 2023, relative to interest rates remaining flat:

	1%		1%
	Increase		Decrease
Annuities (1)	$	(20)	$	21
Life Insurance	7		(7)
Group Protection	5		(5)
Retirement Plan Services	–		(5)
Other Operations	(9)		9
Income (loss) from operations	$	(17)	$	13

(1) Includes the impact on bond funds in our separate accounts, which move in the opposite direction of interest rates.

For purposes of this estimate, we assumed asset purchases are made at prevailing new money rates and exclude the impact of new business, unlocking, persistency, hedge program performance, reserve discounting caused by interest rate changes or customer behavior caused by the interest rate changes.

Interest Rate Risk on Fixed Insurance Businesses – Falling Rates

In periods of declining interest rates, we have to reinvest the cash we receive as interest or return of principal on our investments in lower yielding instruments. Moreover, borrowers may prepay fixed-income securities, commercial mortgages and MBS in our general accounts in order to borrow at lower market rates, which exacerbates this risk. Because we are entitled to reset the interest rates on our fixed-rate annuities only at limited, pre-established intervals, and because many of our contracts have guaranteed minimum interest or crediting rates, our spreads could decrease and potentially become negative.

Prolonged historically low rates are not healthy for our business fundamentals. However, we have recognized this risk and have been proactive in our investment strategies, product designs, crediting rate strategies and overall asset-liability practices to mitigate the risk of unfavorable consequences in this type of environment. For some time now, new products have been sold with low minimum crediting floors, and we apply disciplined asset-liability management standards, such as locking in spreads on these products at the time of issue. See “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Changes in interest rates and sustained low interest rates may cause interest rate spreads to decrease, impacting our profitability, and make it more challenging to meet certain statutory requirements” for additional information on low interest rate risks.

See Note 12 for information on excess crediting rates over contract minimums.

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Interest Rate Risk on Fixed Insurance Businesses – Rising Rates

For both annuities and universal life insurance, a rapid rise in interest rates poses risks of deteriorating spreads and high surrenders. The portfolios supporting these products have fixed-rate assets laddered over maturities generally ranging from 1 to 10 years or more. Accordingly, the earned rate on each portfolio lags behind changes in market yields. As rates rise, the lag may be increased by slowing MBS prepayments. The greater and faster the rise in interest rates, the more the earned rate will tend to lag behind market rates. If we set renewal crediting rates to earn the desired spread, the gap between our renewal crediting rates and competitors’ new money rates may be wide enough to cause increased surrenders that could cause us to liquidate a portion of our portfolio to fund these surrenders. If we credit more competitive renewal rates to limit surrenders, our spreads will narrow. We devote extensive effort to evaluating these risks by simulating asset and liability cash flows for a wide range of interest rate scenarios. Such analysis has led to adjustments in the target maturity structure and to hedging the risk of rising rates by entering into interest rate cap corridor agreements. With these instruments in place, the potential adverse effect of a rapid and sustained rise in rates is kept within our risk tolerances. See “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Increases in interest rates may negatively affect our profitability, capital position and the value of our investment portfolio and may also result in increased contract withdrawals” for more information on the risks related to rising interest rates.

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

We manage the timing of maturities and the mixture of fixed-rate and floating-rate debt as part of the process of integrated management of interest rate risk for the entire enterprise. See Note 14 for additional information on our debt.

Derivatives

See Note 6 for information on our derivatives used to hedge our exposure to changes in interest rates.

Equity Market Risk

Equity market risk is the risk of financial loss due to changes in the value of equity securities or equity indices. Our revenues, assets and liabilities are exposed to equity market risk that we often hedge with derivatives. However, earnings are affected by equity market movements on account balances and the related fees we earn on those balances.

Fee Income

The fees earned from variable annuities and variable life insurance products are exposed to the risk of a decline in equity market values. These fees are generally a fixed percentage of the market value of account balances. In a severe equity market decline, fee income could be reduced by not only reduced market valuations but also by customer withdrawals and redemptions. Such withdrawals and redemptions from equity funds and accounts might be partially offset by transfers to our fixed-income accounts and the transfer of funds to us from our competitors’ customers.

Equity Assets

While we invest in equity assets with the expectation of achieving higher returns than would be available in our core fixed-income investments, the returns on and values of these equity investments are subject to somewhat greater market risk than our fixed-income investments. These investments, however, add diversification benefits to our fixed-income investments.

Derivatives Hedging Equity Market Risk

We enter into derivative transactions to hedge our exposure to equity market risk. Such derivatives include over-the-counter equity options, total return swaps, variance swaps, and equity futures. See Note 6 for additional information on our derivatives used to hedge our exposure to equity market fluctuations.

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The following provides the sensitivity of price changes (in millions) to our equity assets owned and derivatives hedging equity market risk:

	As of December 31, 2023								As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying/				10% Fair		10% Fair		Carrying/
	Notional		Estimated		Value		Value		Notional		Estimated
	Value		Fair Value		Increase (1)		Decrease (1)		Value		Fair Value
Equity Assets
Domestic equities	$	279	$	279	$	28	$	(28)	$	282	$	282
Foreign equities	27		27		3		(3)		145		145
Total equity securities	306		306		31		(31)		427		427
Hedge funds	143		143		14		(14)		265		265
Private equities	3,808		3,808		381		(381)		2,721		2,721
Other equity interests	2		2		–		–		3		3
Total equity assets	$	4,259	$	4,259	$	426	$	(426)	$	3,416	$	3,416
Derivatives Hedging Equity
Market Risk
Call options (2)	$	98,521	$	7,623	$	1,942	$	(1,978)	$	34,140	$	5,441
Equity futures	1,627		–		(49)		49		1,453		–
Put options	100,856		(938)		68		(48)		17,971		(931)
Total return swaps	17,561		(667)		(899)		908		24,668		(157)
Total derivatives hedging
equity market risk	$	218,565	$	6,018	$	1,062	$	(1,069)	$	78,232	$	4,353

(1) Assumes a plus or minus 10% change in underlying indexes. Estimated fair value does not reflect daily settlement of futures or monthly settlement of total return swaps.

(2) Includes notional of $2.7 billion and fair value of $94 million that support our modified coinsurance and funds withheld reinsurance agreements. Investment results for these agreements are passed directly to the reinsurers.

Liabilities

We have exposure to changes in LNC’s stock price through both LNC’s deferred and stock-based incentive compensation plans. For additional information on the deferred and stock-based incentive compensations plans, see Notes 16 and 17, respectively.

Effect of Equity Market Sensitivity

If the level of the equity markets were to have instantaneously increased or decreased by 1% immediately after December 31, 2023, we estimate the effect on income (loss) from operations for the next 12-month period from the change in asset-based fees and related expenses would be approximately $12 million. For purposes of this estimate, we excluded any effect related to net flows, our annual assumption review, persistency, hedge program performance, policyholder behavior or reduction in account balances attributable to policyholder assessments.

The effect of quarterly equity market changes upon fee income and asset-based expenses is generally not fully recognized in the first quarter of the change because fee income is earned and related expenses are incurred based upon daily variable account balances. The difference between the current period average daily variable account balances compared to the end-of-period variable account balances affects fee income in subsequent periods. Additionally, the effect on earnings may not necessarily be symmetrical with comparable increases or decreases in the equity markets. This discussion concerning the estimated effects of ongoing equity market volatility on the fees we earn from account balances is intended to be illustrative and is concentrated primarily in our Annuities and Retirement Plan Services segments. Actual effects may vary depending on a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, such as changing customer behaviors that might result in changes in the mix of our business between variable and fixed annuity contracts, switching among investment alternatives available within variable products, changes in sales production levels or changes in policy persistency. For purposes of this guidance, the change in account balances is assumed to correlate with the change in the relevant index.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk to earnings and capital that arises from uncertainty of an obligor’s or counterparty’s ability or willingness to meet its obligations in accordance with contractually agreed upon terms. We are exposed to credit risk primarily by our investments in corporate bonds and mortgage loans on real estate and through our use of derivatives.

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Investments

The majority of our credit risk is concentrated in investment holdings. Our portfolio of investments was $117.3 billion and $131.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Of this total, $65.5 billion and $81.4 billion consisted of corporate bonds and $18.9 billion and $18.2 billion consisted of mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We manage the risk of adverse default experience on these investments by applying disciplined credit evaluation and underwriting standards, prudently limiting allocations to lower-quality, higher-yielding investments and diversifying exposures by issuer, industry, region and property type. For each counterparty or borrowing entity and its affiliates, our exposures from all transactions are aggregated and managed in relation to formal limits set by rating quality. Additional diversification limits, such as limits per industry, are also applied. We remain exposed to occasional adverse cyclical economic downturns during which default rates may be significantly higher than the long-term historical average used in pricing.

Derivatives

We are exposed to counterparty credit risk through our various derivative contracts. We depend on the ability of derivative product dealers and their guarantors to honor their obligations to pay the contract amounts under various derivatives agreements. In order to minimize the risk of default losses, we diversify our exposures among several dealers and limit the amount of exposure to each in accordance with the credit rating of each dealer or its guarantor. We generally limit our selection of counterparties that are obligated under these derivative contracts to those with an “A” credit rating or above. See Note 6 for additional information on managing the credit risk of our counterparties.

We are also exposed to credit risk through the use of certain derivatives. We buy credit default swaps (“CDS”) to minimize our exposure to credit-related events with respect to a single entity or referenced index. We also sell CDSs to offer credit protection to our contract holders and investors with respect to a single entity or referenced index. See Note 6 for additional information on our use of credit derivatives.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Foreign Currency Denominated Investments

Foreign currency exchange risk is the risk of financial loss due to changes in the relative value between currencies. We have foreign currency exchange risk in our non-U.S. dollar denominated investments, which primarily consist of fixed maturity securities. The currency risk is hedged using foreign currency derivatives of the same currency as the foreign denominated security.

We invest in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies for incremental return and risk diversification relative to U.S. dollar-denominated securities. We use foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign exchange risk related to our investment in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our unhedged positions consisted of $1 million and zero, respectively, of principal in U.S. dollar equivalents of foreign-denominated investments with maturity dates up to 2049 and an average interest rate of 3%. As of the same dates, our modified coinsurance portfolios were partially hedged and consisted of $156 million and $164 million, respectively, of principal in U.S. dollar equivalents of foreign denominated investments with maturity dates up to 2063 and an average interest rate of 6%. Investment results for our modified coinsurance agreements are passed directly to the reinsurers. See “Interest Rate Risk – Significant Interest Rate Exposures” above for our notional amounts in U.S. dollar equivalents (in millions) by year of maturity for our foreign currency swaps.

See Note 6 for additional information on our foreign currency swaps used to hedge our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk.

Market Risk Related to Certain Variable Annuity and Fixed Indexed Annuity Products

Our variable annuity and fixed indexed annuity contracts are exposed to market risks related to changes in the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including equity market, interest rate, and non-market actuarial assumptions. For additional information see Note 10. We manage our exposure to market risks created by these fluctuations through a combination of product design elements and our hedge program. In addition, we utilize reinsurance to mitigate risk. For additional information, see Note 8 and “Item 7. Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations – Reinsurance.” Certain variable annuity GLB and GDB riders are accounted for as MRBs and recorded at fair value. For more information on the market risk sensitivities associated with MRBs, see “Item 7. Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations – Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates – Market Risk Benefits.”

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Consolidated Financial Statements

Table of Contents

	Page
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	65
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)	66
Consolidated Balance Sheets	69
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	70
Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity	71
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	72
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:	73
Note 1 – Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	73
Note 2 – New Accounting Standards	89
Note 3 – Adoption of ASU 2018-12	90
Note 4 – Investments	98
Note 5 – Variable Interest Entities	108
Note 6 – Derivative Instruments	109
Note 7 – DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL	118
Note 8 – Reinsurance	121
Note 9 – Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets	123
Note 10 – MRBs	124
Note 11 – Separate Accounts	126
Note 12 – Policyholder Account Balances	127
Note 13 – Future Contract Benefits	131
Note 14 – Short-Term and Long-Term Debt	136
Note 15 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments	140
Note 16 – Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans	154
Note 17 – Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plans	155
Note 18 – Contingencies and Commitments	156
Note 19 – Shares and Stockholder’s Equity	162
Note 20 – Segment Information	163
Note 21 – Realized Gain (Loss)	167
Note 22 – Commissions and Other Expenses	168
Note 23 – Federal Income Taxes	168
Note 24 – Statutory Information and Restrictions	170
Note 25 – Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Data	172
Note 26 – Transactions with Affiliates	172
Note 27 – Subsequent Event	174

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Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of internal control over financial reporting effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, the end of our fiscal year. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Management’s assessment included evaluation of such elements as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment.

Based on the assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the fiscal year due to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles.

Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weakness

As previously reported, in the first quarter of 2023 management identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Specifically, management’s review control did not detect an error in the accounting related to the recognition of realized gains on investments transferred in conjunction with a 2021 reinsurance transaction. The realized gains were included in the deferred gain on reinsurance rather than recognized as realized gains in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). As a result, realized gains on investments was understated and the deferred gain on reinsurance was overstated by $498 million, net of tax. In the first quarter of 2023, the Company restated its consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 to reflect the correction of this error.

As of December 31, 2023, management has completed the remediation activities summarized below and has performed testing to evaluate the design and operating effectiveness of the controls. As a result, we concluded that we had remediated the material weakness as of that date.

Remediation Activities

Management took the following steps to remediate the material weakness:

1.We formed a technical review committee comprising cross-functional accounting, business, legal, and risk personnel that is in place and operating with a dedicated charter in overseeing the technical accounting and reporting implications of complex significant transactions;

2.We established protocols that are in place and operating, effectively enabling the involvement of external subject matter experts providing support and insights to management from third party firms;

3.We formalized the documentation and review of key considerations and critical decision matters resulting from significant reinsurance transactions by the aforementioned technical review committee; and

4.We communicated across the organization to reinforce the steps taken to strengthen the control environment related to significant reinsurance transactions.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only a management report in this Annual Report.

65

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholder and the Board of Directors of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), stockholder’s equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Adoption of ASU No. 2018-12

As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, on January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU No. 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944), Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, with a transition date of January 1, 2021.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

66

	Future Contract Benefits Liability
Description of the Matter	At December 31, 2023, future contract benefits liabilities totaled $40.2 billion, a portion of which related to universal life-type contracts with secondary guarantees. The future contract benefits liability related to these product guarantees is based on estimates of how much the Company will need to pay for future benefits and the amount of fees to be collected from policyholders for these policy features. As described in Notes 1 (see section on Future Contract Benefits), 3, and 13, to the consolidated financial statements, there is significant uncertainty inherent in estimating this liability because there is a significant amount of management judgment involved in developing certain assumptions that impact the liability balance, which include mortality rates and policyholder lapse behavior. Auditing the valuation of future contract benefits liabilities related to these products was complex and required the involvement of our actuarial specialists due to the high degree of judgment used by management in setting the assumptions used in the estimate of the future contract benefits liability related to these products.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the future contract benefits liability estimation processes, including, among others, controls related to the review and approval processes that management has in place for the assumptions used in estimating the benefit ratio related to the future contract benefits liability. This included testing controls related to management’s evaluation of the need to update assumptions based on the comparison of actual Company experience to previous assumptions. We involved actuarial specialists to assist with our audit procedures which included, among others, an evaluation of the methodology applied by management with those methods used in prior periods. To assess the significant assumptions used by management, we compared the significant assumptions noted above to historical experience and management’s estimates of prospective changes in these assumptions. In addition, we performed an independent recalculation of benefit ratio cash flows related to the future policy benefit reserves for a sample of cohorts or contracts which we compared to the actuarial model used by management.
	Market Risk Benefits
Description of the Matter	The Company’s market risk benefits (“MRBs”) assets and liabilities totaled $3.9 billion and $1.7 billion, as of December 31, 2023, respectively, a portion of which relates to MRBs associated with variable and fixed annuity contracts issued through separate accounts that may include guaranteed living benefit and guaranteed death benefit features. The Company’s ceded MRB assets and ceded MRB liabilities totaled $1.1 billion and $0.3 billion, as of December 31, 2023, respectively. As described in Notes 1 (see section on MRBs), 3, 10 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements, there is a significant amount of estimation uncertainty inherent in measuring the fair value of the MRBs because of the sensitivity of certain assumptions underlying the estimate, including equity market return, volatility, policyholder lapse and benefit utilization. Management’s assumptions are adjusted over time for emerging experience and expected changes in trends, resulting in changes to the estimated fair value of the MRBs. Auditing the valuation of the MRBs was complex and required the involvement of our actuarial specialists due to the high degree of judgment used by management in setting the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of MRBs.

67

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the MRBs estimation process, including, among others, controls related to the review and approval processes that management has in place to develop the assumptions used in measuring the fair value of the MRBs. This included testing controls related to management’s evaluation of current and future capital market performance and the need to update actuarial lapse and benefit utilization assumptions. We involved actuarial specialists to assist with our audit procedures which included, among others, an evaluation of the methodology applied by management with those methods used in prior periods. To assess the significant assumptions used by management, we compared the significant assumptions noted above to historical experience, observable market data or management’s estimates of prospective changes in these assumptions. In addition, we performed an independent recalculation of the MRBs for a sample of contracts which we compared to the fair value model used by management.
	Accounting for Reinsurance of Universal Life Insurance Products with Secondary Guarantees, MoneyGuard® and Fixed Annuities Blocks of Business
Description of the Matter	As discussed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, in May 2023, the Company entered into a reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“Fortitude Re”) to cede in-force universal life insurance products with secondary guarantees (“ULSG”) and fixed annuities blocks of business to Fortitude Re with an effective date of October 1, 2023. A portion of the reinsurance agreement is accounted for using deposit accounting representing $4.2 billion of deposit assets as of December 31, 2023, with the remainder accounted for as reinsurance representing a $10.5 billion asset included in reinsurance recoverables and a $2.7 billion deferred loss included in other assets as of December 31, 2023. In conjunction with the Fortitude Re transaction, the Company entered into a reinsurance agreement with Lincoln National Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Limited (“LNBAR”) to cede certain blocks of in-force MoneyGuard® blocks of business to LNBAR with an effective date of October 1, 2023. The reinsurance agreement with LNBAR is accounted for using reinsurance accounting representing a $13.2 billion asset included in reinsurance recoverables and a $4.2 billion deferred gain included in other liabilities as of December 31, 2023. Auditing the reinsurance agreements was complex due to the multiple elements of the agreements, including the evaluation of deposit accounting versus reinsurance accounting for each line of business and determination of the reinsurance recoverables, deferred gain and loss, and deposit assets.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the controls over the accounting for the reinsurance agreements including, among others, controls related to the application of deposit or reinsurance accounting, the determination of the reinsurance recoverables, deferred gain and loss, and deposit assets. We involved actuarial specialists to assist with our audit procedures which included, among others, assessing and confirming the terms of the agreements with Fortitude Re and LNBAR, evaluating management’s risk transfer conclusion, testing the fair value of the consideration transferred, testing the calculation of the deferred gain and loss, and reconciling the deposit assets and reinsurance recoverables to the recorded reserves based on the terms of the reinsurance agreements.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1966.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 15, 2024

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THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in millions, except share data)

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
ASSETS
Investments:
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value
(amortized cost: 2023 - $88,231; 2022 - $110,944; allowance for credit losses: 2023 - $19; 2022 - $21)	$	82,300	$	99,465
Trading securities	2,321		3,446
Equity securities	306		427
Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance for credit losses
(portion at fair value: 2023 - $288; 2022 - $487)	18,873		18,211
Policy loans	2,463		2,345
Derivative investments	6,305		3,519
Other investments	4,757		3,577
Total investments	117,325		130,990
Cash and invested cash	3,193		2,499
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements	12,418		12,263
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses	45,110		21,804
Deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses	21,056		11,628
Market risk benefit assets	3,894		2,807
Accrued investment income	982		1,234
Goodwill	1,144		1,144
Other assets	10,597		7,677
Separate account assets	158,257		143,536
Total assets	$	373,976	$	335,582
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances	$	120,316	$	113,972
Future contract benefits	40,174		38,302
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities	13,628		8,255
Market risk benefit liabilities	1,716		2,078
Deferred front-end loads	5,923		5,115
Payables for collateral on investments	7,982		6,638
Short-term debt	840		562
Long-term debt	2,195		2,269
Other liabilities	12,438		6,251
Separate account liabilities	158,257		143,536
Total liabilities	363,469		326,978
Contingencies and Commitments (See Note 18)
Stockholder’s Equity
Common stock – 10,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding	12,961		12,903
Retained earnings	(869)		1,414
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,585)		(5,713)
Total stockholder’s equity	10,507		8,604
Total liabilities and stockholder’s equity	$	373,976	$	335,582

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(in millions)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenues
Insurance premiums	$	3,416	$	5,841	$	5,359
Fee income	5,168		5,366		5,766
Net investment income	5,712		5,274		5,839
Realized gain (loss)	(4,934)		418		859
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on business sold through reinsurance	48		37		32
Other revenues	649		621		657
Total revenues	10,059		17,557		18,512
Expenses
Benefits	5,028		8,203		8,027
Interest credited	3,202		2,860		2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	(1,135)		296		(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	(167)		2,445		(119)
Commissions and other expenses	5,249		4,927		5,011
Interest and debt expense	190		137		114
Spark program expense	153		167		87
Impairment of intangibles	–		634		–
Total expenses	12,520		19,669		14,478
Income (loss) before taxes	(2,461)		(2,112)		4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(673)		(437)		737
Net income (loss)	(1,788)		(1,675)		3,297
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized investment gain (loss)	4,942		(17,639)		(3,233)
Market risk benefit non-performance risk gain (loss)	(670)		(211)		(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss)	(145)		1,891		560
Funded status of employee benefit plans	1		(4)		3
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	4,128		(15,963)		(3,593)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	2,340	$	(17,638)	$	(296)

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY

(in millions)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Common Stock
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	12,903	$	11,950	$	11,853
Capital contribution from Lincoln National Corporation	5		925		65
Stock compensation/issued for benefit plans	53		28		32
Balance as of end-of-year	12,961		12,903		11,950
Retained Earnings
Balance as of beginning-of-year	1,414		3,734		4,167
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards	–		–		(1,820)
Net income (loss)	(1,788)		(1,675)		3,297
Dividends paid to Lincoln National Corporation	(495)		(645)		(1,910)
Balance as of end-of-year	(869)		1,414		3,734
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(5,713)		10,250		9,021
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards	–		–		4,822
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	4,128		(15,963)		(3,593)
Balance as of end-of-year	(1,585)		(5,713)		10,250
Total stockholder’s equity as of end-of-year	$	10,507	$	8,604	$	25,934

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$	(1,788)	$	(1,675)	$	3,297
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	4,934		(418)		(859)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	(1,135)		296		(1,554)
Sales and maturities (purchases) of trading securities, net	1,302		301		(87)
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on business sold through reinsurance	(48)		(37)		(32)
Impairment of intangibles	–		634		–
Net operating cash payments related to closing Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction	(1,457)		–		–
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales inducements
and deferred front-end loads	642		495		496
Accrued investment income	34		(41)		8
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances	(2,499)		652		(893)
Accrued expenses	223		(101)		377
Federal income tax accruals	(563)		(376)		708
Cash management agreement	(733)		3,730		(1,286)
Other	324		406		(351)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(764)		3,866		(176)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchases of available-for-sale securities and equity securities	(10,713)		(14,768)		(16,856)
Sales of available-for-sale securities and equity securities	3,606		2,347		2,341
Maturities of available-for-sale securities	5,597		5,487		9,417
Purchases of alternative investments	(614)		(631)		(754)
Sales and repayments of alternative investments	111		441		377
Issuance of mortgage loans on real estate	(1,943)		(2,507)		(3,057)
Repayment and maturities of mortgage loans on real estate	1,266		2,247		1,873
Repayment (issuance) of policy loans, net	(120)		4		61
Net change in collateral on investments, certain derivatives and related settlements	(333)		(4,653)		3,095
Other	(352)		(40)		(253)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(3,495)		(12,073)		(3,756)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Capital contribution from Lincoln National Corporation	5		925		65
Payment of long-term debt, including current maturities	–		(40)		(60)
Issuance (payment) of short-term debt	228		(522)		587
Payment related to sale-leaseback transactions	(79)		(70)		(59)
Proceeds from certain financing arrangements	86		186		159
Payment related to certain financing arrangements	(49)		–		–
Net financing cash proceeds related to closing Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction	133		–		–
Deposits of fixed account balances	16,388		16,186		13,409
Withdrawals of fixed account balances	(10,633)		(7,641)		(7,142)
Transfers from (to) separate accounts, net	(624)		19		(175)
Common stock issued for benefit plans	(7)		(21)		(13)
Dividends paid to Lincoln National Corporation	(495)		(645)		(1,910)
Other	–		(2)		(60)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	4,953		8,375		4,801
Net increase (decrease) in cash, invested cash and restricted cash	694		168		869
Cash, invested cash and restricted cash as of beginning-of-year	2,499		2,331		1,462
Cash, invested cash and restricted cash as of end-of-year	$	3,193	$	2,499	$	2,331

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (“LNL” or the “Company,” which also may be referred to as “we,” “our” or “us”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lincoln National Corporation (“LNC” or the “Parent Company”), is domiciled in the state of Indiana. We own 100% of the outstanding common stock of one insurance company subsidiary, Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York (“LLANY”). We also own several non-insurance companies, including Lincoln Financial Distributors, our wholesale distributor, and Lincoln Financial Advisors Corporation, part of LNC’s retail distributor, Lincoln Financial Network. LNL is licensed and sells its products throughout the U.S. and several U.S. territories. Through our business segments, we sell a wide range of wealth accumulation, wealth protection, group protection and retirement income products and solutions. These products primarily include variable annuities, fixed annuities (including indexed), registered index-linked annuities (“RILA”), universal life insurance (“UL”), variable universal life insurance (“VUL”), linked-benefit UL and VUL, indexed universal life insurance (“IUL”), term life insurance, group life, disability and dental and employer-sponsored retirement plans and services. For more information on our segments and the products and solutions we provide, see Note 20.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Certain GAAP policies, which significantly affect the determination of financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, are summarized below.

Certain amounts reported in prior year’s Consolidated Balance Sheet have been reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

On January 1, 2023, we adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments (“ASU 2018-12”) with a transition date of January 1, 2021. ASU 2018-12 updated accounting and reporting requirements for long-duration contracts and certain investment contracts issued by insurance entities. We adopted ASU 2018-12 under the modified retrospective approach, except for market risk benefits (“MRBs”), which applied the full retrospective approach. Our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021.

We present disaggregated disclosures in the Notes below for long-duration insurance balances, applying the level of aggregation by reportable segment as follows:

Reportable Segment	Level of Aggregation
Annuities	Variable Annuities
	Fixed Annuities
	Payout Annuities
Life Insurance	Traditional Life
	UL and Other
Group Protection	Group Protection
Retirement Plan Services	Retirement Plan Services

The variable annuities level of aggregation includes RILA products, which are indexed variable annuities. The fixed annuities level of aggregation represents deferred fixed annuities. We have excluded amounts reported in Other Operations from our disaggregated disclosures that are attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective Life Insurance Company (“Protective”) and Swiss Re Life & Health America, Inc (“Swiss Re”) as these contracts are fully reinsured, run-off institutional pension business in the form of group annuity and the results of certain disability income business and not reflected in the results of the reportable segments listed above.

Sale of Wealth Management Business

On December 14, 2023, our parent company LNC announced that it had entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Osaic Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Osaic”), pursuant to which Osaic agreed to acquire all of the ownership interests in the subsidiaries of LNC that comprise its wealth management business, including our subsidiary Lincoln Financial Advisors Corporation. We anticipate the

73

transaction will close in the first half of 2024, subject to receipt of required regulatory approvals and satisfying other customary closing conditions.

As of December 31, 2023, we had assets of $120 million and liabilities of $77 million classified as held-for-sale and reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The assets are reported primarily within Other Operations in Note 20.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of LNL and all other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest and any variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we are the primary beneficiary. We use the equity method of accounting to recognize all of our investments in limited partnerships (“LPs”). All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Our involvement with VIEs is primarily to invest in assets that allow us to gain exposure to a broadly diversified portfolio of asset classes. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support or where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest. We assess our contractual, ownership or other interests in a VIE to determine if our interest participates in the variability the VIE was designed to absorb and pass onto variable interest holders. We perform an ongoing qualitative assessment of our variable interests in VIEs to determine whether we have a controlling financial interest and would therefore be considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE. If we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the assets and liabilities of the VIE in the consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. In applying these estimates and assumptions, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are uncertain and inherently subject to change. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Included among the material (or potentially material) reported amounts and disclosures that require use of estimates are: fair value of certain financial assets, derivatives, allowances for credit losses, goodwill and other intangibles, MRBs, future contract benefits, income taxes including the recoverability of our deferred tax assets, and the potential effects of resolving litigated matters.

Business Combinations

We use the acquisition method of accounting for all business combination transactions, and accordingly, recognize the fair values of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements. The allocation of fair values may be subject to adjustment after the initial allocation for up to a one-year period as more information becomes available relative to the fair values as of the acquisition date. The consolidated financial statements include the results of operations of any acquired company since the acquisition date.

Fair Value Measurement

Our measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset or non-performance risk, which would include our own credit risk. Our estimate of an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (“exit price”) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market, for that asset or liability, as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or receive a liability (“entry price”). Pursuant to the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM (“ASC”), we categorize our financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:

•Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date, except for large holdings subject to “blockage discounts” that are excluded;

•Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value can be determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies; and

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•Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable inputs in situations where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability, and we make estimates and assumptions related to the pricing of the asset or liability, including assumptions regarding risk.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment.

When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. Because certain securities trade in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, the determination of fair value for these securities is inherently more difficult. However, Level 3 fair value investments may include, in addition to the unobservable or Level 3 inputs, observable components, which are components that are actively quoted or can be validated to market-based sources.

Fixed Maturity Available-For-Sale Securities – Fair Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs

Securities classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) consist of fixed maturity securities and are stated at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”).

We measure the fair value of our securities classified as fixed maturity AFS based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security. The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the fixed maturity security, and we consistently apply the valuation methodology to measure the security’s fair value. Our fair value measurement is based on a market approach that utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities. Sources of inputs to the market approach primarily include third-party pricing services, independent broker quotations or pricing matrices. We do not adjust prices received from third parties; however, we do analyze the third-party pricing services’ valuation methodologies and related inputs and perform additional evaluation to determine the appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy.

The observable and unobservable inputs to our valuation methodologies are based on a set of standard inputs that we generally use to evaluate all of our fixed maturity AFS securities. Observable inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. In addition, market indicators, industry and economic events are monitored, and further market data is acquired if certain triggers are met. For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the inputs described above may not be applicable. For private placement securities, we use pricing matrices that utilize observable pricing inputs of similar public securities and Treasury yields as inputs to the fair value measurement. Depending on the type of security or the daily market activity, standard inputs may be prioritized differently or may not be available for all fixed maturity AFS securities on any given day. For broker-quoted only securities, non-binding quotes from market makers or broker-dealers are obtained from sources recognized as market participants. For securities trading in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, we use unobservable inputs to measure fair value.

The following summarizes our fair valuation methodologies and associated inputs, which are particular to the specified security type and are in addition to the defined standard inputs to our valuation methodologies for all of our fixed maturity AFS securities discussed above:

•Corporate bonds and U.S. government bonds – We also use Trade Reporting and Compliance EngineTM reported tables for our corporate bonds and vendor trading platform data for our U.S. government bonds.

•Mortgage- and asset-backed securities (“ABS”) – We also utilize additional inputs, which include new issues data, monthly payment information and monthly collateral performance, including prepayments, severity, delinquencies, step-down features and over collateralization features for each of our mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), which include collateralized mortgage obligations and mortgage pass through securities backed by residential mortgages (“RMBS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) and collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”).

•State and municipal bonds – We also use additional inputs that include information from the Municipal Securities Rule Making Board, as well as material event notices, new issue data, issuer financial statements and Municipal Market Data benchmark yields for our state and municipal bonds.

•Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities – We also utilize additional inputs of exchange prices (underlying and common stock of the same issuer) for our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities.

In order to validate the pricing information and broker-dealer quotes, we employ, where possible, procedures that include comparisons with similar observable positions, comparisons with subsequent sales and observations of general market movements for those security classes. We have policies and procedures in place to review the process that is utilized by our third-party pricing service and the output that is provided to us by the pricing service. On a periodic basis, we test the pricing for a sample of securities to evaluate the inputs and assumptions used by the pricing service, and we perform a comparison of the pricing service output to an alternative pricing source.  We

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also evaluate prices provided by our primary pricing service to ensure that they are not stale or unreasonable by reviewing the prices for unusual changes from period to period based on certain parameters or for lack of change from one period to the next. 

Fixed Maturity AFS Securities – Evaluation for Recovery of Amortized Cost

We regularly review our fixed maturity AFS securities (also referred to as “debt securities”) for declines in fair value that we determine to be impairment-related, including those attributable to credit risk factors that may require a credit loss allowance.

For our debt securities, we generally consider the following to determine whether our debt securities with unrealized losses are credit impaired:

•The estimated range and average period until recovery;

•The estimated range and average holding period to maturity;

•Remaining payment terms of the security;

•Current delinquencies and nonperforming assets of underlying collateral;

•Expected future default rates;

•Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type;

•Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and

•Contractual and regulatory cash obligations.

For a debt security, if we intend to sell a security, or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the debt security is below amortized cost, we conclude that an impairment has occurred and the amortized cost is written down to current fair value, with a corresponding charge to realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). For debt securities where impairment has been recognized, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected are accreted as interest income and recognized in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). If we do not intend to sell a debt security, or it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the debt security (referred to as the credit loss), we conclude that an impairment has occurred, and a credit loss allowance is recorded, with a corresponding charge to realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The remainder of the decline to fair value related to factors other than credit loss is recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) to unrealized losses on fixed maturity AFS securities on the Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity, as this amount is considered a noncredit impairment.

When assessing our intent to sell a debt security, or if it is more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its cost basis, we evaluate facts and circumstances such as, but not limited to, decisions to reposition our security portfolio, sales of securities to meet cash flow needs and sales of securities to capitalize on favorable pricing. Management considers the following as part of the evaluation:

•The current economic environment and market conditions;

•Our business strategy and current business plans;

•The nature and type of security, including expected maturities and exposure to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risk;

•Our analysis of data from financial models and other internal and industry sources to evaluate the current effectiveness of our hedging and overall risk management strategies;

•The current and expected timing of contractual maturities of our assets and liabilities, expectations of prepayments on investments and expectations for surrenders and withdrawals of annuity contracts and life insurance policies;

•The capital risk limits approved by management; and

•Our current financial condition and liquidity demands.

In order to determine the amount of the credit loss for a debt security, we calculate the recovery value by performing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the current cash flows and future cash flows we expect to recover. The discount rate is the effective interest rate implicit in the underlying debt security. The effective interest rate is the original yield, or the coupon if the debt security was previously impaired. See the discussion below for additional information on the methodology and significant inputs, by security type, that we use to determine the amount of a credit loss.

To determine the recovery period of a debt security, we consider the facts and circumstances surrounding the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Historical and implied volatility of the security;

•The extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost;

•Adverse conditions specifically related to the security or to specific conditions in an industry or geographic area;

•Failure, if any, of the issuer of the security to make scheduled payments; and

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•Recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date.

In periods subsequent to the recognition of a credit loss impairment through a credit loss allowance, we continue to reassess the expected cash flows of the debt security at each subsequent measurement date as necessary. If the measurement of credit loss changes, we recognize a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense through realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), limited by the amount that amortized cost exceeds fair value. Losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes the uncollectibility of a debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest on debt securities is written-off through net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when deemed uncollectible.

To determine the recovery value of a corporate bond or CLO, we perform additional analysis related to the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Fundamentals of the issuer to determine what we would recover if they were to file bankruptcy versus the price at which the market is trading;

•Fundamentals of the industry in which the issuer operates;

•Earnings multiples for the given industry or sector of an industry that the underlying issuer operates within, divided by the outstanding debt to determine an expected recovery value of the security in the case of a liquidation;

•Expected cash flows of the issuer (e.g., whether the issuer has cash flows in excess of what is required to fund its operations);

•Expectations regarding defaults and recovery rates;

•Changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency; and

•Additional market information (e.g., if there has been a replacement of the corporate debt security).

Each quarter, we review the cash flows for the MBS portfolio, including current credit enhancements and trends in the underlying collateral performance to determine whether or not they are sufficient to provide for the recovery of our amortized cost. To determine recovery value of a MBS, we perform additional analysis related to the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Discounted cash flow analysis based on the current cash flows and future cash flows we expect to recover;

•Level of borrower creditworthiness of the home equity loans or residential mortgages that back an RMBS or commercial mortgages that back a CMBS;

•Susceptibility to fair value fluctuations for changes in the interest rate environment;

•Susceptibility to reinvestment risks, in cases where market yields are lower than the securities’ book yield earned;

•Susceptibility to reinvestment risks, in cases where market yields are higher than the book yields earned on a security;

•Expectations of sale of such a security where market yields are higher than the book yields earned on a security; and

•Susceptibility to variability of prepayments.

When evaluating MBS and mortgage-related ABS, we consider a number of pool-specific factors as well as market level factors when determining whether or not the impairment on the security requires a credit loss allowance. The most important factor is the performance of the underlying collateral in the security and the trends of that performance in the prior periods. We use this information about the collateral to forecast the timing and rate of mortgage loan defaults, including making projections for loans that are already delinquent and for those loans that are currently performing but may become delinquent in the future. Other factors used in this analysis include the credit characteristics of borrowers, geographic distribution of underlying loans and timing of liquidations by state. Once default rates and timing assumptions are determined, we then make assumptions regarding the severity of a default if it were to occur. Factors that impact the severity assumption include expectations for future home price appreciation or depreciation, loan size, first lien versus second lien, existence of loan level private mortgage insurance, type of occupancy and geographic distribution of loans. Once default and severity assumptions are determined for the security in question, cash flows for the underlying collateral are projected including expected defaults and prepayments. These cash flows on the collateral are then translated to cash flows on our tranche based on the cash flow waterfall of the entire capital security structure. If this analysis indicates the entire principal on a particular security will not be returned, the security is reviewed for a credit loss by comparing the expected cash flows to amortized cost. To the extent that the security has already been impaired through a credit loss allowance or was purchased at a discount, such that the amortized cost of the security is less than or equal to the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, no credit loss allowance is required. Otherwise, if the amortized cost of the security is greater than the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected, and the security was not purchased at a discount greater than the expected principal loss, then an impairment through a credit loss allowance is recognized.

We further monitor the cash flows of all of our debt securities backed by mortgages on an ongoing basis. We also perform detailed analysis on all of our subprime, Alt-A, non-agency residential MBS and on a significant percentage of our debt securities backed by pools of commercial mortgages. The detailed analysis includes revising projected cash flows by updating the cash flows for actual cash received and applying assumptions with respect to expected defaults, foreclosures and recoveries in the future. These revised projected cash flows are then compared to the amount of credit enhancement (subordination) in the structure to determine whether the amortized cost of the security is recoverable. If it is not recoverable, we record an impairment through a credit loss allowance for the security.

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Trading Securities

Trading securities consist of fixed maturity securities in designated portfolios, some of which support modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements. Investment results for the portfolios that support modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements, including gains and losses from sales, are passed directly to the reinsurers pursuant to contractual terms of the reinsurance agreements. Trading securities are carried at fair value, and changes in fair value and changes in the fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with the underlying reinsurance agreements are recorded in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) as they occur.

Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value, and changes in fair value are recorded in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) as they occur. Equity securities consist primarily of common stock of publicly-traded companies, privately placed securities and mutual fund shares. We measure the fair value of our equity securities based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security. The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the equity security. Fair values of publicly-traded equity securities are determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical or comparable securities. When quoted prices are not available, we use valuation methodologies most appropriate for the specific asset. Fair values for private placement securities are determined using discounted cash flow, earnings multiple and other valuation models. The fair values of mutual fund shares that transact regularly are based on transaction prices of identical fund shares.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Mortgage loans on real estate consist of commercial and residential mortgage loans and are generally carried at unpaid principal balances adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts and are net of allowance for credit losses. We carry certain mortgage loans associated with modified coinsurance agreements at fair value where the fair value option has been elected. Interest income is accrued on the principal balance of the loan based on the loan’s contractual interest rate. Premiums and discounts are amortized using the effective yield method over the life of the loan. Interest income and amortization of premiums and discounts are reported in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) along with mortgage loan fees, which are recorded as they are incurred.

Our policy for commercial mortgage loans is to report loans that are 60 or more days past due, which equates to two or more payments missed, as delinquent. Our policy for residential mortgage loans is to report loans that are 90 or more days past due, which equates to three or more payments missed, as delinquent. We do not accrue interest on loans 90 days past due, and any interest received on these loans is either applied to the principal or recorded in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when received, depending on the assessment of the collectability of the loan. We resume accruing interest once a loan complies with all of its original terms or restructured terms. Mortgage loans deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are likewise credited to the allowance for credit losses. Accrued interest on mortgage loans is written-off when deemed uncollectible.

In connection with our recognition of an allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans on real estate, we perform a quantitative analysis using a probability of default/loss given default/exposure at default approach to estimate expected credit losses in our mortgage loan portfolio as well as unfunded commitments related to commercial mortgage loans, exclusive of certain mortgage loans held at fair value. Our model estimates expected credit losses over the contractual terms of the loans, which are the periods over which we are exposed to credit risk, adjusted for expected prepayments. Credit loss estimates are segmented by commercial mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans, and unfunded commitments related to commercial mortgage loans.

The allowance for credit losses for pooled loans of similar risk (i.e., commercial and residential mortgage loans) is estimated using relevant historical credit loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses with adjustments for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term lengths as well as adjustments for changes in environmental conditions, such as unemployment rates, property values, or other factors that management deems relevant. We apply probability weights to the positive, base and adverse scenarios we use. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecast, we use implicit mean reversion over the remaining life of the recoverable, meaning our model will inherently revert to the baseline scenario as the baseline is representative of the historical average over a longer period of time.

Loans are considered impaired when it is probable that, based upon current information and events, we will be unable to collect all amounts due under the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When we determine that a loan is impaired, a specific credit loss allowance is established for the excess carrying value of the loan over its estimated value. The loan’s estimated value is based on: the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; the loan’s observable market price; or the fair value of the loan’s collateral.

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Allowance for credit losses are maintained at a level we believe is adequate to absorb current expected lifetime credit losses. Our periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based on historical loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of the underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future and other relevant factors.

Mortgage loans on real estate are presented net of the allowance for credit losses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance are reported in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Mortgage loans on real estate deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses, limited to the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Our commercial loan portfolio is primarily comprised of long-term loans secured by existing commercial real estate. We believe all of the commercial loans in our portfolio share three primary risks: borrower credit worthiness; sustainability of the cash flow of the property; and market risk; therefore, our methods of monitoring and assessing credit risk are consistent for our entire portfolio.

For our commercial mortgage loan portfolio, trends in market vacancy and rental rates are incorporated into the analysis that we perform for monitored loans and may contribute to the establishment of (or an increase or decrease in) an allowance for credit losses. In addition, we review each loan individually in our commercial mortgage loan portfolio on an annual basis to identify emerging risks. We focus on properties that experienced a reduction in debt-service coverage or that have significant exposure to tenants with deteriorating credit profiles. Where warranted, we establish or increase a credit loss allowance for a specific loan based upon this analysis.

We measure and assess the credit quality of our commercial mortgage loans by using loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios. The loan-to-value ratio compares the principal amount of the loan to the fair value at origination of the underlying property collateralizing the loan and is commonly expressed as a percentage. Loan-to-value ratios greater than 100% indicate that the principal amount is greater than the collateral value. Therefore, all else being equal, a lower loan-to-value ratio generally indicates a higher quality loan. The debt-service coverage ratio compares a property’s net operating income to its debt-service payments. Debt-service coverage ratios of less than 1.0 indicate that property operations do not generate enough income to cover its current debt payments. Therefore, all else being equal, a higher debt-service coverage ratio generally indicates a higher quality loan. These credit quality metrics are monitored and reviewed at least annually.

We have off-balance sheet commitments related to commercial mortgage loans. As such, an allowance for credit losses is developed based on the commercial mortgage loan process outlined above, along with an internally developed conversion factor.

Our residential loan portfolio is primarily comprised of first lien mortgages secured by existing residential real estate. In contrast to the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, residential mortgage loans are primarily smaller-balance homogenous loans that share similar risk characteristics. Therefore, these pools of loans are collectively evaluated for inherent credit losses. Such evaluations consider numerous factors, including, but not limited to borrower credit scores, collateral values, loss forecasts, geographic location, delinquency rates and economic trends. These evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available, including updated forecasts, which can cause the allowance for credit losses to increase or decrease over time as such evaluations are revised. Generally, residential mortgage loan pools exclude loans that are nonperforming, as those loans are evaluated individually using the evaluation framework for specific allowance for credit losses described above.

For residential mortgage loans, our primary credit quality indicator is whether the loan is performing or nonperforming. We generally define nonperforming residential mortgage loans as those that are 90 or more days past due and/or in nonaccrual status. There is generally a higher risk of experiencing credit losses when a residential mortgage loan is nonperforming. We monitor and update aging schedules and nonaccrual status on a monthly basis.

Policy Loans

Policy loans represent loans we issue to policyholders that use the cash surrender value of their life insurance policy as collateral. Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balances.

Derivative Instruments

We hedge certain portions of our exposure to interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity market risk, basis risk, commodity risk and credit risk by entering into derivative transactions. Our derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at estimated fair value. We have master netting agreements with each of our derivative counterparties that allow for the netting of our derivative asset and liability positions by counterparty. We categorize derivatives into a three-level hierarchy, based on the priority of the inputs to the respective valuation technique as discussed above in “Fair Value Measurement.” The accounting for changes in the estimated fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship, and further, on the type of hedging relationship. For those derivative instruments that are designated and

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qualify as hedging instruments, we designate the hedging instrument based upon the exposure being hedged: as a cash flow hedge or a fair value hedge.

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of AOCI and reclassified into net income in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects net income. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in net income during the period of change in estimated fair values. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, but that are economic hedges, the gain or loss is recognized in net income.

We purchase and issue financial instruments and products that contain embedded derivative instruments that are recorded with the associated host contract. When it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host for measurement purposes and reported within other assets or other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The embedded derivative is carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income during the period of change.

We employ several different methods for determining the fair value of our derivative instruments. The fair value of our derivative contracts are measured based on current settlement values, which are based on quoted market prices, industry standard models that are commercially available and broker quotes. These techniques project cash flows of the derivatives using current and implied future market conditions. We calculate the present value of the cash flows to measure the current fair market value of the derivative.

Other Investments

Other investments consist primarily of alternative investments, cash collateral receivables related to our derivative instruments, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) common stock and short-term investments.

Alternative investments consist primarily of investments in LPs. We account for our investments in LPs using the equity method to determine the carrying value. Recognition of alternative investment income is delayed due to the availability of the related financial statements, which are generally obtained from the partnerships’ general partners. As a result, our private equity investments are generally on a three-month delay and our hedge funds are on a one-month delay. In addition, the impact of audit adjustments related to completion of calendar-year financial statement audits of the investees are typically received during the second quarter of each calendar year. Accordingly, our investment income from alternative investments for any calendar-year period may not include the complete impact of the change in the underlying net assets for the partnership for that calendar-year period.

In uncleared derivative transactions, we and the counterparty enter into a credit support annex requiring either party to post collateral, which may be in the form of cash, equal to the net derivative exposure. Cash collateral we have posted to a counterparty is recorded within other investments. Cash collateral a counterparty has posted is recorded within payables for collateral on investments. We also have investments in FHLB common stock, carried at cost, that enable access to the FHLB lending program. For more information on our collateralized financing arrangements, see “Payables for Collateral on Investments” below.

Short-term investments consist of securities with original maturities of one year or less, but greater than three months. Securities included in short-term investments are carried at fair value, with valuation methods and inputs consistent with those applied to fixed maturity AFS securities.

Cash and Invested Cash

Cash and invested cash is carried at cost and includes all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL

Acquisition costs directly related to successful contract acquisitions or renewals of annuities, UL, VUL, traditional life insurance, group life and disability insurance and other investment contracts have been deferred (i.e., deferred acquisition costs or “DAC”). Such acquisition costs are capitalized in the period they are incurred and primarily include commissions, certain bonuses, a portion of total compensation and benefits of certain employees involved in the acquisition process and medical and inspection fees. Value of business acquired (“VOBA”) is an intangible asset that reflects the estimated fair value of in-force contracts in a life insurance company acquisition and represents the portion of the purchase price that is allocated to the value of the right to receive future cash flows from the business in force at the acquisition date. Bonus credits and excess interest for dollar cost averaging contracts are considered deferred sales inducements (“DSI”) and reported in deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements on the

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Consolidated Balance Sheets. Contract sales charges that are collected in the early years of an insurance contract are deferred and reported as deferred front-end loads (“DFEL”) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL amortization is reported within the following financial statement line items on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

•DAC and VOBA – commissions and other expenses

•DSI – interest credited

•DFEL – fee income

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL are amortized on a constant level basis relative to the insurance in force over the expected term of the related contracts using the groupings and actuarial assumptions that are consistent with those used for calculating the related policyholder liability balances. Actuarial assumptions include, but are not limited to, mortality, morbidity and certain policyholder behaviors such as persistency, which are adjusted for emerging experience and expected trends of the related long-duration insurance contracts and certain investment contracts by each reportable segment. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review and update these actuarial assumptions. We may update our actuarial assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that warrants updating outside of our comprehensive review. These resulting changes are applied prospectively.

The following provides a summary of our DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL amortization basis and expected amortization period by reportable segment:

Reportable Segment	Amortization Basis	Expected Amortization Period
Annuities	Total deposits paid to date on policies in force	Between 30 to 40 years
Life Insurance	Policy count of policies in force	On average 60 years
Group Protection	Group certificate contracts in force	4 years
Retirement Plan Services	Lives in force	Between 40 to 50 years

We account for modifications of insurance contracts that result in a substantially unchanged contract as a continuation of the replaced contract. We account for modifications of insurance contracts that result in a substantially changed contract as an extinguishment of the replaced contract.

For reinsurance transactions where we receive proceeds that represent recovery of our previously incurred acquisition costs, we reduce the applicable unamortized acquisition cost such that net acquisition costs are capitalized and charged to commissions and other expenses.

Reinsurance

We and LLANY enter into reinsurance agreements in the normal course of business to limit our exposure to the risk of loss and to enhance our capital management.

In order for a reinsurance agreement to qualify for reinsurance accounting, the agreement must satisfy certain risk transfer conditions that include, among other items, a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. When we apply reinsurance accounting, insurance premiums, benefits and DAC and VOBA amortization are reported net of reinsurance ceded, as applicable, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Amounts currently recoverable, such as ceded reserves, other than ceded MRBs, are reported in reinsurance recoverables, and amounts currently payable to the reinsurers, such as premiums, are included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In a modified coinsurance or coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance structured agreement, the investments that would have been sent to the reinsurer as premiums are withheld by us and remain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, with the existing accounting maintained. A corresponding liability is recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets within funds withheld reinsurance liabilities representing our obligation to pay the reinsurer. This liability includes embedded derivatives, which are total return swaps with contractual returns that are attributable to various assets and liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements. The changes in the embedded derivative liabilities are reported within realized gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We use deposit accounting to recognize reinsurance agreements that do not transfer significant insurance risk. This accounting treatment results in amounts paid or received by us to be considered on deposit with the reinsurer and such amounts are reported in deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses and other liabilities, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As amounts are paid or received, consistent with the underlying contracts, deposit assets or liabilities are adjusted.

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Reinsurance recoverables are measured and recognized consistent with the liabilities related to the underlying contracts. The interest assumption used for discounting reinsurance recoverables associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts is the upper-medium grade fixed income instrument (“single-A”) interest rate locked-in at the reinsurance contract issuance date. We remeasure reinsurance recoverables associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts with the current single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period. Ceded MRBs are accounted for separately from reinsurance recoverables. See “MRBs” below for additional information.

We estimated an allowance for credit losses for all reinsurance recoverables and related reinsurance deposit assets held by our subsidiaries, other than ceded MRB assets. As such, we performed a quantitative analysis using a probability of loss model approach to estimate expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables, inclusive of similar assets recognized using the deposit method of accounting. The credit loss allowance is a general allowance for pools of receivables with similar risk characteristics segmented by credit risk ratings and receivables assessed on an individual basis that do not share similar risk characteristics where we anticipate a credit loss over the life of reinsurance-related assets, other than ceded MRB assets.

Our model uses relevant internal or external historical loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future events and conditions in developing our credit loss estimate. We utilized historical credit rating data to form an estimation of probability of default of counterparties by means of a transition matrix that provides the rates of credit migration for credit ratings transitioning to impairment. We updated reinsurer credit ratings during the period to incorporate the most up-to-date information on the current state of the financial stability of our reinsurers. To simulate changes in economic conditions, we used positive, base and adverse scenarios that include varying levels of loss given default assumptions to reflect the impact of changes in severity of losses. We applied probability weights to the positive, base and adverse scenarios. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecasts, we used implicit mean reversion over the remaining life of the recoverable. Additionally, we considered factors that impact our exposure at default that are driven by actuarial expectations around term assumptions rather than being directly driven by market or economic environment.

Our model estimates the expected credit losses over the life of the reinsurance asset. Credit loss estimates are segmented based on counterparty credit risk. Our modeling process utilizes counterparty credit ratings, collateral types and amounts, and term and run-off assumptions. For reinsurance recoverables that do not share similar risk characteristics, we assessed on an individual basis to determine a specific credit loss allowance.

We estimated expected credit losses over the contractual term of the recoverable, which is the period during which we are exposed to the credit risk. Reinsurance recoverables may not have explicit contractual lives, but are tied to the underlying insurance products; as a result, we estimated the contractual life by utilizing actuarial estimates of the timing of payouts related to those underlying products.

Reinsurance agreements often require the reinsurer to collateralize the recoverable with funds in a trust account or with a letter of credit for the benefit of the ceding insurance entity that can reduce the expected credit losses on a given agreement. As such, we review reinsurance collateral by individual agreement to sensitize risk of loss based on level of collateralization. This review is driven by the assumption that non-collateralized reinsurance recoverables would have materially higher losses in times of default. Therefore, reinsurance recoverables are pooled as either fully-collateralized or non-collateralized.

Reinsurance recoverables are presented net of the allowance for credit losses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are reported in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Reinsurance recoverables deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses, limited to the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Where applicable, gains or losses recognized on reinsurance transactions are deferred and amortized into net income (loss) using an amortization basis reflective of the characteristics of the underlying ceded business. Our deferred gains and losses on reinsurance of our interest-sensitive life insurance products are recognized over the projected life of the policies, based on projected profitability or projected reserve development for blocks with negative profitability. Our deferred gains and losses on reinsurance of our annuity products are recognized over the period in which the majority of account balances is expected to run off. Deferred gains and losses are reported within other liabilities and other assets, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Goodwill

We recognize the excess of the purchase price, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired as goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually as of October 1 and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value.

We perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test where the fair value of the reporting unit is determined and compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is greater than the reporting unit’s fair value, goodwill is impaired

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and written down to the reporting unit’s fair value; and a charge is reported in impairment of intangibles on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The results of one goodwill impairment test on one reporting unit cannot subsidize the results of another reporting unit.

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other assets consist primarily of deferred loss on business sold through reinsurance, certain reinsurance assets, property and equipment, balances associated with corporate-owned and bank-owned life insurance, premiums and fees receivable, receivables resulting from sales of securities that had not yet settled as of the balance sheet date, current and deferred taxes, specifically identifiable intangible assets, funds withheld reinsurance assets, ceded MRB liabilities, operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, finance lease assets and other receivables and prepaid expenses. Other liabilities consist primarily of deferred gain on business sold through reinsurance, ceded MRB assets, pension and other employee benefit liabilities, certain financing arrangements, payables resulting from purchases of securities that had not yet settled as of the balance sheet date, derivative instrument liabilities, other policyholder liabilities, certain reinsurance payables, long-term operating lease liabilities, finance lease liabilities and other accrued expenses.

The carrying values of specifically identifiable intangible assets are reviewed at least annually for indicators of impairment in value that are related to credit loss or non-credit, including unexpected or adverse changes in the following: the economic or competitive environments in which the company operates; profitability analyses; cash flow analyses; and the fair value of the relevant business operation. If there was an indication of impairment, then the discounted cash flow method would be used to measure the impairment, and the carrying value would be adjusted as necessary and reported in impairment of intangibles on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Sales force intangibles are attributable to the value of the new business distribution system acquired through business combinations. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful life of 25 years. Specifically identifiable intangible assets also includes the value of customer relationships acquired (“VOCRA”) and value of distribution agreements (“VODA”). The carrying values of VOCRA and VODA are amortized using a straight-line basis over their weighted average life of 20 years and 13 years, respectively. See Note 9 for more information regarding specifically identifiable intangible assets.

Property and equipment owned for company use is carried at cost less allowances for depreciation. Provisions for depreciation of investment real estate and property and equipment owned for company use are computed principally on the straight-line method over the

estimated useful lives of the assets, which include buildings, computer hardware and software and other property and equipment. Certain assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are related to finance leases and certain financing arrangements and are depreciated in a manner consistent with our current depreciation policy for owned assets. We periodically review the carrying value of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, impairments are recognized when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.

Long-lived assets to be disposed of by abandonment or in an exchange for a similar productive long-lived asset are classified as held-for-use until they are disposed. Long-lived assets to be sold are classified as held-for-sale and are no longer depreciated. Certain criteria have to be met in order for the long-lived asset to be classified as held-for-sale, including that a sale is probable and expected to occur within one year. Long-lived assets classified as held-for-sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

We lease office space and certain equipment under various long-term lease agreements. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Our leases do not provide an implicit rate; therefore, we use our incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The ROU asset is calculated using the lease liability carrying amount, plus or minus prepaid/accrued lease payments, minus the unamortized balance of lease incentives received, plus unamortized initial direct costs. Lease terms used to calculate our lease obligation include options when we are reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. Our lease agreements may contain both lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Separate Account Assets and Liabilities

Separate accounts represent segregated funds that are maintained to meet specific investment objectives of policyholders who direct the investments and bear the investment risk, except to the extent of minimum guarantees made by the Company with respect to certain accounts. The assets of each account are legally segregated and are not subject to claims that arise out of any other business of the Company.

We report separate account assets as a summary total on the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the fair value of the underlying investments. The underlying investments consist primarily of mutual funds, fixed maturity AFS securities, short-term investments and cash. Investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) of the separate accounts generally accrue directly to the

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policyholders; therefore, they are not reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows do not reflect investment activity of the separate accounts. Asset-based fees and contract administration charges (collectively referred to as “policyholder assessments”) are assessed against the accounts and included within fee income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). An amount equivalent to the separate account assets is recorded as separate account liabilities, representing the account balance obligated to be returned to the policyholder.

Policyholder Account Balances

Policyholder account balances include the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. The liability for policyholder account balances includes UL and VUL and investment-type annuity products where account balances are equal to deposits plus interest credited less withdrawals, surrender charges, policyholder assessments, as well as amounts representing the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with our IUL and indexed annuity products. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the assumptions and projection models used in estimating these embedded derivatives and update assumptions as needed. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update.

Future Contract Benefits

Future contract benefits represent liability reserves, including liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”), liability for future claims reserves and additional liability for other insurance benefits that we have established and carry based on estimates of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims.

The LFPB associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts is measured using a net premium ratio approach. This approach accrues expected benefits and claims in proportion to the premium revenue recognized. For life-contingent payout annuity contracts with limited premium payments, as premium collection is not the completion of the earnings process, gross premiums in excess of net premiums are deferred. This excess of gross premiums received over the related net premiums is referred to as the deferred profit liability (“DPL”). The DPL is included in the LFPB, and profits are recognized over the life of the contracts.

In measuring our LFPB, we establish cohorts, which are groupings of long-duration contracts. Factors that we consider in determining cohorts include, but are not limited to, our contract classification and issue year requirements, product risk characteristics, assumptions and modeling level used in the valuation systems. The net premium ratio is capped at 100% at the individual cohort level. Expected benefits and claims in excess of premium revenue recognized are expensed immediately.

We use actuarial assumptions to best estimate future premium and benefit cash flows (“cash flow assumptions”) as well as the actual historical cash flows received and paid to derive a net premium ratio in measuring the LFPB. These actuarial assumptions include mortality rates, morbidity, policyholder behavior (e.g., persistency) and withdrawals based principally on generally accepted actuarial methods and assumptions. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the cash flow assumptions and projection models used in estimating these liabilities and update these assumptions (excluding the claims settlement expense assumption that is locked in at inception) in the calculation of the net premium ratio. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of such update. On a quarterly basis, we retrospectively update the net premium ratio for actual experience. The remeasurement of LFPB for both assumption updates and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). For all contract cohorts issued after January 1, 2021, interest is accrued on LFPB at the single-A interest rate on the contract cohort inception date. For contract cohorts issued prior to January 1, 2021, interest remains accruing at the original discount rate in effect on the contract cohort inception date due to the modified retrospective transition method. We also remeasure the LFPB using the single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period, which is reported within policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We evaluate the liability for future claims on our long-term life and disability group products. Given the term and renewal features of our product and funding nature of the associated premiums, we have determined that the liability value is generally zero for policies that are not on claim. Therefore, the liability for future claims represents future payments on claims for which a disability event has occurred as of the valuation date. In measuring the liability for future claims, we establish cohorts similar to the process described above and use actuarial assumptions primarily based on claim termination rates, offsets for other insurance including social security and long-term disability incidence and severity assumptions. Cash flow assumptions are subject to the comprehensive review process discussed above. On a quarterly basis, the liability for future claims is updated for actual claims experience. The remeasurement of the liability for future claims for both assumption updates and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). We remeasure the liability for future claims using a single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period, which is reported within policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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We use the single-A interest rate curve to discount cash flows used to calculate the LFPB and the liability for future claims. This curve is developed using the upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yields that are intended to reflect the duration characteristics of the applicable insurance liabilities.

We issue UL contracts with separate accounts that may include various types of guaranteed benefits that are not accounted for as MRBs or embedded derivatives. These guaranteed benefits require an additional liability that is calculated by estimating the present value of total expected benefit payments over the life of the contract from inception divided by the present value of total expected assessments over the life of the contract (“benefit ratio”) multiplied by the cumulative assessments recorded from the contract inception through the balance sheet date less the cumulative payments plus interest on the liability. Cash flow assumptions incorporated in a benefit ratio in measuring these additional liabilities for other insurance benefits include mortality rates, morbidity, policyholder behavior (e.g., persistency) and withdrawals based principally on generally accepted actuarial methods and assumptions. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the cash flow assumptions and projection models used in estimating these liabilities and update these assumptions in the calculation of the benefit ratio. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of such update. On a quarterly basis, we retrospectively update the benefit ratio for actual experience. The remeasurement of additional liability for both assumptions and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). As future cash flow assumption and experience updates result in changes in expected benefit payments or assessments, the benefit ratio is recalculated using the updated expected benefit payments and assessments over the life of the contract since inception. The revised benefit ratio is then applied to the liability calculation described above.

Premium deficiency testing is performed for interest-sensitive life products periodically using best estimate assumptions as of the testing date to test the adequacy and appropriateness of the established net reserve (i.e., GAAP reserves net of any DSI or VOBA assets). The premium deficiency test is also performed using a discount rate based on the average crediting rate. A premium deficiency exists when

the net reserve plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are determined to be insufficient to cover expected future benefits and non-level expenses.

The business written or assumed by us includes participating life insurance contracts, under which the policyholder is entitled to share in the earnings of such contracts via receipt of dividends. The dividend scale for participating policies is reviewed annually and may be adjusted to reflect recent experience and future expectations. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, participating policies comprised less than 1% of the face amount of business in force, and dividend expenses were $41 million, $49 million and $48 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

MRBs

MRBs are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk upon the occurrence of a specific event or circumstance, such as death, annuitization or periodic withdrawal. MRBs do not include the death benefit component of a life insurance contract (i.e., the difference between the account balance and the death benefit amount). All long-duration insurance contracts and certain investment contracts are subject to MRB evaluation. An MRB can be in either an asset or a liability position. Our MRB assets and MRB liabilities are reported at fair value separately on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We issue variable and fixed annuity contracts that may include various types of guaranteed living benefit (“GLB”) and guaranteed death benefit (“GDB”) riders that we have classified as MRBs. For contracts that contain multiple features that qualify as MRBs, the MRBs are valued on a combined basis using an integrated model. We have entered into reinsurance agreements to cede certain GLB and GDB riders where the reinsurance agreements themselves are accounted for as MRBs or contain MRBs. We therefore record ceded MRB assets and ceded MRB liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements. Ceded MRB liabilities are included in other assets and ceded MRB assets are included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

MRBs are valued based on a stochastic projection of risk-neutral scenarios that incorporate a spread reflecting our non-performance risk. Ceded MRBs are valued based on a stochastic projection of risk-neutral scenarios that incorporate a spread reflecting our counterparties’ non-performance risk. The scenario assumptions, at each valuation date, are those we view to be appropriate for a hypothetical market participant and include assumptions for capital markets, policyholder behavior (e.g., policy lapse, rider utilization, etc.) mortality, risk margin and administrative expenses. These assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgments. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the actuarial assumptions and projection models used in estimating these MRBs and update these assumptions on a prospective basis as needed. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update. The assumptions for our own non-performance risk and our counterparties’ non-performance risk for MRBs and ceded MRBs, respectively, are determined at each valuation date and reflect our and our counterparties’ risks of not fulfilling the obligations of the underlying liability. The spread for the non-performance risk is added to the discount rates used in determining the fair value from the net cash flows. For information on fair value inputs, see Note 15.

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Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

Short-term debt has contractual or expected maturities of one year or less. Long-term debt has contractual or expected maturities greater than one year.

Payables for Collateral on Investments

When we enter into collateralized financing transactions on our investments, a liability is recorded equal to the cash or non-cash collateral received. This liability is included within payables for collateral on investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income and expenses associated with these transactions are recorded as investment income and investment expenses within net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Changes in payables for collateral on investments are reflected within cash flows from investing activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Contingencies and Commitments

A loss contingency is an existing condition, situation or set of circumstances involving uncertainty as to possible loss that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. Contingencies arising from environmental remediation costs, regulatory judgments, claims, assessments, guarantees, litigation, recourse reserves, fines, penalties and other sources are recorded when deemed probable and reasonably estimable, based on our best estimate.

Fee Income

Fee income for investment and interest-sensitive life insurance contracts consists of asset-based fees, percent of premium charges, contract administration charges and surrender charges that are assessed against policyholder account balances. Investment products consist primarily of individual and group variable and fixed annuities. Interest-sensitive life insurance products include UL, VUL, linked-benefit UL and VUL and other interest-sensitive life insurance policies. These products include life insurance sold to individuals, corporate-owned life insurance and bank-owned life insurance.

The timing of revenue recognition as it relates to fees assessed on investment contracts is determined based on the nature of such fees. Asset-based fees and contract administration charges are assessed on a daily or monthly basis and recognized as revenue as performance obligations are met, over the period underlying customer assets are owned or advisory services are provided. Percent of premium charges are assessed at the time of premium payment and recognized as revenue when assessed and earned. Certain amounts assessed that represent compensation for services to be provided in future periods are reported as unearned revenue and recognized in income over the periods benefited. Surrender charges are recognized upon surrender of a contract by the policyholder in accordance with contractual terms. For investment and interest-sensitive life insurance contracts, the amounts collected from policyholders are considered deposits and are not included in revenue.

Wholesaling-related 12b-1 fees received from separate account fund sponsors as compensation for servicing the underlying mutual funds are recorded as revenues based on a contractual percentage of the market value of mutual fund assets over the period shares are owned by customers. Net investment advisory fees related to asset management of certain separate account funds are recorded as revenues based on a contractual percentage of the customer’s managed assets over the period advisory services are provided. Fee income related to 12b-1 fees and net investment advisory fees, reported primarily within our Annuities segment, was $715 million, $743 million and $848 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Insurance Premiums

Insurance premiums consist primarily of group insurance products, payout annuities with life contingencies and traditional life insurance. These insurance premiums are recognized as revenue when due.

Net Investment Income

We earn investment income on the underlying general account investments supporting our fixed products less related expenses. Dividends and interest income, recorded in net investment income, are recognized when earned. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on investments in debt securities are reflected in net investment income over the contractual terms of the investments in a manner that produces a constant effective yield.

For CLOs and MBS, included in the trading and fixed maturity AFS securities portfolios, we recognize income using a constant effective yield based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When actual prepayments differ significantly from originally anticipated prepayments, the retrospective effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and a catch up adjustment is recorded in the current period. In addition, the new effective yield, which reflects anticipated future payments, is used

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prospectively. Any adjustments resulting from changes in effective yield are reflected in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Realized Gain (Loss)

Realized gain (loss) includes realized gains and losses from the sale of investments, write-downs for impairments of investments and changes in the allowance for credit losses for financial assets, changes in fair value of mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option, changes in fair value of equity securities, certain derivative and embedded derivative gains and losses, gains and losses on the sale of subsidiaries and businesses and net gains and losses on reinsurance-related embedded derivatives and trading securities. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined using the specific identification method. Realized gain (loss) is reported net of allocations of investment gains and losses to certain policyholders, certain funds withheld on reinsurance arrangements and certain modified coinsurance arrangements for which we have a contractual obligation to cede realized gains and losses to the reinsurer.

MRB Gain (Loss)

MRB gain (loss) includes the change in fair value of MRB and ceded MRB assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of MRB assets and liabilities are recognized in net income (loss), except for the portion attributable to the change in non-performance risk that is recognized in OCI. Changes in the fair value of ceded MRB assets and liabilities, including the changes in our counterparties’ non-performance risks, are recognized in net income (loss).

Other Revenues

Other revenues consist primarily of fees attributable to broker-dealer services recorded as performance obligations are met, either at the time of sale or over time based on a contractual percentage of customer account balances, and proceeds from reinsurance recaptures. The broker-dealer services primarily relate to our retail sales network and consist of commission revenue for the sale of non-affiliated securities recorded on a trade date basis and advisory fee income. Advisory fee income is asset-based revenues recorded as earned based on a contractual percentage of customer account balances. Other revenues attributable to broker-dealer services and advisory fee income, reported primarily within our Annuities segment, were $461 million, $468 million and $497 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other revenues earned by our Group Protection segment consist of fees from administrative services performed, which are recognized as performance obligations are met over the terms of the underlying agreements, and were $210 million, $203 million and $180 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Interest Credited

We credit interest to our policyholder account balances based on the contractual terms supporting our products.

Benefits

Benefits for UL and other interest-sensitive life insurance products include benefit claims incurred during the period in excess of contract account balances. Benefits also include the change in reserves for annuity products with guaranteed death and living benefits, certain annuities with life contingencies and life insurance products with secondary guarantee benefits. For traditional life, group life and disability income products, benefits are recognized when incurred in a manner consistent with the related premium recognition policies.

Policyholder Liability Remeasurement Gain (Loss)

Policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) includes remeasurement gains and losses resulting from updates in cash flow assumptions and actual variance from expected experience used in the net premium ratio or benefit ratio calculation for future policy benefits associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity products and traditional life insurance, liabilities for future claims associated with our group products, and additional liabilities for other insurance benefits on certain guaranteed benefits associated with our UL products.

Policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) recognized in OCI includes any changes resulting from the discount rate remeasurement of future policy benefits associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity products and traditional life insurance and liabilities for future claims associated with our group products as of each reporting period.

Spark Program Expense

Spark program expense consists primarily of costs related to our Spark Initiative.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

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Pursuant to the accounting rules for our obligations to employees and agents under our various pension and other postretirement benefit plans, we are required to make a number of assumptions to estimate related liabilities and expenses. The mortality assumption is based on actual and anticipated plan experience, determined using acceptable actuarial methods. We use assumptions for the weighted-average discount rate and expected return on plan assets to estimate pension expense. The discount rate assumptions are determined using an analysis of current market information and the projected benefit flows associated with these plans. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on historical and projected future rates of return on the funds invested in the plan. The calculation of our accumulated postretirement benefit obligation also uses an assumption of weighted-average annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered benefits, which reflects a health care cost trend rate.

Stock-Based Compensation

In general, we expense the fair value of stock awards included in our incentive compensation plans. As of the date LNC’s Board of Directors approves stock awards, the fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes options valuation methodology, and the fair value of other stock awards is based upon the market value of the stock. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the performance or service period, which generally corresponds to the vesting period, and is recognized as an increase to common stock in stockholder’s equity. We apply an estimated forfeiture rate to our accrual of compensation cost. We classify certain stock awards as liabilities. For these awards, the settlement value is classified as a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the liability is marked-to-market through net income at the end of each reporting period. Stock-based compensation expense is reflected in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Interest and Debt Expense

Interest expense on our short-term and long-term debt is recognized as due and any associated premiums, discounts and debt issuance costs are amortized (accreted) over the term of the related borrowing utilizing the effective interest method. In addition, gains or losses related to certain derivative instruments associated with debt are recognized in interest and debt expense during the period of the change.

Income Taxes

LNC files a U.S. consolidated income tax return that includes us and LNC’s other eligible subsidiaries. Ineligible subsidiaries file separate individual corporate tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized, based on enacted rates, when assets and liabilities have different values for financial statement and tax reporting purposes. A valuation allowance is recorded to the extent required. Judgment and the use of estimates are required in determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary and, if so, the amount of such valuation allowance. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including: the nature and character of the deferred tax assets and liabilities; taxable income in prior carryback years; future reversals of temporary differences; the length of time carryovers can be utilized; and any tax planning strategies we would employ to avoid a tax benefit from expiring unused.

We use the individual security approach for releasing income tax effects from AOCI.

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2.  New Accounting Standards

The following table provides a description of our adoption of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the consolidated financial statements. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or insignificant in presentation or amount.

Standard	Description	Effective Date	Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) and related amendments	The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by reference rate reform. If certain criteria are met, an entity will not be required to remeasure or reassess contracts impacted by reference rate reform. Additionally, changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship affected by reference rate reform will not require entities to de-designate the relationship if certain requirements are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2024, with certain exceptions. The amendments are effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020, and December 31, 2024.	March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024	This standard may be elected and applied prospectively. We utilized certain practical expedients under this guidance for contract modifications and to maintain hedge accounting for certain derivatives from the effective date through December 31, 2023. This ASU has not had a material impact to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations to date, and we do not expect future material impacts through the close of the ASU effective date on December 31, 2024.
ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments	See Note 3 for information about ASU 2018-12.	January 1, 2023	We adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023, with a transition date of January 1, 2021, using a modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs for which we applied a full retrospective transition approach. See Note 3 for transition disclosures related to the adoption of this ASU.

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3. Adoption of ASU 2018-12

On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2018-12 with a transition date of January 1, 2021. ASU 2018-12 updated accounting and reporting requirements for long-duration contracts and certain investment contracts issued by insurance entities. We adopted ASU 2018-12 under the modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs, which applied the full retrospective approach. Our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021.

Under ASU 2018-12, we include actual historical cash flows along with best estimate future cash flows to derive the net premium ratio when calculating the LFPB associated with our traditional and limited-payment long-duration contracts. We review and update, if necessary, assumptions used to measure future cash flows included in the net premium ratio at least annually. Historical cash flows included in the net premium ratio are updated for actual experience quarterly and as assumptions are updated. Changes in the measurement of our LFPB result from updates to cash flow assumptions and actual experience, which impacts are reported within policyholder remeasurement gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). We use an upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yield (single-A) discount rate when calculating the LFPB. This discount rate is updated quarterly at each reporting date with the impact recognized in OCI. ASU 2018-12 also eliminated loss recognition testing, premium deficiency testing and the provision for adverse deviation for LFPB.

ASU 2018-12 introduced the category of MRBs, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk upon the occurrence of a specific event or circumstance, such as death, annuitization or periodic withdrawal. MRBs are required to be measured at fair value, with periodic changes in fair value reported within MRB gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), except for periodic changes to instrument-specific credit risk related to direct policies, which are recognized in OCI. Changes in the fair value of ceded MRB assets and liabilities are also reported within MRB gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

ASU 2018-12 simplified the amortization model for DAC and DAC-like intangible balances, including VOBA, DSI and DFEL. Historically these balances were amortized in proportion to premium or over expected gross profits. They are now amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the contract. Loss recognition testing and impairment testing are no longer applicable for DAC.

ASU 2018-12 requires disaggregated rollforwards of the beginning of year to the end of the reporting period balances. We also disclose information about inputs, judgments, assumptions, methods, changes during the period and the effect of these changes on the measurement of applicable balances. In determining the appropriate level of aggregation, we considered our reportable segments, nature and risk characteristics of our products and level of aggregation we used in disclosures presented outside the financial statements.

The following table presents the cumulative effect adjustments (in millions), after-tax and shown as increase (decrease), to the components of stockholder’s equity due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, by primary accounting topic:

					Total Stockholder’s Equity
	Retained Earnings		AOCI
Shadow impacts:
DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL	$	–	$	2,271	$	2,271
Additional liabilities for other
insurance benefits	–		1,197		1,197
LFPB and other (1)	(121)		(1,520)		(1,641)
MRBs (2)	(1,699)		2,874		1,175
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Includes impacts to reserves and ceded reserves reported within future contract benefits and reinsurance recoverables, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding shadow impacts on additional liabilities for other insurance benefits.

(2) Includes impacts related to MRB assets and MRB liabilities reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and ceded MRBs reported within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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The following table summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, (in millions) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Retained Earnings		AOCI		Total Stockholder’s Equity
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	–	$	6,079	$	6,079
Reinsurance recoverables	607		2,556		3,163
Other assets (1)	5,795		–		5,795
Future contract benefits	(760)		(2,966)		(3,726)
MRBs, net	(7,956)		3,656		(4,300)
DFEL	–		(3,190)		(3,190)
Other liabilities (2)	494		(1,313)		(819)
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Consists primarily of ceded MRB adjustments.

(2) Consists of state and federal tax adjustments.

The following table summarizes the changes in DAC, VOBA and DSI, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DAC
Variable Annuities	$	3,675	$	52	$	3,727
Fixed Annuities	264		215		479
Traditional Life	1,041		–		1,041
UL and Other	297		5,031		5,328
Group Protection	187		–		187
Retirement Plan Services	126		112		238
Total DAC	5,590		5,410		11,000
VOBA
Fixed Annuities	–		23		23
Traditional Life	67		–		67
UL and Other	167		630		797
Total VOBA	234		653		887
DSI (1)
Variable Annuities	194		2		196
Fixed Annuities	17		13		30
UL and Other	35		–		35
Retirement Plan Services	13		1		14
Total DSI	259		16		275
Total DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	6,083	$	6,079	$	12,162

(1) Pre-adoption DSI balance was previously reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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The following table summarizes the changes in DFEL, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DFEL (1)
Variable Annuities	$	319	$	5	$	324
UL and Other	77		3,185		3,262
Total DFEL	$	396	$	3,190	$	3,586

(1) Pre-adoption DFEL balance was previously reported in other contract holder funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in future contract benefits, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Single-A Discount Rate Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	2,313	$	(105)	$	415	$	44	$	2,667
Traditional Life	3,062		–		852		(2)		3,912
Liability for Future Claims
Group Protection	5,422		–		517		–		5,939
Additional Liabilities for Other
Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	13,687		(1,515)		–		92		12,264
Other Operations (2)	10,309		(80)		2,882		626		13,737
Other (3)	3,525		–		–		–		3,525
Total future contract benefits	$	38,318	$	(1,700)	$	4,666	$	760	$	42,044

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as an additional liability. Also, balance pre-adoption reflects certain reclassifications of non-life contingent account balances from future contract benefits to policyholder account balances within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Represents future contract benefits reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($6.3 billion and $7.4 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.8 billion and $3.3 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes LFPB and additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reserves outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

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The following table summarizes the changes in reinsurance recoverables, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Single-A Discount Rate  Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Reinsured LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	5	$	–	$	–	$	5
Traditional Life	372		88		–		460
Reinsured Liability for Future
Claims
Group Protection	148		14		–		162
Reinsured Additional Liabilities
for Other Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	922		–		(3)		919
Reinsured Other Operations (2)	14,757		2,454		610		17,821
Reinsured Other (3)	1,346		–		–		1,346
Total reinsurance recoverables	$	17,550	$	2,556	$	607	$	20,713

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities.

(2) Represents reinsurance recoverables reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($12.0 billion and $13.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.7 billion and $3.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes reinsured LFPB and reinsured additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reinsurance recoverables outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net liability position of MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	831	$	(3,592)	$	7,968	$	5,207
Fixed Annuities	192		(52)		(22)		118
Retirement Plan Services	11		(12)		10		9
Total MRBs, net	$	1,034	$	(3,656)	$	7,956	$	5,334

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

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The following table summarizes the changes in the net asset position of ceded MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12, reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Ceded MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	828	$	5,700	$	6,528
Retirement Plan Services	1		10		11
Total ceded MRBs, net	$	829	$	5,710	$	6,539

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Balance Sheet:

	As of December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business
acquired and deferred sales inducements (2)	$	13,873	$	(1,610)	$	12,263
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for
credit losses (2)	24,450		(2,646)		21,804
Market risk benefit assets	–		2,807		2,807
Other assets (2)	8,831		(1,154)		7,677
Total assets (2)	338,185		(2,603)		335,582
Future contract benefits (2)	41,203		(2,901)		38,302
Market risk benefit liabilities	–		2,078		2,078
Deferred front-end loads (2)	5,765		(650)		5,115
Other liabilities (2)	7,719		(1,468)		6,251
Total liabilities (2)	329,919		(2,941)		326,978
Retained earnings	2,436		(1,022)		1,414
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)
Total stockholder’s equity	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto (“2022 Form 10-K”).

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

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The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022						For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Fee income	$	5,783	$	(417)	$	5,366	$	6,630	$	(864)	$	5,766
Realized gain (loss)	214		204		418		711		148		859
Total revenues	17,770		(213)		17,557		19,228		(716)		18,512
Benefits	10,801		(2,598)		8,203		8,039		(12)		8,027
Interest credited	2,849		11		2,860		2,911		1		2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296		–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain)   loss	–		2,445		2,445		–		(119)		(119)
Commissions and other expenses	4,799		128		4,927		5,548		(537)		5,011
Total expenses	19,387		282		19,669		16,699		(2,221)		14,478
Income (loss) before taxes	(1,617)		(495)		(2,112)		2,529		1,505		4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(332)		(105)		(437)		420		317		737
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Unrealized investment gain (loss)	(13,613)		(4,026)		(17,639)		(2,480)		(753)		(3,233)
Market risk benefit non-performance risk
gain (loss)	–		(211)		(211)		–		(923)		(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate
remeasurement gain (loss)	–		1,891		1,891		–		560		560
Total other comprehensive income (loss),
net of tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(14,902)		(2,736)		(17,638)		(368)		72		(296)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

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The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity:

	As of December 31, 2022						As of December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Retained earnings balance as of
beginning-of-year	$	4,366	$	(632)	$	3,734	$	4,167	$	–	$	4,167
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		(1,820)		(1,820)
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Retained earnings balance as of end-of-year	2,436		(1,022)		1,414		4,366		(632)		3,734
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of beginning-of-year	6,544		3,706		10,250		9,021		–		9,021
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		4,822		4,822
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of
tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of end-of-year	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)		6,544		3,706		10,250
Total stockholder’s equity as of end-of-year	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604	$	22,860	$	3,074	$	25,934

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	(1,285)	$	(390)	$	(1,675)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(214)		(204)		(418)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	45		450		495
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	727		(75)		652
Accrued expenses	(98)		(3)		(101)
Federal income tax accruals	(271)		(105)		(376)
Other (2)	375		31		406

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	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	2,109	$	1,188	$	3,297
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(711)		(148)		(859)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	289		207		496
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	(862)		(31)		(893)
Accrued expenses	370		7		377
Federal income tax accruals	391		317		708
Other (2)	(365)		14		(351)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

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4. Investments

Fixed Maturity AFS Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	68,811	$	820	$	5,757	$	8	$	63,866
U.S. government bonds	414		7		28		–		393
State and municipal bonds	2,675		97		230		–		2,542
Foreign government bonds	309		15		46		–		278
RMBS	1,719		27		138		6		1,602
CMBS	1,520		5		181		–		1,344
ABS	12,556		62		571		4		12,043
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	227		21		15		1		232
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	88,231	$	1,054	$	6,966	$	19	$	82,300

	As of December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	88,950	$	763	$	10,538	$	9	$	79,166
U.S. government bonds	377		5		31		–		351
State and municipal bonds	5,198		170		483		–		4,885
Foreign government bonds	339		17		45		–		311
RMBS	2,025		21		203		7		1,836
CMBS	1,908		3		244		–		1,667
ABS	11,791		37		925		4		10,899
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	356		25		30		1		350
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	110,944	$	1,041	$	12,499	$	21	$	99,465

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities by contractual maturities (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

	Amortized  Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	4,389	$	4,354
Due after one year through five years	17,444		16,858
Due after five years through ten years	15,405		14,403
Due after ten years	35,198		31,696
Subtotal	72,436		67,311
Structured securities (RMBS, CMBS, ABS)	15,795		14,989
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	88,231	$	82,300

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or pre-pay obligations.

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The fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity AFS securities (dollars in millions) for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Less Than or Equal  to Twelve Months				Greater Than Twelve Months				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	13,439	$	1,744	$	33,285	$	4,013	$	46,724	$	5,757
U.S. government bonds	65		6		194		22		259		28
State and municipal bonds	371		72		814		158		1,185		230
Foreign government bonds	108		31		57		15		165		46
RMBS	355		20		840		118		1,195		138
CMBS	583		56		586		125		1,169		181
ABS	1,898		68		7,212		503		9,110		571
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	32		2		94		13		126		15
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	16,851	$	1,999	$	43,082	$	4,967	$	59,933	$	6,966
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position											7,167

	As of December 31, 2022
	Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months				Greater Than Twelve Months				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	57,656	$	8,684	$	6,867	$	1,854	$	64,523	$	10,538
U.S. government bonds	236		25		27		6		263		31
State and municipal bonds	1,850		414		227		69		2,077		483
Foreign government bonds	122		18		58		27		180		45
RMBS	1,337		160		191		43		1,528		203
CMBS	1,224		156		312		88		1,536		244
ABS	6,712		551		3,325		374		10,037		925
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	61		5		98		25		159		30
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	69,198	$	10,013	$	11,105	$	2,486	$	80,303	$	12,499
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position											8,106

(1) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $7 million and $6 million of gross unrealized losses, respectively, in OCI for fixed maturity AFS securities for which an allowance for credit losses has been recorded.

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The fair value, gross unrealized losses (in millions) and number of fixed maturity AFS securities where the fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by greater than 20% were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Number of Securities (1)
Less than six months	$	2,480	$	916	529
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	321		90		79
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	321		106		87
Twelve months or greater	3,485		1,336		704
Total	$	6,607	$	2,448	1,399

	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities (1)
Less than six months	$	10,895	$	3,514	1,489
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	4,256		2,150		640
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	362		243		73
Twelve months or greater	2		–		15
Total	$	15,515	$	5,907	$	2,217

(1) We may reflect a security in more than one aging category based on various purchase dates.

Our gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity AFS securities decreased by $5.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was

driven by declining interest rates during the fourth quarter of 2023 and the transfer of assets as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance

transaction. As discussed further below, we believe the unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023, did not require an impairment recognized in earnings as (i) we did not intend to sell these fixed maturity AFS securities; (ii) it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed maturity AFS securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis; and (iii) the difference in the fair value compared to the amortized cost was due to factors other than credit loss. Based upon this evaluation as of December 31, 2023, management believes we have the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash from our normal operations (e.g., insurance premiums, fee income and investment income) to meet cash requirements with a prudent margin of safety without requiring the sale of our impaired securities.

As of December 31, 2023, the unrealized losses associated with our corporate bond, U.S. government bond, state and municipal bond and foreign government bond securities were attributable primarily to rising interest rates and widening credit spreads since purchase. We performed a detailed analysis of the financial performance of the underlying issuers and determined that we expected to recover the entire amortized cost of each impaired security.

Credit ratings express opinions about the credit quality of a security. Securities rated investment grade (those rated BBB- or higher by S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”)) are generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be low credit risk. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 96% of the fair value of our corporate bond portfolio was rated investment grade. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the portion of our corporate bond portfolio rated below investment grade had an amortized cost of $2.7 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively, and a fair value of $2.6 billion and $3.3 billion, respectively. Based upon the analysis discussed above, we believe that as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we would have recovered the amortized cost of each corporate bond.

As of December 31, 2023, the unrealized losses associated with our MBS and ABS were attributable primarily to rising interest rates and widening credit spreads since purchase. We assessed for credit impairment using a cash flow model that incorporates key assumptions including default rates, severities and prepayment rates. We estimated losses for a security by forecasting the underlying loans in each transaction. The forecasted loan performance was used to project cash flows to the various tranches in the structure, as applicable. Our forecasted cash flows also considered, as applicable, independent industry analyst reports and forecasts and other independent market data. Based upon our assessment of the expected credit losses of the security given the performance of the underlying collateral compared to our subordination or other credit enhancement, we expected to recover the entire amortized cost of each impaired security.

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As of December 31, 2023, the unrealized losses associated with our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities were attributable primarily to wider credit spreads caused by illiquidity in the market and subordination within the capital structure, as well as credit risk of underlying issuers. For our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities, we evaluated the financial performance of the underlying issuers based upon credit performance and investment ratings and determined that we expected to recover the entire amortized cost of each impaired security.

Credit Loss Impairment on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities

We regularly review our fixed maturity AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be impairment-related, including those attributable to credit risk factors that may require an allowance for credit losses. See Note 1 for a discussion regarding our accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses on our fixed maturity AFS securities.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions), aggregated by investment category, were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	9	$	7	$	5	$	21
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	24		1		–		25
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	(2)		(2)		–		(4)
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(21)		–		–		(21)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	8	$	6	$	5	$	19

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	17	$	1	$	1	$	19
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	4		3		–		7
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	2		3		4		9
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(12)		–		–		(12)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	9	$	7	$	5	$	21

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	12	$	1	$	–	$	13
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	8		–		1		9
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	5		–		–		5
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(6)		–		–		(6)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	17	$	1	$	1	$	19

(1) Represents purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”) fixed maturity AFS securities.

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(2) As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, accrued investment income on fixed maturity AFS securities totaled $814 million, $1.1 billion and $944 million, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Trading Securities

Trading securities at fair value (in millions) consisted of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,615	$	2,196
State and municipal bonds	21		21
Foreign government bonds	46		49
RMBS	62		99
CMBS	104		137
ABS	455		919
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	18		25
Total trading securities	$	2,321	$	3,446

The portion of the market adjustment for trading gains and losses recognized in realized gain (loss) that relate to trading securities still held as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was $80 million, $(628) million and $(48) million, respectively.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The following provides the current and past due composition of our mortgage loans on real estate (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Commercial		Residential		Total		Commercial		Residential		Total
Current	$	17,165	$	1,665	$	18,830	$	16,913	$	1,315	$	18,228
30 to 59 days past due	61		28		89		19		23		42
60 to 89 days past due	–		9		9		–		6		6
90 or more days past due	–		60		60		–		33		33
Allowance for credit losses	(86)		(28)		(114)		(83)		(15)		(98)
Unamortized premium (discount)	(7)		43		36		(9)		36		27
Mark-to-market gains (losses) (1)	(36)		(1)		(37)		(27)		–		(27)
Total carrying value	$	17,097	$	1,776	$	18,873	$	16,813	$	1,398	$	18,211

(1) Represents the mark-to-market on certain mortgage loans on real estate for which we have elected the fair value option. See Note 15 for additional information.

Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio had the largest concentrations in California, which accounted for 27% and 28% of commercial mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and Texas, which accounted for 9% of commercial mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31, 2023, our residential mortgage loan portfolio had the largest concentrations in California and New York, which accounted for 14% and 12% of residential mortgage loans on real estate, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, our residential mortgage loan portfolio had the largest concentrations in California and New Jersey, which accounted for 17% and 12% of residential mortgage loans on real estate, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had 116 and 73 residential mortgage loans, respectively, that were either delinquent or in foreclosure. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had 82 and 49 residential mortgage loans in foreclosure, respectively, with an aggregate carrying value of $38 million and $21 million, respectively.

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We adopted ASU 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures as of January 1, 2023, and accordingly no longer identify certain debt modifications as troubled debt restructurings. Losses from loan modifications for the year ended December 31, 2023, were less than $1 million and reported in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were three and two specifically identified impaired commercial mortgage loans, respectively, with an aggregate carrying value of $2 million and less than $1 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 99 and 37 specifically identified impaired residential mortgage loans, respectively, with an aggregate carrying value of $47 million and $16 million, respectively.

Additional information related to impaired mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Average aggregate carrying value for impaired mortgage loans on real estate	$	30	$	16	$	32
Interest income recognized on impaired mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Interest income collected on impaired mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–

The amortized cost of mortgage loans on real estate on nonaccrual status (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses		Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses		Nonaccrual
Commercial mortgage loans on real estate	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
Residential mortgage loans on real estate	–		62		–		34
Total	$	–	$	62	$	–	$	34

We use loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios as credit quality indicators for our commercial mortgage loans on real estate. The amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans on real estate (dollars in millions) by year of origination and credit quality indicator was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Less than 65%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	65% to 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Greater than 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Total
Origination Year
2023	$	1,366	1.90	$	54	1.38	$	–	–	$	1,420
2022	1,709		2.07	140		1.54	–		–	1,849
2021	2,317		3.34	61		1.55	–		–	2,378
2020	1,205		3.23	11		1.38	–		–	1,216
2019	2,404		2.39	80		1.56	10		2.33	2,494
2018 and prior	7,770		2.39	78		1.60	14		0.87	7,862
Total	$	16,771		$	424		$	24		$	17,219

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	As of December 31, 2022
	Less than  65%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	65% to 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Greater than 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Total
Origination Year
2022	$	1,769	2.06	$	105	1.50	$	2	1.45	$	1,876
2021	2,335		3.05	72		1.53	–		–	2,407
2020	1,280		2.99	17		1.58	–		–	1,297
2019	2,643		2.17	81		1.50	29		1.58	2,753
2018	2,222		2.17	67		1.62	–		–	2,289
2017 and prior	6,170		2.44	131		1.75	–		–	6,301
Total	$	16,419		$	473		$	31		$	16,923

We use loan performance status as the primary credit quality indicator for our residential mortgage loans on real estate. The amortized cost of residential mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) by year of origination and credit quality indicator was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Performing		Nonperforming		Total
Origination Year
2023	$	515	$	2	$	517
2022	533		22		555
2021	465		18		483
2020	78		3		81
2019	99		13		112
2018 and prior	53		4		57
Total	$	1,743	$	62	$	1,805

	As of December 31, 2022
	Performing		Nonperforming		Total
Origination Year
2022	$	578	$	5	$	583
2021	527		6		533
2020	90		3		93
2019	119		18		137
2018	65		2		67
2017 and prior	–		–		–
Total	$	1,379	$	34	$	1,413

Credit Losses on Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

In connection with our recognition of an allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans on real estate, we perform a quantitative analysis using a probability of default/loss given default/exposure at default approach to estimate expected credit losses in our mortgage loan portfolio as well as unfunded commitments related to commercial mortgage loans, exclusive of certain mortgage loans held at fair value. See Note 1 for a discussion regarding our accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses on our mortgage loans on real estate.

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Changes in the allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	83	$	15	$	98
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	3		13		16
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	86	$	28	$	114

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	78	$	17	$	95
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	5		(2)		3
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	83	$	15	$	98

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	186	$	17	$	203
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	(108)		–		(108)
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	78	$	17	$	95

(1) We recognized $(1) million of credit loss benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2023. We did not recognize any credit loss benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for

mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2022. We recognized $3 million of credit loss

benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2021.     

(2) Accrued investment income on mortgage loans on real estate totaled $67 million, $51 million and $48 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Alternative Investments 

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, alternative investments included investments in 332 and 328 different partnerships, respectively, and represented approximately 3% and 2% of total investments, respectively.

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Net Investment Income

The major categories of net investment income (in millions) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	4,961	$	4,408	$	4,242
Trading securities	158		179		165
Equity securities	13		11		3
Mortgage loans on real estate	752		687		677
Policy loans	102		100		115
Cash and invested cash	118		12		–
Commercial mortgage loan prepayment
and bond make-whole premiums	10		100		195
Alternative investments	244		96		677
Consent fees	3		8		10
Other investments	(38)		75		60
Investment income	6,323		5,676		6,144
Investment expense	(611)		(402)		(305)
Net investment income	$	5,712	$	5,274	$	5,839

Impairments on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities

Details underlying intent to sell impairments and credit loss benefit (expense) incurred that were recognized in net income (loss) and

included in realized gain (loss) on fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Intent to Sell Impairments (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	(3,805)	$	–	$	–
State and municipal bonds	(214)		–		–
RMBS	(74)		–		–
CMBS	(60)		–		–
ABS	(57)		–		–
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	(3)		–		–
Total intent to sell impairments	$	(4,213)	$	–	$	–
Credit Loss Benefit (Expense)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	(23)	$	(4)	$	(10)
RMBS	1		(6)		–
ABS	1		(4)		–
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	–		–		(1)
Total credit loss benefit (expense)	$	(21)	$	(14)	$	(11)

(1)     Represents impairments of certain fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, resulting from the Company’s intent to sell these securities as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance, the Company impaired the securities in a loss position down to fair market value upon entry into the agreements in the second quarter of 2023 and recognized additional impairment on certain of these securities during the third quarter of 2023 due to higher interest rates. Interest rates declined during the fourth quarter of 2023, which resulted in recognition of a $295 million pre-tax net gain upon close of the transaction, included in gross gains and gross losses on fixed maturity AFS securities in Note 21. See Note 8 for additional information.

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Payables for Collateral on Investments

The carrying value of the payables for collateral on investments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the fair value of the related investments or collateral (in millions) consisted of the following:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying  Value		Fair Value		Carrying  Value		Fair Value
Collateral payable for derivative investments (1)	$	5,127	$	5,127	$	3,210	$	3,210
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements (2)	205		197		298		287
Investments pledged for FHLBI (3)	2,650		3,603		3,130		3,925
Total payables for collateral on investments	$	7,982	$	8,927	$	6,638	$	7,422

(1) We obtain collateral based upon contractual provisions with our counterparties. These agreements take into consideration the counterparties’ credit rating as compared to ours, the fair value of the derivative investments and specified thresholds that if exceeded result in the receipt of cash that is typically invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities. This also includes interest payable on collateral. See Note 6 for additional information.

(2) Our pledged securities under securities lending agreements are included in fixed maturity AFS securities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We generally obtain collateral in an amount equal to 102% and 105% of the fair value of the domestic and foreign securities, respectively. We value collateral daily and obtain additional collateral when deemed appropriate. The cash received in our securities lending program is typically invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities.

(3) Our pledged investments for FHLBI are included in fixed maturity AFS securities and mortgage loans on real estate on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The collateral requirements are generally 105% to 115% of the fair value for fixed maturity AFS securities and 155% to 175% of the fair value for mortgage loans on real estate. The cash received in these transactions is primarily invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities.

We have repurchase agreements through which we can obtain liquidity by pledging securities. The collateral requirements are generally 80% to 95% of the fair value of the securities, and our agreements with third parties contain contractual provisions to allow for additional collateral to be obtained when necessary. The cash received in our repurchase program is typically invested in fixed maturity AFS securities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we were not participating in any open repurchase agreements.

Increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments (in millions) consisted of the following:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Collateral payable for derivative investments	$	1,917	$	(2,355)	$	2,595
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	(93)		57		126
Investments pledged for FHLBI	(480)		–		–
Total increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments	$	1,344	$	(2,298)	$	2,721

We have elected not to offset our securities lending transactions in the consolidated financial statements. The remaining contractual maturities of securities lending transactions accounted for as secured borrowings (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities Lending
Corporate bonds	$	202	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	202
Equity securities	3		–		–		–		3
Total gross secured borrowings	$	205	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	205

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	As of December 31, 2022
	Overnight  and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities Lending
Corporate bonds	$	288	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	288
Foreign government bonds	2		–		–		–		2
Equity securities	8		–		–		–		8
Total gross secured borrowings	$	298	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	298

We accept collateral in the form of securities in connection with repurchase agreements. In instances where we are permitted to sell or re-pledge the securities received, we report the fair value of the collateral received and a related obligation to return the collateral in the consolidated financial statements. In addition, we receive securities in connection with securities borrowing agreements that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of all collateral received that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge was $25 million, and we had not re-pledged any of this collateral to cover our collateral requirements.

We also accept collateral from derivative counterparties in the form of securities which we are permitted to sell or re-pledge. As of

December 31, 2023, the fair value of this collateral received that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge was $1.3 billion, and we had repledged $553 million of this collateral to cover our collateral requirements.

We have also pledged fixed maturity AFS securities to derivative counterparties with a fair value of $42 million as of December 31, 2023.

Investment Commitments

As of December 31, 2023, our investment commitments were $3.0 billion, which included $2.3 billion of LPs, $536 million of mortgage loans on real estate and $197 million of private placement securities.

Concentrations of Financial Instruments

As of December 31, 2023, our most significant investments in one issuer were our investments in securities issued by White Chapel V LLC and White Chapel LLC with a fair value of $1.3 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively, or 1% of total investments. As of December 31, 2022, our most significant investments in one issuer were our investments in securities issued by White Chapel LLC and the Federal National Mortgage Association with a fair value of $1.0 billion and $702 million, respectively, or 1% of total investments. These concentrations include fixed maturity AFS, trading and equity securities.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our most significant investments in one industry were our investments in securities in the financial services industry with a fair value of $16.6 billion and $19.2 billion, respectively, or 14% and 15%, respectively, of total investments, and our investments in securities in the consumer non-cyclical industry with a fair value of $11.3 billion and $14.3 billion, respectively, or 10% and 11%, respectively, of total investments. These concentrations include fixed maturity AFS, trading and equity securities.

5. Variable Interest Entities

Unconsolidated VIEs

Reinsurance-Related Notes

Effective October 1, 2017, our captive reinsurance subsidiary, the Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont VI, restructured the $275 million, long-term surplus note which was originally issued to a non-affiliated VIE in October 2015 in exchange for two corporate bond AFS securities of like principal and duration.  The activities of the VIE are primarily to acquire, hold and issue notes and loans and to pay and collect interest on the notes and loans.  The outstanding principal balance of the long-term surplus note is variable in nature; moving concurrently with any variability in the face amount of the corporate bond AFS securities.  We have concluded that we are not the primary beneficiary of the non-affiliated VIE because we do not have power over the activities that most significantly affect its economic performance. As of December 31, 2023, the principal balance of the long-term surplus note was zero and we do not currently have any exposure to this VIE.

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Structured Securities

Through our investment activities, we make passive investments in structured securities issued by VIEs for which we are not the manager. These structured securities include our ABS, RMBS and CMBS. We have not provided financial or other support with respect to these VIEs other than our original investment. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs due to the relative size of our investment in comparison to the principal amount of the structured securities issued by the VIEs and the level of credit subordination that reduces our obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits. Our maximum exposure to loss on these structured securities is limited to the amortized cost for these investments. We recognize our variable interest in these VIEs at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For information about these structured securities, see Note 4.

Limited Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies

We invest in certain LPs and limited liability companies (“LLCs”) that we have concluded are VIEs. Our exposure to loss is limited to the capital we invest in the LPs and LLCs. We do not hold any substantive kick-out or participation rights in the LPs and LLCs, and we do not receive any performance fees or decision maker fees from the LPs and LLCs. Based on our analysis of the LPs and LLCs, we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs as we do not have the power to direct the most significant activities of the LPs and LLCs. The carrying amounts of our investments in the LPs and LLCs are recognized in other investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were $4.0 billion and $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

6. Derivative Instruments

We maintain an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to minimize significant unplanned fluctuations in earnings that are caused by interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity market risk, basis risk, commodity risk and credit risk. We assess these risks by continually identifying and monitoring changes in our exposures that may adversely affect expected future cash flows and by evaluating hedging opportunities.

Derivative activities are monitored by various management committees. The committees are responsible for overseeing the implementation of various hedging strategies that are developed through the analysis of financial simulation models and other internal and industry sources. The resulting hedging strategies are incorporated into our overall risk management strategies.

See Note 1 for a discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments. See Note 15 for additional disclosures related to the fair value of our derivative instruments and Note 5 for derivative instruments related to our consolidated VIEs.

Interest Rate Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. These instruments are economic hedges unless otherwise noted and include:

Forward-Starting Interest Rate Swaps

We use forward-starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest rate exposure within our annuity and life insurance products.

Interest Rate Cap Corridors

We use interest rate cap corridors to provide a level of protection from the effect of rising interest rates for certain annuity contracts and life insurance products. Interest rate cap corridors involve purchasing an interest rate cap at a specific cap rate and selling an interest rate cap with a higher cap rate. For each corridor, the amount of quarterly payments, if any, is determined by the rate at which the underlying index rate resets above the original capped rate. The corridor limits the benefit the purchaser can receive as the related interest rate index rises above the higher capped rate. There is no additional liability to us other than the purchase price associated with the interest rate cap corridor.

Interest Rate Futures

We use interest rate futures contracts to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products. These futures contracts require payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the futures index price.

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Interest Rate Swap Agreements

We use interest rate swap agreements to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We also use interest rate swap agreements designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge the interest rate risk of floating-rate bond coupon payments by replicating a fixed-rate bond.

Finally, we use interest rate swap agreements designated and qualifying as fair value hedges to hedge against changes in the fair value of certain fixed maturity securities due to interest rate risks.

Reverse Treasury Locks

We use reverse treasury locks designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge the interest rate exposure related to the anticipated purchase of fixed-rate securities or the anticipated future cash flows of floating-rate fixed maturity securities due to changes in interest rates. These derivatives are primarily structured to hedge interest rate risk inherent in the assumptions used to price certain liabilities.

Foreign Currency Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our foreign currency risk management strategy. These instruments are economic hedges unless otherwise noted and include:

Currency Futures

We use currency futures to hedge foreign exchange risk associated with certain options in variable annuity products. Currency futures exchange one currency for another at a specified date in the future at a specified exchange rate.

Foreign Currency Swaps

We use foreign currency swaps to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies. A foreign currency swap is a contractual agreement to exchange one currency for another at specified dates in the future at a specified exchange rate.

We also use foreign currency swaps designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies.

Foreign Currency Forwards

We use foreign currency forwards to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies. A foreign currency forward is a contractual agreement to exchange one currency for another at specified dates in the future at a specified current exchange rate.

Equity Market Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our equity market risk management strategy that are economic hedges and include:

Call Options Based on the S&P 500® Index and Other Indices

We use call options to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA, fixed indexed annuity, IUL and VUL products.

Our RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts permit the holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component, where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of the S&P 500 Index or other indices. Policyholders may elect to rebalance index options at renewal dates. At the end of each indexed term, which can be up to six years, we have the opportunity to re-price the indexed component by establishing participation rates, caps, spreads and specified rates, subject to contractual guarantees. We use call options that are highly correlated to the portfolio allocation decisions of our policyholders, such that we are economically hedged with respect to equity returns for the current reset period.

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Consumer Price Index Swaps

We use consumer price index swaps to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in fixed annuity products. Consumer price index swaps are contracts entered into at no cost and whose payoff is the difference between the consumer price index inflation rate and the fixed-rate determined as of inception.

Equity Futures

We use equity futures contracts to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products. These futures contracts require payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the futures index price.

Put Options

We use put options to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA and VUL products. Put options are contracts that require the buyers to pay at a specified future date the amount, if any, by which a specified equity index is less than the strike rate stated in the agreement, applied to a notional amount.

Total Return Swaps

We use total return swaps to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA and VUL products.

In addition, we use total return swaps to hedge a portion of the liability related to our deferred compensation plans. We receive the total return on a portfolio of indexes and pay a floating-rate of interest.

Commodity Contracts

We use commodity contracts to economically hedge certain investments that are closely tied to the changes in commodity values. The commodity contract is an over-the-counter contract that combines a purchase put/sold call to lock in a commodity price within a predetermined range in exchange for a net premium.

Credit Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our credit risk management strategy that are economic hedges and include:

Credit Default Swaps – Buying Protection

We use credit default swaps (“CDSs”) to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We buy CDSs to hedge against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. A CDS allows us to put the bond back to the counterparty at par upon a default event by the bond issuer. A default event is defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay, obligation acceleration or restructuring.

CDSs – Selling Protection

We use CDSs to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We sell CDSs to offer credit protection to policyholders and investors. The CDSs hedge the policyholders and investors against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. A CDS allows the investor to put the bond back to us at par upon a default event by the bond issuer. A default event is defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay, obligation acceleration or restructuring.

Other Derivatives

Lapse Protection Rider Ceded Derivative

We also have an inter-company agreement through which Lincoln National Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Limited (“LNBAR”), an affiliated reinsurer, assumes the risk under certain UL contracts for lapse protection riders (“LPR”). If the policyholder’s account balance is insufficient to pay the cost of insurance charges required to keep the policy in force, and the policyholder has made the required deposits, we will be reimbursed for those charges.

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Embedded Derivatives

We have embedded derivatives that include:

RILA, Fixed Indexed Annuity and IUL Contracts Embedded Derivatives

Our RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts permit the holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component, where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of the S&P 500® Index or other indices. Policyholders may elect to rebalance index options at renewal dates. At the end of each indexed term, which can be up to six years, we have the opportunity to re-price the indexed component by establishing participation rates, caps, spreads and specified rates, subject to contractual guarantees. We use options that are highly correlated to the portfolio allocation decisions of our policyholders, such that we are economically hedged with respect to equity returns for the current reset period.

Reinsurance-Related Embedded Derivatives

We have certain modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements with embedded derivatives related to the withheld assets of the related funds. These derivatives are considered total return swaps with contractual returns that are attributable to various assets and liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements.

Derivatives Related to Divestitures and Reinsurance Transactions

We used interest rate futures contracts to hedge the interest rate risk related to the assets used as consideration in the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. These futures contracts required payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the associated future index prices.

We use swaptions and forward-starting swaps to hedge the interest rate risk associated with the Stock Purchase Agreement entered into with Osaic.

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We have derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks whose notional or contract amounts exceed the related credit exposure. Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Notional Amounts		Fair Value				Notional Amounts		Fair Value
			Asset		Liability				Asset		Liability
Qualifying Hedges
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	$	485	$	11	$	47	$	1,377	$	4	$	232
Foreign currency contracts (1)	4,662		423		78		4,383		643		18
Total cash flow hedges	5,147		434		125		5,760		647		250
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	450		1		39		524		2		44
Foreign currency contracts (1)	25		–		1		–		–		–
Total fair value hedges	475		1		40		524		2		44
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts (1)	90,829		636		979		105,977		709		935
Foreign currency contracts (1)	306		11		6		395		27		2
Equity market contracts (1)	225,251		10,244		4,227		142,653		5,135		2,035
Commodity contracts (1)	–		–		–		13		14		3
Credit contracts (1)	91		–		–		–		–		–
LPR ceded derivative (2)	–		206		–		–		212		–
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related (3)	–		493		–		–		681		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts (4)	–		940		9,077		–		525		4,783
Total derivative instruments	$	322,099	$	12,965	$	14,454	$	255,322	$	7,952	$	8,052

(1) These asset and liability balances are presented on a gross basis. Amounts are reported in derivative investments and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets after the evaluation for right of offset subject to master netting agreements as described in Note 1.

(2) Reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3) Reported in funds withheld reinsurance liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(4)    Reported in policyholder account balances and deposit assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The maturity of the notional amounts of derivative instruments (in millions) was as follows:

	Remaining Life as of December 31, 2023
	Less Than 1 Year		1 – 5 Years		6 - 10 Years		11 - 30 Years		Over 30 Years		Total
Interest rate contracts (1)	$	22,166	$	25,350	$	22,349	$	21,899	$	–	$	91,764
Foreign currency contracts (2)	276		956		1,687		2,032		42		4,993
Equity market contracts	174,430		37,200		6,950		9		6,662		225,251
Credit contracts	–		91		–		–		–		91
Total derivative instruments
with notional amounts	$	196,872	$	63,597	$	30,986	$	23,940	$	6,704	$	322,099

(1) As of December 31, 2023, the latest maturity date for which we were hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for these instruments was December 18, 2024.

(2) As of December 31, 2023, the latest maturity date for which we were hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for these instruments was June 16, 2061.

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The following amounts (in millions) were recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

	Amortized Cost of the Hedged Assets / (Liabilities)				Cumulative Fair Value  Hedging Adjustment Included in the Amortized Cost of the Hedged Assets / (Liabilities)
	As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in
which the Hedged Item is Included
Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value	$	534	$	587	$	39	$	44

The change in our unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments within AOCI (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	301	$	258	$	42
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		25
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period:
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	212		(336)		11
Foreign currency contracts	(50)		182		130
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	(169)		312		152
Income tax benefit (expense)	2		(34)		(63)
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses)
included in net income (loss):
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	(1)		2		3
Foreign currency contracts (1)	54		62		48
Foreign currency contracts (2)	7		39		(2)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	249	$	301	$	258

(1) The OCI offset is reported within net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) The OCI offset is reported within realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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The effects of qualifying and non-qualifying hedges (in millions) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	(4,934)	$	5,712	$	5,044
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(5)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		5		–
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		(1)		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	7		54		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(161)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	(2)		–		–
Equity market contracts	1,387		–		–
Commodity contracts	8		–		–
Credit contracts	(4)		–		–
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		6
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	(188)		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	(3,187)		–		–

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	418	$	5,274	$	8,203
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(167)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		167
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		2		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	39		62		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(2,113)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	2		–		–
Equity market contracts	(2,075)		–		–
Commodity contracts	11		–		–
Credit contracts	(4)		–		–
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		106
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	1,259		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	1,760		–		–

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	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	859	$	5,839	$	8,027
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(60)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		60
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		3		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	(2)		48		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(957)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	(1)		–		–
Equity market contracts	3,355		–		–
Credit contracts	(1)		–		–
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	280		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	(2,622)		–		–

As of December 31, 2023, $56 million of the deferred net gains (losses) on derivative instruments in AOCI were expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next 12 months. This reclassification would be due primarily to interest rate variances related to our interest rate swap agreements.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no material reclassifications to earnings due to hedged firm commitments no longer deemed probable or due to hedged forecasted transactions that had not occurred by the end of the originally specified time period.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not have any exposure related to CDSs for which we are the seller.

Credit Risk

We are exposed to credit losses in the event of non-performance by our counterparties on various derivative contracts and reflect assumptions regarding the credit or non-performance risk. The non-performance risk is based upon assumptions for each counterparty’s credit spread over the estimated weighted average life of the counterparty exposure, less collateral held. As of December 31, 2023, the non-performance risk adjustment was zero. The credit risk associated with such agreements is minimized by entering into agreements with financial institutions with long-standing, superior performance records. Additionally, we maintain a policy of requiring derivative contracts to be governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Master Agreement. We are required to maintain minimum ratings as a matter of routine practice in negotiating ISDA agreements. Under some ISDA agreements, we and LLANY have agreed to maintain certain financial strength or claims-paying ability. A downgrade below these levels could result in termination of derivative contracts, at which time any amounts payable by us would be dependent on the market value of the underlying derivative contracts. In certain transactions, we and the counterparty have entered into a credit support annex requiring either party to post collateral when net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds. These thresholds vary by counterparty and credit rating. The amount of such exposure is essentially the net replacement cost or market value less collateral held for such agreements with each counterparty if the net market value is in our favor. We did not have any exposure as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

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The amounts recognized (in millions) by S&P credit rating of counterparty, for which we had the right to reclaim cash collateral or were obligated to return cash collateral, were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
S&P Credit Rating of Counterparty	Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)		Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)		Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)		Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)
AA-	$	2,330	$	(63)	$	383	$	(6)
A+	2,422		(125)		1,718		(151)
A	82		–		1,099		–
A-	273		–		–		–
	$	5,107	$	(188)	$	3,200	$	(157)

Balance Sheet Offsetting

Information related to the effects of offsetting on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Derivative Instruments		Embedded Derivative Instruments		Total
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$	10,714	$	1,433	$	12,147
Gross amounts offset	(4,409)		–		(4,409)
Net amount of assets	6,305		1,433		7,738
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(5,107)		–		(5,107)
Non-cash collateral (1)	(1,198)		–		(1,198)
Net amount	–		1,433		1,433
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	968		9,077		10,045
Gross amounts offset	(612)		–		(612)
Net amount of liabilities	356		9,077		9,433
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(188)		–		(188)
Non-cash collateral (2)	(168)		–		(168)
Net amount	$	–	$	9,077	$	9,077

(1) Excludes excess non-cash collateral received of $1.3 billion, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of

derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

(2) Excludes excess non-cash collateral pledged of $81 million, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of

derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

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	As of December 31, 2022
	Derivative Instruments		Embedded Derivative Instruments		Total
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$	6,483	$	1,206	$	7,689
Gross amounts offset	(2,964)		–		(2,964)
Net amount of assets	3,519		1,206		4,725
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(3,200)		–		(3,200)
Non-cash collateral (1)	(319)		–		(319)
Net amount	–		1,206		1,206
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	304		4,783		5,087
Gross amounts offset	(50)		–		(50)
Net amount of liabilities	254		4,783		5,037
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(157)		–		(157)
Non-cash collateral (2)	(46)		–		(46)
Net amount	$	51	$	4,783	$	4,834

(1) Excludes excess non-cash collateral received of $1.1 billion, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

(2) There was no excess non-cash collateral pledged as of December 31, 2022.

7. DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL

The following table reconciles DAC, VOBA and DSI (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
DAC, VOBA and DSI
Variable Annuities	$	4,025	$	4,047
Fixed Annuities	456		479
Traditional Life	1,374		1,336
UL and Other	6,139		6,002
Group Protection	154		141
Retirement Plan Services	270		258
Total DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	12,418	$	12,263

The following table reconciles DFEL (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
DFEL
Variable Annuities	$	300	$	310
UL and Other (1)	5,579		4,766
Other Operations (2)	44		39
Total DFEL	$	5,923	$	5,115

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(1) We reported $2.3 billion of ceded DFEL in reinsurance recoverables on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023.

(2) Represents DFEL reported in Other Operations attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreement with Protective that is excluded from the following tables. We reported $44 million and $39 million of ceded DFEL in reinsurance recoverables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following tables summarize the changes in DAC (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other		Group Protection		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	3,880	$	439	$	1,286	$	5,518	$	141	$	241
Deferrals	361		50		188		482		113		21
Amortization	(373)		(68)		(142)		(291)		(100)		(18)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	3,868	$	421	$	1,332	$	5,709	$	154	$	244

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other		Group Protection		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	3,860	$	448	$	1,146	$	5,269	$	140	$	239
Deferrals	390		60		266		537		98		21
Amortization	(370)		(69)		(126)		(288)		(97)		(19)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	3,880	$	439	$	1,286	$	5,518	$	141	$	241

DAC amortization expense of $992 million, $969 million and $969 million was recorded in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following tables summarize the changes in VOBA (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	17	$	50	$	454
Business acquired (sold) through
reinsurance	–		–		(11)
Deferrals	–		–		2
Amortization	(2)		(8)		(43)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	15	$	42	$	402

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	20	$	59	$	499
Deferrals	–		–		2
Amortization	(3)		(9)		(47)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	17	$	50	$	454

VOBA amortization expense of $53 million, $59 million and $75 million was recorded in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. No additions or write-offs were recorded for each respective year.

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Estimated future amortization of VOBA (in millions), as of December 31, 2023, was as follows:

2024	$	39
2025	37
2026	34
2027	29
2028	25

The following tables summarize the changes in DSI (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	167	$	23	$	30	$	17
Deferrals	5		–		–		10
Amortization	(15)		(3)		(2)		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	157	$	20	$	28	$	26

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	181	$	27	$	31	$	14
Deferrals	2		–		1		4
Amortization	(16)		(4)		(2)		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	167	$	23	$	30	$	17

DSI amortization expense of $21 million, $23 million and $27 million was recorded in interest credited on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following tables summarize the changes in DFEL (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023				For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Variable Annuities		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	310	$	4,766	$	318	$	3,934
Deferrals	19		1,074		22		1,061
Amortization	(29)		(261)		(30)		(229)
Balance as of end-of-year	300		5,579		310		4,766
Less: ceded DFEL	–		2,252		–		31
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	300	$	3,327	$	310	$	4,735

DFEL amortization of $290 million, $259 million and $220 million was recorded in fee income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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8. Reinsurance

The following summarizes reinsurance amounts (in millions) recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), excluding amounts attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective and Swiss Re:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Direct insurance premiums and fee income	$	13,661	$	13,479	$	13,277
Reinsurance assumed	91		102		97
Reinsurance ceded (1)	(5,168)		(2,374)		(2,249)
Total insurance premiums and fee income	$	8,584	$	11,207	$	11,125
Direct insurance benefits	$	10,178	$	10,266	$	10,491
Reinsurance ceded (1)	(5,150)		(2,063)		(2,464)
Total benefits	$	5,028	$	8,203	$	8,027
Direct market risk benefit (gain) loss	$	(2,309)	$	(3,517)	$	(4,011)
Reinsurance ceded	1,174		3,814		2,457
Total market risk benefit (gain) loss	$	(1,135)	$	296	$	(1,554)
Direct policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	$	(234)	$	3,284	$	(164)
Reinsurance ceded	67		(839)		45
Total policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	$	(167)	$	2,445	$	(119)

(1) Includes impacts related to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction effective in the fourth quarter of 2023

We and LLANY cede insurance to other companies. The portion of our annuity and life insurance risks exceeding each of our insurance companies’ retention limit is reinsured with other insurers. We seek reinsurance coverage to limit our exposure to mortality losses and to enhance our capital management. Reinsurance does not discharge us from our primary obligation to contract holders for losses incurred under the policies we issue. We evaluate each reinsurance agreement to determine whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability. As discussed in Note 26, a portion of this reinsurance activity is with affiliated companies.

As of December 31, 2023, the policy for our reinsurance program was to retain up to $20 million on a single insured life. As the amount we retain varies by policy, we reinsured 27% of the mortality risk on newly issued life insurance contracts in 2023.

Reinsurance Exposures

We focus on obtaining reinsurance from a diverse group of reinsurers, and we monitor concentration as well as financial strength ratings of our reinsurers.

LNBAR

We reinsure blocks of business to LNBAR, an affiliated reinsurer. The amounts recoverable from LNBAR were $15.6 billion and $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was driven primarily by an agreement between us and LNBAR that is structured as a coinsurance treaty, with some assets withheld, for certain blocks of in-force MoneyGuard® products. As significant insurance risk was transferred for the MoneyGuard blocks, amounts recoverable from LNBAR were $13.2 billion as of December 31, 2023. We recorded a deferred gain on the transaction of $4.2 billion, of which $14 million was amortized during 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we held other investments and cash and invested cash with a carrying value of $759 million and $112 million, respectively, in support of reserves associated with this agreement.

LNBAR has funded trusts to support reserves ceded by us of which the balance in the trusts changes as a result of ongoing reinsurance activity and totaled $13.0 billion and $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Fortitude Re

Effective October 1, 2023, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re, an authorized Bermuda reinsurer with reciprocal jurisdiction reinsurer status in Indiana, to reinsure certain blocks of in-force UL with secondary guarantees (“ULSG”) and fixed annuity

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products, including group pension annuities. Fortitude Re represents our largest unaffiliated reinsurance exposure as of December 31, 2023.

The agreement between us and Fortitude Re is structured as a coinsurance treaty for the ULSG and fixed annuities blocks. As significant insurance risk was transferred for ULSG products and life-contingent annuities, amounts recoverable from Fortitude Re were $10.5 billion as of December 31, 2023. We recorded a deferred loss on the transaction of $2.7 billion, of which $11 million was amortized during 2023. Annuities that are not life-contingent do not contain significant insurance risk; therefore, we recorded deposit assets for these contracts of $4.2 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Resolution Life

Effective October 1, 2021, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Security Life of Denver Insurance Company (a subsidiary of Resolution Life that we refer to herein as “Resolution Life”) to reinsure liabilities under a block of in-force executive benefit and universal life policies. The agreement is structured as coinsurance for the general account reserves and modified coinsurance for the separate account reserves. Amounts recoverable from Resolution Life were $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Resolution Life has funded trusts, the balances of which change as a result of ongoing reinsurance activity to support the business ceded, that totaled $3.8 billion and $4.1 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We recognized a realized gain of $635 million in 2021 for the coinsurance portion of the transaction upon the transfer of a portfolio of assets to Resolution Life.

Protective

The sale of individual life and individual and group annuity business acquired from Liberty Life Assurance Company of Boston completed May 1, 2018 resulted in amounts recoverable from Protective of $9.1 billion and $9.6 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Protective has funded trusts, of which the balance in the trusts changes as a result of ongoing reinsurance activity, to support the business ceded, which totaled $10.5 billion and $11.5 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Protective represents our second largest unaffiliated reinsurance exposure as of December 31, 2023.

Athene

Effective October 1, 2018, we entered into a modified coinsurance agreement with Athene Holding Ltd. (“Athene”) to reinsure fixed annuity products, which resulted in a deposit asset of $2.7 billion and $3.8 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We held assets in support of reserves associated with the Athene transaction in a modified coinsurance investment portfolio, which consisted of the following (in millions):

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	177	$	474
Trading securities	1,556		2,644
Equity securities	58		60
Mortgage loans on real estate	288		487
Derivative investments	43		39
Other investments	41		42
Cash and invested cash	582		26
Accrued investment income	23		35
Other assets	6		2
Total	$	2,774	$	3,809

The portfolio was supported by $77 million of over-collateralization and a $83 million letter of credit as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, we recorded a deferred gain on business sold through reinsurance related to the transaction with Athene and amortized $33 million, $25 million and $26 million of the gain during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See “Realized Gain (Loss)” in Note 21 for information on reinsurance-related embedded derivatives.

Swiss Re

Our reinsurance operations were acquired by Swiss Re in December 2001 through a series of indemnity reinsurance transactions. As such, Swiss Re reinsured certain liabilities and obligations under the indemnity reinsurance agreements. As we are not relieved of our liability to the ceding companies for this business, the liabilities and obligations associated with the reinsured policies remain on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with a corresponding reinsurance recoverable from Swiss Re, which totaled $1.6 billion as of December 31,

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2023 and 2022, respectively. Swiss Re has funded a trust, with a balance of $656 million and $710 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to support this business. In addition to various remedies that we would have in the event of a default by Swiss Re, we continue to hold assets in support of certain of the transferred reserves. These assets consist of those reported as trading securities and certain mortgage loans.

Credit Losses on Reinsurance-Related Assets

In connection with our recognition of an allowance for credit losses for reinsurance-related assets, we perform a quantitative analysis using a probability of loss approach to estimate expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables, inclusive of similar assets recognized using the deposit method of accounting. Our allowance for credit losses was $76 million and $315 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease was primarily attributable to the release of the allowance for credit losses related to a third-party reinsurer, Scottish Re (U.S.) Inc. (“Scottish Re”), where liquidation proceedings commenced during the third quarter of 2023. Effective September 30, 2023, reinsurance coverage terminated and all business ceded to Scottish Re was therefore recaptured. See Note 21 for additional information.

9. Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill (in millions) by reportable segment were as follows:

					For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year		Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Impairment		Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year
Annuities	$	1,040	$	(600)	$	440	$	–	$	440
Group Protection	684		–		684		–		684
Retirement Plan Services	20		–		20		–		20
Total goodwill	$	1,744	$	(600)	$	1,144	$	–	$	1,144

					For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year		Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Impairment		Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year
Annuities	$	1,040	$	(600)	$	440	$	–	$	440
Life Insurance	2,186		(1,552)		634		(634)		–
Group Protection	684		–		684		–		684
Retirement Plan Services	20		–		20		–		20
Total goodwill	$	3,930	$	(2,152)	$	1,778	$	(634)	$	1,144

The fair values of our reporting units (Level 3 fair value estimates) are comprised of the value of in-force (i.e., existing) business and the value of new business. Specifically, new business is representative of cash flows and profitability associated with policies or contracts we expect to issue in the future, reflecting our forecasts of future sales volume and product mix over a 10-year period. To determine the values of in-force and new business, we use a discounted cash flows technique that applies a discount rate reflecting the market expected, weighted-average rate of return adjusted for the risk factors associated with operations to the projected future cash flows for each reporting unit.

2023 Analysis

As of October 1, 2023, we performed our annual quantitative goodwill impairment test for our Annuities, Group Protection and Retirement Plan Services reporting units, and, as of such date, the fair value was in excess of each reporting unit’s carrying value.

2022 Analysis

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As a result of the capital market environment during the third quarter of 2022, including (i) declining equity markets and (ii) the impact of rising interest rates on our discount rate assumption, we accelerated our quantitative goodwill impairment test for our Life Insurance reporting unit as we concluded that there were indicators of impairment. Based on this quantitative test, which included updating our best estimate assumptions therein, we incurred an impairment during the third quarter of 2022 of the Life Insurance reporting unit goodwill of $634 million, which represented a write-off of the entire balance of goodwill for the reporting unit.

As of October 1, 2022, we performed our annual quantitative goodwill impairment test for our other reporting units, and, as of such date, the fair value was in excess of the carrying value for each of the Annuities, Group Protection and Retirement Plan Services reporting units.

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization (in millions) for each major specifically identifiable intangible asset class by reportable segment were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Life Insurance:
Sales force	$	100	$	71	$	100	$	67
Group Protection:
VOCRA	576		145		576		115
VODA	31		12		31		10
Retirement Plan Services:
Mutual fund contract rights (1)	5		–		5		–
Total	$	712	$	228	$	712	$	192

(1 ) No amortization recorded as the intangible asset has indefinite life.

Future estimated amortization of specifically identifiable intangible assets (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, was as follows:

2024	$	37
2025	37
2026	37
2027	37
2028	37
Thereafter	294

10. MRBs

The following table reconciles MRBs (in millions) to MRB assets and MRB liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Assets		Liabilities		Net (Assets) Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities		Net (Assets) Liabilities
Variable Annuities	$	3,763	$	1,583	$	(2,180)	$	2,666	$	2,004	$	(662)
Fixed Annuities	96		128		32		117		72		(45)
Retirement Plan Services	35		5		(30)		24		2		(22)
Total MRBs	$	3,894	$	1,716	$	(2,178)	$	2,807	$	2,078	$	(729)

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The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in net MRB (assets) liabilities (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023						As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Retirement Plan Services		Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(662)	$	(45)	$	(22)	$	2,398	$	114	$	(1)
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in
non-performance risk	(2,173)		(40)		(2)		(2,425)		(44)		(13)
Balance as of beginning-of-year, before the effect
of changes in non-performance risk	1,511		(5)		(20)		4,823		158		12
Issuances	8		–		–		12		–		(3)
Attributed fees collected	1,497		32		6		1,571		32		6
Benefit payments	(64)		–		–		(63)		–		–
Effect of changes in interest rates	(110)		(24)		5		(9,346)		(232)		(55)
Effect of changes in equity markets	(3,167)		(12)		(13)		4,293		12		18
Effect of changes in equity index volatility	(593)		9		(3)		(225)		14		(1)
In-force updates and other changes in MRBs (1)	136		5		1		661		10		3
Effect of assumption review:
Effect of changes in future expected
policyholder behavior	(33)		70		–		(158)		1		–
Effect of changes in other future expected
assumptions (2)	(66)		15		(2)		(57)		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year, before the effect of
changes in non-performance risk	(881)		90		(26)		1,511		(5)		(20)
Effect of cumulative changes in
non-performance risk	(1,299)		(58)		(4)		(2,173)		(40)		(2)
Balance as of end-of-year	(2,180)		32		(30)		(662)		(45)		(22)
Less: ceded MRB assets (liabilities)	(870)		–		(5)		294		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	(1,310)	$	32	$	(25)	$	(956)	$	(45)	$	(22)
Weighted-average age of policyholders (years)	72		68		63		71		68		63
Net amount at risk (3)	$	3,031	$	203	$	4	$	7,974	$	171	$	15

(1) Consists primarily of changes in MRB assets and liabilities related to differences between separate account fund performance and modeled indices and other changes such as actual to expected policyholder behavior.

(2) Consists primarily of the update of fund mapping, volatility and other capital market assumptions.

(3) Net amount at risk (“NAR”) is the current guaranteed minimum benefit in excess of the current account balance as of the balance sheet date. For GLBs, the guaranteed minimum benefit is calculated based on the present value of GLB payments. Our variable annuity products may offer more than one type of guaranteed benefit rider to a policyholder. In instances where more than one guaranteed benefit feature exists in a contract, the guaranteed benefit rider that provides the highest NAR is used in the calculation.

Effect of Assumption Review

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Variable Annuities had a favorable impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to volatility and policyholder GLB utilization behavior assumptions, partially offset by unfavorable impacts from updates to mortality and policyholder lapse behavior assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Fixed Annuities had an unfavorable impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to mortality and policyholder GLB utilization and lapse behavior assumptions. Retirement Plan Services did not have any significant assumption updates.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, Variable Annuities had a favorable impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to policyholder benefit utilization behavior and fund mapping and volatility assumptions. Fixed Annuities and Retirement Plan Services did not have any significant assumption updates.

See “MRBs” in Note 1 and Note 15 for details related to our fair value judgments, assumptions, inputs and valuation methodology.

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11. Separate Accounts

The following table presents the fair value of separate account assets (in millions) reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by major investment category:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Mutual funds and collective investment trusts	$	157,578	$	142,892
Exchange-traded funds	350		258
Fixed maturity AFS securities	167		169
Cash and invested cash	25		98
Other investments	137		119
Total separate account assets	$	158,257	$	143,536

The following table reconciles separate account liabilities (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Variable Annuities	$	113,356	$	105,573
UL and Other	25,150		20,920
Retirement Plan Services	19,699		16,996
Other Operations (1)	52		47
Total separate account liabilities	$	158,257	$	143,536

(1) Represents separate account liabilities reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements

with Protective ($46 million and $42 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in separate account liabilities (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023						As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services		Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	105,573	$	20,920	$	16,996	$	136,665	$	24,785	$	21,068
Gross deposits	2,982		1,630		2,222		3,371		1,900		2,378
Withdrawals	(10,177)		(313)		(2,527)		(9,238)		(454)		(2,378)
Policyholder assessments	(2,510)		(964)		(163)		(2,603)		(938)		(164)
Change in market performance	16,870		3,973		3,221		(23,194)		(4,371)		(3,710)
Net transfers from (to) general account	618		(96)		(50)		572		(2)		(198)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	113,356	$	25,150	$	19,699	$	105,573	$	20,920	$	16,996
Cash surrender value	$	111,928	$	22,760	$	19,684	$	103,987	$	18,666	$	16,982

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12. Policyholder Account Balances

The following table reconciles policyholder account balances (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Variable Annuities	$	29,141	$	22,184
Fixed Annuities	25,330		23,338
UL and Other	36,784		37,258
Retirement Plan Services	23,784		25,138
Other (1)	5,277		6,054
Total policyholder account balances	$	120,316	$	113,972

(1) Represents policyholder account balances reported primarily in Other Operations attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($4.9 billion and $5.7 billion as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

The following table summarizes the balances and changes in policyholder account balances (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities			Fixed Annuities			UL and Other			Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	22,184		$	23,338		$	37,258		$	25,138
Gross deposits	4,709			5,130			3,739			2,776
Withdrawals	(742)			(3,926)			(1,430)			(4,494)
Policyholder assessments	(1)			(56)			(4,464)			(14)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(427)			–			97			(295)
Interest credited	548			642			1,463			673
Change in fair value of embedded derivative
instruments	2,870			202			121			–
Balance as of end-of-year	$	29,141		$	25,330		$	36,784		$	23,784
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.1		%	2.7		%	4.0		%	2.7		%
Net amount at risk (1)(2)	$	3,031		$	203		$	300,994		$	4
Cash surrender value	27,975			24,324			32,585			23,765

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	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities			Fixed Annuities			UL and Other			Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	19,148		$	22,522		$	37,719		$	23,579
Gross deposits	5,178			3,284			3,905			4,012
Withdrawals	(417)			(2,511)			(1,215)			(3,579)
Policyholder assessments	(2)			(51)			(4,446)			(13)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(492)			–			2			510
Interest credited	287			532			1,476			629
Change in fair value of embedded derivative
instruments	(1,518)			(438)			(183)			–
Balance as of end-of-year	$	22,184		$	23,338		$	37,258		$	25,138
Weighted-average crediting rate	1.4		%	2.4		%	3.9		%	2.6		%
Net amount at risk (1)(2)	$	7,974		$	171		$	302,481		$	15
Cash surrender value	21,147			22,502			33,130			25,133

(1) NAR is the current guaranteed minimum benefit in excess of the current account balance as of the balance sheet date. For GLBs, the guaranteed minimum benefit is calculated based on the present value of GLB payments. Our variable annuity products may offer more than one type of guaranteed benefit rider to a policyholder. In instances where more than one guaranteed benefit rider exists in a contract, the guaranteed benefit rider that provides the highest NAR is used in the calculation.

(2) Calculation is based on total account balances and includes both policyholder account balances and separate account balances.

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The following table presents policyholder account balances (in millions) by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between the interest being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed contract minimums:

	As of December 31, 2023
	At Guaranteed Minimum		1-50 Basis Basis Points Above		51-100 Basis Points Above		101-150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Range of Guaranteed
Minimum Crediting Rate
Variable Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
1.01% - 2.00%	5		–		–		–		7		12
2.01% - 3.00%	576		–		–		–		–		576
3.01% - 4.00%	1,370		–		–		–		–		1,370
4.01% and above	10		–		–		–		–		10
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		27,173
Total	$	1,961	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	7	$	29,141
Fixed Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	696	$	511	$	546	$	505	$	2,429	$	4,687
1.01% - 2.00%	426		97		235		527		3,081		4,366
2.01% - 3.00%	1,805		35		6		–		18		1,864
3.01% - 4.00%	903		–		–		–		–		903
4.01% and above	180		–		–		–		–		180
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		13,330
Total	$	4,010	$	643	$	787	$	1,032	$	5,528	$	25,330
UL and Other
Up to 1.00%	$	275	$	–	$	195	$	121	$	352	$	943
1.01% - 2.00%	557		–		–		–		3,125		3,682
2.01% - 3.00%	6,925		11		148		–		–		7,084
3.01% - 4.00%	15,202		–		1		–		–		15,203
4.01% and above	3,730		–		–		–		–		3,730
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		6,142
Total	$	26,689	$	11	$	344	$	121	$	3,477	$	36,784
Retirement Plan Services
Up to 1.00%	$	452	$	569	$	744	$	4,904	$	2,979	$	9,648
1.01% - 2.00%	550		2,065		1,575		832		–		5,022
2.01% - 3.00%	2,492		–		–		–		–		2,492
3.01% - 4.00%	5,012		–		–		–		–		5,012
4.01% and above	1,610		–		–		–		–		1,610
Total	$	10,116	$	2,634	$	2,319	$	5,736	$	2,979	$	23,784

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	As of December 31, 2022
	At Guaranteed Minimum		1-50 Basis Basis Points Above		51-100 Basis Points Above		101-150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Range of Guaranteed
Minimum Crediting Rate
Variable Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
1.01% - 2.00%	4		–		–		8		–		12
2.01% - 3.00%	658		–		–		–		–		658
3.01% - 4.00%	1,545		–		–		–		–		1,545
4.01% and above	11		–		–		–		–		11
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		19,958
Total	$	2,218	$	–	$	–	$	8	$	–	$	22,184
Fixed Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	891	$	497	$	589	$	563	$	1,329	$	3,869
1.01% - 2.00%	544		144		179		492		1,057		2,416
2.01% - 3.00%	1,973		5		1		–		–		1,979
3.01% - 4.00%	1,326		–		–		–		–		1,326
4.01% and above	193		–		–		–		–		193
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		13,555
Total	$	4,927	$	646	$	769	$	1,055	$	2,386	$	23,338
UL and Other
Up to 1.00%	$	318	$	–	$	194	$	29	$	292	$	833
1.01% - 2.00%	558		–		–		–		3,282		3,840
2.01% - 3.00%	7,218		156		–		–		–		7,374
3.01% - 4.00%	15,858		–		1		–		–		15,859
4.01% and above	3,824		–		–		–		–		3,824
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		5,528
Total	$	27,776	$	156	$	195	$	29	$	3,574	$	37,258
Retirement Plan Services
Up to 1.00%	$	961	$	1,001	$	4,304	$	1,703	$	1,908	$	9,877
1.01% - 2.00%	1,774		2,197		982		462		–		5,415
2.01% - 3.00%	2,711		1		–		–		–		2,712
3.01% - 4.00%	5,622		1		–		–		–		5,623
4.01% and above	1,511		–		–		–		–		1,511
Total	$	12,579	$	3,200	$	5,286	$	2,165	$	1,908	$	25,138

(1) Consists of indexed account balances that include the fair value of embedded derivative instruments, payout annuity account balances, short-term dollar cost averaging annuities business and policy loans.

130

13. Future Contract Benefits

The following table reconciles future contract benefits (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Payout Annuities (1)	$	2,084	$	2,003
Traditional Life (1)	3,553		3,190
Group Protection (2)	5,689		5,462
UL and Other (3)	15,752		14,777
Other Operations (4)	9,753		9,651
Other (5)	3,343		3,219
Total future contract benefits	$	40,174	$	38,302

(1) See “LFPB” below for further information.

(2) See “Liability for Future Claims” below for further information.

(3) See “Additional Liabilities for Other Insurance Benefits” below for further information.

(4) Represents future contract benefits reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($5.6 billion and $5.4 billion as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) and Swiss Re ($2.1 billion and $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

(5) Represents other miscellaneous reserves that are not representative of long-duration contracts and are excluded from the following tables.

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LFPB

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in the present values of expected net premiums and LFPB (in millions, except years):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023				As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Payout Annuities		Traditional Life		Payout Annuities		Traditional Life
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	–	$	5,896	$	–	$	6,610
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	–		(584)		–		843
Beginning balance at original discount rate	–		6,480		–		5,767
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	–		(5)		–		(382)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	–		(275)		–		(21)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	–		6,200		–		5,364
Issuances	–		580		–		1,655
Interest accrual	–		236		–		209
Net premiums collected	–		(784)		–		(742)
Flooring impact of LFPB	–		4		–		(6)
Ending balance at original discount rate	–		6,236		–		6,480
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	–		(152)		–		(584)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	–	$	6,084	$	–	$	5,896
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	2,003	$	9,086	$	2,511	$	10,353
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(263)		(793)		266		1,460
Beginning balance at original discount rate (1)	2,266		9,879		2,245		8,893
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	–		(21)		–		(321)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	1		(305)		3		(5)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	2,267		9,553		2,248		8,567
Issuances	109		580		122		1,655
Interest accrual	86		364		84		326
Benefit payments	(191)		(658)		(188)		(669)
Ending balance at original discount rate (1)	2,271		9,839		2,266		9,879
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	(187)		(202)		(263)		(793)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	2,084	$	9,637	$	2,003	$	9,086
Net balance as of end-of-year	$	2,084	$	3,553	$	2,003	$	3,190
Less: reinsurance recoverables (2)	1,627		255		10		270
Net balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	457	$	3,298	$	1,993	$	2,920
Weighted-average duration of future policyholder
benefit liability (years)	9		10		9		11

(1) Includes DPL within Payout Annuities of $56 million, $38 million and $22 million as of December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

(2)    Increase in Payout Annuities reinsurance recoverables driven by the reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re effective October 1, 2023 for certain blocks of in-force life-contingent payout fixed annuities. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Payout Annuities did not have any significant assumption updates. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Traditional Life had a favorable cash flow assumption impact from updates to mortality assumptions, partially offset by an unfavorable impact from updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Payout Annuities and Traditional Life did not have any significantly different actual experience compared to expected.

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, Payout Annuities did not have any significant assumption updates. Traditional Life had an unfavorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to mortality and lapse assumptions resulting in lower projected premiums and benefits, and a corresponding increase in reserves. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Payout Annuities and Traditional Life did not have any significantly different actual experience compared to expected.

The following table summarizes the discounted and undiscounted expected future gross premiums and expected future benefit payments (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Undiscounted		Discounted		Undiscounted		Discounted
Payout Annuities
Expected future gross premiums	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
Expected future benefit payments	3,481		2,084		3,471		2,003
Traditional Life
Expected future gross premiums	13,406		9,341		13,166		8,887
Expected future benefit payments	13,404		9,637		13,026		9,086

The following table summarizes the gross premiums and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Payout Annuities
Gross premiums	$	116	$	133	$	95
Interest accretion	86		84		84
Traditional Life
Gross premiums	1,183		1,136		1,022
Interest accretion	128		117		113

The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Payout Annuities
Interest accretion rate	3.9	%	3.9	%
Current discount rate	4.9	%	5.3	%
Traditional Life
Interest accretion rate	5.0	%	5.0	%
Current discount rate	4.7	%	5.1	%

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Liability for Future Claims

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in liability for future claims (in millions, except years):

	Group Protection
	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	5,462	$	5,936
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(597)		262
Beginning balance at original discount rate	6,059		5,674
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(27)		15
Effect of actual variances from expected
experience	(261)		(117)
Adjusted beginning-of-year balance	5,771		5,572
New incidence	1,702		1,777
Interest	159		141
Benefit payments	(1,453)		(1,431)
Ending balance at original discount rate	6,179		6,059
Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(490)		(597)
Balance as of end-of-year	5,689		5,462
Less: reinsurance recoverables	123		127
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	5,566	$	5,335
Weighted-average duration of liability for future
claims (years)	5		4

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had a favorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to long-term disability and life waiver claim termination rate assumptions, partially offset by unfavorable impacts from updates to long-term disability social security offset assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we experienced more favorable reported incidence and claim terminations than assumed.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had an unfavorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to the long-term disability incidence and severity assumptions, partially offset by favorable impacts from updates to the life waiver termination rate assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we experienced more favorable claim terminations than assumed.

The following table summarizes the discounted and undiscounted expected future benefit payments (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Undiscounted		Discounted		Undiscounted		Discounted
Group Protection
Expected future benefit payments	$	7,250	$	6,179	$	7,063	$	6,059

The following table summarizes the gross premiums and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Group Protection
Gross premiums	$	3,549	$	3,393	$	3,145
Interest accretion	159		141		145

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The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Group Protection
Interest accretion rate	3.0	%	2.8	%
Current discount rate	4.7	%	5.1	%

Additional Liabilities for Other Insurance Benefits

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in additional liabilities for other insurance benefits (in millions, except years):

	UL and Other
	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	14,777	$	12,513
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in shadow
balance in AOCI	(905)		1,113
Balance as of beginning-of-year, excluding
shadow balance in AOCI	15,682		11,400
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	165		3,108
Effect of actual variances from expected
experience	(77)		195
Adjusted beginning-of-year balance	15,770		14,703
Issuances	–		7
Interest accrual	765		626
Net assessments collected	658		974
Benefit payments	(588)		(628)
Balance as of end-of-year, excluding
shadow balance in AOCI	16,605		15,682
Effect of cumulative changes in shadow
balance in AOCI	(853)		(905)
Balance as of end-of-year	15,752		14,777
Less: reinsurance recoverables (1)	9,505		1,975
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	6,247	$	12,802
Weighted-average duration of additional liabilities
for other insurance benefits (years)	17		17

(1) Increase in reinsurance recoverables driven by the reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re effective October 1, 2023 for certain blocks of in-force ULSG. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had an unfavorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions, partially offset by a favorable impact from updates to interest rate assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not have any significantly different actual experience compared to expected.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had an unfavorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review primarily from updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions related to UL products with secondary guarantees in the amount of 1.7 billion, net of reinsurance, after-tax, and to a lesser extent mortality and morbidity assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had unfavorable actual mortality experience compared to expected due to ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The following table summarizes the gross assessments and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
UL and Other
Gross assessments	$	1,221	$	2,818	$	3,150
Interest accretion	765		626		498

The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
UL and Other
Interest accretion rate	5.3	%	5.0	%

14. Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

Details underlying short-term and long-term debt (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Short-Term Debt
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	50	$	—
Short-term debt (1)	790		562
Total short-term debt	$	840	$	562
Long-Term Debt, Excluding Current Portion
9.76% surplus note, due 2024	$	—	$	50
6.03% surplus note, due 2028	750		750
6.56% surplus note, due 2028	500		500
SOFR + 111 bps surplus note, due 2028	71		71
SOFR + 226 bps surplus note, due 2028	544		568
SOFR + 200 bps surplus note, due 2035	30		30
SOFR + 155 bps surplus note, due 2037	25		25
4.20% surplus note, due 2037	50		50
SOFR + 100 bps surplus note, due 2037	154		154
4.225% surplus note, due 2037	28		28
4.00% surplus note, due 2037	30		30
4.50% surplus note, due 2038	13		13
Total long-term debt	$	2,195	$	2,269

(1) The short-term debt represents short-term notes payable to LNC.

Effective July 1, 2023, we transitioned from LIBOR to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the reference rate for our variable-rate debt.

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Future principal payments due on long-term debt (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

2024	$	50
2025	–
2026	–
2027	–
2028	1,865
Thereafter	330
Total	$	2,245

We issued a surplus note of $50 million to LNC in 1994. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before September 30, 2024, and interest to be paid semiannually at an annual rate of 9.76%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note on any March 31 or September 30.

We issued a surplus note of $500 million to LNC in 1998. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before March 31, 2028, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 6.56%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, LNC has the right to redeem the note for immediate repayment in total or in part once per year on the anniversary date of the note. Any payment of interest or repayment of principal may be paid only out of our statutory earnings, only if our statutory capital surplus exceeds our statutory capital as of the date of note issuance of $2.3 billion, and subject to approval by the Commissioner.

We issued a surplus note of $71 million to LNC in October 2013. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before September 24, 2028, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 111 bps. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a variable surplus note to a wholly-owned subsidiary of LNC in December 2013 with an initial outstanding principal amount of $287 million. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before October 1, 2028, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 226 bps. The outstanding principal amount as of December 31, 2023, was $544 million.

We issued a surplus note of $750 million to LNC in 1998. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before December 31, 2028, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 6.03%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, LNC has the right to redeem the note for immediate repayment in total or in part once per year on the anniversary date of the note. Any payment of interest or repayment of principal may be paid only out of our statutory earnings, only if our statutory capital surplus exceeds our statutory capital surplus as of the date of note issuance of $2.4 billion, and subject to approval by the Commissioner.

We issued a surplus note of $30 million to LNC in 2015. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before September 28, 2035, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 200 bps. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $25 million to LNC in July 2017. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before June 30, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 155 bps. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $50 million to LNC in October 2017. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before July 1, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 4.20%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $375 million to LNC in 2007. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before October 9, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 100 bps. The surplus note was amended in 2017 to include repayment terms stating subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest. The outstanding principal amount as of December 31, 2023, was $154 million due to executing our right to repay the surplus note in part to LNC.

We issued a surplus note of $13 million to LNC in 2018. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before June 30, 2038, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 4.50%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to

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repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $28 million to LNC in 2019. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before October 9, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 4.225%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $30 million to LNC in 2020. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before October 9, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 4.00%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

Credit Facilities

Credit facilities, which allow for borrowing or issuances of letters of credit (“LOCs”), (in millions) were as follows:

		As of December 31, 2023
	Expiration Date	Maximum Available		LOCs Issued
Credit Facilities
Five-year revolving credit facility	December 21, 2028	$	2,000	$	116
LOC facility (1)	August 26, 2031	976		917
LOC facility (1)	October 1, 2031	859		859
Total		$	3,835	$	1,892

(1) Our wholly-owned subsidiaries entered into irrevocable LOC facility agreements with third-party lenders supporting inter-company reinsurance agreements.

On December 21, 2023, LNC entered into a second amended and restated credit agreement with a syndicate of banks, which amended and restated our existing five-year revolving amended and restated credit agreement. The credit agreement, which is unsecured, allows for the issuance of LOCs and borrowing of up to $2.0 billion and has a commitment termination date of December 21, 2028. The LOCs under the credit facility are used primarily to satisfy reserve credit requirements of (i) LNL and LNC’s other domestic insurance companies for which reserve credit is provided by our captive reinsurance subsidiaries and LNBAR and (ii) certain ceding companies of our legacy reinsurance business.

The credit agreement, as currently in effect, contains:

•Customary terms and conditions, including covenants restricting the ability of LNC and its subsidiaries to incur liens and the ability of LNC to merge or consolidate with another entity where it is not the surviving entity and dispose of all or substantially all of its assets;

•Financial covenants including maintenance by LNC of a minimum consolidated net worth equal to the sum of $8.626 billion plus 50% of the aggregate net proceeds of equity issuances received by LNC or any of its subsidiaries after September 30, 2023, all as more fully set forth in the agreement; and a debt-to-capital ratio as defined in accordance with the agreement not to exceed 0.35 to 1.00;

•A cap on LNC’s secured non-operating indebtedness and non-operating indebtedness of LNC’s subsidiaries equal to 7.5% of total capitalization, as defined in accordance with the agreement; and

•Customary events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods for certain of those events of default.

Upon an event of default, the credit facility agreement, as currently in effect, provides that, among other things, the commitments may be terminated and the loans then outstanding may be declared due and payable. As of December 31, 2023, LNC was in compliance with all such covenants.

Our LOC facility agreements each contain customary terms and conditions, including early termination fees, covenants restricting the ability of the subsidiaries to incur liens, merge or consolidate with another entity and dispose of all or substantially all of their assets. Upon an event of early termination, the agreements require the immediate payment of all or a portion of the present value of the future LOC fees that would have otherwise been paid. Further, the agreements contain customary events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods for certain of those events of default. The events of default include payment defaults, covenant defaults, material inaccuracies in representations and warranties, bankruptcy and liquidation proceedings and other customary defaults. Upon an event of default, the agreements provide that, among other things, obligations to issue, amend or increase the amount of any

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LOC shall be terminated and any obligations shall become immediately due and payable. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

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15. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	82,300	$	82,300	$	99,465	$	99,465
Trading securities	2,321		2,321		3,446		3,446
Equity securities	306		306		427		427
Mortgage loans on real estate	18,873		17,330		18,211		16,477
Derivative investments	6,305		6,305		3,519		3,519
Other investments	4,757		4,757		3,577		3,577
Cash and invested cash	3,193		3,193		2,499		2,499
MRB assets	3,894		3,894		2,807		2,807
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	274		274		540		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	940		940		525		525
LPR ceded derivative	206		206		212		212
Separate account assets	158,257		158,257		143,536		143,536
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances:
Account balances of certain investment contracts	(44,615)		(34,020)		(43,550)		(34,251)
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL contracts	(9,077)		(9,077)		(4,783)		(4,783)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities – reinsurance-related
embedded derivatives	493		493		681		681
MRB liabilities	(1,716)		(1,716)		(2,078)		(2,078)
Short-term debt	(840)		(841)		(562)		(562)
Long-term debt	(2,195)		(2,125)		(2,269)		(2,166)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	(1,149)		(1,149)		(246)		(246)
Derivative liabilities	(356)		(356)		(254)		(254)
Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts	(411)		(411)		(574)		(574)

Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs for Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

The following discussion outlines the methodologies and assumptions used to determine the fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Considerable judgment is required to develop these assumptions used to measure fair value. Accordingly, the estimates shown are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a one-time, current market exchange of all of our financial instruments.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The fair value of mortgage loans on real estate, excluding mortgage loans accounted for using the fair value option, is established using a discounted cash flow method based on credit rating, maturity and future income. The ratings for mortgages in good standing are based on property type, location, market conditions, occupancy, debt-service coverage, loan-to-value, quality of tenancy, borrower and payment record. The fair value for impaired mortgage loans is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our mortgage loans on real estate, excluding mortgage loans accounted for using the fair value option, are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

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Other Investments

The carrying value of our assets classified as other investments, excluding short-term investments, approximates fair value. Other investments includes primarily LPs and other privately held investments that are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and the carrying value is based on our proportional share of the net assets of the LPs. Other investments also includes FHLB stock carried at cost and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our LPs, other privately held investments and FHLB stock are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The remaining assets in other investments include cash collateral receivables and securities that are not LPs or other privately held investments. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these assets are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Separate Account Assets

Separate account assets are primarily carried at fair value.  A portion of our separate account assets includes LPs, which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The carrying value is based on our proportional share of the net assets of the LPs and approximates fair value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of the separate account asset LPs are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Policyholder Account Balances

Policyholder account balances include account balances of certain investment contracts. The fair value of the account balances of certain investment contracts is based on their approximate surrender value as of the balance sheet date. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these policyholder account balances are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities include remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts. The fair value for the remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts is estimated using discounted cash flow calculations as of the balance sheet date. These calculations are based on interest rates currently offered on similar contracts with maturities that are consistent with those remaining for the contracts being valued. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts carrying value approximated fair value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these other liabilities are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

The fair value of short-term and long-term debt is based on quoted market prices. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our short-term and long-term debt are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value Option

Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance for credit losses, as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, includes mortgage loans on real estate for which the fair value option was elected. The fair value option allows us to elect fair value as an alternative measurement for mortgage loans not otherwise reported at fair value. We have made these elections for certain mortgage loans associated with modified coinsurance agreements to help mitigate the inconsistency in earnings that would otherwise result from the use of embedded derivatives included with these loans. Changes in fair value are reflected in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk are estimated using changes in credit spreads

and quality ratings for the period reported. Mortgage loans on real estate for which the fair value option was elected are valued using third-party pricing services. We have procedures in place to review the valuations each quarter to ensure they are reasonable, including utilizing a separate third party to reperform the valuation for a selection of mortgage loans on an annual basis. Due to lack of observable inputs, mortgage loans electing the fair value option are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value and aggregate contractual principal for mortgage loans on real estate where the fair value option was elected (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fair value	$	288	$	487
Aggregate contractual principal	326		514

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no loans for which the fair value option was elected were in non-accrual status, and none were more than 90 days past due and still accruing interest.

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Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

We did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

The following summarizes our financial instruments carried at fair value (in millions) on a recurring basis by the fair value hierarchy levels:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Quoted
	Prices
	in Active
	Markets for		Significant		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	–	$	57,397	$	6,469	$	63,866
U.S. government bonds	373		20		–		393
State and municipal bonds	–		2,537		5		2,542
Foreign government bonds	–		278		–		278
RMBS	–		1,589		13		1,602
CMBS	–		1,336		8		1,344
ABS	–		10,559		1,484		12,043
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	46		138		48		232
Trading securities	–		2,037		284		2,321
Equity securities	1		263		42		306
Mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		288		288
Derivative investments (1)	–		10,705		622		11,327
Other investments – short-term investments	–		233		–		233
Cash and invested cash	–		3,193		–		3,193
MRB assets	–		–		3,894		3,894
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		274		274
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	–		–		940		940
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		206		206
Separate account assets	402		157,855		–		158,257
Total assets	$	822	$	248,140	$	14,577	$	263,539
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances – RILA, fixed annuity
and IUL contracts	$	–	$	–	$	(9,077)	$	(9,077)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities –
reinsurance-related embedded derivatives	–		493		–		493
MRB liabilities	–		–		(1,716)		(1,716)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		(1,149)		(1,149)
Derivative liabilities (1)	–		(4,792)		(586)		(5,378)
Total liabilities	$	–	$	(4,299)	$	(12,528)	$	(16,827)

142

	As of December 31, 2022
	Quoted
	Prices
	in Active
	Markets for		Significant		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	–	$	73,980	$	5,186	$	79,166
U.S. government bonds	332		19		–		351
State and municipal bonds	–		4,850		35		4,885
Foreign government bonds	–		311		–		311
RMBS	–		1,835		1		1,836
CMBS	–		1,667		–		1,667
ABS	–		9,782		1,117		10,899
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	40		261		49		350
Trading securities	–		2,865		581		3,446
Equity securities	–		274		153		427
Mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		487		487
Derivative investments (1)	–		5,929		605		6,534
Other investments – short-term investments	–		30		–		30
Cash and invested cash	–		2,499		–		2,499
MRB assets	–		–		2,807		2,807
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		540		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	–		–		525		525
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		212		212
Separate account assets	412		143,124		–		143,536
Total assets	$	784	$	247,426	$	12,298	$	260,508
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances – indexed annuity
and IUL contracts embedded derivatives	$	–	$	–	$	(4,783)	$	(4,783)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities –
reinsurance-related embedded derivatives	–		681		–		681
MRB liabilities	–		–		(2,078)		(2,078)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		(246)		(246)
Derivative liabilities (1)	–		(2,666)		(603)		(3,269)
Total liabilities	$	–	$	(1,985)	$	(7,710)	$	(9,695)

(1) Derivative investment assets and liabilities are presented within the fair value hierarchy on a gross basis by derivative type and not

on a master netting basis by counterparty.
 

143

The following summarizes changes to our financial instruments carried at fair value (in millions) and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The gains and losses below may include changes in fair value due in part to observable inputs that are a component of the valuation methodology. The summary schedule excludes changes to MRB assets and MRB liabilities as these balances are rolled forward in Note 10.

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	5,186	$	(17)	$	28	$	1,284	$	(12)	$	6,469
State and municipal bonds	35		(4)		4		(30)		–		5
RMBS	1		–		–		5		7		13
CMBS	–		–		–		(4)		12		8
ABS	1,117		–		9		733		(375)		1,484
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	49		–		(2)		(2)		3		48
Trading securities	581		17		–		(313)		(1)		284
Equity securities	153		(19)		–		(98)		6		42
Mortgage loans on real estate	487		(7)		5		(197)		–		288
Derivative investments	2		(13)		–		16		31		36
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	540		(266)		–		–		–		274
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	525		6		–		409		–		940
LPR ceded derivative (5)	212		(6)		–		–		–		206
Policyholder account balances –
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL
contracts (4)	(4,783)		(3,193)		–		(1,101)		–		(9,077)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	(246)		(903)		–		–		–		(1,149)
Total, net	$	3,859	$	(4,405)	$	44	$	702	$	(329)	$	(129)

144

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	8,801	$	1	$	(1,542)	$	592	$	(2,666)	$	5,186
State and municipal bonds	–		–		(1)		–		36		35
Foreign government bonds	41		–		(6)		(30)		(5)		–
RMBS	3		–		1		21		(24)		1
CMBS	–		–		–		17		(17)		–
ABS	870		–		(113)		676		(316)		1,117
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	90		(4)		(21)		(12)		(4)		49
Trading securities	828		(80)		–		(152)		(15)		581
Equity securities	91		52		–		25		(15)		153
Mortgage loans on real estate	739		(20)		(5)		(227)		–		487
Derivative investments	21		2		(6)		–		(15)		2
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	4,114		(3,574)		–		–		–		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	528		(215)		–		212		–		525
LPR ceded derivative (5)	318		(106)		–		–		–		212
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives (4)	(6,131)		1,975		–		(627)		–		(4,783)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	(17)		(229)		–		–		–		(246)
Total, net	$	10,296	$	(2,198)	$	(1,693)	$	495	$	(3,041)	$	3,859

145

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	7,761	$	3	$	(182)	$	1,189	$	30	$	8,801
U.S. government bonds	5		–		–		(5)		–		–
Foreign government bonds	74		–		(11)		80		(102)		41
RMBS	2		–		–		2		(1)		3
CMBS	1		(1)		–		8		(8)		–
ABS	570		1		(9)		602		(294)		870
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	103		–		25		(38)		–		90
Trading securities	643		(3)		–		210		(22)		828
Equity securities	57		38		–		(4)		–		91
Mortgage loans on real estate	832		11		5		(109)		–		739
Derivative investments	1,542		1,255		(3)		(139)		(2,634)		21
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	6,539		(2,425)		–		–		–		4,114
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	550		87		–		(109)		–		528
LPR ceded derivative (5)	–		–		–		–		318		318
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives (4)	(3,594)		(2,709)		–		172		–		(6,131)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	–		(17)		–		–		–		(17)
Total, net	$	15,085	$	(3,760)	$	(175)	$	1,859	$	(2,713)	$	10,296

(1) The changes in fair value of the interest rate swaps are offset by an adjustment to derivative investments (see Note 6).

(2) Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are included in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Gains (losses) from sales, maturities, settlements and calls and credit loss expense are included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(3) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in market risk benefit gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(4) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(5) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

146

The following provides the components of the items included in issuances, sales, maturities, settlements and calls, net, (in millions) as reported above:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	2,035	$	(334)	$	(34)	$	(372)	$	(11)	$	1,284
State and municipal bonds	–		(30)		–		–		–		(30)
RMBS	5		–		–		–		–		5
CMBS	–		–		–		(4)		–		(4)
ABS	971		(2)		–		(230)		(6)		733
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	–		–		–		–		(2)		(2)
Trading securities	–		(231)		–		(82)		–		(313)
Equity securities	1		(99)		–		–		–		(98)
Mortgage loans on real estate	5		–		–		(202)		–		(197)
Derivative investments	19		–		(3)		–		–		16
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	404		–		–		5		–		409
Policyholder account balances –
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL
contracts	(1,113)		–		–		12		–		(1,101)
Total, net	$	2,327	$	(696)	$	(37)	$	(873)	$	(19)	$	702

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,335	$	(398)	$	(81)	$	(231)	$	(33)	$	592
Foreign government bonds	–		–		(30)		–		–		(30)
RMBS	21		–		–		–		–		21
CMBS	17		–		–		–		–		17
ABS	918		–		–		(235)		(7)		676
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	–		–		–		–		(12)		(12)
Trading securities	287		(229)		–		(210)		–		(152)
Equity securities	34		(9)		–		–		–		25
Mortgage loans on real estate	15		–		–		(242)		–		(227)
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	124		–		–		88		–		212
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives	(710)		–		–		83		–		(627)
Total, net	$	2,041	$	(636)	$	(111)	$	(747)	$	(52)	$	495

147

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,861	$	(110)	$	(109)	$	(423)	$	(30)	$	1,189
U.S. government bonds	–		–		(5)		–		–		(5)
Foreign government bonds	80		–		–		–		–		80
RMBS	2		–		–		–		–		2
CMBS	8		–		–		–		–		8
ABS	835		–		–		(233)		–		602
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	12		(20)		–		–		(30)		(38)
Trading securities	383		(25)		–		(148)		–		210
Equity securities	6		(10)		–		–		–		(4)
Mortgage loans on real estate	96		(101)		(26)		(78)		–		(109)
Derivative investments	174		(124)		(189)		–		–		(139)
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	55		–		–		(164)		–		(109)
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives	(400)		–		–		572		–		172
Total, net	3,112		(390)		(329)		(474)		(60)		1,859

The following summarizes changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income related to financial instruments carried at fair value classified within Level 3 that we still held (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Trading securities (1)	$	8	$	(81)	$	4
Equity securities (1)	(16)		54		40
Mortgage loans on real estate (1)	(8)		(20)		12
Derivative investments (1)	1		2		1,051
MRBs (2)	1,071		(359)		1,530
Other assets – LPR ceded derivative (3)	(6)		(106)		–
Embedded derivatives - indexed annuity
and IUL contracts (1)	(20)		(95)		44
Total, net	$	1,030	$	(605)	$	2,681

(1) Included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) Included in market risk benefit gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(3) Included in benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

148

The following summarizes changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net of tax, related to financial instruments carried at fair value classified within Level 3 that we still held (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	7	$	(1,553)	$	(183)
State and municipal bonds	3		(1)		–
Foreign government bonds	–		(7)		(10)
ABS	3		(115)		(9)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	(1)		(21)		26
Mortgage loans on real estate	4		(5)		4
Total, net	$	16	$	(1,702)	$	(172)

The following provides the components of the transfers into and out of Level 3 (in millions) as reported above:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	194	$	(206)	$	(12)
RMBS	12		(5)		7
CMBS	12		–		12
ABS	2		(377)		(375)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	16		(13)		3
Trading securities	6		(7)		(1)
Equity securities	6		–		6
Derivative investments	31		–		31
Total, net	$	279	$	(608)	$	(329)

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	296	$	(2,962)	$	(2,666)
State and municipal bonds	36		–		36
Foreign government bonds	–		(5)		(5)
RMBS	–		(24)		(24)
CMBS	–		(17)		(17)
ABS	16		(332)		(316)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	–		(4)		(4)
Trading securities	4		(19)		(15)
Equity securities	–		(15)		(15)
Derivative investments	–		(15)		(15)
Total, net	$	352	$	(3,393)	$	(3,041)

149

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	164	$	(134)	$	30
Foreign government bonds	–		(102)		(102)
RMBS	–		(1)		(1)
CMBS	–		(8)		(8)
ABS	36		(330)		(294)
Trading securities	12		(34)		(22)
Derivative investments	24		(2,658)		(2,634)
Other assets – LPR ceded derivative	318		–		318
Total, net	$	554	$	(3,267)	$	(2,713)

Transfers into and out of Level 3 are generally the result of observable market information on financial instruments no longer being available or becoming available to our pricing vendors. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, transfers in and out of Level 3 were attributable primarily to the financial instruments’ observable market information no longer being available or becoming available. In 2022,transfers out of Level 3 included corporate bonds and ABS for which we changed valuation techniques. This change in valuation technique was primarily from a change to a third-party-provided pricing model that did not use significant unobservable inputs. In 2021, transfers out of Level 3 included derivative instruments for which we changed valuation techniques. This change in valuation technique was primarily from unobservable inputs in counterparty models to a mathematical model provided by a third party. These updated valuation techniques are considered industry standard and provide us with greater visibility into the economic valuation inputs.

150

The following summarizes the fair value (in millions), valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs of the Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2023:

										Weighted
	Fair		Valuation	Significant	Assumption or					Average Input
	Value		Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Input Ranges					Range (1)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS and
trading securities:
Corporate bonds	$	183	Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	(0.2)	%	–	3.7	%	2.1	%
State and municipal
bonds	5		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	0.9	%	–	2.2	%	2.1	%
CMBS	8		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	2.3	%	–	2.3	%	2.3	%
ABS	12		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.8	%	–	1.8	%	1.8	%
Hybrid and redeemable
preferred securities	7		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.4	%	–	1.5	%	1.5	%
Equity securities	5		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	4.5	%	–	4.5	%	4.5	%
MRB assets	3,894
Other assets – ceded MRBs	274		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.78	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	29	%	13.92	%
Other assets – indexed
annuity ceded embedded
derivatives	940		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Other assets – LPR ceded
derivative	206		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0.1	%	–	2.00	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.58	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Liabilities
Policyholder account
balances – indexed annuity
contracts embedded
derivatives	$	(9,013)	Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
MRB liabilities	(1,716)
Other liabilities – ceded
MRBs	(1,149)		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.78	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	29	%	13.92	%

151

The following summarizes the fair value (in millions), valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs of the Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2022:

										Weighted
	Fair		Valuation	Significant	Assumption or					Average Input
	Value		Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Input Ranges					Range (1)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS and
trading securities:
Corporate bonds	$	201	Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	(0.2)	%	–	4.2	%	2.1	%
State and municipal
bonds	35		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.2	%	–	2.4	%	2.3	%
ABS	15		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.4	%	–	1.4	%	1.4	%
Hybrid and redeemable
preferred securities	3		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.5	%	–	1.5	%	1.5	%
Equity securities	4		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	4.5	%	–	4.5	%	4.5	%
MRB assets	2,807
Other assets – ceded MRBs	540		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.73	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	28	%	14.47	%
Other assets – indexed
annuity ceded embedded
derivatives	525		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Other assets – LPR ceded
derivative	212		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	1.55	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.75	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Liabilities
Policyholder account
balances – indexed annuity
contracts embedded
derivatives	$	(4,845)	Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
MRB liabilities	(2,078)
Other liabilities – ceded
MRBs	(246)		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.73	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	28	%	14.47	%

(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments, unless otherwise noted.

(2) The liquidity/duration adjustment input represents an estimated market participant composite of adjustments attributable to liquidity premiums, expected durations, structures and credit quality that would be applied to the market observable information of an investment.

(3) The lapse input represents the estimated probability of a contract surrendering during a year, and thereby forgoing any future

benefits. The range for indexed annuity contracts represents the lapses during the surrender charge period.

(4) The utilization of GLB withdrawals input represents the estimated percentage of policyholders that utilize the GLB withdrawal riders.

(5) The utilization factors are applied to the present value of claims or premiums, as appropriate, in the MRB calculation to estimate the

impact of inefficient GLB withdrawal behavior, including taking less than or more than the maximum GLB withdrawal.

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(6) The non-performance risk input represents the estimated additional credit spread that market participants would apply to the market

observable discount rate when pricing a contract. The non-performance risk input was weighted by the absolute value of the sensitivity of the reserve to the non-performance risk assumption. The non-performance risk input for LPR ceded derivative was weighted using a simple average.

(7) The mortality input represents the estimated probability of when an individual belonging to a particular group, categorized according

to age or some other factor such as gender, will die.

(8) The volatility input represents overall volatilities assumed for the underlying variable annuity funds, which include a mixture of equity

and fixed-income assets. Volatility assumptions vary by fund due to the benchmarking of different indices. The volatility input was

weighted by the relative account balance assigned to each index.

(9) The mortality is based on a combination of company and industry experience, adjusted for improvement factors.

(10) A weighted average input range is not a meaningful measurement for lapse, utilization factors or mortality.

From the table above, we have excluded Level 3 fair value measurements obtained from independent, third-party pricing sources. We do not develop the significant inputs used to measure the fair value of these assets and liabilities, and the information regarding the significant inputs is not readily available to us. Independent broker-quoted fair values are non-binding quotes developed by market makers or broker-dealers obtained from third-party sources recognized as market participants. The fair value of a broker-quoted asset or liability is based solely on the receipt of an updated quote from a single market maker or a broker-dealer recognized as a market participant as we do not adjust broker quotes when used as the fair value measurement for an asset or liability. Significant increases or decreases in any of the quotes received from a third-party broker-dealer may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.

Changes in any of the significant inputs presented in the table above would have resulted in a significant change in the fair value measurement of the asset or liability as follows:

• Investments – An increase in the liquidity/duration adjustment input would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

•Indexed annuity contracts embedded derivatives – For direct embedded derivatives, an increase in the lapse or mortality inputs would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

•LPR ceded derivative – Assuming our LPR ceded derivative is in an asset position: an increase in our lapse, non-performance risk or mortality inputs would have resulted in an increase in the fair value measurement.

•MRBs – Assuming our MRBs are in a liability position: an increase in our lapse, non-performance risk or mortality inputs would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement, except for policies with GDB riders only, in which case an increase in mortality inputs would have resulted in an increase in the fair value measurement.

For each category discussed above, the unobservable inputs are not inter-related; therefore, a directional change in one input would not have affected the other inputs.

As part of our ongoing valuation process, we assess the reasonableness of our valuation techniques or models and make adjustments as necessary. For more information, see Note 1.

•Investments – An increase in the liquidity/duration adjustment input would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

•Indexed annuity contracts embedded derivatives – For direct embedded derivatives, an increase in the lapse or mortality inputs would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

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16. Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans

Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

We maintain defined benefit pension plans in which certain agents are participants. These defined benefit pension plans are closed to new entrants and existing participants do not accrue any additional benefits. We comply with applicable minimum funding requirements. In accordance with such practice, we were not required to make contributions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We do not expect to be required to make any contributions to these pension plans in 2024. We sponsor other postretirement benefit plans that provide health care and life insurance to certain retired agents. Total net periodic cost (recovery) for these plans was $2 million, $(2) million and $1 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which was reported within commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). In 2024, we expect the plans to make benefit payments of approximately $9 million.

Information (in millions) with respect to these plans was as follows:

	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
					Other Postretirement
	Pension Plans				Benefit Plans
Fair value of plan assets	$	71	$	77	$	10	$	9
Projected benefit obligation	77		82		6		6
Funded status	$	(6)	$	(5)	$	4	$	3
Amounts Recognized on the
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Other assets	$	–	$	–	$	4	$	3
Other liabilities	(6)		(5)		–		–
Net amount recognized	$	(6)	$	(5)	$	4	$	3
Weighted-Average Assumptions
Benefit obligations:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.44%		5.66%		5.45%		5.70%
Net periodic benefit cost:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.62%		3.07%		5.70%		3.73%
Expected return on plan assets	6.00%		5.00%		6.50%		6.50%

The weighted average discount rate was determined based on a corporate yield curve as of December 31, 2023, and projected benefit obligation cash flows. The expected return on plan assets was determined based on historical and expected future returns of the various asset categories, using the plans’ target plan allocation. We reevaluate these assumptions each plan year.

The following summarizes our fair value measurements of our benefit plans’ assets (in millions) on a recurring basis by asset category:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate bonds	$	23	$	33
U.S. government bonds	22		17
CMBS	2		2
Common stock	21		22
Cash and invested cash	3		3
Other investments	10		9
Total	$	81	$	86

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Participation in Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

We participate in defined benefit pension plans that are sponsored by LNC for certain employees and non-employee directors. These defined benefit pension plans are closed to new entrants, and existing participants do not accrue any additional benefits. We also participate in other postretirement benefit plans sponsored by LNC that provide health care and life insurance to certain retired employees. Our expense (benefit) for these plans was $1 million, $(35) million and $(28) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Defined Contribution Plans

We sponsor tax-qualified defined contribution plans for eligible agents that are administered in accordance with the plan documents and various limitations under section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. We also participate in defined contribution plans sponsored by LNC for eligible employees. Our expense for these plans was $114 million, $99 million and $104 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Deferred Compensation Plans

We sponsor non-qualified, unfunded, deferred compensation plans for certain current and former agents. Certain current employees participate in non-qualified, unfunded, deferred compensation plans sponsored by LNC. The results of certain notional investment options within some of the plans are hedged by total return swaps. Our expenses increase or decrease in direct proportion to the change in market value of the participants’ investment options. Participants of certain plans are able to select LNC stock as a notional investment option; however, it is not hedged by the total return swaps and is a primary source of expense volatility related to these plans. Our expense for these plans was $22 million, $12 million and $18 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For further discussion of total return swaps related to our deferred compensation plans, see Note 6.

Information (in millions) with respect to these plans was as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Total liabilities (1)	$	695	$	623
Investments dedicated to fund liabilities (2)	233		206

(1) Reported in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.  

17. Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plans

Our employees and agents are included in LNC’s various stock-based incentive compensation plans that provide for the issuance of stock options, performance shares and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), among other types of awards. LNC issues new shares to satisfy option exercises and vested performance shares and RSUs.

Total compensation expense (in millions) by award type for stock-based incentive compensation plans was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Stock options	$	7	$	6	$	8
Performance shares	12		9		17
RSUs	40		33		33
Total	$	59	$	48	$	58
Recognized tax benefit	$	9	$	11	$	12

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18. Contingencies and Commitments

Contingencies

Reinsurance Disputes

Certain reinsurers have sought rate increases on certain yearly renewable term agreements. We are disputing the requested rate increases under these agreements. We may initiate legal proceedings, as necessary, under these agreements in order to protect our contractual rights. Additionally, reinsurers have initiated, and may in the future initiate, legal proceedings against us. While this may impact the Life Insurance segment, we believe it is unlikely the outcome of these disputes would have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Regulatory and Litigation Matters

Regulatory bodies, such as state insurance departments, the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and other regulatory bodies regularly make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations concerning our compliance with, among other things, insurance laws, securities laws, laws governing the activities of broker-dealers, registered investment advisers and unclaimed property laws.

LNL and its affiliates are involved in various pending or threatened legal or regulatory proceedings, including purported class actions, arising from the conduct of business both in the ordinary course and otherwise. In some of the matters, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Modern pleading practice in the U.S. permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages or other relief. Jurisdictions may permit claimants not to specify the monetary damages sought or may permit claimants to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court. In addition, jurisdictions may permit plaintiffs to allege monetary damages in amounts well exceeding verdicts obtained in the jurisdiction for similar matters. This variability in pleadings, together with the actual experiences of LNL in litigating or resolving through settlement numerous claims over an extended period of time, demonstrates to management that the monetary relief which may be specified in a lawsuit or claim bears little relevance to its merits or disposition value.

Due to the unpredictable nature of litigation, the outcome of a litigation matter and the amount or range of potential loss at particular points in time is normally difficult to ascertain. Uncertainties can include how fact finders will evaluate documentary evidence and the credibility and effectiveness of witness testimony, and how trial and appellate courts will apply the law in the context of the pleadings or evidence presented, whether by motion practice, or at trial or on appeal. Disposition valuations are also subject to the uncertainty of how opposing parties and their counsel will themselves view the relevant evidence and applicable law.

We establish liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when information related to the loss contingencies shows both that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. It is possible that some matters could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that could not be estimated as of December 31, 2023.

For some matters, the Company is able to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss. For such matters in which a loss is probable, an accrual has been made. For such matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, no accrual has been made. Accordingly, the estimate contained in this paragraph reflects two types of matters. For some matters included within this estimate, an accrual has been made, but there is a reasonable possibility that an exposure exists in excess of the amount accrued. In these cases, the estimate reflects the reasonably possible range of loss in excess of the accrued amount. For other matters included within this estimation, no accrual has been made because a loss, while potentially estimable, is believed to be reasonably possible but not probable. In these cases, the estimate reflects the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. As of December 31, 2023, we estimate the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, including amounts in excess of amounts accrued for these matters as of such date, to be up to approximately $190 million, after-tax. Any estimate is not an indication of expected loss, if any, or of the Company’s maximum possible loss exposure on such matters.

For other matters, we are not currently able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. We are often unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss until developments in such matters have provided sufficient information to support an assessment of the range of possible loss, such as quantification of a damage demand from plaintiffs, discovery from other parties and investigation of factual allegations, rulings by the court on motions or appeals, analysis by experts and the progress of settlement negotiations. On a quarterly and annual basis, we review relevant information with respect to litigation contingencies and update our accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible losses or ranges of loss based on such reviews.

Among other matters, we are presently engaged in litigation, including relating to cost of insurance rates (“Cost of Insurance and Other Litigation”), as described below. No accrual has been made for some of these matters. Although a loss is believed to be reasonably possible for these matters, for some of these matters, we are not able to estimate a reasonably possible amount or range of potential

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liability. An adverse outcome in one or more of these matters may have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements, but, based on information currently known, management does not believe those cases are likely to have such an impact.

Cost of Insurance and Other Litigation

Cost of Insurance Litigation

Glover v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut, No. 3:16-cv-00827, is a putative class action that was served on LNL on June 8, 2016. Plaintiff is the owner of a universal life insurance policy who alleges that LNL charged more for non-guaranteed cost of insurance than permitted by the policy. Plaintiff seeks to represent all universal life and variable universal life policyholders who owned policies containing non-guaranteed cost of insurance provisions that are similar to those of plaintiff’s policy and seeks damages on behalf of all such policyholders. On January 11, 2019, the court dismissed plaintiff’s complaint in its entirety. In response, plaintiff filed a motion for leave to amend the complaint, which, on September 25, 2023, the court granted in part and denied in part. Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on October 10, 2023. On March 7, 2024, the parties entered into a settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval. The provisional settlement encompasses policies that are at issue in the Glover case, which also includes all policies in the lawsuits captioned TVPX ARS INC., as Securities Intermediary for Consolidated Wealth Management, LTD. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and Vida Longevity Fund, LP v. Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York, both of which are described below, and one additional case to which an affiliate of LNL is a party, Iwanski v. First Penn-Pacific Life Insurance Company, which has been previously disclosed by our parent company, LNC. The Glover plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of the provisional settlement was filed on March 8, 2024. The provisional settlement, which is subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of a $147.5 million pre-tax cash payment for Glover class members (inclusive of all policyholders in TVPX ARS INC., Vida and Iwanski).

EFG Bank AG, Cayman Branch, et al. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, No. 2:17-cv-02592, is a civil action filed on February 1, 2017. Plaintiffs own universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts when it increased non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2016. We are vigorously defending this matter.

In re: Lincoln National COI Litigation, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Case No. 2:16-cv-06605-GJP, is a consolidated litigation matter related to multiple putative class action cases that were consolidated by an order dated March 20, 2017. Plaintiffs purport to own certain universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL and LNC breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts by increasing non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2016. Plaintiffs sought to represent classes of policyowners and sought damages on their behalf. On August 9, 2022, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. The parties participated in a mediation on December 13, 2022, and subsequently reached a settlement. On January 26, 2023, the parties informed the presiding judge of a class settlement in this action, subject to final documentation and court approval. On March 24, 2023, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of the class settlement, which was granted by the court on June 14, 2023. The provisional settlement, which was subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consisted of $117.75 million in pre-tax cash (in the aggregate for both this litigation and the In re: Lincoln National 2017 COI Rate Litigation matter discussed immediately below) and a five-year cost of insurance rate freeze, among other terms. After certain policyholders timely opted out or otherwise excluded themselves from the settlement class with respect to certain policies, the pre-tax cash settlement fund was reduced to $109.96 million. The court granted final approval of the settlement on October 5, 2023. On December 27, 2023, the court ordered that supplemental notice of the class settlement be mailed to a small percentage of settlement class members who had not been sent the initial class notice. Those policyholders own policies representing less than 0.14% of the total of all Policy Claim Amounts (as defined in the parties’ settlement agreement) and have until 45 days after the completion of supplemental notice to object to or opt out of the settlement. Certain of the policyholders who did not participate in the settlement are plaintiffs in Brighton Trustees, LLC, et al. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and Ryan K. Crayne, on behalf of and as a trustee for Carlton Peak Trust v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company discussed further below. The remaining policyholders who are not participants in the settlement may bring individual actions in the future to the extent they have not already done so.

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In re: Lincoln National 2017 COI Rate Litigation, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Case No. 2:17-cv-04150, is a consolidated litigation matter related to multiple putative class action cases that were consolidated by an order dated March 28, 2018. Plaintiffs purport to own certain universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL and LNC breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts by increasing non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2017. Plaintiffs sought to represent classes of policyholders and sought damages on their behalf. On August 9, 2022, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. The parties participated in a mediation on December 13, 2022, and subsequently reached a settlement. On January 26, 2023, the parties informed the presiding judge of a class settlement in this action, subject to final documentation and court approval. On March 24, 2023, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of the class settlement, which was granted by the court on June 14, 2023. The provisional settlement, which was subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of $117.75 million in pre-tax cash (in the aggregate for both this litigation and the In re: Lincoln National COI Litigation matter discussed immediately above) and a five-year cost of insurance rate freeze, among other terms. After certain policyholders timely opted out or otherwise excluded themselves from the settlement class with respect to certain policies, the pre-tax cash settlement fund was reduced to $109.96 million. The court granted final approval of the settlement on October 5, 2023. On December 27, 2023, the court ordered that supplemental notice of the class settlement be mailed to a small percentage of settlement class members who had not been sent the initial class notice. Those policyholders own policies representing less than 0.14% of the total of all Policy Claim Amounts (as defined in the parties’ settlement agreement) and have until 45 days after the completion of supplemental notice to object to or opt out of the settlement. Certain of the policyholders who did not participate in the settlement are plaintiffs in Brighton Trustees, LLC, et al. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and Ryan K. Crayne, on behalf of and as a trustee for Carlton Peak Trust v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company discussed further below. The remaining policyholders who are not participants in the settlement may bring individual actions in the future to the extent they have not already done so.

TVPX ARS INC., as Securities Intermediary for Consolidated Wealth Management, LTD. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, No. 2:18-cv-02989, is a putative class action that was filed on July 17, 2018. Plaintiff alleges that LNL charged more for non-guaranteed cost of insurance than permitted by the policy. Plaintiff seeks to represent all universal life and variable universal life policyholders who own policies issued by LNL or its predecessors containing non-guaranteed cost of insurance provisions that are similar to those of Plaintiff’s policy and seeks damages on behalf of all such policyholders. On March 7, 2024, the parties in Glover v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (discussed above) entered into a settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval. The provisional settlement encompasses policies that are at issue in this case, as the Glover case is inclusive of all policies in this case, as well as in the lawsuit captioned Vida Longevity Fund, LP v. Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York (discussed below), and one additional case to which an affiliate of LNL is a party, Iwanski v. First Penn-Pacific Life Insurance Company, which has been previously disclosed by our parent company, LNC. The Glover plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of the provisional settlement was filed on March 8, 2024. The provisional settlement, which is subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of a $147.5 million pre-tax cash payment for Glover class members (inclusive of all policyholders in TVPX ARS INC., Vida and Iwanski). A motion has been filed to stay the proceedings in this matter (as well as the Iwanski matter) pending the completion of the settlement approval process in Glover.

LSH Co. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as securities intermediary for LSH Co. v. Lincoln National Corporation and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, No. 2:18-cv-05529, is a civil action filed on December 21, 2018. Plaintiffs own universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL and LNC breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts when LNL increased non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates in 2016 and 2017. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Vida Longevity Fund, LP v. Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, No. 1:19-cv-06004, is a putative class action that was filed on June 27, 2019. Plaintiff alleges that LLANY charged more for non-guaranteed cost of insurance than was permitted by the policies. On March 31, 2022, the court issued an order granting plaintiff’s motion for class certification and certified a class of all current or former owners of six universal life insurance products issued by LLANY that were assessed a cost of insurance charge any time on or after June 27, 2013. Plaintiff seeks damages on behalf of the class. On April 19, 2023, LLANY filed a motion for summary judgment. On March 7, 2024, the parties in Glover v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (discussed above) entered into a settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval. The provisional settlement encompasses policies that are at issue in this case, as the Glover case is inclusive of all policies in this case, as well as in the lawsuit captioned TVPX ARS INC., as Securities Intermediary for Consolidated Wealth Management, LTD. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (discussed above), and one additional case to which an affiliate of LNL is a party, Iwanski v. First Penn-Pacific Life Insurance Company, which has been previously disclosed by our parent company, LNC. The Glover plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of the provisional settlement was filed on March 8, 2024. The provisional settlement, which is subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of a $147.5 million pre-tax cash payment for Glover class members (inclusive of all policyholders in TVPX ARS INC., Vida and Iwanski). On March 8, 2024, we wrote to the court requesting a pre-motion conference in advance of LLANY’s planned motion to stay proceedings in this matter pending the completion of the settlement approval process in Glover.

Angus v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, No. 2:22-cv-01878, is a putative class action filed on May 13, 2022. Plaintiff alleges that defendant LNL breached the terms of her life insurance policy by deducting non-guaranteed cost of insurance charges in excess of what is permitted by the policies. Plaintiff seeks to represent

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all owners of universal life insurance policies issued or insured by LNL or its predecessors containing non-guaranteed cost of insurance provisions that are similar to those of plaintiff’s policy and seeks damages on their behalf. Breach of contract is the only cause of action asserted. On August 26, 2022, LNL filed a motion to dismiss. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Brighton Trustees, LLC, et al. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Case No. 2:23-cv-02251, is a civil action filed on April 20, 2023. On June 12, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana granted a motion filed by LNL to transfer the case to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs purport to own universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts and converted property when it increased non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2016. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Ryan K. Crayne, on behalf of and as trustee for Carlton Peak Trust v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Case No. 2:24-cv-00053-GJP, is a civil action filed on November 17, 2023. On January 4, 2024, upon the parties’ stipulation, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana transferred the case to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Plaintiff purports to own claims regarding universal life policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiff alleges that LNL breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts and converted property when it increased non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2016. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Other Litigation

Andrew Nitkewicz v. Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, No. 1:20-cv-06805, is a putative class action that was filed on August 24, 2020. Plaintiff Andrew Nitkewicz, as trustee of the Joan C. Lupe Trust, seeks to represent all current and former owners of universal life (including variable universal life) policies who own or owned policies issued by LLANY and its predecessors in interest that were in force at any time on or after June 27, 2013, and for which planned annual, semi-annual, or quarterly premiums were paid for any period beyond the end of the policy month of the insured’s death. Plaintiff alleges LLANY failed to refund unearned premium in violation of New York Insurance Law Section 3203(a)(2) in connection with the payment of death benefit claims for certain insurance policies. Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages and pre-judgment interest on behalf of the various classes and sub-class. On July 2, 2021, the court granted, with prejudice, LLANY’s November 2020 motion to dismiss this matter. Plaintiff filed a notice of appeal on July 28, 2021, and on September 26, 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reserved its decision and certified a question to the New York Court of Appeals. On October 20, 2022, the New York Court of Appeals accepted the question. On October 19, 2023, the New York Court of Appeals answered the question in LLANY’s favor and transmitted the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Plaintiff sought, and was granted, supplemental briefing before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit with respect to certain aspects of the New York Court of Appeals’ decision. The supplemental briefing was completed January 23, 2024. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Henry Morgan et al. v. Lincoln National Corporation d/b/a Lincoln Financial Group, et al, filed in the District Court of the 14th Judicial District of Dallas County, Texas, No. DC-23-02492, is a putative class action that was filed on February 22, 2023. Plaintiffs Henry Morgan, Susan Smith, Charles Smith, Laura Seale, Terri Cogburn, Laura Baesel, Kathleen Walton, Terry Warner, and Toni Hale (“Plaintiffs”) allege on behalf of a putative class that Lincoln National Corporation d/b/a Lincoln Financial Group, LNL and LLANY (together, “Lincoln”), FMR, LLC, and Fidelity Product Services, LLC (“Fidelity”) created and marketed misleading and deceptive insurance products with attributes of investment products. The putative class comprises all individuals and entities who purchased Lincoln OptiBlend products that allocated account monies to the 1-Year Fidelity AIM Dividend Participation Account, between January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022. Plaintiffs assert the following claims individually and on behalf of the class, (1) violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act against Lincoln; (2) common-law fraud against Lincoln; (3) negligent misrepresentation against Lincoln and Fidelity; and (4) aiding and abetting fraud against Fidelity. Plaintiffs allege they suffered damages from “a missed investment return of approximately 5-6%” and mitigation damages. They seek actual, consequential and punitive damages, as well as pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, attorney’s fees, and litigation costs. On March 31, 2023, the Lincoln defendants filed a notice of removal removing the action from the 14th Judicial District of Dallas County, Texas, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division. On May 8, 2023, the Lincoln defendants and the Fidelity defendants filed motions to dismiss, which remain pending. We are vigorously defending this matter.

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Commitments

Leases

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had operating lease ROU assets of $80 million and $110 million, respectively, and associated lease liabilities of $89 million and $119 million, respectively. The weighted-average discount rate was 3.7% and 2.8%, respectively, and the weighted-average remaining lease term was four years and five years, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was $41 million, $45 million and $41 million, respectively, and reported in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had finance lease assets of $5 million and $14 million, respectively, and associated finance lease liabilities of $27 million and $106 million, respectively. The accumulated amortization associated with the finance lease assets was $467 million and $458 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These assets will continue to be amortized on a straight-line basis over the assets’ remaining lives. The weighted-average discount rate was 6.4% and 2.9%, respectively, and the weighted-average remaining lease term was two years and one year, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Finance lease expense (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Amortization of finance lease assets (1)	$	9	$	23	$	38
Interest on finance lease liabilities (2)	5		4		3
Total	$	14	$	27	$	41

(1) Amortization of finance lease assets is reported in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) Interest on finance lease liabilities is reported in interest and debt expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The table below presents cash flow information (in millions) related to leases:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	41	$	47	$	40
Financing cash flows from finance leases	83		74		62
Supplemental Non-Cash Information
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	–	$	6	$	8

Our future minimum lease payments (in millions) under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2024	$	34	$	18
2025	26		7
2026	22		4
2027	15		–
2028	8		–
Thereafter	7		–
Total future minimum lease payments	112		29
Less: Amount representing interest	23		2
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	89	$	27

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As of December 31, 2023, we had no leases that had not yet commenced.

Certain Financing Arrangements

We periodically enter into sale-leaseback arrangements that do not meet the criteria of a sale for accounting purposes. As such, we account for these transactions as financing arrangements. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $595 million and $558 million, respectively, of financing obligations reported within other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Future payments due on certain financing arrangements (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

2024	$	152
2025	172
2026	224
2027	127
2028	10
Thereafter	6
Total future minimum lease payments	691
Less: Amount representing interest	96
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	595

Vulnerability from Concentrations

As of December 31, 2023, we did not have a concentration of: business transactions with a particular customer or lender; sources of supply of labor or services used in the business; or a market or geographic area in which business is conducted that makes us vulnerable to an event that is at least reasonably possible to occur in the near term and which could cause a severe impact to our financial condition. For information on our investment and reinsurance concentrations, see Notes 4 and 8, respectively.

Other Contingency Matters

State guaranty funds assess insurance companies to cover losses to contract holders of insolvent or rehabilitated companies. Mandatory assessments may be partially recovered through a reduction in future premium taxes in some states. We have accrued for expected assessments and the related reductions in future state premium taxes, which net to assessments (recoveries) of $(1) million and $(3) million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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19. Shares and Stockholder’s Equity

All authorized and issued shares of LNL are owned by LNC.

AOCI

The following summarizes the components and changes in AOCI (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities and Certain Other Investments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(8,526)	$	9,153	$	8,993
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards	–		–		3,584
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the year	2,122		(24,475)		(4,478)
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	178		(321)		(143)
Change in future contract benefits and policyholder account balances, net of reinsurance	638		2,292		893
Income tax benefit (expense)	(650)		4,815		797
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	(3,425)		(13)		624
Income tax benefit (expense)	719		3		(131)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	(3,532)	$	(8,526)	$	9,153
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	301	$	258	$	42
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		25
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the year	162		(154)		141
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	(169)		312		152
Income tax benefit (expense)	2		(34)		(63)
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	60		103		49
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	249	$	301	$	258
Market Risk Benefit Non-Performance Risk Gain (Loss)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	1,739	$	1,951	$	–
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		2,874
Adjustment arising during the year	(854)		(267)		(1,174)
Income tax benefit (expense)	184		55		251
Balance as of end-of-year	$	1,069	$	1,739	$	1,951
Policyholder Liability Discount Rate Remeasurement Gain (Loss)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	790	$	(1,101)	$	–
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		(1,661)
Adjustment arising during the year	(187)		2,406		711
Income tax benefit (expense)	42		(515)		(151)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	645	$	790	$	(1,101)
Funded Status of Employee Benefit Plans
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(17)	$	(11)	$	(14)
Adjustment arising during the year	1		(6)		4
Income tax benefit (expense)	–		–		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	(16)	$	(17)	$	(11)

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The following summarizes the reclassifications out of AOCI (in millions) and the associated line item in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS
Securities and Certain Other Investments
Reclassification	$	(4,014)	$	(13)	$	624	Realized gain (loss)
Associated change in future contract benefits	589		–		–		Benefits
Reclassification before income
tax benefit (expense)	(3,425)		(13)		624		Income (loss) before taxes
Income tax benefit (expense)	719		3		(131)		Federal income tax expense (benefit)
Reclassification, net of income tax	$	(2,706)	$	(10)	$	493	Net income (loss)
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Interest rate contracts	$	(1)	$	2	$	3	Net investment income
Foreign currency contracts	54		62		48		Net investment income
Foreign currency contracts	7		39		(2)		Realized gain (loss)
Reclassifications before income
tax benefit (expense)	60		103		49		Income (loss) before taxes
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)		Federal income tax expense (benefit)
Reclassifications, net of income tax	$	47	$	81	$	39	Net income (loss)

20. Segment Information

We provide products and services and report results through our Annuities, Life Insurance, Group Protection and Retirement Plan Services segments. We also have Other Operations, which includes the financial data for operations that are not directly related to the business segments. Our reporting segments reflect the manner by which our chief operating decision makers view and manage the business. The following is a brief description of these segments and Other Operations.

The Annuities segment provides tax-deferred investment growth and lifetime income opportunities for its clients by offering variable annuities (including RILA) and fixed annuities (including indexed).

The Life Insurance segment focuses on the creation and protection of wealth through life insurance products, including term insurance, both single (including UL, corporate-owned UL and VUL and bank-owned UL and VUL products) and survivorship versions of IUL and VUL products, linked-benefit products (which are UL and VUL with riders providing for long-term care costs), and critical illness and long-term care riders, which can be attached to IUL or VUL policies.

The Group Protection segment offers group non-medical insurance products and services, including short- and long-term disability, statutory disability and paid family medical leave administration and absence management services, term life, dental, vision and accident, critical illness and hospital indemnity benefits and services to the employer marketplace through various forms of employee-paid and employer-paid plans.

The Retirement Plan Services segment provides employer-sponsored defined benefit and individual retirement accounts, as well as individual and group variable annuities, group fixed annuities and mutual-fund based programs in the retirement plan marketplace.

Other Operations includes investments related to our excess capital; benefit plan obligations; the results of certain disability income business; our run-off institutional pension business, the majority of which was sold on a group annuity basis; debt costs; Spark program expense; and other corporate investments.

Segment operating revenues and income (loss) from operations are internal measures used by our management and Board of Directors to evaluate and assess the results of our segments. Income (loss) from operations is GAAP net income excluding the after-tax effects of the following items, as applicable:

•Items related to annuity product features, which include changes in MRBs, including gains and losses and benefit payments, changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments we hold to hedge GLB and GDB riders, net of fee income allocated to support the cost of hedging them, and changes in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity contracts and the associated

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index options we hold to hedge them, including collateral expense associated with the hedge program (collectively, “net annuity product features”);

•Items related to life insurance product features, which include changes in the fair value of derivatives we hold as part of VUL hedging, changes in reserves resulting from benefit ratio unlocking associated with the impact of capital markets, and changes in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our IUL contracts and the associated index options we hold to hedge them (collectively, “net life insurance product features”);

•Credit loss-related adjustments on fixed maturity AFS securities, mortgage loans on real estate and reinsurance-related assets (“credit loss-related adjustments”);

•Changes in the fair value of equity securities, certain derivatives, certain other investments and realized gains (losses) on sales, disposals and impairments of financial assets (collectively, “investment gains (losses)”);

•Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and mortgage loans on real estate electing the fair value option (“changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and certain mortgage loans”);

•GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR;

•Income (loss) from the initial adoption of new accounting standards, regulations and policy changes;

•Income (loss) from reserve changes, net of related amortization, on business sold through reinsurance;

•Transaction and integration costs related to mergers and acquisitions including the acquisition or divestiture, through reinsurance or other means, of businesses or blocks of business;

•Gains (losses) on modification or early extinguishment of debt;

•Losses from the impairment of intangible assets and gains (losses) on other non-financial assets; and

•Income (loss) from discontinued operations.

Operating revenues represent GAAP revenues excluding the pre-tax effects of the following items, as applicable:

•Changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments we hold to hedge GLB and GDB riders, net of fee income allocated to support the cost of hedging them, and changes in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity and IUL contracts and the associated index options we hold to hedge them (collectively, “revenue adjustments from annuity and life insurance product features”);

•Credit loss-related adjustments;

•Investment gains (losses);

•Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and certain mortgage loans;

•GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR;

•Revenue adjustments from the initial adoption of new accounting standards; and

•Amortization of deferred gains arising from reserve changes on business sold through reinsurance.

We use our prevailing corporate federal income tax rate of 21%, where applicable, net of the impacts related to dividends received deduction and foreign tax credits and any other permanent differences for events recognized differently in our financial statements and federal income tax returns.

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The tables below reconcile our segment measures of performance to the GAAP measures presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenues
Operating revenues:
Annuities (1)	$	2,625	$	4,102	$	4,258
Life Insurance	6,362		6,344		6,938
Group Protection	5,560		5,303		4,994
Retirement Plan Services	1,290		1,257		1,306
Other Operations (1)	(778)		133		158
Revenue adjustments from annuity and life insurance product features	99		872		818
Credit loss-related adjustments	(74)		(129)		109
Investment gains (losses)	(4,080)		19		654
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans	(22)		588		165
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR	(923)		(932)		(888)
Total revenues (1)	$	10,059	$	17,557	$	18,512

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net Income (Loss)
Income (loss) from operations:
Annuities	$	840	$	948	$	1,089
Life Insurance	(126)		(1,933)		497
Group Protection	297		40		(165)
Retirement Plan Services	155		198		235
Other Operations	(356)		(374)		(244)
Net annuity product features, after-tax	1,295		416		1,866
Net life insurance product features, after-tax	148		21		(1)
Credit loss-related adjustments, after-tax	(58)		(102)		86
Investment gains (losses), after-tax	(3,210)		15		516
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans, after-tax	(18)		465		130
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR, after-tax	(728)		(735)		(701)
Impairment of intangibles	–		(634)		–
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers,
acquisitions and divestitures, after-tax (2)	(27)		–		(11)
Net income (loss)	$	(1,788)	$	(1,675)	$	3,297

(1)    Includes ceded insurance premiums primarily related to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction effective in the fourth quarter of 2023. For more information, see Note 8.

(2)    Includes costs pertaining to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction and the planned sale of LNC’s wealth management business. For more information, see Note 1 and Note 8, respectively.

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Other segment information (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net Investment Income
Annuities	$	1,744	$	1,387	$	1,314
Life Insurance	2,515		2,464		3,054
Group Protection	336		333		364
Retirement Plan Services	999		966		982
Other Operations	118		124		125
Total net investment income	$	5,712	$	5,274	$	5,839

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Federal Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Annuities	$	79	$	128	$	189
Life Insurance	(62)		(544)		112
Group Protection	79		11		(44)
Retirement Plan Services	25		32		48
Other Operations	(102)		(84)		(70)
Net annuity product features	344		112		496
Net life insurance product features	39		5		–
Credit loss-related adjustments	(16)		(27)		20
Investment gains (losses)	(853)		4		140
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans	(5)		123		35
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR	(194)		(197)		(186)
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers,
acquisitions and divestitures	(7)		–		(3)
Total federal income tax expense (benefit)	(673)		(437)		737

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets
Annuities	$	186,716	$	165,643
Life Insurance	107,529		97,373
Group Protection	9,741		9,830
Retirement Plan Services	46,969		42,275
Other Operations	23,021		20,461
Total assets	$	373,976	$	335,582

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21. Realized Gain (Loss)

Details underlying realized gain (loss) (in millions) reported on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities: (1)
Gross gains	$	627	$	37	$	660
Gross losses	(428)		(50)		(36)
Credit loss benefit (expense) (2)	(21)		(14)		(11)
Intent to sell impairments	(4,213)		–		–
Realized gain (loss) on equity securities (3)	(6)		12		41
Credit loss benefit (expense) on mortgage loans on real estate	(16)		(3)		111
Credit loss benefit (expense) on reinsurance-related assets (4)	(35)		(112)		7
Realized gain (loss) on the mark-to-market on certain instruments (5)(6)	(509)		683		169
Indexed product derivative results (7)	(232)		74		22
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR and attributed fees	(112)		(168)		(91)
Other realized gain (loss)	11		(41)		(13)
Total realized gain (loss)	$	(4,934)	$	418	$	859

(1) Includes impairments of certain fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, resulting from the Company’s intent to sell these securities as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance, the Company impaired the securities in a loss position down to fair market value upon entry into the agreements in the second quarter of 2023 and recognized additional impairment on certain of these securities during the third quarter of 2023 due to higher interest rates. Interest rates declined during the fourth quarter of 2023, which resulted in recognition of a $295 million pre-tax net gain upon close of the transaction, included in gross gains and gross losses. See Notes 4 and 8 for additional information.

(2) Includes changes in the allowance for credit losses as well as direct write-downs to amortized cost as a result of negative credit events.

(3) Includes mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held of $8 million, $7 million and $44 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(4) Includes the release of reinsurance recoverables and the corresponding allowance for credit losses related to a third-party reinsurer, Scottish Re, where liquidation proceedings commenced during the third quarter of 2023. As of September 30, 2023, reinsurance coverage terminated and all business ceded to Scottish Re was therefore recaptured.

(5) Represents changes in the fair values of derivatives we hold as part of VUL hedging, reinsurance-related embedded derivatives and trading securities. Also includes an $87 million pre-tax loss related to interest rate futures used to hedge the assets used as consideration in the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. See Note 8 for additional information.

(6) Includes gains and losses from fair value changes on mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option of $(11) million, $(24) million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(7) Represents the change in fair value of the index options that we hold and the change in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity and IUL contracts, and the associated index options to hedge policyholder index allocations applicable to future reset periods for our indexed annuity products.

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22. Commissions and Other Expenses

Details underlying commissions and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Commissions	$	2,082	$	2,201	$	2,227
General and administrative expenses	2,427		2,200		2,187
DAC and VOBA deferrals, net of amortization	(171)		(346)		(321)
Broker-dealer expenses	444		419		441
Taxes, licenses and fees	333		344		358
Expenses associated with reserve financing and LOCs	58		60		57
Specifically identifiable intangible asset amortization	37		37		37
Other amortization	5		12		11
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers, acquisitions and divestitures	34		–		14
Total	$	5,249	$	4,927	$	5,011

23. Federal Income Taxes

The federal income tax expense (benefit) on continuing operations (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Current	$	(255)	$	(24)	$	20
Deferred	(418)		(413)		717
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$	(673)	$	(437)	$	737

A reconciliation of the effective tax rate differences (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Income (loss) before taxes	$	(2,461)	$	(2,112)	$	4,034
Federal statutory rate	21%		21%		21%
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at federal statutory rate	(517)		(444)		847
Effect of:
Tax-preferred investment income (1)	(126)		(90)		(88)
Tax credits	(40)		(42)		(26)
Excess tax expense (benefit) from stock-based compensation	3		(1)		–
Goodwill impairment	–		133		–
Other items	7		7		4
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$	(673)	$	(437)	$	737
Effective tax rate	27%		21%		18%

(1) Relates primarily to separate account dividends eligible for the dividends-received deduction.

The federal income tax asset (liability) (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Current	$	546	$	353
Deferred	49		734
Total federal income tax asset (liability)	$	595	$	1,087

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Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred Tax Assets
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances	$	322	$	231
Compensation and benefit plans	175		152
Intangibles	18		21
Net unrealized loss on fixed maturity AFS securities	1,246		2,161
Net unrealized loss on trading securities	33		70
Investment activity	91		296
Tax credits	103		–
Net operating losses	87		278
Capital losses	93		–
Deferred gain on reinsurance	400		30
Total deferred tax assets	$	2,568	$	3,239
Deferred Tax Liabilities
DAC and VOBA	$	1,906	$	1,769
Reinsurance-related embedded derivative assets	104		143
MRB-related activity	286		228
Other	223		365
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	2,519	$	2,505
Net deferred tax asset (liability)	$	49	$	734

As of December 31, 2023, we have $103 million of federal income tax credits that can be carried forward to 2030 through 2033. As of December 31, 2023, we have $414 million of net operating losses to carry forward to future years. As of December 31, 2023, we have $442 million of capital losses to carry forward to future years. The net operating losses arose in tax years 2018 and 2021 and, under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act changes, have an unlimited carryforward period. The capital losses arose in tax year 2023 and can be carried back three years and forward five years. As a result, management believes that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset associated with the loss carryforwards will be realized. Inclusive of the tax attribute for the net operating losses, although realization is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefits of all our deferred tax assets, and, accordingly, no valuation allowance has been recorded.

We are subject to examination by U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income authorities. With few exceptions for limited scope review, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal examinations for years before 2019. In the first quarter of 2021, the Internal Revenue Service commenced an examination of our 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 refund claims. We are currently under examination by several state and local taxing jurisdictions; however, we do not expect these examinations will materially impact us.

A reconciliation of the gross unrecognized federal tax benefits (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	59	$	64
Decreases for prior year tax positions	(6)		(6)
Increases for prior year tax positions	23		1
Balance as of end-of-year	$	76	$	59

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $66 million and $43 million, respectively, of our gross unrecognized federal tax benefits presented above, if recognized, would have affected our federal income tax expense (benefit) and our effective tax rate. We anticipate that it is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits primarily associated with separate account dividends-received deduction, tax credits and compensation, upon completion of our ongoing refund claims review, will decrease by $35 million by the end of 2024.

We recognize interest and penalties accrued, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized no interest and penalty expense (benefit), and there was no accrued interest and penalty expense related to the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

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In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Biden. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 established a new 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for corporations whose average adjusted net income for any consecutive three-year period beginning after December 31, 2022, exceeds $1.0 billion. This provision became effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. We determined that we were not within the scope of the corporate alternative minimum tax for 2023.

24. Statutory Information and Restrictions

We prepare financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments of our respective states of domicile, which may vary materially from GAAP.

Prescribed SAP includes the Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners

(“NAIC”) as well as state laws, regulations and administrative rules. Permitted SAP encompasses all accounting practices not so

prescribed. The principal differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP

are that statutory financial statements do not reflect DAC, some bond portfolios may be carried at amortized cost, assets and liabilities are

presented net of reinsurance, contract holder liabilities are generally valued using more conservative assumptions and certain assets are

non-admitted.

We are subject to the applicable laws and regulations of our respective states of domicile. Changes in these laws and regulations could change capital levels or capital requirements for the Company.

Statutory capital and surplus, net gain (loss) from operations, after-tax, net income (loss) and dividends to the LNC holding company amounts (in millions) below consist of all or a combination of the following entities: LNL, LLANY, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of South Carolina, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont I, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont III, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont IV, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont V, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont VI and Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont VII.

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
U.S. capital and surplus	$	8,026	$	8,507

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. net gain (loss) from operations, after-tax	$	(2,495)	$	1,708	$	(1,285)
U.S. net income (loss)	(2,924)		1,965		(569)
U.S. dividends to LNC holding company	495		645		1,910

State Prescribed and Permitted Practices

The states of domicile for LNL and LLANY, Indiana and New York, respectively, have adopted certain prescribed or permitted accounting practices that differ from those found in NAIC SAP. These prescribed practices are the calculation of reserves on universal life policies based on the Indiana universal life method as prescribed by the state of Indiana for policies issued before January 1, 2006, the use of a more conservative valuation interest rate on certain annuities prescribed by the states of Indiana and New York. Also, the state of New York prescribes use of the continuous Commissioners’ Annuity Reserve Valuation Method in the calculation of reserves and use of minimum reserve methods and assumptions for variable annuity and individual life insurance contracts that may be more conservative than those required by NAIC SAP. The statutory permitted practices allow accounting for certain derivative assets at amortized cost and allow determining certain indexed annuity and indexed universal life statutory reserve calculations with the assumption that the market value of the related liability call option(s) associated with the current index term is zero. At the conclusion of the index term, credited interest is reflected in the reserve as realized, based on actual index performance. The statutory accounting practices also allow accounting for certain group fixed annuity assets at general account balances.

The Vermont reinsurance subsidiaries also have certain accounting practices permitted by the state of Vermont that differ from those found in NAIC SAP. One permitted practice involves accounting for the lesser of the face amount of all amounts outstanding under an LOC and the value of the Valuation of Life Insurance Policies Model Regulation (“XXX”) additional statutory reserves as an admitted asset and a form of surplus as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Another permitted practice involves the acquisition of an LLC note in exchange for a variable value surplus note that is recognized as an admitted asset and a form of surplus as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Lastly, the state of Vermont has permitted a practice to account for certain excess of loss reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers as an asset and form of surplus as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. These permitted practices are related to structures that

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continue to be allowed in accordance with the grandfathered structures under the provisions of Actuarial Guideline 48 (“AG48”) or are compliant under AG48 requirements.

The favorable (unfavorable) effects on statutory surplus compared to NAIC statutory surplus from the use of these prescribed and permitted practices (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
State Prescribed Practices
Calculation of reserves using the Indiana universal life method	$	(1)	$	3
Conservative valuation rate on certain annuities	(1)		(36)
Calculation of reserves using continuous CARVM	(1)		(1)
Conservative Reg 213 reserves on variable annuity and individual life contracts	(31)		(37)
State Permitted Practice
Derivative instruments and equity indexed reserves	(170)		14
Assets in group fixed annuity contracts held at general account balances	332		436
Vermont Subsidiaries Permitted Practices
Lesser of LOC and XXX additional reserve as surplus	1,776		1,838
LLC notes and variable value surplus notes	1,444		1,547
Excess of loss reinsurance agreements	563		549

The NAIC has adopted RBC requirements for life insurance companies to evaluate the adequacy of statutory capital and surplus in relation to investment and insurance risks. The requirements provide a means of measuring the minimum amount of statutory surplus appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations based on its size and risk profile. Under RBC requirements, regulatory compliance is determined by the ratio of a company’s total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to its company action level of RBC (known as the “RBC ratio”), also as defined by the NAIC. The company action level may be triggered if the RBC ratio is between 75% and 100%, which would require the insurer to submit a plan to the regulator detailing corrective action it proposes to undertake. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s RBC ratio was approximately four times the aforementioned company action level RBC.

We are subject to certain insurance department regulatory restrictions as to the transfer of funds and payment of dividends to the holding company. Under Indiana laws and regulations, LNL may pay dividends to LNC without prior approval of the Indiana Insurance Commissioner (the “Commissioner”), only from unassigned surplus and must receive prior approval of the Commissioner to pay a dividend if such dividend, along with all other dividends paid within the preceding 12 consecutive months, would exceed the statutory limitation. The current statutory limitation is the greater of 10% of the insurer’s contract holders’ surplus, as shown on its last annual statement on file with the Commissioner or the insurer’s statutory net gain from operations for the previous 12 months, but in no event to exceed statutory unassigned surplus. Indiana law gives the Commissioner broad discretion to disapprove requests for dividends in excess of these limits. LNL’s subsidiary, LLANY, a New York-domiciled insurance company, is bound by similar restrictions under the laws of New York. Under New York law, the applicable statutory limitation on dividends is equal to the lesser of 10% of surplus to contract holders as of the immediately preceding calendar year or net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year, not including realized capital gains. We expect that we could pay dividends to LNC of approximately $780 million in 2024 without prior approval from the Commissioner of Insurance.

All payments of principal and interest on surplus notes must be approved by the respective Commissioner of Insurance.

171

25. Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Data

The following summarizes our supplemental cash flow data (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net cash paid (received) for:
Interest	$	187	$	126	$	115
Income taxes	(110)		(61)		29
Non-cash transactions:
Net increase (decrease) in fixed maturity AFS securities, other
investments and accrued investment income in connection with
reinsurance transactions	(20,264)		54		(3,700)
Establishment of funds withheld liability in connection with
a reinsurance transaction	(49)		–		–

26. Transactions with Affiliates

The following summarizes transactions with affiliates (in millions) and the associated line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets with affiliates:
Inter-company notes	$	1,063	$	1,216	Fixed maturity AFS securities
Assumed reinsurance contracts	1		–		Policy Loans
					Deferred acquisition costs, value of business
Assumed/ceded reinsurance contracts	(131)		(138)		acquired and deferred sales inducements
Accrued inter-company interest receivable	16		13		Accrued investment income
					Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance
Ceded reinsurance contracts	15,563		2,187		for credit losses
Ceded reinsurance contracts	642		899		Other assets
Cash management agreement	857		124		Other assets
Service agreement receivable	41		6		Other assets
Liabilities with affiliates:
Assumed reinsurance contracts	18		17		Future contract benefits
Assumed reinsurance contracts	352		361		Policyholder account balances
Inter-company short-term debt	840		562		Short-term debt
Inter-company long-term debt	2,195		2,269		Long-term debt
Ceded reinsurance contracts	5,862		2,517		Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities
Ceded reinsurance contracts	897		(31)		Other liabilities
Accrued inter-company interest payable	18		15		Other liabilities
Service agreement payable	37		41		Other liabilities
Assumed/ceded reinsurance contracts	4,387		158		Other liabilities
Equity with affiliates:
Accumulated other comprehensive income –	774		55		Accumulated other comprehensive
assumed/ceded					income (loss)

172

The following summarizes transactions with affiliates (in millions) and the associated line item on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenues with affiliates:
Premiums received on assumed (paid on ceded)
reinsurance contracts	$	(498)	$	(421)	$	(468)	Insurance premiums
Fees for management of general account	(156)		(140)		(138)		Net investment income
Net investment income on ceded funds
withheld treaties	(238)		(161)		(113)		Net investment income
Net investment income on inter-company notes	65		40		29		Net investment income
Realized gains (losses) on ceded reinsurance
contracts:
Other gains (losses)	(9)		631		94		Realized gain (loss)
Reinsurance-related settlements	1,717		(1,068)		1,626		Realized gain (loss)
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on reinsurance							Amortization of deferred gain
contracts	17		3		3		(loss) on business sold
							through reinsurance
Other revenues	(171)		–		–		Other revenues
Benefits and expenses with affiliates:
Reinsurance (recoveries) benefits on ceded
reinsurance	(507)		(247)		(430)		Benefits
Interest credited on assumed reinsurance contracts	12		47		48		Interest credited
Market risk benefit (gain) loss
on ceded reinsurance contracts	1,129		3,543		2,199		Market risk benefit (gain) loss
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss							Policyholder liability remeasurement
on ceded reinsurance contracts	–		(321)		64		(gain) loss
Ceded reinsurance contracts	(13)		(26)		(7)		Commissions and other expenses
Service agreement payments (receipts)	(17)		(53)		(29)		Commissions and other expenses
Interest expense on inter-company debt	148		120		107		Interest and debt expense

Inter-Company Notes

LNC issues inter-company notes to us for a predetermined face value to be repaid by LNC at a predetermined maturity with a specified interest rate.

Cash Management Agreement

In order to manage our capital more efficiently, we participate in an inter-company cash management program where LNC can lend to or borrow from us to meet short-term borrowing needs. The cash management program is essentially a series of demand loans, which are permitted under applicable insurance laws, among LNC and its affiliates that reduces overall borrowing costs by allowing LNC and its subsidiaries to access internal resources instead of incurring third-party transaction costs. The borrowing and lending limit is currently 3% of our admitted assets as of December 31, 2023.

Service Agreements

In accordance with service agreements with LNC and other subsidiaries of LNC for personnel and facilities usage, general management services and investment management services, we receive services from and provide services to affiliated companies and receive an allocation of corporate overhead. Corporate overhead expenses are allocated based on specific methodologies for each function. The majority of the expenses are allocated based on the following methodologies: headcount, capital, investments by product, account values, weighted policies in force and sales.

Ceded Reinsurance Contracts

As discussed in Note 8, we cede insurance contracts to LNBAR. We cede certain guaranteed benefit risks (including certain GDB and GLB benefits) to LNBAR.

173

Substantially all reinsurance ceded to affiliated companies is with unauthorized companies. To take reserve credit for such reinsurance: the reinsurer holds assets in trust for our potential benefit; we hold assets from the reinsurer, including funds withheld under reinsurance treaties; and/or we are the beneficiary of LOCs that are obtained by the affiliate reinsurer and issued by banks. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the LOCs of which we are the beneficiary aggregated to $111 million and $1.5 billion, respectively.

27. Subsequent Event

On March 7, 2024, we entered into a settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval, encompassing the policies at issue in Glover v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, which also includes the policies in certain other cost of insurance litigation matters, as discussed in further detail in Note 18, Contingencies and Commitments. The provisional settlement, which is subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of a $147.5 million pre-tax cash payment. We recorded a pre-tax legal expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, of approximately $110 million within commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) in respect of this provisional settlement. As of December 31, 2023, we had accrued the total provisional settlement amount of $147.5 million, pre-tax.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

(a) Conclusions Regarding Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period required by this report, we, under the supervision and with the participation of our President and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)).

Based on that evaluation, our President and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting is included on page 65 of “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and is incorporated herein by reference.

A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. Projections of any evaluation of controls’ effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

(c) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except as noted in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting included on page 65 of “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” with respect to the completion of the remediation of the material weakness, there has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Further details are described in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. 

Item 9B. Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 and Non-Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

All of the Company’s common stock is held by Lincoln National Corporation. As such, during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 16a-1(f)) adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

None.

174

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Item omitted.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Item omitted.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Item omitted.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Item omitted.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees and Services

The table below reflects the total fees by category of work (in millions) that Ernst & Young received for professional services rendered:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
			% of			% of
	Expense		Total Fees	Expense		Total Fees
Audit fees (1)	$	12.7	90%	$	11.9	82%
Audit-related fees (2)	1.4		10%	2.6		18%
Tax fees (3)	–		0%	–		0%
All other fees	–		0%	–		0%
Total fees	$	14.1	100%	$	14.5	100%

(1) Fees for audit services include fees and expenses associated with the annual audit, the reviews of our interim financial statements included in quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, accounting consultations directly associated with the audit and services normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings.

(2) Audit-related services principally include service auditor reports on internal controls, due diligence procedures in connection with acquisitions and dispositions, reviews of registration statements and prospectuses and accounting consultations not directly associated with the audit or quarterly reviews.

(3) Fees for tax services including tax filing and advisory services.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policy

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of LNC (the “Audit Committee”) has policies and procedures to preapprove all audit and permissible non-audit services that our independent auditors provide. Management submits to the Audit Committee for approval a schedule of all audit, tax and other related services it expects the firm to provide during the year to LNC and its subsidiaries, including LNL. The schedule includes examples of typical or known services expected to be performed, listed by category, to illustrate the types of services to be provided under each category. The Audit Committee preapproves the services by category, with specific dollar limits for each category. If management wants to engage the accounting firm for additional services, management must receive approval from the Audit Committee for those services. The Audit Committee chair also has the authority to preapprove services between meetings, subject to certain dollar limitations, and must notify the full Audit Committee of any such preapprovals at its next scheduled meeting.

Other Information

Ernst & Young has advised us that neither it nor any member of the firm has any financial interest, direct or indirect, in any capacity in us or our subsidiaries. The Company has made similar inquiries of our directors and executive officers, and we have identified no such direct or indirect financial interest in Ernst & Young.

175

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) (1) Financial Statements

The following Consolidated Financial Statements of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company are included in Part II – Item 8:

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheets – December 31, 2023 and 2022

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) – Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity – Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (a) (2) Financial Statement Schedules

The Financial Statement Schedules are listed in the Index to Financial Statement Schedules on page FS-1, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(a) (3) Listing of Exhibits

The Exhibits are listed in the Index to Exhibits beginning on page 177, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(c) The Financial Statement Schedules for The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company begin on page FS-2, which are incorporated herein by reference.

176

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

3.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of LNL, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to LNL’s Form 10 (File No. 000-55871) filed with the SEC on November 15, 2017.
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of LNL (effective April 26, 2006), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to LNL’s Form 10 (File No. 000-55871) filed with the SEC on November 15, 2017.
4.1	Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act.
10.1	Indemnity Reinsurance Agreement, dated as of January 1, 1998, between Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.67 to LNC’s Form 10-K (File No. 1-6028) for the year ended December 31, 2008.*
10.2	Coinsurance Agreement, dated as of October 1, 1998, AETNA Life Insurance and Annuity Company and Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.68 to LNC’s Form 10-K (File No. 1-6028) for the year ended December 31, 2008.*
10.3	Master Transaction Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2018, by and among The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, for the limited purposes set forth therein, Lincoln National Corporation, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Company, for the limited purposes set forth therein, Liberty Mutual Group Inc., Protective Life Insurance Company and for the limited purposes set forth therein, Protective Life Corporation (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Lincoln National Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 22, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference).*
23	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1	Certification of the President pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification of the President pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Schedules to this agreement have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a) of Regulation S-K. LNL will furnish supplementally a copy of the schedule to the SEC, upon request.

177

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
Dated: March 15, 2024	By:	/s/ Christopher Neczypor
		Christopher Neczypor
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 15, 2024.

Signature	Title
/s/ Ellen G. Cooper	President and Director
Ellen G. Cooper	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Christopher Neczypor	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Director
Christopher Neczypor	(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Adam Cohen	Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer
Adam Cohen	(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Craig T. Beazer	Director
Craig T. Beazer
/s/ Jayson R. Bronchetti	Director
Jayson R. Bronchetti
/s/ Eric B. Wilmer	Director
Eric B. Wilmer

178

Index to Financial Statement Schedules

I	– Summary of Investments – Other than Investments in Related Parties	FS-2
III	– Supplementary Insurance Information	FS-3
IV	– Reinsurance	FS-5

All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions, are inapplicable, or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements, and therefore omitted. See “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Narrative Analysis of the Results of Operations – Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates” on page 38 for more detail on items contained within these schedules.

FS - 1

THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

SCHEDULE I – CONSOLIDATED SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS – OTHER THAN

INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

(in millions)

Column A	Column B		Column C		Column D
	As of December 31, 2023
	Cost or		Fair		Carrying
Type of Investment	Amortized Cost		Value		Value
Fixed Maturity Available-For-Sale Securities (1)
Bonds:
U.S. government bonds	$	414	$	393	$	393
Foreign government bonds	309		278		278
State and municipal bonds	2,675		2,542		2,542
Public utilities	11,010		9,982		9,982
All other corporate bonds	57,801		53,884		53,884
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities	15,795		14,989		14,989
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	227		232		232
Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities	88,231		82,300		82,300
Equity Securities
Common stocks:
Banks, trusts and insurance companies	29		32		32
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other	41		38		38
Non-redeemable preferred securities	270		236		236
Total equity securities	340		306		306
Trading Securities	2,480		2,321		2,321
Mortgage loans on real estate (2)	19,024		17,330		18,873
Policy loans	2,463		N/A		2,463
Derivative investments	2,714		6,305		6,305
Other investments	4,757		4,757		4,757
Total investments	$	120,009			$	117,325

(1) For investments deemed to have declines in value that are impairment-related, an allowance for credit losses is recorded to reduce the carrying value to their estimated realizable value.

(2) Mortgage loans on real estate are generally carried at unpaid principal balances adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts and are net of allowance for credit losses. We carry certain mortgage loans at fair value where the fair value option has been elected.

FS - 2

THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

SCHEDULE III – CONDENSED SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

(in millions)

Column A	Column B		Column C		Column D		Column E		Column F
	DAC		Future				Policyholder
	and		Contract		Unearned		Account		Insurance
Segment	VOBA		Benefits		Premiums (1)		Balances		Premiums (2)
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Annuities	$	4,304	$	2,090	$	–	$	54,471	$	(1,584)
Life Insurance	7,485		22,049		–		37,035		915
Group Protection	154		6,282		–		–		5,014
Retirement Plan Services	244		–		–		23,784		–
Other Operations	–		9,753		–		5,026		(929)
Total	$	12,187	$	40,174	$	–	$	120,316	$	3,416
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Annuities	$	4,336	$	2,004	$	–	$	45,522	$	165
Life Insurance	7,309		20,561		–		37,523		908
Group Protection	141		6,086		–		–		4,768
Retirement Plan Services	241		–		–		25,138		–
Other Operations	–		9,651		–		5,789		–
Total	$	12,027	$	38,302	$	–	$	113,972	$	5,841
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Annuities	$	4,328	$	2,511	$	–	$	41,670	$	116
Life Insurance	6,973		19,074		–		37,994		783
Group Protection	140		6,604		–		–		4,450
Retirement Plan Services	240		–		–		23,580		–
Other Operations	–		12,578		–		6,472		10
Total	$	11,681	$	40,767	$	–	$	109,716	$	5,359

(1) Unearned premiums are included in Column C, future contract benefits.

(2) Includes amounts ceded to LNBAR.

FS - 3

THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

SCHEDULE III – CONDENSED SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (Continued)

(in millions)

Column A	Column G		Column H		Column I		Column J		Column K
			Benefits		Amortization
	Net		and		of DAC		Other
	Investment		Interest		and		Operating		Premiums
Segment	Income		Credited		VOBA		Expenses		Written
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Annuities	$	1,744	$	(254)	$	443	$	1,522	$	–
Life Insurance	2,515		4,626		484		703		–
Group Protection	336		4,025		100		1,347		–
Retirement Plan Services	999		665		18		426		–
Other Operations	118		(832)		–		549		–
Total	$	5,712	$	8,230	$	1,045	$	4,547	$	–
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Annuities	$	1,387	$	1,145	$	442	$	1,449	$	–
Life Insurance	2,464		5,146		469		672		–
Group Protection	333		4,039		97		1,219		–
Retirement Plan Services	966		629		19		379		–
Other Operations	124		104		–		347		–
Total	$	5,274	$	11,063	$	1,027	$	4,066	$	–
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Annuities	$	1,314	$	1,012	$	418	$	1,565	$	–
Life Insurance	3,054		5,119		471		692		–
Group Protection	364		4,075		139		1,153		–
Retirement Plan Services	982		616		19		387		–
Other Operations	125		117		–		254		–
Total	$	5,839	$	10,939	$	1,047	$	4,051	$	–

FS - 4

THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

SCHEDULE IV – CONSOLIDATED REINSURANCE

(in millions)

Column A	Column B		Column C		Column D		Column E		Column F
			Ceded		Assumed				Percentage
			to		from				of Amount
	Gross		Other		Other		Net		Assumed
Description	Amount		Companies		Companies		Amount		to Net
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Individual life insurance in-force (1)	$	2,071,893	$	1,134,476	$	7,739	$	945,156	0.8	%
Premiums:
Annuities and life insurance (2)	10,249		5,132		87		5,204		1.7	%
Accident and health insurance	3,412		36		4		3,380		0.1	%
Total premiums	$	13,661	$	5,168	$	91	$	8,584
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Individual life insurance in-force (1)	$	1,997,539	$	848,979	$	9,010	$	1,157,570	0.8	%
Premiums:
Annuities and life insurance (2)	10,236		2,336		98		7,998		1.2	%
Accident and health insurance	3,243		38		4		3,209		0.1	%
Total premiums	$	13,479	$	2,374	$	102	$	11,207
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Individual life insurance in-force (1)	$	1,808,596	$	789,638	$	10,651	$	1,029,609	1.0	%
Premiums:
Annuities and life insurance (2)	10,227		2,208		91		8,110		1.1	%
Accident and health insurance	3,050		41		6		3,015		0.2	%
Total premiums	$	13,277	$	2,249	$	97	$	11,125

(1) Includes Group Protection segment and Other Operations in-force amounts.

(2) Includes insurance fees on universal life and other interest-sensitive products.

FS - 5

EX-4.1

Exhibit 4.1

Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act

The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (“LNL”) has one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), our common stock, which is registered under Section 12(g).

Common Stock

LNL is an Indiana domiciled stock life insurance company. The following description of our common stock is a summary and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our restated articles of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, each of which has been previously filed and is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this exhibit is a part, and the Indiana Business Corporation Law and the Indiana Insurance Law (“Indiana law”). You should read these documents and the applicable provisions of Indiana law for a full description of the terms of our common stock.

Authorized Capital Stock

LNL’s authorized capital stock consists of 10,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $2.50 per share, of which 10,000,000 shares were outstanding at December 31, 2023.  All of such issued and outstanding stock is fully paid and non-assessable.

All of the issued and outstanding common stock is owned by our direct parent company, Lincoln National Corporation (“LNC”).  

There is no authorized preferred stock.

Dividends

The holders of common stock are entitled to dividends as and when declared by the board of directors.  Dividends may be paid in cash, property or bonds or shares of LNL, except as limited by applicable law.  We are subject to certain insurance department regulatory restrictions as to the transfer of funds and payment of dividends to the holding company, LNC, which are more fully described in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this exhibit is a part. There is no requirement or assurance that LNL will declare and pay any dividends.

Voting Rights

The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote, including the election of directors, and do not have any cumulative voting rights.

Liquidation and Dissolution

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holder of our common stock is entitled to our assets, if any, remaining after the payment of all of our liabilities.

Other Rights

The holders of common stock have no preemptive, conversion, redemption or sinking fund rights.  The holders of LNC’s common stock are not required to make additional capital contributions.

EX-23

Exhibit 23

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements (Form S-3 No. 333-267670 and No. 333-273746) of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and in the related Prospectuses of our report dated March 15, 2024, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2023.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 15, 2024

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Ellen G. Cooper, President, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: March 15, 2024	/s/ Ellen G. Cooper
	Name: Ellen G. Cooper
	Title: President

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Christopher Neczypor, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: March 15, 2024	/s/ Christopher Neczypor
	Name: Christopher Neczypor
	Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906

of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: March 15, 2024	/s/ Ellen G. Cooper
	Name: Ellen G. Cooper
	Title: President

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

A signed original of this written statement required under Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,

As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906

of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: March 15, 2024	/s/ Christopher Neczypor
	Name: Christopher Neczypor
	Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

A signed original of this written statement required under Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	42
Auditor Name	Ernst & Young LLP
Auditor Location	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

XML

Cover - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 15, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	000-55871
Entity Registrant Name	THE LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	IN
Entity Tax Identification Number	35-0472300
Entity Address, Address Line One	1301 South Harrison Street
Entity Address, City or Town	Fort Wayne
Entity Address, State or Province	IN
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	46802
City Area Code	(260)
Local Phone Number	455 - 2000
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 0
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		10,000,000
Documents Incorporated by Reference	None
Entity Central Index Key	0000726865
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Investments [Abstract]
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	$ 82,300	$ 99,465
Trading securities	2,321	3,446
Equity securities	306	427
Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance for credit losses	18,873	18,211
Policy loans	2,463	2,345
Derivative investments	6,305	3,519
Other investments	4,757	3,577
Total investments	117,325	130,990
Cash and invested cash	3,193	2,499
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements	12,418	12,263
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses	45,110	21,804
Deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses	21,056	11,628
Market risk benefit assets	3,894	2,807
Accrued investment income	982	1,234
Goodwill	1,144	1,144
Other assets	10,597	7,677
Separate account assets	158,257	143,536
Total assets	373,976	335,582
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances	120,316	113,972
Future contract benefits	40,174	38,302
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities	13,628	8,255
Market risk benefit liabilities	1,716	2,078
Deferred front-end loads	5,923	5,115
Payables for collateral on investments	7,982	6,638
Short-term debt	840	562
Long-term debt	2,195	2,269
Other liabilities	12,438	6,251
Separate account liabilities	158,257	143,536
Total liabilities	363,469	326,978
Contingencies and Commitments (See Note 18)
Stockholder’s Equity
Common stock – 10,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding	12,961	12,903
Retained earnings	(869)	1,414
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,585)	(5,713)
Total stockholder’s equity	10,507	8,604
Total liabilities and stockholder’s equity	$ 373,976	$ 335,582

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value
Amortized cost	$ 88,231	$ 110,944
Allowance for credit losses	19	21
Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance for credit losses
Fair value	$ 288	$ 487
Stockholder’s Equity
Common stock - authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock - issued (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock - outstanding (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000

XML

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues
Insurance premiums	$ 3,416	$ 5,841	$ 5,359
Fee income	5,168	5,366	5,766
Net investment income	5,712	5,274	5,839
Realized gain (loss)	(4,934)	418	859
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on business sold through reinsurance	48	37	32
Other revenues	649	621	657
Total revenues	10,059	17,557	18,512
Expenses
Benefits	5,028	8,203	8,027
Interest credited	3,202	2,860	2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	(1,135)	296	(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	(167)	2,445	(119)
Commissions and other expenses	5,249	4,927	5,011
Interest and debt expense	190	137	114
Spark program expense	153	167	87
Impairment of intangibles	0	634	0
Total expenses	12,520	19,669	14,478
Income (loss) before taxes	(2,461)	(2,112)	4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(673)	(437)	737
Net income (loss)	(1,788)	(1,675)	3,297
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized investment gain (loss)	4,942	(17,639)	(3,233)
Market risk benefit non-performance risk gain (loss)	(670)	(211)	(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss)	(145)	1,891	560
Funded status of employee benefit plans	1	(4)	3
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	4,128	(15,963)	(3,593)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 2,340	$ (17,638)	$ (296)

XML

Consolidated Statements of Stockholder's Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards	Common Stock	Retained Earnings	Retained Earnings Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards	Accumulated other comprehensive income	Accumulated other comprehensive income Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
Balance as of beginning-of-year at Dec. 31, 2020		$ 4,822	$ 11,853	$ 4,167	$ (1,820)	$ 9,021	$ 4,822
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Capital contribution from Lincoln National Corporation			65
Stock compensation/issued for benefit plans			32
Net income (loss)	$ 3,297			3,297
Dividends paid to Lincoln National Corporation				(1,910)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(3,593)					(3,593)
Balance as of end-of-year at Dec. 31, 2021	25,934		11,950	3,734		10,250
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Capital contribution from Lincoln National Corporation			925
Stock compensation/issued for benefit plans			28
Net income (loss)	(1,675)			(1,675)
Dividends paid to Lincoln National Corporation				(645)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(15,963)					(15,963)
Balance as of end-of-year at Dec. 31, 2022	8,604		12,903	1,414		(5,713)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Capital contribution from Lincoln National Corporation			5
Stock compensation/issued for benefit plans			53
Net income (loss)	(1,788)			(1,788)
Dividends paid to Lincoln National Corporation				(495)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	4,128					4,128
Balance as of end-of-year at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 10,507		$ 12,961	$ (869)		$ (1,585)

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$ (1,788)	$ (1,675)	$ 3,297
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	4,934	(418)	(859)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	(1,135)	296	(1,554)
Sales and maturities (purchases) of trading securities, net	1,302	301	(87)
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on business sold through reinsurance	(48)	(37)	(32)
Impairment of intangibles	0	634	0
Net operating cash payments related to closing Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction	(1,457)	0	0
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales inducements and deferred front-end loads	642	495	496
Accrued investment income	34	(41)	8
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances	(2,499)	652	(893)
Accrued expenses	223	(101)	377
Federal income tax accruals	(563)	(376)	708
Cash management agreement	(733)	3,730	(1,286)
Other	324	406	(351)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(764)	3,866	(176)
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchases of available-for-sale securities and equity securities	(10,713)	(14,768)	(16,856)
Sales of available-for-sale securities and equity securities	3,606	2,347	2,341
Maturities of available-for-sale securities	5,597	5,487	9,417
Purchases of alternative investments	(614)	(631)	(754)
Sales and repayments of alternative investments	111	441	377
Issuance of mortgage loans on real estate	(1,943)	(2,507)	(3,057)
Repayment and maturities of mortgage loans on real estate	1,266	2,247	1,873
Repayment (issuance) of policy loans, net	(120)	4	61
Net change in collateral on investments, certain derivatives and related settlements	(333)	(4,653)	3,095
Other	(352)	(40)	(253)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(3,495)	(12,073)	(3,756)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Capital contribution from Lincoln National Corporation	5	925	65
Payment of long-term debt, including current maturities	0	(40)	(60)
Issuance (payment) of short-term debt	228	(522)	587
Payment related to sale-leaseback transactions	(79)	(70)	(59)
Proceeds from certain financing arrangements	86	186	159
Payment related to certain financing arrangements	(49)	0	0
Net financing cash proceeds related to closing Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction	133	0	0
Deposits of fixed account balances	16,388	16,186	13,409
Withdrawals of fixed account balances	(10,633)	(7,641)	(7,142)
Transfers from (to) separate accounts, net	(624)	19	(175)
Common stock issued for benefit plans	(7)	(21)	(13)
Dividends paid to Lincoln National Corporation	(495)	(645)	(1,910)
Other	0	(2)	(60)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	4,953	8,375	4,801
Net increase (decrease) in cash, invested cash and restricted cash	694	168	869
Cash, invested cash and restricted cash as of beginning-of-year	2,499	2,331	1,462
Cash, invested cash and restricted cash as of end-of-year	$ 3,193	$ 2,499	$ 2,331

XML

Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (“LNL” or the “Company,” which also may be referred to as “we,” “our” or “us”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lincoln National Corporation (“LNC” or the “Parent Company”), is domiciled in the state of Indiana. We own 100% of the outstanding common stock of one insurance company subsidiary, Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York (“LLANY”). We also own several non-insurance companies, including Lincoln Financial Distributors, our wholesale distributor, and Lincoln Financial Advisors Corporation, part of LNC’s retail distributor, Lincoln Financial Network. LNL is licensed and sells its products throughout the U.S. and several U.S. territories. Through our business segments, we sell a wide range of wealth accumulation, wealth protection, group protection and retirement income products and solutions. These products primarily include variable annuities, fixed annuities (including indexed), registered index-linked annuities (“RILA”), universal life insurance (“UL”), variable universal life insurance (“VUL”), linked-benefit UL and VUL, indexed universal life insurance (“IUL”), term life insurance, group life, disability and dental and employer-sponsored retirement plans and services. For more information on our segments and the products and solutions we provide, see Note 20.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Certain GAAP policies, which significantly affect the determination of financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, are summarized below.

Certain amounts reported in prior year’s Consolidated Balance Sheet have been reclassified to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year.

On January 1, 2023, we adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments (“ASU 2018-12”) with a transition date of January 1, 2021. ASU 2018-12 updated accounting and reporting requirements for long-duration contracts and certain investment contracts issued by insurance entities. We adopted ASU 2018-12 under the modified retrospective approach, except for market risk benefits (“MRBs”), which applied the full retrospective approach. Our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021.

We present disaggregated disclosures in the Notes below for long-duration insurance balances, applying the level of aggregation by reportable segment as follows:

Reportable Segment	Level of Aggregation
Annuities	Variable Annuities
	Fixed Annuities
	Payout Annuities
Life Insurance	Traditional Life
	UL and Other
Group Protection	Group Protection
Retirement Plan Services	Retirement Plan Services

The variable annuities level of aggregation includes RILA products, which are indexed variable annuities. The fixed annuities level of aggregation represents deferred fixed annuities. We have excluded amounts reported in Other Operations from our disaggregated disclosures that are attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective Life Insurance Company (“Protective”) and Swiss Re Life & Health America, Inc (“Swiss Re”) as these contracts are fully reinsured, run-off institutional pension business in the form of group annuity and the results of certain disability income business and not reflected in the results of the reportable segments listed above.

Sale of Wealth Management Business

On December 14, 2023, our parent company LNC announced that it had entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Osaic Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Osaic”), pursuant to which Osaic agreed to acquire all of the ownership interests in the subsidiaries of LNC that comprise its wealth management business, including our subsidiary Lincoln Financial Advisors Corporation. We anticipate the

transaction will close in the first half of 2024, subject to receipt of required regulatory approvals and satisfying other customary closing conditions.

As of December 31, 2023, we had assets of $120 million and liabilities of $77 million classified as held-for-sale and reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The assets are reported primarily within Other Operations in Note 20.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of LNL and all other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest and any variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we are the primary beneficiary. We use the equity method of accounting to recognize all of our investments in limited partnerships (“LPs”). All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Our involvement with VIEs is primarily to invest in assets that allow us to gain exposure to a broadly diversified portfolio of asset classes. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support or where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest. We assess our contractual, ownership or other interests in a VIE to determine if our interest participates in the variability the VIE was designed to absorb and pass onto variable interest holders. We perform an ongoing qualitative assessment of our variable interests in VIEs to determine whether we have a controlling financial interest and would therefore be considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE. If we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the assets and liabilities of the VIE in the consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. In applying these estimates and assumptions, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are uncertain and inherently subject to change. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Included among the material (or potentially material) reported amounts and disclosures that require use of estimates are: fair value of certain financial assets, derivatives, allowances for credit losses, goodwill and other intangibles, MRBs, future contract benefits, income taxes including the recoverability of our deferred tax assets, and the potential effects of resolving litigated matters.

Business Combinations

We use the acquisition method of accounting for all business combination transactions, and accordingly, recognize the fair values of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements. The allocation of fair values may be subject to adjustment after the initial allocation for up to a one-year period as more information becomes available relative to the fair values as of the acquisition date. The consolidated financial statements include the results of operations of any acquired company since the acquisition date.

Fair Value Measurement

Our measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset or non-performance risk, which would include our own credit risk. Our estimate of an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (“exit price”) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market, for that asset or liability, as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or receive a liability (“entry price”). Pursuant to the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM (“ASC”), we categorize our financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:

•Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date, except for large holdings subject to “blockage discounts” that are excluded;

•Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value can be determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies; and

•Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable inputs in situations where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability, and we make estimates and assumptions related to the pricing of the asset or liability, including assumptions regarding risk.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment.

When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. Because certain securities trade in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, the determination of fair value for these securities is inherently more difficult. However, Level 3 fair value investments may include, in addition to the unobservable or Level 3 inputs, observable components, which are components that are actively quoted or can be validated to market-based sources.

Fixed Maturity Available-For-Sale Securities – Fair Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs

Securities classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) consist of fixed maturity securities and are stated at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”).

We measure the fair value of our securities classified as fixed maturity AFS based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security. The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the fixed maturity security, and we consistently apply the valuation methodology to measure the security’s fair value. Our fair value measurement is based on a market approach that utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities. Sources of inputs to the market approach primarily include third-party pricing services, independent broker quotations or pricing matrices. We do not adjust prices received from third parties; however, we do analyze the third-party pricing services’ valuation methodologies and related inputs and perform additional evaluation to determine the appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy.

The observable and unobservable inputs to our valuation methodologies are based on a set of standard inputs that we generally use to evaluate all of our fixed maturity AFS securities. Observable inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. In addition, market indicators, industry and economic events are monitored, and further market data is acquired if certain triggers are met. For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the inputs described above may not be applicable. For private placement securities, we use pricing matrices that utilize observable pricing inputs of similar public securities and Treasury yields as inputs to the fair value measurement. Depending on the type of security or the daily market activity, standard inputs may be prioritized differently or may not be available for all fixed maturity AFS securities on any given day. For broker-quoted only securities, non-binding quotes from market makers or broker-dealers are obtained from sources recognized as market participants. For securities trading in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, we use unobservable inputs to measure fair value.

The following summarizes our fair valuation methodologies and associated inputs, which are particular to the specified security type and are in addition to the defined standard inputs to our valuation methodologies for all of our fixed maturity AFS securities discussed above:

•Corporate bonds and U.S. government bonds – We also use Trade Reporting and Compliance EngineTM reported tables for our corporate bonds and vendor trading platform data for our U.S. government bonds.

•Mortgage- and asset-backed securities (“ABS”) – We also utilize additional inputs, which include new issues data, monthly payment information and monthly collateral performance, including prepayments, severity, delinquencies, step-down features and over collateralization features for each of our mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), which include collateralized mortgage obligations and mortgage pass through securities backed by residential mortgages (“RMBS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) and collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”).

•State and municipal bonds – We also use additional inputs that include information from the Municipal Securities Rule Making Board, as well as material event notices, new issue data, issuer financial statements and Municipal Market Data benchmark yields for our state and municipal bonds.

•Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities – We also utilize additional inputs of exchange prices (underlying and common stock of the same issuer) for our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities.

In order to validate the pricing information and broker-dealer quotes, we employ, where possible, procedures that include comparisons with similar observable positions, comparisons with subsequent sales and observations of general market movements for those security classes. We have policies and procedures in place to review the process that is utilized by our third-party pricing service and the output that is provided to us by the pricing service. On a periodic basis, we test the pricing for a sample of securities to evaluate the inputs and assumptions used by the pricing service, and we perform a comparison of the pricing service output to an alternative pricing source.  We

also evaluate prices provided by our primary pricing service to ensure that they are not stale or unreasonable by reviewing the prices for unusual changes from period to period based on certain parameters or for lack of change from one period to the next. 

Fixed Maturity AFS Securities – Evaluation for Recovery of Amortized Cost

We regularly review our fixed maturity AFS securities (also referred to as “debt securities”) for declines in fair value that we determine to be impairment-related, including those attributable to credit risk factors that may require a credit loss allowance.

For our debt securities, we generally consider the following to determine whether our debt securities with unrealized losses are credit impaired:

•The estimated range and average period until recovery;

•The estimated range and average holding period to maturity;

•Remaining payment terms of the security;

•Current delinquencies and nonperforming assets of underlying collateral;

•Expected future default rates;

•Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type;

•Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and

•Contractual and regulatory cash obligations.

For a debt security, if we intend to sell a security, or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the debt security is below amortized cost, we conclude that an impairment has occurred and the amortized cost is written down to current fair value, with a corresponding charge to realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). For debt securities where impairment has been recognized, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected are accreted as interest income and recognized in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). If we do not intend to sell a debt security, or it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the debt security (referred to as the credit loss), we conclude that an impairment has occurred, and a credit loss allowance is recorded, with a corresponding charge to realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The remainder of the decline to fair value related to factors other than credit loss is recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) to unrealized losses on fixed maturity AFS securities on the Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity, as this amount is considered a noncredit impairment.

When assessing our intent to sell a debt security, or if it is more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its cost basis, we evaluate facts and circumstances such as, but not limited to, decisions to reposition our security portfolio, sales of securities to meet cash flow needs and sales of securities to capitalize on favorable pricing. Management considers the following as part of the evaluation:

•The current economic environment and market conditions;

•Our business strategy and current business plans;

•The nature and type of security, including expected maturities and exposure to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risk;

•Our analysis of data from financial models and other internal and industry sources to evaluate the current effectiveness of our hedging and overall risk management strategies;

•The current and expected timing of contractual maturities of our assets and liabilities, expectations of prepayments on investments and expectations for surrenders and withdrawals of annuity contracts and life insurance policies;

•The capital risk limits approved by management; and

•Our current financial condition and liquidity demands.

In order to determine the amount of the credit loss for a debt security, we calculate the recovery value by performing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the current cash flows and future cash flows we expect to recover. The discount rate is the effective interest rate implicit in the underlying debt security. The effective interest rate is the original yield, or the coupon if the debt security was previously impaired. See the discussion below for additional information on the methodology and significant inputs, by security type, that we use to determine the amount of a credit loss.

To determine the recovery period of a debt security, we consider the facts and circumstances surrounding the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Historical and implied volatility of the security;

•The extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost;

•Adverse conditions specifically related to the security or to specific conditions in an industry or geographic area;

•Failure, if any, of the issuer of the security to make scheduled payments; and

•Recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date.

In periods subsequent to the recognition of a credit loss impairment through a credit loss allowance, we continue to reassess the expected cash flows of the debt security at each subsequent measurement date as necessary. If the measurement of credit loss changes, we recognize a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense through realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), limited by the amount that amortized cost exceeds fair value. Losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes the uncollectibility of a debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest on debt securities is written-off through net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when deemed uncollectible.

To determine the recovery value of a corporate bond or CLO, we perform additional analysis related to the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Fundamentals of the issuer to determine what we would recover if they were to file bankruptcy versus the price at which the market is trading;

•Fundamentals of the industry in which the issuer operates;

•Earnings multiples for the given industry or sector of an industry that the underlying issuer operates within, divided by the outstanding debt to determine an expected recovery value of the security in the case of a liquidation;

•Expected cash flows of the issuer (e.g., whether the issuer has cash flows in excess of what is required to fund its operations);

•Expectations regarding defaults and recovery rates;

•Changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency; and

•Additional market information (e.g., if there has been a replacement of the corporate debt security).

Each quarter, we review the cash flows for the MBS portfolio, including current credit enhancements and trends in the underlying collateral performance to determine whether or not they are sufficient to provide for the recovery of our amortized cost. To determine recovery value of a MBS, we perform additional analysis related to the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Discounted cash flow analysis based on the current cash flows and future cash flows we expect to recover;

•Level of borrower creditworthiness of the home equity loans or residential mortgages that back an RMBS or commercial mortgages that back a CMBS;

•Susceptibility to fair value fluctuations for changes in the interest rate environment;

•Susceptibility to reinvestment risks, in cases where market yields are lower than the securities’ book yield earned;

•Susceptibility to reinvestment risks, in cases where market yields are higher than the book yields earned on a security;

•Expectations of sale of such a security where market yields are higher than the book yields earned on a security; and

•Susceptibility to variability of prepayments.

When evaluating MBS and mortgage-related ABS, we consider a number of pool-specific factors as well as market level factors when determining whether or not the impairment on the security requires a credit loss allowance. The most important factor is the performance of the underlying collateral in the security and the trends of that performance in the prior periods. We use this information about the collateral to forecast the timing and rate of mortgage loan defaults, including making projections for loans that are already delinquent and for those loans that are currently performing but may become delinquent in the future. Other factors used in this analysis include the credit characteristics of borrowers, geographic distribution of underlying loans and timing of liquidations by state. Once default rates and timing assumptions are determined, we then make assumptions regarding the severity of a default if it were to occur. Factors that impact the severity assumption include expectations for future home price appreciation or depreciation, loan size, first lien versus second lien, existence of loan level private mortgage insurance, type of occupancy and geographic distribution of loans. Once default and severity assumptions are determined for the security in question, cash flows for the underlying collateral are projected including expected defaults and prepayments. These cash flows on the collateral are then translated to cash flows on our tranche based on the cash flow waterfall of the entire capital security structure. If this analysis indicates the entire principal on a particular security will not be returned, the security is reviewed for a credit loss by comparing the expected cash flows to amortized cost. To the extent that the security has already been impaired through a credit loss allowance or was purchased at a discount, such that the amortized cost of the security is less than or equal to the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, no credit loss allowance is required. Otherwise, if the amortized cost of the security is greater than the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected, and the security was not purchased at a discount greater than the expected principal loss, then an impairment through a credit loss allowance is recognized.

We further monitor the cash flows of all of our debt securities backed by mortgages on an ongoing basis. We also perform detailed analysis on all of our subprime, Alt-A, non-agency residential MBS and on a significant percentage of our debt securities backed by pools of commercial mortgages. The detailed analysis includes revising projected cash flows by updating the cash flows for actual cash received and applying assumptions with respect to expected defaults, foreclosures and recoveries in the future. These revised projected cash flows are then compared to the amount of credit enhancement (subordination) in the structure to determine whether the amortized cost of the security is recoverable. If it is not recoverable, we record an impairment through a credit loss allowance for the security.

Trading Securities

Trading securities consist of fixed maturity securities in designated portfolios, some of which support modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements. Investment results for the portfolios that support modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements, including gains and losses from sales, are passed directly to the reinsurers pursuant to contractual terms of the reinsurance agreements. Trading securities are carried at fair value, and changes in fair value and changes in the fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with the underlying reinsurance agreements are recorded in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) as they occur.

Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value, and changes in fair value are recorded in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) as they occur. Equity securities consist primarily of common stock of publicly-traded companies, privately placed securities and mutual fund shares. We measure the fair value of our equity securities based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security. The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the equity security. Fair values of publicly-traded equity securities are determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical or comparable securities. When quoted prices are not available, we use valuation methodologies most appropriate for the specific asset. Fair values for private placement securities are determined using discounted cash flow, earnings multiple and other valuation models. The fair values of mutual fund shares that transact regularly are based on transaction prices of identical fund shares.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Mortgage loans on real estate consist of commercial and residential mortgage loans and are generally carried at unpaid principal balances adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts and are net of allowance for credit losses. We carry certain mortgage loans associated with modified coinsurance agreements at fair value where the fair value option has been elected. Interest income is accrued on the principal balance of the loan based on the loan’s contractual interest rate. Premiums and discounts are amortized using the effective yield method over the life of the loan. Interest income and amortization of premiums and discounts are reported in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) along with mortgage loan fees, which are recorded as they are incurred.

Our policy for commercial mortgage loans is to report loans that are 60 or more days past due, which equates to two or more payments missed, as delinquent. Our policy for residential mortgage loans is to report loans that are 90 or more days past due, which equates to three or more payments missed, as delinquent. We do not accrue interest on loans 90 days past due, and any interest received on these loans is either applied to the principal or recorded in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when received, depending on the assessment of the collectability of the loan. We resume accruing interest once a loan complies with all of its original terms or restructured terms. Mortgage loans deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are likewise credited to the allowance for credit losses. Accrued interest on mortgage loans is written-off when deemed uncollectible.

In connection with our recognition of an allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans on real estate, we perform a quantitative analysis using a probability of default/loss given default/exposure at default approach to estimate expected credit losses in our mortgage loan portfolio as well as unfunded commitments related to commercial mortgage loans, exclusive of certain mortgage loans held at fair value. Our model estimates expected credit losses over the contractual terms of the loans, which are the periods over which we are exposed to credit risk, adjusted for expected prepayments. Credit loss estimates are segmented by commercial mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans, and unfunded commitments related to commercial mortgage loans.

The allowance for credit losses for pooled loans of similar risk (i.e., commercial and residential mortgage loans) is estimated using relevant historical credit loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses with adjustments for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term lengths as well as adjustments for changes in environmental conditions, such as unemployment rates, property values, or other factors that management deems relevant. We apply probability weights to the positive, base and adverse scenarios we use. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecast, we use implicit mean reversion over the remaining life of the recoverable, meaning our model will inherently revert to the baseline scenario as the baseline is representative of the historical average over a longer period of time.

Loans are considered impaired when it is probable that, based upon current information and events, we will be unable to collect all amounts due under the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When we determine that a loan is impaired, a specific credit loss allowance is established for the excess carrying value of the loan over its estimated value. The loan’s estimated value is based on: the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; the loan’s observable market price; or the fair value of the loan’s collateral.

Allowance for credit losses are maintained at a level we believe is adequate to absorb current expected lifetime credit losses. Our periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based on historical loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of the underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future and other relevant factors.

Mortgage loans on real estate are presented net of the allowance for credit losses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance are reported in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Mortgage loans on real estate deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses, limited to the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Our commercial loan portfolio is primarily comprised of long-term loans secured by existing commercial real estate. We believe all of the commercial loans in our portfolio share three primary risks: borrower credit worthiness; sustainability of the cash flow of the property; and market risk; therefore, our methods of monitoring and assessing credit risk are consistent for our entire portfolio.

For our commercial mortgage loan portfolio, trends in market vacancy and rental rates are incorporated into the analysis that we perform for monitored loans and may contribute to the establishment of (or an increase or decrease in) an allowance for credit losses. In addition, we review each loan individually in our commercial mortgage loan portfolio on an annual basis to identify emerging risks. We focus on properties that experienced a reduction in debt-service coverage or that have significant exposure to tenants with deteriorating credit profiles. Where warranted, we establish or increase a credit loss allowance for a specific loan based upon this analysis.

We measure and assess the credit quality of our commercial mortgage loans by using loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios. The loan-to-value ratio compares the principal amount of the loan to the fair value at origination of the underlying property collateralizing the loan and is commonly expressed as a percentage. Loan-to-value ratios greater than 100% indicate that the principal amount is greater than the collateral value. Therefore, all else being equal, a lower loan-to-value ratio generally indicates a higher quality loan. The debt-service coverage ratio compares a property’s net operating income to its debt-service payments. Debt-service coverage ratios of less than 1.0 indicate that property operations do not generate enough income to cover its current debt payments. Therefore, all else being equal, a higher debt-service coverage ratio generally indicates a higher quality loan. These credit quality metrics are monitored and reviewed at least annually.

We have off-balance sheet commitments related to commercial mortgage loans. As such, an allowance for credit losses is developed based on the commercial mortgage loan process outlined above, along with an internally developed conversion factor.

Our residential loan portfolio is primarily comprised of first lien mortgages secured by existing residential real estate. In contrast to the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, residential mortgage loans are primarily smaller-balance homogenous loans that share similar risk characteristics. Therefore, these pools of loans are collectively evaluated for inherent credit losses. Such evaluations consider numerous factors, including, but not limited to borrower credit scores, collateral values, loss forecasts, geographic location, delinquency rates and economic trends. These evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available, including updated forecasts, which can cause the allowance for credit losses to increase or decrease over time as such evaluations are revised. Generally, residential mortgage loan pools exclude loans that are nonperforming, as those loans are evaluated individually using the evaluation framework for specific allowance for credit losses described above.

For residential mortgage loans, our primary credit quality indicator is whether the loan is performing or nonperforming. We generally define nonperforming residential mortgage loans as those that are 90 or more days past due and/or in nonaccrual status. There is generally a higher risk of experiencing credit losses when a residential mortgage loan is nonperforming. We monitor and update aging schedules and nonaccrual status on a monthly basis.

Policy Loans

Policy loans represent loans we issue to policyholders that use the cash surrender value of their life insurance policy as collateral. Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balances.

Derivative Instruments

We hedge certain portions of our exposure to interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity market risk, basis risk, commodity risk and credit risk by entering into derivative transactions. Our derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at estimated fair value. We have master netting agreements with each of our derivative counterparties that allow for the netting of our derivative asset and liability positions by counterparty. We categorize derivatives into a three-level hierarchy, based on the priority of the inputs to the respective valuation technique as discussed above in “Fair Value Measurement.” The accounting for changes in the estimated fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship, and further, on the type of hedging relationship. For those derivative instruments that are designated and

qualify as hedging instruments, we designate the hedging instrument based upon the exposure being hedged: as a cash flow hedge or a fair value hedge.

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of AOCI and reclassified into net income in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects net income. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in net income during the period of change in estimated fair values. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, but that are economic hedges, the gain or loss is recognized in net income.

We purchase and issue financial instruments and products that contain embedded derivative instruments that are recorded with the associated host contract. When it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host for measurement purposes and reported within other assets or other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The embedded derivative is carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income during the period of change.

We employ several different methods for determining the fair value of our derivative instruments. The fair value of our derivative contracts are measured based on current settlement values, which are based on quoted market prices, industry standard models that are commercially available and broker quotes. These techniques project cash flows of the derivatives using current and implied future market conditions. We calculate the present value of the cash flows to measure the current fair market value of the derivative.

Other Investments

Other investments consist primarily of alternative investments, cash collateral receivables related to our derivative instruments, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) common stock and short-term investments.

Alternative investments consist primarily of investments in LPs. We account for our investments in LPs using the equity method to determine the carrying value. Recognition of alternative investment income is delayed due to the availability of the related financial statements, which are generally obtained from the partnerships’ general partners. As a result, our private equity investments are generally on a three-month delay and our hedge funds are on a one-month delay. In addition, the impact of audit adjustments related to completion of calendar-year financial statement audits of the investees are typically received during the second quarter of each calendar year. Accordingly, our investment income from alternative investments for any calendar-year period may not include the complete impact of the change in the underlying net assets for the partnership for that calendar-year period.

In uncleared derivative transactions, we and the counterparty enter into a credit support annex requiring either party to post collateral, which may be in the form of cash, equal to the net derivative exposure. Cash collateral we have posted to a counterparty is recorded within other investments. Cash collateral a counterparty has posted is recorded within payables for collateral on investments. We also have investments in FHLB common stock, carried at cost, that enable access to the FHLB lending program. For more information on our collateralized financing arrangements, see “Payables for Collateral on Investments” below.

Short-term investments consist of securities with original maturities of one year or less, but greater than three months. Securities included in short-term investments are carried at fair value, with valuation methods and inputs consistent with those applied to fixed maturity AFS securities.

Cash and Invested Cash

Cash and invested cash is carried at cost and includes all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL

Acquisition costs directly related to successful contract acquisitions or renewals of annuities, UL, VUL, traditional life insurance, group life and disability insurance and other investment contracts have been deferred (i.e., deferred acquisition costs or “DAC”). Such acquisition costs are capitalized in the period they are incurred and primarily include commissions, certain bonuses, a portion of total compensation and benefits of certain employees involved in the acquisition process and medical and inspection fees. Value of business acquired (“VOBA”) is an intangible asset that reflects the estimated fair value of in-force contracts in a life insurance company acquisition and represents the portion of the purchase price that is allocated to the value of the right to receive future cash flows from the business in force at the acquisition date. Bonus credits and excess interest for dollar cost averaging contracts are considered deferred sales inducements (“DSI”) and reported in deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements on the

Consolidated Balance Sheets. Contract sales charges that are collected in the early years of an insurance contract are deferred and reported as deferred front-end loads (“DFEL”) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL amortization is reported within the following financial statement line items on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

•DAC and VOBA – commissions and other expenses

•DSI – interest credited

•DFEL – fee income

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL are amortized on a constant level basis relative to the insurance in force over the expected term of the related contracts using the groupings and actuarial assumptions that are consistent with those used for calculating the related policyholder liability balances. Actuarial assumptions include, but are not limited to, mortality, morbidity and certain policyholder behaviors such as persistency, which are adjusted for emerging experience and expected trends of the related long-duration insurance contracts and certain investment contracts by each reportable segment. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review and update these actuarial assumptions. We may update our actuarial assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that warrants updating outside of our comprehensive review. These resulting changes are applied prospectively.

The following provides a summary of our DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL amortization basis and expected amortization period by reportable segment:

Reportable Segment	Amortization Basis	Expected Amortization Period
Annuities	Total deposits paid to date on policies in force	Between 30 to 40 years
Life Insurance	Policy count of policies in force	On average 60 years
Group Protection	Group certificate contracts in force	4 years
Retirement Plan Services	Lives in force	Between 40 to 50 years

We account for modifications of insurance contracts that result in a substantially unchanged contract as a continuation of the replaced contract. We account for modifications of insurance contracts that result in a substantially changed contract as an extinguishment of the replaced contract.

For reinsurance transactions where we receive proceeds that represent recovery of our previously incurred acquisition costs, we reduce the applicable unamortized acquisition cost such that net acquisition costs are capitalized and charged to commissions and other expenses.

Reinsurance

We and LLANY enter into reinsurance agreements in the normal course of business to limit our exposure to the risk of loss and to enhance our capital management.

In order for a reinsurance agreement to qualify for reinsurance accounting, the agreement must satisfy certain risk transfer conditions that include, among other items, a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. When we apply reinsurance accounting, insurance premiums, benefits and DAC and VOBA amortization are reported net of reinsurance ceded, as applicable, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Amounts currently recoverable, such as ceded reserves, other than ceded MRBs, are reported in reinsurance recoverables, and amounts currently payable to the reinsurers, such as premiums, are included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In a modified coinsurance or coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance structured agreement, the investments that would have been sent to the reinsurer as premiums are withheld by us and remain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, with the existing accounting maintained. A corresponding liability is recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets within funds withheld reinsurance liabilities representing our obligation to pay the reinsurer. This liability includes embedded derivatives, which are total return swaps with contractual returns that are attributable to various assets and liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements. The changes in the embedded derivative liabilities are reported within realized gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We use deposit accounting to recognize reinsurance agreements that do not transfer significant insurance risk. This accounting treatment results in amounts paid or received by us to be considered on deposit with the reinsurer and such amounts are reported in deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses and other liabilities, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As amounts are paid or received, consistent with the underlying contracts, deposit assets or liabilities are adjusted.

Reinsurance recoverables are measured and recognized consistent with the liabilities related to the underlying contracts. The interest assumption used for discounting reinsurance recoverables associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts is the upper-medium grade fixed income instrument (“single-A”) interest rate locked-in at the reinsurance contract issuance date. We remeasure reinsurance recoverables associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts with the current single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period. Ceded MRBs are accounted for separately from reinsurance recoverables. See “MRBs” below for additional information.

We estimated an allowance for credit losses for all reinsurance recoverables and related reinsurance deposit assets held by our subsidiaries, other than ceded MRB assets. As such, we performed a quantitative analysis using a probability of loss model approach to estimate expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables, inclusive of similar assets recognized using the deposit method of accounting. The credit loss allowance is a general allowance for pools of receivables with similar risk characteristics segmented by credit risk ratings and receivables assessed on an individual basis that do not share similar risk characteristics where we anticipate a credit loss over the life of reinsurance-related assets, other than ceded MRB assets.

Our model uses relevant internal or external historical loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future events and conditions in developing our credit loss estimate. We utilized historical credit rating data to form an estimation of probability of default of counterparties by means of a transition matrix that provides the rates of credit migration for credit ratings transitioning to impairment. We updated reinsurer credit ratings during the period to incorporate the most up-to-date information on the current state of the financial stability of our reinsurers. To simulate changes in economic conditions, we used positive, base and adverse scenarios that include varying levels of loss given default assumptions to reflect the impact of changes in severity of losses. We applied probability weights to the positive, base and adverse scenarios. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecasts, we used implicit mean reversion over the remaining life of the recoverable. Additionally, we considered factors that impact our exposure at default that are driven by actuarial expectations around term assumptions rather than being directly driven by market or economic environment.

Our model estimates the expected credit losses over the life of the reinsurance asset. Credit loss estimates are segmented based on counterparty credit risk. Our modeling process utilizes counterparty credit ratings, collateral types and amounts, and term and run-off assumptions. For reinsurance recoverables that do not share similar risk characteristics, we assessed on an individual basis to determine a specific credit loss allowance.

We estimated expected credit losses over the contractual term of the recoverable, which is the period during which we are exposed to the credit risk. Reinsurance recoverables may not have explicit contractual lives, but are tied to the underlying insurance products; as a result, we estimated the contractual life by utilizing actuarial estimates of the timing of payouts related to those underlying products.

Reinsurance agreements often require the reinsurer to collateralize the recoverable with funds in a trust account or with a letter of credit for the benefit of the ceding insurance entity that can reduce the expected credit losses on a given agreement. As such, we review reinsurance collateral by individual agreement to sensitize risk of loss based on level of collateralization. This review is driven by the assumption that non-collateralized reinsurance recoverables would have materially higher losses in times of default. Therefore, reinsurance recoverables are pooled as either fully-collateralized or non-collateralized.

Reinsurance recoverables are presented net of the allowance for credit losses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are reported in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Reinsurance recoverables deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses, limited to the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Where applicable, gains or losses recognized on reinsurance transactions are deferred and amortized into net income (loss) using an amortization basis reflective of the characteristics of the underlying ceded business. Our deferred gains and losses on reinsurance of our interest-sensitive life insurance products are recognized over the projected life of the policies, based on projected profitability or projected reserve development for blocks with negative profitability. Our deferred gains and losses on reinsurance of our annuity products are recognized over the period in which the majority of account balances is expected to run off. Deferred gains and losses are reported within other liabilities and other assets, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Goodwill

We recognize the excess of the purchase price, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired as goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually as of October 1 and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value.

We perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test where the fair value of the reporting unit is determined and compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is greater than the reporting unit’s fair value, goodwill is impaired

and written down to the reporting unit’s fair value; and a charge is reported in impairment of intangibles on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The results of one goodwill impairment test on one reporting unit cannot subsidize the results of another reporting unit.

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other assets consist primarily of deferred loss on business sold through reinsurance, certain reinsurance assets, property and equipment, balances associated with corporate-owned and bank-owned life insurance, premiums and fees receivable, receivables resulting from sales of securities that had not yet settled as of the balance sheet date, current and deferred taxes, specifically identifiable intangible assets, funds withheld reinsurance assets, ceded MRB liabilities, operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, finance lease assets and other receivables and prepaid expenses. Other liabilities consist primarily of deferred gain on business sold through reinsurance, ceded MRB assets, pension and other employee benefit liabilities, certain financing arrangements, payables resulting from purchases of securities that had not yet settled as of the balance sheet date, derivative instrument liabilities, other policyholder liabilities, certain reinsurance payables, long-term operating lease liabilities, finance lease liabilities and other accrued expenses.

The carrying values of specifically identifiable intangible assets are reviewed at least annually for indicators of impairment in value that are related to credit loss or non-credit, including unexpected or adverse changes in the following: the economic or competitive environments in which the company operates; profitability analyses; cash flow analyses; and the fair value of the relevant business operation. If there was an indication of impairment, then the discounted cash flow method would be used to measure the impairment, and the carrying value would be adjusted as necessary and reported in impairment of intangibles on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Sales force intangibles are attributable to the value of the new business distribution system acquired through business combinations. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful life of 25 years. Specifically identifiable intangible assets also includes the value of customer relationships acquired (“VOCRA”) and value of distribution agreements (“VODA”). The carrying values of VOCRA and VODA are amortized using a straight-line basis over their weighted average life of 20 years and 13 years, respectively. See Note 9 for more information regarding specifically identifiable intangible assets.

Property and equipment owned for company use is carried at cost less allowances for depreciation. Provisions for depreciation of investment real estate and property and equipment owned for company use are computed principally on the straight-line method over the

estimated useful lives of the assets, which include buildings, computer hardware and software and other property and equipment. Certain assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are related to finance leases and certain financing arrangements and are depreciated in a manner consistent with our current depreciation policy for owned assets. We periodically review the carrying value of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, impairments are recognized when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.

Long-lived assets to be disposed of by abandonment or in an exchange for a similar productive long-lived asset are classified as held-for-use until they are disposed. Long-lived assets to be sold are classified as held-for-sale and are no longer depreciated. Certain criteria have to be met in order for the long-lived asset to be classified as held-for-sale, including that a sale is probable and expected to occur within one year. Long-lived assets classified as held-for-sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

We lease office space and certain equipment under various long-term lease agreements. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Our leases do not provide an implicit rate; therefore, we use our incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The ROU asset is calculated using the lease liability carrying amount, plus or minus prepaid/accrued lease payments, minus the unamortized balance of lease incentives received, plus unamortized initial direct costs. Lease terms used to calculate our lease obligation include options when we are reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. Our lease agreements may contain both lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Separate Account Assets and Liabilities

Separate accounts represent segregated funds that are maintained to meet specific investment objectives of policyholders who direct the investments and bear the investment risk, except to the extent of minimum guarantees made by the Company with respect to certain accounts. The assets of each account are legally segregated and are not subject to claims that arise out of any other business of the Company.

We report separate account assets as a summary total on the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the fair value of the underlying investments. The underlying investments consist primarily of mutual funds, fixed maturity AFS securities, short-term investments and cash. Investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) of the separate accounts generally accrue directly to the

policyholders; therefore, they are not reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows do not reflect investment activity of the separate accounts. Asset-based fees and contract administration charges (collectively referred to as “policyholder assessments”) are assessed against the accounts and included within fee income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). An amount equivalent to the separate account assets is recorded as separate account liabilities, representing the account balance obligated to be returned to the policyholder.

Policyholder Account Balances

Policyholder account balances include the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. The liability for policyholder account balances includes UL and VUL and investment-type annuity products where account balances are equal to deposits plus interest credited less withdrawals, surrender charges, policyholder assessments, as well as amounts representing the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with our IUL and indexed annuity products. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the assumptions and projection models used in estimating these embedded derivatives and update assumptions as needed. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update.

Future Contract Benefits

Future contract benefits represent liability reserves, including liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”), liability for future claims reserves and additional liability for other insurance benefits that we have established and carry based on estimates of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims.

The LFPB associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts is measured using a net premium ratio approach. This approach accrues expected benefits and claims in proportion to the premium revenue recognized. For life-contingent payout annuity contracts with limited premium payments, as premium collection is not the completion of the earnings process, gross premiums in excess of net premiums are deferred. This excess of gross premiums received over the related net premiums is referred to as the deferred profit liability (“DPL”). The DPL is included in the LFPB, and profits are recognized over the life of the contracts.

In measuring our LFPB, we establish cohorts, which are groupings of long-duration contracts. Factors that we consider in determining cohorts include, but are not limited to, our contract classification and issue year requirements, product risk characteristics, assumptions and modeling level used in the valuation systems. The net premium ratio is capped at 100% at the individual cohort level. Expected benefits and claims in excess of premium revenue recognized are expensed immediately.

We use actuarial assumptions to best estimate future premium and benefit cash flows (“cash flow assumptions”) as well as the actual historical cash flows received and paid to derive a net premium ratio in measuring the LFPB. These actuarial assumptions include mortality rates, morbidity, policyholder behavior (e.g., persistency) and withdrawals based principally on generally accepted actuarial methods and assumptions. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the cash flow assumptions and projection models used in estimating these liabilities and update these assumptions (excluding the claims settlement expense assumption that is locked in at inception) in the calculation of the net premium ratio. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of such update. On a quarterly basis, we retrospectively update the net premium ratio for actual experience. The remeasurement of LFPB for both assumption updates and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). For all contract cohorts issued after January 1, 2021, interest is accrued on LFPB at the single-A interest rate on the contract cohort inception date. For contract cohorts issued prior to January 1, 2021, interest remains accruing at the original discount rate in effect on the contract cohort inception date due to the modified retrospective transition method. We also remeasure the LFPB using the single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period, which is reported within policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We evaluate the liability for future claims on our long-term life and disability group products. Given the term and renewal features of our product and funding nature of the associated premiums, we have determined that the liability value is generally zero for policies that are not on claim. Therefore, the liability for future claims represents future payments on claims for which a disability event has occurred as of the valuation date. In measuring the liability for future claims, we establish cohorts similar to the process described above and use actuarial assumptions primarily based on claim termination rates, offsets for other insurance including social security and long-term disability incidence and severity assumptions. Cash flow assumptions are subject to the comprehensive review process discussed above. On a quarterly basis, the liability for future claims is updated for actual claims experience. The remeasurement of the liability for future claims for both assumption updates and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). We remeasure the liability for future claims using a single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period, which is reported within policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We use the single-A interest rate curve to discount cash flows used to calculate the LFPB and the liability for future claims. This curve is developed using the upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yields that are intended to reflect the duration characteristics of the applicable insurance liabilities.

We issue UL contracts with separate accounts that may include various types of guaranteed benefits that are not accounted for as MRBs or embedded derivatives. These guaranteed benefits require an additional liability that is calculated by estimating the present value of total expected benefit payments over the life of the contract from inception divided by the present value of total expected assessments over the life of the contract (“benefit ratio”) multiplied by the cumulative assessments recorded from the contract inception through the balance sheet date less the cumulative payments plus interest on the liability. Cash flow assumptions incorporated in a benefit ratio in measuring these additional liabilities for other insurance benefits include mortality rates, morbidity, policyholder behavior (e.g., persistency) and withdrawals based principally on generally accepted actuarial methods and assumptions. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the cash flow assumptions and projection models used in estimating these liabilities and update these assumptions in the calculation of the benefit ratio. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of such update. On a quarterly basis, we retrospectively update the benefit ratio for actual experience. The remeasurement of additional liability for both assumptions and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). As future cash flow assumption and experience updates result in changes in expected benefit payments or assessments, the benefit ratio is recalculated using the updated expected benefit payments and assessments over the life of the contract since inception. The revised benefit ratio is then applied to the liability calculation described above.

Premium deficiency testing is performed for interest-sensitive life products periodically using best estimate assumptions as of the testing date to test the adequacy and appropriateness of the established net reserve (i.e., GAAP reserves net of any DSI or VOBA assets). The premium deficiency test is also performed using a discount rate based on the average crediting rate. A premium deficiency exists when

the net reserve plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are determined to be insufficient to cover expected future benefits and non-level expenses.

The business written or assumed by us includes participating life insurance contracts, under which the policyholder is entitled to share in the earnings of such contracts via receipt of dividends. The dividend scale for participating policies is reviewed annually and may be adjusted to reflect recent experience and future expectations. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, participating policies comprised less than 1% of the face amount of business in force, and dividend expenses were $41 million, $49 million and $48 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

MRBs

MRBs are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk upon the occurrence of a specific event or circumstance, such as death, annuitization or periodic withdrawal. MRBs do not include the death benefit component of a life insurance contract (i.e., the difference between the account balance and the death benefit amount). All long-duration insurance contracts and certain investment contracts are subject to MRB evaluation. An MRB can be in either an asset or a liability position. Our MRB assets and MRB liabilities are reported at fair value separately on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We issue variable and fixed annuity contracts that may include various types of guaranteed living benefit (“GLB”) and guaranteed death benefit (“GDB”) riders that we have classified as MRBs. For contracts that contain multiple features that qualify as MRBs, the MRBs are valued on a combined basis using an integrated model. We have entered into reinsurance agreements to cede certain GLB and GDB riders where the reinsurance agreements themselves are accounted for as MRBs or contain MRBs. We therefore record ceded MRB assets and ceded MRB liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements. Ceded MRB liabilities are included in other assets and ceded MRB assets are included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

MRBs are valued based on a stochastic projection of risk-neutral scenarios that incorporate a spread reflecting our non-performance risk. Ceded MRBs are valued based on a stochastic projection of risk-neutral scenarios that incorporate a spread reflecting our counterparties’ non-performance risk. The scenario assumptions, at each valuation date, are those we view to be appropriate for a hypothetical market participant and include assumptions for capital markets, policyholder behavior (e.g., policy lapse, rider utilization, etc.) mortality, risk margin and administrative expenses. These assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgments. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the actuarial assumptions and projection models used in estimating these MRBs and update these assumptions on a prospective basis as needed. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update. The assumptions for our own non-performance risk and our counterparties’ non-performance risk for MRBs and ceded MRBs, respectively, are determined at each valuation date and reflect our and our counterparties’ risks of not fulfilling the obligations of the underlying liability. The spread for the non-performance risk is added to the discount rates used in determining the fair value from the net cash flows. For information on fair value inputs, see Note 15.

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

Short-term debt has contractual or expected maturities of one year or less. Long-term debt has contractual or expected maturities greater than one year.

Payables for Collateral on Investments

When we enter into collateralized financing transactions on our investments, a liability is recorded equal to the cash or non-cash collateral received. This liability is included within payables for collateral on investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income and expenses associated with these transactions are recorded as investment income and investment expenses within net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Changes in payables for collateral on investments are reflected within cash flows from investing activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Contingencies and Commitments

A loss contingency is an existing condition, situation or set of circumstances involving uncertainty as to possible loss that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. Contingencies arising from environmental remediation costs, regulatory judgments, claims, assessments, guarantees, litigation, recourse reserves, fines, penalties and other sources are recorded when deemed probable and reasonably estimable, based on our best estimate.

Fee Income

Fee income for investment and interest-sensitive life insurance contracts consists of asset-based fees, percent of premium charges, contract administration charges and surrender charges that are assessed against policyholder account balances. Investment products consist primarily of individual and group variable and fixed annuities. Interest-sensitive life insurance products include UL, VUL, linked-benefit UL and VUL and other interest-sensitive life insurance policies. These products include life insurance sold to individuals, corporate-owned life insurance and bank-owned life insurance.

The timing of revenue recognition as it relates to fees assessed on investment contracts is determined based on the nature of such fees. Asset-based fees and contract administration charges are assessed on a daily or monthly basis and recognized as revenue as performance obligations are met, over the period underlying customer assets are owned or advisory services are provided. Percent of premium charges are assessed at the time of premium payment and recognized as revenue when assessed and earned. Certain amounts assessed that represent compensation for services to be provided in future periods are reported as unearned revenue and recognized in income over the periods benefited. Surrender charges are recognized upon surrender of a contract by the policyholder in accordance with contractual terms. For investment and interest-sensitive life insurance contracts, the amounts collected from policyholders are considered deposits and are not included in revenue.

Wholesaling-related 12b-1 fees received from separate account fund sponsors as compensation for servicing the underlying mutual funds are recorded as revenues based on a contractual percentage of the market value of mutual fund assets over the period shares are owned by customers. Net investment advisory fees related to asset management of certain separate account funds are recorded as revenues based on a contractual percentage of the customer’s managed assets over the period advisory services are provided. Fee income related to 12b-1 fees and net investment advisory fees, reported primarily within our Annuities segment, was $715 million, $743 million and $848 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Insurance Premiums

Insurance premiums consist primarily of group insurance products, payout annuities with life contingencies and traditional life insurance. These insurance premiums are recognized as revenue when due.

Net Investment Income

We earn investment income on the underlying general account investments supporting our fixed products less related expenses. Dividends and interest income, recorded in net investment income, are recognized when earned. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on investments in debt securities are reflected in net investment income over the contractual terms of the investments in a manner that produces a constant effective yield.

For CLOs and MBS, included in the trading and fixed maturity AFS securities portfolios, we recognize income using a constant effective yield based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When actual prepayments differ significantly from originally anticipated prepayments, the retrospective effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and a catch up adjustment is recorded in the current period. In addition, the new effective yield, which reflects anticipated future payments, is used

prospectively. Any adjustments resulting from changes in effective yield are reflected in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Realized Gain (Loss)

Realized gain (loss) includes realized gains and losses from the sale of investments, write-downs for impairments of investments and changes in the allowance for credit losses for financial assets, changes in fair value of mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option, changes in fair value of equity securities, certain derivative and embedded derivative gains and losses, gains and losses on the sale of subsidiaries and businesses and net gains and losses on reinsurance-related embedded derivatives and trading securities. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined using the specific identification method. Realized gain (loss) is reported net of allocations of investment gains and losses to certain policyholders, certain funds withheld on reinsurance arrangements and certain modified coinsurance arrangements for which we have a contractual obligation to cede realized gains and losses to the reinsurer.

MRB Gain (Loss)

MRB gain (loss) includes the change in fair value of MRB and ceded MRB assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of MRB assets and liabilities are recognized in net income (loss), except for the portion attributable to the change in non-performance risk that is recognized in OCI. Changes in the fair value of ceded MRB assets and liabilities, including the changes in our counterparties’ non-performance risks, are recognized in net income (loss).

Other Revenues

Other revenues consist primarily of fees attributable to broker-dealer services recorded as performance obligations are met, either at the time of sale or over time based on a contractual percentage of customer account balances, and proceeds from reinsurance recaptures. The broker-dealer services primarily relate to our retail sales network and consist of commission revenue for the sale of non-affiliated securities recorded on a trade date basis and advisory fee income. Advisory fee income is asset-based revenues recorded as earned based on a contractual percentage of customer account balances. Other revenues attributable to broker-dealer services and advisory fee income, reported primarily within our Annuities segment, were $461 million, $468 million and $497 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other revenues earned by our Group Protection segment consist of fees from administrative services performed, which are recognized as performance obligations are met over the terms of the underlying agreements, and were $210 million, $203 million and $180 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Interest Credited

We credit interest to our policyholder account balances based on the contractual terms supporting our products.

Benefits

Benefits for UL and other interest-sensitive life insurance products include benefit claims incurred during the period in excess of contract account balances. Benefits also include the change in reserves for annuity products with guaranteed death and living benefits, certain annuities with life contingencies and life insurance products with secondary guarantee benefits. For traditional life, group life and disability income products, benefits are recognized when incurred in a manner consistent with the related premium recognition policies.

Policyholder Liability Remeasurement Gain (Loss)

Policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) includes remeasurement gains and losses resulting from updates in cash flow assumptions and actual variance from expected experience used in the net premium ratio or benefit ratio calculation for future policy benefits associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity products and traditional life insurance, liabilities for future claims associated with our group products, and additional liabilities for other insurance benefits on certain guaranteed benefits associated with our UL products.

Policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) recognized in OCI includes any changes resulting from the discount rate remeasurement of future policy benefits associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity products and traditional life insurance and liabilities for future claims associated with our group products as of each reporting period.

Spark Program Expense

Spark program expense consists primarily of costs related to our Spark Initiative.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

Pursuant to the accounting rules for our obligations to employees and agents under our various pension and other postretirement benefit plans, we are required to make a number of assumptions to estimate related liabilities and expenses. The mortality assumption is based on actual and anticipated plan experience, determined using acceptable actuarial methods. We use assumptions for the weighted-average discount rate and expected return on plan assets to estimate pension expense. The discount rate assumptions are determined using an analysis of current market information and the projected benefit flows associated with these plans. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on historical and projected future rates of return on the funds invested in the plan. The calculation of our accumulated postretirement benefit obligation also uses an assumption of weighted-average annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered benefits, which reflects a health care cost trend rate.

Stock-Based Compensation

In general, we expense the fair value of stock awards included in our incentive compensation plans. As of the date LNC’s Board of Directors approves stock awards, the fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes options valuation methodology, and the fair value of other stock awards is based upon the market value of the stock. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the performance or service period, which generally corresponds to the vesting period, and is recognized as an increase to common stock in stockholder’s equity. We apply an estimated forfeiture rate to our accrual of compensation cost. We classify certain stock awards as liabilities. For these awards, the settlement value is classified as a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the liability is marked-to-market through net income at the end of each reporting period. Stock-based compensation expense is reflected in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Interest and Debt Expense

Interest expense on our short-term and long-term debt is recognized as due and any associated premiums, discounts and debt issuance costs are amortized (accreted) over the term of the related borrowing utilizing the effective interest method. In addition, gains or losses related to certain derivative instruments associated with debt are recognized in interest and debt expense during the period of the change.

Income Taxes

LNC files a U.S. consolidated income tax return that includes us and LNC’s other eligible subsidiaries. Ineligible subsidiaries file separate individual corporate tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized, based on enacted rates, when assets and liabilities have different values for financial statement and tax reporting purposes. A valuation allowance is recorded to the extent required. Judgment and the use of estimates are required in determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary and, if so, the amount of such valuation allowance. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including: the nature and character of the deferred tax assets and liabilities; taxable income in prior carryback years; future reversals of temporary differences; the length of time carryovers can be utilized; and any tax planning strategies we would employ to avoid a tax benefit from expiring unused.

We use the individual security approach for releasing income tax effects from AOCI.

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New Accounting Standards

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Standards Update and Change in Accounting Principle [Abstract]

New Accounting Standards

New Accounting Standards

The following table provides a description of our adoption of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the consolidated financial statements. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or insignificant in presentation or amount.

Standard	Description	Effective Date	Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) and related amendments	The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by reference rate reform. If certain criteria are met, an entity will not be required to remeasure or reassess contracts impacted by reference rate reform. Additionally, changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship affected by reference rate reform will not require entities to de-designate the relationship if certain requirements are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2024, with certain exceptions. The amendments are effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020, and December 31, 2024.	March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024	This standard may be elected and applied prospectively. We utilized certain practical expedients under this guidance for contract modifications and to maintain hedge accounting for certain derivatives from the effective date through December 31, 2023. This ASU has not had a material impact to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations to date, and we do not expect future material impacts through the close of the ASU effective date on December 31, 2024.
ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments	See Note 3 for information about ASU 2018-12.	January 1, 2023	We adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023, with a transition date of January 1, 2021, using a modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs for which we applied a full retrospective transition approach. See Note 3 for transition disclosures related to the adoption of this ASU.

Adoption of ASU 2018-12

On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2018-12 with a transition date of January 1, 2021. ASU 2018-12 updated accounting and reporting requirements for long-duration contracts and certain investment contracts issued by insurance entities. We adopted ASU 2018-12 under the modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs, which applied the full retrospective approach. Our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021.

Under ASU 2018-12, we include actual historical cash flows along with best estimate future cash flows to derive the net premium ratio when calculating the LFPB associated with our traditional and limited-payment long-duration contracts. We review and update, if necessary, assumptions used to measure future cash flows included in the net premium ratio at least annually. Historical cash flows included in the net premium ratio are updated for actual experience quarterly and as assumptions are updated. Changes in the measurement of our LFPB result from updates to cash flow assumptions and actual experience, which impacts are reported within policyholder remeasurement gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). We use an upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yield (single-A) discount rate when calculating the LFPB. This discount rate is updated quarterly at each reporting date with the impact recognized in OCI. ASU 2018-12 also eliminated loss recognition testing, premium deficiency testing and the provision for adverse deviation for LFPB.

ASU 2018-12 introduced the category of MRBs, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk upon the occurrence of a specific event or circumstance, such as death, annuitization or periodic withdrawal. MRBs are required to be measured at fair value, with periodic changes in fair value reported within MRB gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), except for periodic changes to instrument-specific credit risk related to direct policies, which are recognized in OCI. Changes in the fair value of ceded MRB assets and liabilities are also reported within MRB gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

ASU 2018-12 simplified the amortization model for DAC and DAC-like intangible balances, including VOBA, DSI and DFEL. Historically these balances were amortized in proportion to premium or over expected gross profits. They are now amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the contract. Loss recognition testing and impairment testing are no longer applicable for DAC.

ASU 2018-12 requires disaggregated rollforwards of the beginning of year to the end of the reporting period balances. We also disclose information about inputs, judgments, assumptions, methods, changes during the period and the effect of these changes on the measurement of applicable balances. In determining the appropriate level of aggregation, we considered our reportable segments, nature and risk characteristics of our products and level of aggregation we used in disclosures presented outside the financial statements.

The following table presents the cumulative effect adjustments (in millions), after-tax and shown as increase (decrease), to the components of stockholder’s equity due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, by primary accounting topic:

					Total Stockholder’s Equity
	Retained Earnings		AOCI
Shadow impacts:
DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL	$	–	$	2,271	$	2,271
Additional liabilities for other
insurance benefits	–		1,197		1,197
LFPB and other (1)	(121)		(1,520)		(1,641)
MRBs (2)	(1,699)		2,874		1,175
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Includes impacts to reserves and ceded reserves reported within future contract benefits and reinsurance recoverables, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding shadow impacts on additional liabilities for other insurance benefits.

(2) Includes impacts related to MRB assets and MRB liabilities reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and ceded MRBs reported within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, (in millions) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Retained Earnings		AOCI		Total Stockholder’s Equity
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	–	$	6,079	$	6,079
Reinsurance recoverables	607		2,556		3,163
Other assets (1)	5,795		–		5,795
Future contract benefits	(760)		(2,966)		(3,726)
MRBs, net	(7,956)		3,656		(4,300)
DFEL	–		(3,190)		(3,190)
Other liabilities (2)	494		(1,313)		(819)
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Consists primarily of ceded MRB adjustments.

(2) Consists of state and federal tax adjustments.

The following table summarizes the changes in DAC, VOBA and DSI, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DAC
Variable Annuities	$	3,675	$	52	$	3,727
Fixed Annuities	264		215		479
Traditional Life	1,041		–		1,041
UL and Other	297		5,031		5,328
Group Protection	187		–		187
Retirement Plan Services	126		112		238
Total DAC	5,590		5,410		11,000
VOBA
Fixed Annuities	–		23		23
Traditional Life	67		–		67
UL and Other	167		630		797
Total VOBA	234		653		887
DSI (1)
Variable Annuities	194		2		196
Fixed Annuities	17		13		30
UL and Other	35		–		35
Retirement Plan Services	13		1		14
Total DSI	259		16		275
Total DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	6,083	$	6,079	$	12,162

(1) Pre-adoption DSI balance was previously reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in DFEL, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DFEL (1)
Variable Annuities	$	319	$	5	$	324
UL and Other	77		3,185		3,262
Total DFEL	$	396	$	3,190	$	3,586

(1) Pre-adoption DFEL balance was previously reported in other contract holder funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in future contract benefits, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Single-A Discount Rate Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	2,313	$	(105)	$	415	$	44	$	2,667
Traditional Life	3,062		–		852		(2)		3,912
Liability for Future Claims
Group Protection	5,422		–		517		–		5,939
Additional Liabilities for Other
Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	13,687		(1,515)		–		92		12,264
Other Operations (2)	10,309		(80)		2,882		626		13,737
Other (3)	3,525		–		–		–		3,525
Total future contract benefits	$	38,318	$	(1,700)	$	4,666	$	760	$	42,044

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as an additional liability. Also, balance pre-adoption reflects certain reclassifications of non-life contingent account balances from future contract benefits to policyholder account balances within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Represents future contract benefits reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($6.3 billion and $7.4 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.8 billion and $3.3 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes LFPB and additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reserves outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in reinsurance recoverables, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Single-A Discount Rate  Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Reinsured LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	5	$	–	$	–	$	5
Traditional Life	372		88		–		460
Reinsured Liability for Future
Claims
Group Protection	148		14		–		162
Reinsured Additional Liabilities
for Other Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	922		–		(3)		919
Reinsured Other Operations (2)	14,757		2,454		610		17,821
Reinsured Other (3)	1,346		–		–		1,346
Total reinsurance recoverables	$	17,550	$	2,556	$	607	$	20,713

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities.

(2) Represents reinsurance recoverables reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($12.0 billion and $13.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.7 billion and $3.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes reinsured LFPB and reinsured additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reinsurance recoverables outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net liability position of MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	831	$	(3,592)	$	7,968	$	5,207
Fixed Annuities	192		(52)		(22)		118
Retirement Plan Services	11		(12)		10		9
Total MRBs, net	$	1,034	$	(3,656)	$	7,956	$	5,334

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net asset position of ceded MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12, reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Ceded MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	828	$	5,700	$	6,528
Retirement Plan Services	1		10		11
Total ceded MRBs, net	$	829	$	5,710	$	6,539

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Balance Sheet:

	As of December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business
acquired and deferred sales inducements (2)	$	13,873	$	(1,610)	$	12,263
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for
credit losses (2)	24,450		(2,646)		21,804
Market risk benefit assets	–		2,807		2,807
Other assets (2)	8,831		(1,154)		7,677
Total assets (2)	338,185		(2,603)		335,582
Future contract benefits (2)	41,203		(2,901)		38,302
Market risk benefit liabilities	–		2,078		2,078
Deferred front-end loads (2)	5,765		(650)		5,115
Other liabilities (2)	7,719		(1,468)		6,251
Total liabilities (2)	329,919		(2,941)		326,978
Retained earnings	2,436		(1,022)		1,414
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)
Total stockholder’s equity	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto (“2022 Form 10-K”).

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022						For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Fee income	$	5,783	$	(417)	$	5,366	$	6,630	$	(864)	$	5,766
Realized gain (loss)	214		204		418		711		148		859
Total revenues	17,770		(213)		17,557		19,228		(716)		18,512
Benefits	10,801		(2,598)		8,203		8,039		(12)		8,027
Interest credited	2,849		11		2,860		2,911		1		2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296		–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain)   loss	–		2,445		2,445		–		(119)		(119)
Commissions and other expenses	4,799		128		4,927		5,548		(537)		5,011
Total expenses	19,387		282		19,669		16,699		(2,221)		14,478
Income (loss) before taxes	(1,617)		(495)		(2,112)		2,529		1,505		4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(332)		(105)		(437)		420		317		737
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Unrealized investment gain (loss)	(13,613)		(4,026)		(17,639)		(2,480)		(753)		(3,233)
Market risk benefit non-performance risk
gain (loss)	–		(211)		(211)		–		(923)		(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate
remeasurement gain (loss)	–		1,891		1,891		–		560		560
Total other comprehensive income (loss),
net of tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(14,902)		(2,736)		(17,638)		(368)		72		(296)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity:

	As of December 31, 2022						As of December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Retained earnings balance as of
beginning-of-year	$	4,366	$	(632)	$	3,734	$	4,167	$	–	$	4,167
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		(1,820)		(1,820)
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Retained earnings balance as of end-of-year	2,436		(1,022)		1,414		4,366		(632)		3,734
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of beginning-of-year	6,544		3,706		10,250		9,021		–		9,021
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		4,822		4,822
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of
tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of end-of-year	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)		6,544		3,706		10,250
Total stockholder’s equity as of end-of-year	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604	$	22,860	$	3,074	$	25,934

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	(1,285)	$	(390)	$	(1,675)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(214)		(204)		(418)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	45		450		495
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	727		(75)		652
Accrued expenses	(98)		(3)		(101)
Federal income tax accruals	(271)		(105)		(376)
Other (2)	375		31		406

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	2,109	$	1,188	$	3,297
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(711)		(148)		(859)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	289		207		496
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	(862)		(31)		(893)
Accrued expenses	370		7		377
Federal income tax accruals	391		317		708
Other (2)	(365)		14		(351)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

XML

Adoption of ASU 2018-12

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Standards Update and Change in Accounting Principle [Abstract]

Adoption of ASU 2018-12

New Accounting Standards

The following table provides a description of our adoption of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the consolidated financial statements. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or insignificant in presentation or amount.

Standard	Description	Effective Date	Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) and related amendments	The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by reference rate reform. If certain criteria are met, an entity will not be required to remeasure or reassess contracts impacted by reference rate reform. Additionally, changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship affected by reference rate reform will not require entities to de-designate the relationship if certain requirements are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2024, with certain exceptions. The amendments are effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020, and December 31, 2024.	March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024	This standard may be elected and applied prospectively. We utilized certain practical expedients under this guidance for contract modifications and to maintain hedge accounting for certain derivatives from the effective date through December 31, 2023. This ASU has not had a material impact to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations to date, and we do not expect future material impacts through the close of the ASU effective date on December 31, 2024.
ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments	See Note 3 for information about ASU 2018-12.	January 1, 2023	We adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023, with a transition date of January 1, 2021, using a modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs for which we applied a full retrospective transition approach. See Note 3 for transition disclosures related to the adoption of this ASU.

Adoption of ASU 2018-12

On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2018-12 with a transition date of January 1, 2021. ASU 2018-12 updated accounting and reporting requirements for long-duration contracts and certain investment contracts issued by insurance entities. We adopted ASU 2018-12 under the modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs, which applied the full retrospective approach. Our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021.

Under ASU 2018-12, we include actual historical cash flows along with best estimate future cash flows to derive the net premium ratio when calculating the LFPB associated with our traditional and limited-payment long-duration contracts. We review and update, if necessary, assumptions used to measure future cash flows included in the net premium ratio at least annually. Historical cash flows included in the net premium ratio are updated for actual experience quarterly and as assumptions are updated. Changes in the measurement of our LFPB result from updates to cash flow assumptions and actual experience, which impacts are reported within policyholder remeasurement gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). We use an upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yield (single-A) discount rate when calculating the LFPB. This discount rate is updated quarterly at each reporting date with the impact recognized in OCI. ASU 2018-12 also eliminated loss recognition testing, premium deficiency testing and the provision for adverse deviation for LFPB.

ASU 2018-12 introduced the category of MRBs, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk upon the occurrence of a specific event or circumstance, such as death, annuitization or periodic withdrawal. MRBs are required to be measured at fair value, with periodic changes in fair value reported within MRB gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), except for periodic changes to instrument-specific credit risk related to direct policies, which are recognized in OCI. Changes in the fair value of ceded MRB assets and liabilities are also reported within MRB gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

ASU 2018-12 simplified the amortization model for DAC and DAC-like intangible balances, including VOBA, DSI and DFEL. Historically these balances were amortized in proportion to premium or over expected gross profits. They are now amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the contract. Loss recognition testing and impairment testing are no longer applicable for DAC.

ASU 2018-12 requires disaggregated rollforwards of the beginning of year to the end of the reporting period balances. We also disclose information about inputs, judgments, assumptions, methods, changes during the period and the effect of these changes on the measurement of applicable balances. In determining the appropriate level of aggregation, we considered our reportable segments, nature and risk characteristics of our products and level of aggregation we used in disclosures presented outside the financial statements.

The following table presents the cumulative effect adjustments (in millions), after-tax and shown as increase (decrease), to the components of stockholder’s equity due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, by primary accounting topic:

					Total Stockholder’s Equity
	Retained Earnings		AOCI
Shadow impacts:
DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL	$	–	$	2,271	$	2,271
Additional liabilities for other
insurance benefits	–		1,197		1,197
LFPB and other (1)	(121)		(1,520)		(1,641)
MRBs (2)	(1,699)		2,874		1,175
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Includes impacts to reserves and ceded reserves reported within future contract benefits and reinsurance recoverables, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding shadow impacts on additional liabilities for other insurance benefits.

(2) Includes impacts related to MRB assets and MRB liabilities reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and ceded MRBs reported within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, (in millions) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Retained Earnings		AOCI		Total Stockholder’s Equity
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	–	$	6,079	$	6,079
Reinsurance recoverables	607		2,556		3,163
Other assets (1)	5,795		–		5,795
Future contract benefits	(760)		(2,966)		(3,726)
MRBs, net	(7,956)		3,656		(4,300)
DFEL	–		(3,190)		(3,190)
Other liabilities (2)	494		(1,313)		(819)
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Consists primarily of ceded MRB adjustments.

(2) Consists of state and federal tax adjustments.

The following table summarizes the changes in DAC, VOBA and DSI, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DAC
Variable Annuities	$	3,675	$	52	$	3,727
Fixed Annuities	264		215		479
Traditional Life	1,041		–		1,041
UL and Other	297		5,031		5,328
Group Protection	187		–		187
Retirement Plan Services	126		112		238
Total DAC	5,590		5,410		11,000
VOBA
Fixed Annuities	–		23		23
Traditional Life	67		–		67
UL and Other	167		630		797
Total VOBA	234		653		887
DSI (1)
Variable Annuities	194		2		196
Fixed Annuities	17		13		30
UL and Other	35		–		35
Retirement Plan Services	13		1		14
Total DSI	259		16		275
Total DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	6,083	$	6,079	$	12,162

(1) Pre-adoption DSI balance was previously reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in DFEL, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DFEL (1)
Variable Annuities	$	319	$	5	$	324
UL and Other	77		3,185		3,262
Total DFEL	$	396	$	3,190	$	3,586

(1) Pre-adoption DFEL balance was previously reported in other contract holder funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in future contract benefits, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Single-A Discount Rate Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	2,313	$	(105)	$	415	$	44	$	2,667
Traditional Life	3,062		–		852		(2)		3,912
Liability for Future Claims
Group Protection	5,422		–		517		–		5,939
Additional Liabilities for Other
Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	13,687		(1,515)		–		92		12,264
Other Operations (2)	10,309		(80)		2,882		626		13,737
Other (3)	3,525		–		–		–		3,525
Total future contract benefits	$	38,318	$	(1,700)	$	4,666	$	760	$	42,044

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as an additional liability. Also, balance pre-adoption reflects certain reclassifications of non-life contingent account balances from future contract benefits to policyholder account balances within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Represents future contract benefits reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($6.3 billion and $7.4 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.8 billion and $3.3 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes LFPB and additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reserves outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in reinsurance recoverables, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Single-A Discount Rate  Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Reinsured LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	5	$	–	$	–	$	5
Traditional Life	372		88		–		460
Reinsured Liability for Future
Claims
Group Protection	148		14		–		162
Reinsured Additional Liabilities
for Other Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	922		–		(3)		919
Reinsured Other Operations (2)	14,757		2,454		610		17,821
Reinsured Other (3)	1,346		–		–		1,346
Total reinsurance recoverables	$	17,550	$	2,556	$	607	$	20,713

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities.

(2) Represents reinsurance recoverables reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($12.0 billion and $13.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.7 billion and $3.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes reinsured LFPB and reinsured additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reinsurance recoverables outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net liability position of MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	831	$	(3,592)	$	7,968	$	5,207
Fixed Annuities	192		(52)		(22)		118
Retirement Plan Services	11		(12)		10		9
Total MRBs, net	$	1,034	$	(3,656)	$	7,956	$	5,334

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net asset position of ceded MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12, reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Ceded MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	828	$	5,700	$	6,528
Retirement Plan Services	1		10		11
Total ceded MRBs, net	$	829	$	5,710	$	6,539

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Balance Sheet:

	As of December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business
acquired and deferred sales inducements (2)	$	13,873	$	(1,610)	$	12,263
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for
credit losses (2)	24,450		(2,646)		21,804
Market risk benefit assets	–		2,807		2,807
Other assets (2)	8,831		(1,154)		7,677
Total assets (2)	338,185		(2,603)		335,582
Future contract benefits (2)	41,203		(2,901)		38,302
Market risk benefit liabilities	–		2,078		2,078
Deferred front-end loads (2)	5,765		(650)		5,115
Other liabilities (2)	7,719		(1,468)		6,251
Total liabilities (2)	329,919		(2,941)		326,978
Retained earnings	2,436		(1,022)		1,414
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)
Total stockholder’s equity	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto (“2022 Form 10-K”).

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022						For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Fee income	$	5,783	$	(417)	$	5,366	$	6,630	$	(864)	$	5,766
Realized gain (loss)	214		204		418		711		148		859
Total revenues	17,770		(213)		17,557		19,228		(716)		18,512
Benefits	10,801		(2,598)		8,203		8,039		(12)		8,027
Interest credited	2,849		11		2,860		2,911		1		2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296		–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain)   loss	–		2,445		2,445		–		(119)		(119)
Commissions and other expenses	4,799		128		4,927		5,548		(537)		5,011
Total expenses	19,387		282		19,669		16,699		(2,221)		14,478
Income (loss) before taxes	(1,617)		(495)		(2,112)		2,529		1,505		4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(332)		(105)		(437)		420		317		737
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Unrealized investment gain (loss)	(13,613)		(4,026)		(17,639)		(2,480)		(753)		(3,233)
Market risk benefit non-performance risk
gain (loss)	–		(211)		(211)		–		(923)		(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate
remeasurement gain (loss)	–		1,891		1,891		–		560		560
Total other comprehensive income (loss),
net of tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(14,902)		(2,736)		(17,638)		(368)		72		(296)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity:

	As of December 31, 2022						As of December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Retained earnings balance as of
beginning-of-year	$	4,366	$	(632)	$	3,734	$	4,167	$	–	$	4,167
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		(1,820)		(1,820)
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Retained earnings balance as of end-of-year	2,436		(1,022)		1,414		4,366		(632)		3,734
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of beginning-of-year	6,544		3,706		10,250		9,021		–		9,021
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		4,822		4,822
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of
tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of end-of-year	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)		6,544		3,706		10,250
Total stockholder’s equity as of end-of-year	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604	$	22,860	$	3,074	$	25,934

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	(1,285)	$	(390)	$	(1,675)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(214)		(204)		(418)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	45		450		495
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	727		(75)		652
Accrued expenses	(98)		(3)		(101)
Federal income tax accruals	(271)		(105)		(376)
Other (2)	375		31		406

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	2,109	$	1,188	$	3,297
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(711)		(148)		(859)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	289		207		496
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	(862)		(31)		(893)
Accrued expenses	370		7		377
Federal income tax accruals	391		317		708
Other (2)	(365)		14		(351)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

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Investments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Investments [Abstract]

Investments

Investments

Fixed Maturity AFS Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	68,811	$	820	$	5,757	$	8	$	63,866
U.S. government bonds	414		7		28		–		393
State and municipal bonds	2,675		97		230		–		2,542
Foreign government bonds	309		15		46		–		278
RMBS	1,719		27		138		6		1,602
CMBS	1,520		5		181		–		1,344
ABS	12,556		62		571		4		12,043
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	227		21		15		1		232
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	88,231	$	1,054	$	6,966	$	19	$	82,300

	As of December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	88,950	$	763	$	10,538	$	9	$	79,166
U.S. government bonds	377		5		31		–		351
State and municipal bonds	5,198		170		483		–		4,885
Foreign government bonds	339		17		45		–		311
RMBS	2,025		21		203		7		1,836
CMBS	1,908		3		244		–		1,667
ABS	11,791		37		925		4		10,899
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	356		25		30		1		350
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	110,944	$	1,041	$	12,499	$	21	$	99,465

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities by contractual maturities (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

	Amortized  Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	4,389	$	4,354
Due after one year through five years	17,444		16,858
Due after five years through ten years	15,405		14,403
Due after ten years	35,198		31,696
Subtotal	72,436		67,311
Structured securities (RMBS, CMBS, ABS)	15,795		14,989
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	88,231	$	82,300

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or pre-pay obligations.

The fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity AFS securities (dollars in millions) for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Less Than or Equal  to Twelve Months				Greater Than Twelve Months				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	13,439	$	1,744	$	33,285	$	4,013	$	46,724	$	5,757
U.S. government bonds	65		6		194		22		259		28
State and municipal bonds	371		72		814		158		1,185		230
Foreign government bonds	108		31		57		15		165		46
RMBS	355		20		840		118		1,195		138
CMBS	583		56		586		125		1,169		181
ABS	1,898		68		7,212		503		9,110		571
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	32		2		94		13		126		15
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	16,851	$	1,999	$	43,082	$	4,967	$	59,933	$	6,966
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position											7,167

	As of December 31, 2022
	Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months				Greater Than Twelve Months				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	57,656	$	8,684	$	6,867	$	1,854	$	64,523	$	10,538
U.S. government bonds	236		25		27		6		263		31
State and municipal bonds	1,850		414		227		69		2,077		483
Foreign government bonds	122		18		58		27		180		45
RMBS	1,337		160		191		43		1,528		203
CMBS	1,224		156		312		88		1,536		244
ABS	6,712		551		3,325		374		10,037		925
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	61		5		98		25		159		30
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	69,198	$	10,013	$	11,105	$	2,486	$	80,303	$	12,499
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position											8,106

(1) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $7 million and $6 million of gross unrealized losses, respectively, in OCI for fixed maturity AFS securities for which an allowance for credit losses has been recorded.

The fair value, gross unrealized losses (in millions) and number of fixed maturity AFS securities where the fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by greater than 20% were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Number of Securities (1)
Less than six months	$	2,480	$	916	529
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	321		90		79
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	321		106		87
Twelve months or greater	3,485		1,336		704
Total	$	6,607	$	2,448	1,399

	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities (1)
Less than six months	$	10,895	$	3,514	1,489
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	4,256		2,150		640
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	362		243		73
Twelve months or greater	2		–		15
Total	$	15,515	$	5,907	$	2,217

(1) We may reflect a security in more than one aging category based on various purchase dates.

Our gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity AFS securities decreased by $5.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was

driven by declining interest rates during the fourth quarter of 2023 and the transfer of assets as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance

transaction. As discussed further below, we believe the unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023, did not require an impairment recognized in earnings as (i) we did not intend to sell these fixed maturity AFS securities; (ii) it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed maturity AFS securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis; and (iii) the difference in the fair value compared to the amortized cost was due to factors other than credit loss. Based upon this evaluation as of December 31, 2023, management believes we have the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash from our normal operations (e.g., insurance premiums, fee income and investment income) to meet cash requirements with a prudent margin of safety without requiring the sale of our impaired securities.

As of December 31, 2023, the unrealized losses associated with our corporate bond, U.S. government bond, state and municipal bond and foreign government bond securities were attributable primarily to rising interest rates and widening credit spreads since purchase. We performed a detailed analysis of the financial performance of the underlying issuers and determined that we expected to recover the entire amortized cost of each impaired security.

Credit ratings express opinions about the credit quality of a security. Securities rated investment grade (those rated BBB- or higher by S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”)) are generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be low credit risk. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 96% of the fair value of our corporate bond portfolio was rated investment grade. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the portion of our corporate bond portfolio rated below investment grade had an amortized cost of $2.7 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively, and a fair value of $2.6 billion and $3.3 billion, respectively. Based upon the analysis discussed above, we believe that as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we would have recovered the amortized cost of each corporate bond.

As of December 31, 2023, the unrealized losses associated with our MBS and ABS were attributable primarily to rising interest rates and widening credit spreads since purchase. We assessed for credit impairment using a cash flow model that incorporates key assumptions including default rates, severities and prepayment rates. We estimated losses for a security by forecasting the underlying loans in each transaction. The forecasted loan performance was used to project cash flows to the various tranches in the structure, as applicable. Our forecasted cash flows also considered, as applicable, independent industry analyst reports and forecasts and other independent market data. Based upon our assessment of the expected credit losses of the security given the performance of the underlying collateral compared to our subordination or other credit enhancement, we expected to recover the entire amortized cost of each impaired security.

As of December 31, 2023, the unrealized losses associated with our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities were attributable primarily to wider credit spreads caused by illiquidity in the market and subordination within the capital structure, as well as credit risk of underlying issuers. For our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities, we evaluated the financial performance of the underlying issuers based upon credit performance and investment ratings and determined that we expected to recover the entire amortized cost of each impaired security.

Credit Loss Impairment on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities

We regularly review our fixed maturity AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be impairment-related, including those attributable to credit risk factors that may require an allowance for credit losses. See Note 1 for a discussion regarding our accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses on our fixed maturity AFS securities.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions), aggregated by investment category, were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	9	$	7	$	5	$	21
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	24		1		–		25
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	(2)		(2)		–		(4)
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(21)		–		–		(21)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	8	$	6	$	5	$	19

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	17	$	1	$	1	$	19
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	4		3		–		7
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	2		3		4		9
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(12)		–		–		(12)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	9	$	7	$	5	$	21

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	12	$	1	$	–	$	13
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	8		–		1		9
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	5		–		–		5
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(6)		–		–		(6)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	17	$	1	$	1	$	19

(1) Represents purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”) fixed maturity AFS securities.

(2) As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, accrued investment income on fixed maturity AFS securities totaled $814 million, $1.1 billion and $944 million, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Trading Securities

Trading securities at fair value (in millions) consisted of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,615	$	2,196
State and municipal bonds	21		21
Foreign government bonds	46		49
RMBS	62		99
CMBS	104		137
ABS	455		919
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	18		25
Total trading securities	$	2,321	$	3,446

The portion of the market adjustment for trading gains and losses recognized in realized gain (loss) that relate to trading securities still held as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was $80 million, $(628) million and $(48) million, respectively.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The following provides the current and past due composition of our mortgage loans on real estate (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Commercial		Residential		Total		Commercial		Residential		Total
Current	$	17,165	$	1,665	$	18,830	$	16,913	$	1,315	$	18,228
30 to 59 days past due	61		28		89		19		23		42
60 to 89 days past due	–		9		9		–		6		6
90 or more days past due	–		60		60		–		33		33
Allowance for credit losses	(86)		(28)		(114)		(83)		(15)		(98)
Unamortized premium (discount)	(7)		43		36		(9)		36		27
Mark-to-market gains (losses) (1)	(36)		(1)		(37)		(27)		–		(27)
Total carrying value	$	17,097	$	1,776	$	18,873	$	16,813	$	1,398	$	18,211

(1) Represents the mark-to-market on certain mortgage loans on real estate for which we have elected the fair value option. See Note 15 for additional information.

Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio had the largest concentrations in California, which accounted for 27% and 28% of commercial mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and Texas, which accounted for 9% of commercial mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31, 2023, our residential mortgage loan portfolio had the largest concentrations in California and New York, which accounted for 14% and 12% of residential mortgage loans on real estate, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, our residential mortgage loan portfolio had the largest concentrations in California and New Jersey, which accounted for 17% and 12% of residential mortgage loans on real estate, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had 116 and 73 residential mortgage loans, respectively, that were either delinquent or in foreclosure. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had 82 and 49 residential mortgage loans in foreclosure, respectively, with an aggregate carrying value of $38 million and $21 million, respectively.

We adopted ASU 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures as of January 1, 2023, and accordingly no longer identify certain debt modifications as troubled debt restructurings. Losses from loan modifications for the year ended December 31, 2023, were less than $1 million and reported in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were three and two specifically identified impaired commercial mortgage loans, respectively, with an aggregate carrying value of $2 million and less than $1 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 99 and 37 specifically identified impaired residential mortgage loans, respectively, with an aggregate carrying value of $47 million and $16 million, respectively.

Additional information related to impaired mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Average aggregate carrying value for impaired mortgage loans on real estate	$	30	$	16	$	32
Interest income recognized on impaired mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Interest income collected on impaired mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–

The amortized cost of mortgage loans on real estate on nonaccrual status (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses		Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses		Nonaccrual
Commercial mortgage loans on real estate	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
Residential mortgage loans on real estate	–		62		–		34
Total	$	–	$	62	$	–	$	34

We use loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios as credit quality indicators for our commercial mortgage loans on real estate. The amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans on real estate (dollars in millions) by year of origination and credit quality indicator was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Less than 65%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	65% to 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Greater than 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Total
Origination Year
2023	$	1,366	1.90	$	54	1.38	$	–	–	$	1,420
2022	1,709		2.07	140		1.54	–		–	1,849
2021	2,317		3.34	61		1.55	–		–	2,378
2020	1,205		3.23	11		1.38	–		–	1,216
2019	2,404		2.39	80		1.56	10		2.33	2,494
2018 and prior	7,770		2.39	78		1.60	14		0.87	7,862
Total	$	16,771		$	424		$	24		$	17,219

	As of December 31, 2022
	Less than  65%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	65% to 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Greater than 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Total
Origination Year
2022	$	1,769	2.06	$	105	1.50	$	2	1.45	$	1,876
2021	2,335		3.05	72		1.53	–		–	2,407
2020	1,280		2.99	17		1.58	–		–	1,297
2019	2,643		2.17	81		1.50	29		1.58	2,753
2018	2,222		2.17	67		1.62	–		–	2,289
2017 and prior	6,170		2.44	131		1.75	–		–	6,301
Total	$	16,419		$	473		$	31		$	16,923

We use loan performance status as the primary credit quality indicator for our residential mortgage loans on real estate. The amortized cost of residential mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) by year of origination and credit quality indicator was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Performing		Nonperforming		Total
Origination Year
2023	$	515	$	2	$	517
2022	533		22		555
2021	465		18		483
2020	78		3		81
2019	99		13		112
2018 and prior	53		4		57
Total	$	1,743	$	62	$	1,805

	As of December 31, 2022
	Performing		Nonperforming		Total
Origination Year
2022	$	578	$	5	$	583
2021	527		6		533
2020	90		3		93
2019	119		18		137
2018	65		2		67
2017 and prior	–		–		–
Total	$	1,379	$	34	$	1,413

Credit Losses on Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

In connection with our recognition of an allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans on real estate, we perform a quantitative analysis using a probability of default/loss given default/exposure at default approach to estimate expected credit losses in our mortgage loan portfolio as well as unfunded commitments related to commercial mortgage loans, exclusive of certain mortgage loans held at fair value. See Note 1 for a discussion regarding our accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses on our mortgage loans on real estate.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	83	$	15	$	98
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	3		13		16
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	86	$	28	$	114

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	78	$	17	$	95
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	5		(2)		3
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	83	$	15	$	98

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	186	$	17	$	203
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	(108)		–		(108)
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	78	$	17	$	95

(1) We recognized $(1) million of credit loss benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2023. We did not recognize any credit loss benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for

mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2022. We recognized $3 million of credit loss

benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2021.     

(2) Accrued investment income on mortgage loans on real estate totaled $67 million, $51 million and $48 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Alternative Investments 

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, alternative investments included investments in 332 and 328 different partnerships, respectively, and represented approximately 3% and 2% of total investments, respectively.

Net Investment Income

The major categories of net investment income (in millions) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	4,961	$	4,408	$	4,242
Trading securities	158		179		165
Equity securities	13		11		3
Mortgage loans on real estate	752		687		677
Policy loans	102		100		115
Cash and invested cash	118		12		–
Commercial mortgage loan prepayment
and bond make-whole premiums	10		100		195
Alternative investments	244		96		677
Consent fees	3		8		10
Other investments	(38)		75		60
Investment income	6,323		5,676		6,144
Investment expense	(611)		(402)		(305)
Net investment income	$	5,712	$	5,274	$	5,839

Impairments on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities

Details underlying intent to sell impairments and credit loss benefit (expense) incurred that were recognized in net income (loss) and

included in realized gain (loss) on fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Intent to Sell Impairments (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	(3,805)	$	–	$	–
State and municipal bonds	(214)		–		–
RMBS	(74)		–		–
CMBS	(60)		–		–
ABS	(57)		–		–
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	(3)		–		–
Total intent to sell impairments	$	(4,213)	$	–	$	–
Credit Loss Benefit (Expense)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	(23)	$	(4)	$	(10)
RMBS	1		(6)		–
ABS	1		(4)		–
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	–		–		(1)
Total credit loss benefit (expense)	$	(21)	$	(14)	$	(11)

(1)     Represents impairments of certain fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, resulting from the Company’s intent to sell these securities as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance, the Company impaired the securities in a loss position down to fair market value upon entry into the agreements in the second quarter of 2023 and recognized additional impairment on certain of these securities during the third quarter of 2023 due to higher interest rates. Interest rates declined during the fourth quarter of 2023, which resulted in recognition of a $295 million pre-tax net gain upon close of the transaction, included in gross gains and gross losses on fixed maturity AFS securities in Note 21. See Note 8 for additional information.

Payables for Collateral on Investments

The carrying value of the payables for collateral on investments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the fair value of the related investments or collateral (in millions) consisted of the following:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying  Value		Fair Value		Carrying  Value		Fair Value
Collateral payable for derivative investments (1)	$	5,127	$	5,127	$	3,210	$	3,210
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements (2)	205		197		298		287
Investments pledged for FHLBI (3)	2,650		3,603		3,130		3,925
Total payables for collateral on investments	$	7,982	$	8,927	$	6,638	$	7,422

(1) We obtain collateral based upon contractual provisions with our counterparties. These agreements take into consideration the counterparties’ credit rating as compared to ours, the fair value of the derivative investments and specified thresholds that if exceeded result in the receipt of cash that is typically invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities. This also includes interest payable on collateral. See Note 6 for additional information.

(2) Our pledged securities under securities lending agreements are included in fixed maturity AFS securities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We generally obtain collateral in an amount equal to 102% and 105% of the fair value of the domestic and foreign securities, respectively. We value collateral daily and obtain additional collateral when deemed appropriate. The cash received in our securities lending program is typically invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities.

(3) Our pledged investments for FHLBI are included in fixed maturity AFS securities and mortgage loans on real estate on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The collateral requirements are generally 105% to 115% of the fair value for fixed maturity AFS securities and 155% to 175% of the fair value for mortgage loans on real estate. The cash received in these transactions is primarily invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities.

We have repurchase agreements through which we can obtain liquidity by pledging securities. The collateral requirements are generally 80% to 95% of the fair value of the securities, and our agreements with third parties contain contractual provisions to allow for additional collateral to be obtained when necessary. The cash received in our repurchase program is typically invested in fixed maturity AFS securities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we were not participating in any open repurchase agreements.

Increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments (in millions) consisted of the following:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Collateral payable for derivative investments	$	1,917	$	(2,355)	$	2,595
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	(93)		57		126
Investments pledged for FHLBI	(480)		–		–
Total increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments	$	1,344	$	(2,298)	$	2,721

We have elected not to offset our securities lending transactions in the consolidated financial statements. The remaining contractual maturities of securities lending transactions accounted for as secured borrowings (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities Lending
Corporate bonds	$	202	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	202
Equity securities	3		–		–		–		3
Total gross secured borrowings	$	205	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	205

	As of December 31, 2022
	Overnight  and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities Lending
Corporate bonds	$	288	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	288
Foreign government bonds	2		–		–		–		2
Equity securities	8		–		–		–		8
Total gross secured borrowings	$	298	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	298

We accept collateral in the form of securities in connection with repurchase agreements. In instances where we are permitted to sell or re-pledge the securities received, we report the fair value of the collateral received and a related obligation to return the collateral in the consolidated financial statements. In addition, we receive securities in connection with securities borrowing agreements that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of all collateral received that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge was $25 million, and we had not re-pledged any of this collateral to cover our collateral requirements.

We also accept collateral from derivative counterparties in the form of securities which we are permitted to sell or re-pledge. As of

December 31, 2023, the fair value of this collateral received that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge was $1.3 billion, and we had repledged $553 million of this collateral to cover our collateral requirements.

We have also pledged fixed maturity AFS securities to derivative counterparties with a fair value of $42 million as of December 31, 2023.

Investment Commitments

As of December 31, 2023, our investment commitments were $3.0 billion, which included $2.3 billion of LPs, $536 million of mortgage loans on real estate and $197 million of private placement securities.

Concentrations of Financial Instruments

As of December 31, 2023, our most significant investments in one issuer were our investments in securities issued by White Chapel V LLC and White Chapel LLC with a fair value of $1.3 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively, or 1% of total investments. As of December 31, 2022, our most significant investments in one issuer were our investments in securities issued by White Chapel LLC and the Federal National Mortgage Association with a fair value of $1.0 billion and $702 million, respectively, or 1% of total investments. These concentrations include fixed maturity AFS, trading and equity securities.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our most significant investments in one industry were our investments in securities in the financial services industry with a fair value of $16.6 billion and $19.2 billion, respectively, or 14% and 15%, respectively, of total investments, and our investments in securities in the consumer non-cyclical industry with a fair value of $11.3 billion and $14.3 billion, respectively, or 10% and 11%, respectively, of total investments. These concentrations include fixed maturity AFS, trading and equity securities.

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Variable Interest Entities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Variable Interest Entities [Abstract]

Variable Interest Entities

Variable Interest Entities

Unconsolidated VIEs

Reinsurance-Related Notes

Effective October 1, 2017, our captive reinsurance subsidiary, the Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont VI, restructured the $275 million, long-term surplus note which was originally issued to a non-affiliated VIE in October 2015 in exchange for two corporate bond AFS securities of like principal and duration.  The activities of the VIE are primarily to acquire, hold and issue notes and loans and to pay and collect interest on the notes and loans.  The outstanding principal balance of the long-term surplus note is variable in nature; moving concurrently with any variability in the face amount of the corporate bond AFS securities.  We have concluded that we are not the primary beneficiary of the non-affiliated VIE because we do not have power over the activities that most significantly affect its economic performance. As of December 31, 2023, the principal balance of the long-term surplus note was zero and we do not currently have any exposure to this VIE.

Structured Securities

Through our investment activities, we make passive investments in structured securities issued by VIEs for which we are not the manager. These structured securities include our ABS, RMBS and CMBS. We have not provided financial or other support with respect to these VIEs other than our original investment. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs due to the relative size of our investment in comparison to the principal amount of the structured securities issued by the VIEs and the level of credit subordination that reduces our obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits. Our maximum exposure to loss on these structured securities is limited to the amortized cost for these investments. We recognize our variable interest in these VIEs at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For information about these structured securities, see Note 4.

Limited Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies

We invest in certain LPs and limited liability companies (“LLCs”) that we have concluded are VIEs. Our exposure to loss is limited to the capital we invest in the LPs and LLCs. We do not hold any substantive kick-out or participation rights in the LPs and LLCs, and we do not receive any performance fees or decision maker fees from the LPs and LLCs. Based on our analysis of the LPs and LLCs, we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs as we do not have the power to direct the most significant activities of the LPs and LLCs. The carrying amounts of our investments in the LPs and LLCs are recognized in other investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were $4.0 billion and $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

We maintain an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to minimize significant unplanned fluctuations in earnings that are caused by interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity market risk, basis risk, commodity risk and credit risk. We assess these risks by continually identifying and monitoring changes in our exposures that may adversely affect expected future cash flows and by evaluating hedging opportunities.

Derivative activities are monitored by various management committees. The committees are responsible for overseeing the implementation of various hedging strategies that are developed through the analysis of financial simulation models and other internal and industry sources. The resulting hedging strategies are incorporated into our overall risk management strategies.

See Note 1 for a discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments. See Note 15 for additional disclosures related to the fair value of our derivative instruments and Note 5 for derivative instruments related to our consolidated VIEs.

Interest Rate Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. These instruments are economic hedges unless otherwise noted and include:

Forward-Starting Interest Rate Swaps

We use forward-starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest rate exposure within our annuity and life insurance products.

Interest Rate Cap Corridors

We use interest rate cap corridors to provide a level of protection from the effect of rising interest rates for certain annuity contracts and life insurance products. Interest rate cap corridors involve purchasing an interest rate cap at a specific cap rate and selling an interest rate cap with a higher cap rate. For each corridor, the amount of quarterly payments, if any, is determined by the rate at which the underlying index rate resets above the original capped rate. The corridor limits the benefit the purchaser can receive as the related interest rate index rises above the higher capped rate. There is no additional liability to us other than the purchase price associated with the interest rate cap corridor.

Interest Rate Futures

We use interest rate futures contracts to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products. These futures contracts require payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the futures index price.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

We use interest rate swap agreements to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We also use interest rate swap agreements designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge the interest rate risk of floating-rate bond coupon payments by replicating a fixed-rate bond.

Finally, we use interest rate swap agreements designated and qualifying as fair value hedges to hedge against changes in the fair value of certain fixed maturity securities due to interest rate risks.

Reverse Treasury Locks

We use reverse treasury locks designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge the interest rate exposure related to the anticipated purchase of fixed-rate securities or the anticipated future cash flows of floating-rate fixed maturity securities due to changes in interest rates. These derivatives are primarily structured to hedge interest rate risk inherent in the assumptions used to price certain liabilities.

Foreign Currency Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our foreign currency risk management strategy. These instruments are economic hedges unless otherwise noted and include:

Currency Futures

We use currency futures to hedge foreign exchange risk associated with certain options in variable annuity products. Currency futures exchange one currency for another at a specified date in the future at a specified exchange rate.

Foreign Currency Swaps

We use foreign currency swaps to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies. A foreign currency swap is a contractual agreement to exchange one currency for another at specified dates in the future at a specified exchange rate.

We also use foreign currency swaps designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies.

Foreign Currency Forwards

We use foreign currency forwards to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies. A foreign currency forward is a contractual agreement to exchange one currency for another at specified dates in the future at a specified current exchange rate.

Equity Market Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our equity market risk management strategy that are economic hedges and include:

Call Options Based on the S&P 500® Index and Other Indices

We use call options to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA, fixed indexed annuity, IUL and VUL products.

Our RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts permit the holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component, where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of the S&P 500 Index or other indices. Policyholders may elect to rebalance index options at renewal dates. At the end of each indexed term, which can be up to six years, we have the opportunity to re-price the indexed component by establishing participation rates, caps, spreads and specified rates, subject to contractual guarantees. We use call options that are highly correlated to the portfolio allocation decisions of our policyholders, such that we are economically hedged with respect to equity returns for the current reset period.

Consumer Price Index Swaps

We use consumer price index swaps to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in fixed annuity products. Consumer price index swaps are contracts entered into at no cost and whose payoff is the difference between the consumer price index inflation rate and the fixed-rate determined as of inception.

Equity Futures

We use equity futures contracts to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products. These futures contracts require payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the futures index price.

Put Options

We use put options to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA and VUL products. Put options are contracts that require the buyers to pay at a specified future date the amount, if any, by which a specified equity index is less than the strike rate stated in the agreement, applied to a notional amount.

Total Return Swaps

We use total return swaps to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA and VUL products.

In addition, we use total return swaps to hedge a portion of the liability related to our deferred compensation plans. We receive the total return on a portfolio of indexes and pay a floating-rate of interest.

Commodity Contracts

We use commodity contracts to economically hedge certain investments that are closely tied to the changes in commodity values. The commodity contract is an over-the-counter contract that combines a purchase put/sold call to lock in a commodity price within a predetermined range in exchange for a net premium.

Credit Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our credit risk management strategy that are economic hedges and include:

Credit Default Swaps – Buying Protection

We use credit default swaps (“CDSs”) to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We buy CDSs to hedge against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. A CDS allows us to put the bond back to the counterparty at par upon a default event by the bond issuer. A default event is defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay, obligation acceleration or restructuring.

CDSs – Selling Protection

We use CDSs to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We sell CDSs to offer credit protection to policyholders and investors. The CDSs hedge the policyholders and investors against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. A CDS allows the investor to put the bond back to us at par upon a default event by the bond issuer. A default event is defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay, obligation acceleration or restructuring.

Other Derivatives

Lapse Protection Rider Ceded Derivative

We also have an inter-company agreement through which Lincoln National Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Limited (“LNBAR”), an affiliated reinsurer, assumes the risk under certain UL contracts for lapse protection riders (“LPR”). If the policyholder’s account balance is insufficient to pay the cost of insurance charges required to keep the policy in force, and the policyholder has made the required deposits, we will be reimbursed for those charges.

Embedded Derivatives

We have embedded derivatives that include:

RILA, Fixed Indexed Annuity and IUL Contracts Embedded Derivatives

Our RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts permit the holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component, where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of the S&P 500® Index or other indices. Policyholders may elect to rebalance index options at renewal dates. At the end of each indexed term, which can be up to six years, we have the opportunity to re-price the indexed component by establishing participation rates, caps, spreads and specified rates, subject to contractual guarantees. We use options that are highly correlated to the portfolio allocation decisions of our policyholders, such that we are economically hedged with respect to equity returns for the current reset period.

Reinsurance-Related Embedded Derivatives

We have certain modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements with embedded derivatives related to the withheld assets of the related funds. These derivatives are considered total return swaps with contractual returns that are attributable to various assets and liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements.

Derivatives Related to Divestitures and Reinsurance Transactions

We used interest rate futures contracts to hedge the interest rate risk related to the assets used as consideration in the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. These futures contracts required payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the associated future index prices.

We use swaptions and forward-starting swaps to hedge the interest rate risk associated with the Stock Purchase Agreement entered into with Osaic.

We have derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks whose notional or contract amounts exceed the related credit exposure. Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Notional Amounts		Fair Value				Notional Amounts		Fair Value
			Asset		Liability				Asset		Liability
Qualifying Hedges
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	$	485	$	11	$	47	$	1,377	$	4	$	232
Foreign currency contracts (1)	4,662		423		78		4,383		643		18
Total cash flow hedges	5,147		434		125		5,760		647		250
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	450		1		39		524		2		44
Foreign currency contracts (1)	25		–		1		–		–		–
Total fair value hedges	475		1		40		524		2		44
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts (1)	90,829		636		979		105,977		709		935
Foreign currency contracts (1)	306		11		6		395		27		2
Equity market contracts (1)	225,251		10,244		4,227		142,653		5,135		2,035
Commodity contracts (1)	–		–		–		13		14		3
Credit contracts (1)	91		–		–		–		–		–
LPR ceded derivative (2)	–		206		–		–		212		–
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related (3)	–		493		–		–		681		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts (4)	–		940		9,077		–		525		4,783
Total derivative instruments	$	322,099	$	12,965	$	14,454	$	255,322	$	7,952	$	8,052

(1) These asset and liability balances are presented on a gross basis. Amounts are reported in derivative investments and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets after the evaluation for right of offset subject to master netting agreements as described in Note 1.

(2) Reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3) Reported in funds withheld reinsurance liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(4)    Reported in policyholder account balances and deposit assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The maturity of the notional amounts of derivative instruments (in millions) was as follows:

	Remaining Life as of December 31, 2023
	Less Than 1 Year		1 – 5 Years		6 - 10 Years		11 - 30 Years		Over 30 Years		Total
Interest rate contracts (1)	$	22,166	$	25,350	$	22,349	$	21,899	$	–	$	91,764
Foreign currency contracts (2)	276		956		1,687		2,032		42		4,993
Equity market contracts	174,430		37,200		6,950		9		6,662		225,251
Credit contracts	–		91		–		–		–		91
Total derivative instruments
with notional amounts	$	196,872	$	63,597	$	30,986	$	23,940	$	6,704	$	322,099

(1) As of December 31, 2023, the latest maturity date for which we were hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for these instruments was December 18, 2024.

(2) As of December 31, 2023, the latest maturity date for which we were hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for these instruments was June 16, 2061.

The following amounts (in millions) were recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

	Amortized Cost of the Hedged Assets / (Liabilities)				Cumulative Fair Value  Hedging Adjustment Included in the Amortized Cost of the Hedged Assets / (Liabilities)
	As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in
which the Hedged Item is Included
Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value	$	534	$	587	$	39	$	44

The change in our unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments within AOCI (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	301	$	258	$	42
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		25
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period:
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	212		(336)		11
Foreign currency contracts	(50)		182		130
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	(169)		312		152
Income tax benefit (expense)	2		(34)		(63)
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses)
included in net income (loss):
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	(1)		2		3
Foreign currency contracts (1)	54		62		48
Foreign currency contracts (2)	7		39		(2)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	249	$	301	$	258

(1) The OCI offset is reported within net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) The OCI offset is reported within realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The effects of qualifying and non-qualifying hedges (in millions) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	(4,934)	$	5,712	$	5,044
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(5)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		5		–
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		(1)		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	7		54		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(161)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	(2)		–		–
Equity market contracts	1,387		–		–
Commodity contracts	8		–		–
Credit contracts	(4)		–		–
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		6
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	(188)		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	(3,187)		–		–

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	418	$	5,274	$	8,203
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(167)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		167
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		2		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	39		62		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(2,113)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	2		–		–
Equity market contracts	(2,075)		–		–
Commodity contracts	11		–		–
Credit contracts	(4)		–		–
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		106
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	1,259		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	1,760		–		–

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	859	$	5,839	$	8,027
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(60)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		60
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		3		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	(2)		48		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(957)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	(1)		–		–
Equity market contracts	3,355		–		–
Credit contracts	(1)		–		–
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	280		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	(2,622)		–		–

As of December 31, 2023, $56 million of the deferred net gains (losses) on derivative instruments in AOCI were expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next 12 months. This reclassification would be due primarily to interest rate variances related to our interest rate swap agreements.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no material reclassifications to earnings due to hedged firm commitments no longer deemed probable or due to hedged forecasted transactions that had not occurred by the end of the originally specified time period.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not have any exposure related to CDSs for which we are the seller.

Credit Risk

We are exposed to credit losses in the event of non-performance by our counterparties on various derivative contracts and reflect assumptions regarding the credit or non-performance risk. The non-performance risk is based upon assumptions for each counterparty’s credit spread over the estimated weighted average life of the counterparty exposure, less collateral held. As of December 31, 2023, the non-performance risk adjustment was zero. The credit risk associated with such agreements is minimized by entering into agreements with financial institutions with long-standing, superior performance records. Additionally, we maintain a policy of requiring derivative contracts to be governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Master Agreement. We are required to maintain minimum ratings as a matter of routine practice in negotiating ISDA agreements. Under some ISDA agreements, we and LLANY have agreed to maintain certain financial strength or claims-paying ability. A downgrade below these levels could result in termination of derivative contracts, at which time any amounts payable by us would be dependent on the market value of the underlying derivative contracts. In certain transactions, we and the counterparty have entered into a credit support annex requiring either party to post collateral when net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds. These thresholds vary by counterparty and credit rating. The amount of such exposure is essentially the net replacement cost or market value less collateral held for such agreements with each counterparty if the net market value is in our favor. We did not have any exposure as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

The amounts recognized (in millions) by S&P credit rating of counterparty, for which we had the right to reclaim cash collateral or were obligated to return cash collateral, were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
S&P Credit Rating of Counterparty	Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)		Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)		Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)		Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)
AA-	$	2,330	$	(63)	$	383	$	(6)
A+	2,422		(125)		1,718		(151)
A	82		–		1,099		–
A-	273		–		–		–
	$	5,107	$	(188)	$	3,200	$	(157)

Balance Sheet Offsetting

Information related to the effects of offsetting on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Derivative Instruments		Embedded Derivative Instruments		Total
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$	10,714	$	1,433	$	12,147
Gross amounts offset	(4,409)		–		(4,409)
Net amount of assets	6,305		1,433		7,738
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(5,107)		–		(5,107)
Non-cash collateral (1)	(1,198)		–		(1,198)
Net amount	–		1,433		1,433
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	968		9,077		10,045
Gross amounts offset	(612)		–		(612)
Net amount of liabilities	356		9,077		9,433
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(188)		–		(188)
Non-cash collateral (2)	(168)		–		(168)
Net amount	$	–	$	9,077	$	9,077

(1) Excludes excess non-cash collateral received of $1.3 billion, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of

derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

(2) Excludes excess non-cash collateral pledged of $81 million, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of

derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

	As of December 31, 2022
	Derivative Instruments		Embedded Derivative Instruments		Total
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$	6,483	$	1,206	$	7,689
Gross amounts offset	(2,964)		–		(2,964)
Net amount of assets	3,519		1,206		4,725
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(3,200)		–		(3,200)
Non-cash collateral (1)	(319)		–		(319)
Net amount	–		1,206		1,206
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	304		4,783		5,087
Gross amounts offset	(50)		–		(50)
Net amount of liabilities	254		4,783		5,037
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(157)		–		(157)
Non-cash collateral (2)	(46)		–		(46)
Net amount	$	51	$	4,783	$	4,834

(1) Excludes excess non-cash collateral received of $1.1 billion, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

(2) There was no excess non-cash collateral pledged as of December 31, 2022.

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DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Present Value of Future Insurance Profits, Net [Abstract]

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL

The following table reconciles DAC, VOBA and DSI (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
DAC, VOBA and DSI
Variable Annuities	$	4,025	$	4,047
Fixed Annuities	456		479
Traditional Life	1,374		1,336
UL and Other	6,139		6,002
Group Protection	154		141
Retirement Plan Services	270		258
Total DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	12,418	$	12,263

The following table reconciles DFEL (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
DFEL
Variable Annuities	$	300	$	310
UL and Other (1)	5,579		4,766
Other Operations (2)	44		39
Total DFEL	$	5,923	$	5,115

(1) We reported $2.3 billion of ceded DFEL in reinsurance recoverables on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023.

(2) Represents DFEL reported in Other Operations attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreement with Protective that is excluded from the following tables. We reported $44 million and $39 million of ceded DFEL in reinsurance recoverables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following tables summarize the changes in DAC (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other		Group Protection		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	3,880	$	439	$	1,286	$	5,518	$	141	$	241
Deferrals	361		50		188		482		113		21
Amortization	(373)		(68)		(142)		(291)		(100)		(18)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	3,868	$	421	$	1,332	$	5,709	$	154	$	244

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other		Group Protection		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	3,860	$	448	$	1,146	$	5,269	$	140	$	239
Deferrals	390		60		266		537		98		21
Amortization	(370)		(69)		(126)		(288)		(97)		(19)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	3,880	$	439	$	1,286	$	5,518	$	141	$	241

DAC amortization expense of $992 million, $969 million and $969 million was recorded in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following tables summarize the changes in VOBA (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	17	$	50	$	454
Business acquired (sold) through
reinsurance	–		–		(11)
Deferrals	–		–		2
Amortization	(2)		(8)		(43)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	15	$	42	$	402

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	20	$	59	$	499
Deferrals	–		–		2
Amortization	(3)		(9)		(47)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	17	$	50	$	454

VOBA amortization expense of $53 million, $59 million and $75 million was recorded in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. No additions or write-offs were recorded for each respective year.

Estimated future amortization of VOBA (in millions), as of December 31, 2023, was as follows:

2024	$	39
2025	37
2026	34
2027	29
2028	25

The following tables summarize the changes in DSI (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	167	$	23	$	30	$	17
Deferrals	5		–		–		10
Amortization	(15)		(3)		(2)		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	157	$	20	$	28	$	26

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	181	$	27	$	31	$	14
Deferrals	2		–		1		4
Amortization	(16)		(4)		(2)		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	167	$	23	$	30	$	17

DSI amortization expense of $21 million, $23 million and $27 million was recorded in interest credited on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following tables summarize the changes in DFEL (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023				For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Variable Annuities		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	310	$	4,766	$	318	$	3,934
Deferrals	19		1,074		22		1,061
Amortization	(29)		(261)		(30)		(229)
Balance as of end-of-year	300		5,579		310		4,766
Less: ceded DFEL	–		2,252		–		31
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	300	$	3,327	$	310	$	4,735

DFEL amortization of $290 million, $259 million and $220 million was recorded in fee income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Reinsurance

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Reinsurance

Reinsurance

The following summarizes reinsurance amounts (in millions) recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), excluding amounts attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective and Swiss Re:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Direct insurance premiums and fee income	$	13,661	$	13,479	$	13,277
Reinsurance assumed	91		102		97
Reinsurance ceded (1)	(5,168)		(2,374)		(2,249)
Total insurance premiums and fee income	$	8,584	$	11,207	$	11,125
Direct insurance benefits	$	10,178	$	10,266	$	10,491
Reinsurance ceded (1)	(5,150)		(2,063)		(2,464)
Total benefits	$	5,028	$	8,203	$	8,027
Direct market risk benefit (gain) loss	$	(2,309)	$	(3,517)	$	(4,011)
Reinsurance ceded	1,174		3,814		2,457
Total market risk benefit (gain) loss	$	(1,135)	$	296	$	(1,554)
Direct policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	$	(234)	$	3,284	$	(164)
Reinsurance ceded	67		(839)		45
Total policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	$	(167)	$	2,445	$	(119)

(1) Includes impacts related to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction effective in the fourth quarter of 2023

We and LLANY cede insurance to other companies. The portion of our annuity and life insurance risks exceeding each of our insurance companies’ retention limit is reinsured with other insurers. We seek reinsurance coverage to limit our exposure to mortality losses and to enhance our capital management. Reinsurance does not discharge us from our primary obligation to contract holders for losses incurred under the policies we issue. We evaluate each reinsurance agreement to determine whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability. As discussed in Note 26, a portion of this reinsurance activity is with affiliated companies.

As of December 31, 2023, the policy for our reinsurance program was to retain up to $20 million on a single insured life. As the amount we retain varies by policy, we reinsured 27% of the mortality risk on newly issued life insurance contracts in 2023.

Reinsurance Exposures

We focus on obtaining reinsurance from a diverse group of reinsurers, and we monitor concentration as well as financial strength ratings of our reinsurers.

LNBAR

We reinsure blocks of business to LNBAR, an affiliated reinsurer. The amounts recoverable from LNBAR were $15.6 billion and $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was driven primarily by an agreement between us and LNBAR that is structured as a coinsurance treaty, with some assets withheld, for certain blocks of in-force MoneyGuard® products. As significant insurance risk was transferred for the MoneyGuard blocks, amounts recoverable from LNBAR were $13.2 billion as of December 31, 2023. We recorded a deferred gain on the transaction of $4.2 billion, of which $14 million was amortized during 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we held other investments and cash and invested cash with a carrying value of $759 million and $112 million, respectively, in support of reserves associated with this agreement.

LNBAR has funded trusts to support reserves ceded by us of which the balance in the trusts changes as a result of ongoing reinsurance activity and totaled $13.0 billion and $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Fortitude Re

Effective October 1, 2023, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re, an authorized Bermuda reinsurer with reciprocal jurisdiction reinsurer status in Indiana, to reinsure certain blocks of in-force UL with secondary guarantees (“ULSG”) and fixed annuity

products, including group pension annuities. Fortitude Re represents our largest unaffiliated reinsurance exposure as of December 31, 2023.

The agreement between us and Fortitude Re is structured as a coinsurance treaty for the ULSG and fixed annuities blocks. As significant insurance risk was transferred for ULSG products and life-contingent annuities, amounts recoverable from Fortitude Re were $10.5 billion as of December 31, 2023. We recorded a deferred loss on the transaction of $2.7 billion, of which $11 million was amortized during 2023. Annuities that are not life-contingent do not contain significant insurance risk; therefore, we recorded deposit assets for these contracts of $4.2 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Resolution Life

Effective October 1, 2021, we entered into a reinsurance agreement with Security Life of Denver Insurance Company (a subsidiary of Resolution Life that we refer to herein as “Resolution Life”) to reinsure liabilities under a block of in-force executive benefit and universal life policies. The agreement is structured as coinsurance for the general account reserves and modified coinsurance for the separate account reserves. Amounts recoverable from Resolution Life were $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Resolution Life has funded trusts, the balances of which change as a result of ongoing reinsurance activity to support the business ceded, that totaled $3.8 billion and $4.1 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We recognized a realized gain of $635 million in 2021 for the coinsurance portion of the transaction upon the transfer of a portfolio of assets to Resolution Life.

Protective

The sale of individual life and individual and group annuity business acquired from Liberty Life Assurance Company of Boston completed May 1, 2018 resulted in amounts recoverable from Protective of $9.1 billion and $9.6 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Protective has funded trusts, of which the balance in the trusts changes as a result of ongoing reinsurance activity, to support the business ceded, which totaled $10.5 billion and $11.5 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Protective represents our second largest unaffiliated reinsurance exposure as of December 31, 2023.

Athene

Effective October 1, 2018, we entered into a modified coinsurance agreement with Athene Holding Ltd. (“Athene”) to reinsure fixed annuity products, which resulted in a deposit asset of $2.7 billion and $3.8 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We held assets in support of reserves associated with the Athene transaction in a modified coinsurance investment portfolio, which consisted of the following (in millions):

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	177	$	474
Trading securities	1,556		2,644
Equity securities	58		60
Mortgage loans on real estate	288		487
Derivative investments	43		39
Other investments	41		42
Cash and invested cash	582		26
Accrued investment income	23		35
Other assets	6		2
Total	$	2,774	$	3,809

The portfolio was supported by $77 million of over-collateralization and a $83 million letter of credit as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, we recorded a deferred gain on business sold through reinsurance related to the transaction with Athene and amortized $33 million, $25 million and $26 million of the gain during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See “Realized Gain (Loss)” in Note 21 for information on reinsurance-related embedded derivatives.

Swiss Re

Our reinsurance operations were acquired by Swiss Re in December 2001 through a series of indemnity reinsurance transactions. As such, Swiss Re reinsured certain liabilities and obligations under the indemnity reinsurance agreements. As we are not relieved of our liability to the ceding companies for this business, the liabilities and obligations associated with the reinsured policies remain on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with a corresponding reinsurance recoverable from Swiss Re, which totaled $1.6 billion as of December 31,

2023 and 2022, respectively. Swiss Re has funded a trust, with a balance of $656 million and $710 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to support this business. In addition to various remedies that we would have in the event of a default by Swiss Re, we continue to hold assets in support of certain of the transferred reserves. These assets consist of those reported as trading securities and certain mortgage loans.

Credit Losses on Reinsurance-Related Assets

In connection with our recognition of an allowance for credit losses for reinsurance-related assets, we perform a quantitative analysis using a probability of loss approach to estimate expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables, inclusive of similar assets recognized using the deposit method of accounting. Our allowance for credit losses was $76 million and $315 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease was primarily attributable to the release of the allowance for credit losses related to a third-party reinsurer, Scottish Re (U.S.) Inc. (“Scottish Re”), where liquidation proceedings commenced during the third quarter of 2023. Effective September 30, 2023, reinsurance coverage terminated and all business ceded to Scottish Re was therefore recaptured. See Note 21 for additional information.

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Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill (in millions) by reportable segment were as follows:

					For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year		Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Impairment		Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year
Annuities	$	1,040	$	(600)	$	440	$	–	$	440
Group Protection	684		–		684		–		684
Retirement Plan Services	20		–		20		–		20
Total goodwill	$	1,744	$	(600)	$	1,144	$	–	$	1,144

					For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year		Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Impairment		Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year
Annuities	$	1,040	$	(600)	$	440	$	–	$	440
Life Insurance	2,186		(1,552)		634		(634)		–
Group Protection	684		–		684		–		684
Retirement Plan Services	20		–		20		–		20
Total goodwill	$	3,930	$	(2,152)	$	1,778	$	(634)	$	1,144

The fair values of our reporting units (Level 3 fair value estimates) are comprised of the value of in-force (i.e., existing) business and the value of new business. Specifically, new business is representative of cash flows and profitability associated with policies or contracts we expect to issue in the future, reflecting our forecasts of future sales volume and product mix over a 10-year period. To determine the values of in-force and new business, we use a discounted cash flows technique that applies a discount rate reflecting the market expected, weighted-average rate of return adjusted for the risk factors associated with operations to the projected future cash flows for each reporting unit.

2023 Analysis

As of October 1, 2023, we performed our annual quantitative goodwill impairment test for our Annuities, Group Protection and Retirement Plan Services reporting units, and, as of such date, the fair value was in excess of each reporting unit’s carrying value.

2022 Analysis

As a result of the capital market environment during the third quarter of 2022, including (i) declining equity markets and (ii) the impact of rising interest rates on our discount rate assumption, we accelerated our quantitative goodwill impairment test for our Life Insurance reporting unit as we concluded that there were indicators of impairment. Based on this quantitative test, which included updating our best estimate assumptions therein, we incurred an impairment during the third quarter of 2022 of the Life Insurance reporting unit goodwill of $634 million, which represented a write-off of the entire balance of goodwill for the reporting unit.

As of October 1, 2022, we performed our annual quantitative goodwill impairment test for our other reporting units, and, as of such date, the fair value was in excess of the carrying value for each of the Annuities, Group Protection and Retirement Plan Services reporting units.

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization (in millions) for each major specifically identifiable intangible asset class by reportable segment were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Life Insurance:
Sales force	$	100	$	71	$	100	$	67
Group Protection:
VOCRA	576		145		576		115
VODA	31		12		31		10
Retirement Plan Services:
Mutual fund contract rights (1)	5		–		5		–
Total	$	712	$	228	$	712	$	192

(1 ) No amortization recorded as the intangible asset has indefinite life.

Future estimated amortization of specifically identifiable intangible assets (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, was as follows:

2024	$	37
2025	37
2026	37
2027	37
2028	37
Thereafter	294

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MRBs

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

ASU 2018-12 Transition [Abstract]

MRBs

MRBs

The following table reconciles MRBs (in millions) to MRB assets and MRB liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Assets		Liabilities		Net (Assets) Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities		Net (Assets) Liabilities
Variable Annuities	$	3,763	$	1,583	$	(2,180)	$	2,666	$	2,004	$	(662)
Fixed Annuities	96		128		32		117		72		(45)
Retirement Plan Services	35		5		(30)		24		2		(22)
Total MRBs	$	3,894	$	1,716	$	(2,178)	$	2,807	$	2,078	$	(729)

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in net MRB (assets) liabilities (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023						As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Retirement Plan Services		Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(662)	$	(45)	$	(22)	$	2,398	$	114	$	(1)
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in
non-performance risk	(2,173)		(40)		(2)		(2,425)		(44)		(13)
Balance as of beginning-of-year, before the effect
of changes in non-performance risk	1,511		(5)		(20)		4,823		158		12
Issuances	8		–		–		12		–		(3)
Attributed fees collected	1,497		32		6		1,571		32		6
Benefit payments	(64)		–		–		(63)		–		–
Effect of changes in interest rates	(110)		(24)		5		(9,346)		(232)		(55)
Effect of changes in equity markets	(3,167)		(12)		(13)		4,293		12		18
Effect of changes in equity index volatility	(593)		9		(3)		(225)		14		(1)
In-force updates and other changes in MRBs (1)	136		5		1		661		10		3
Effect of assumption review:
Effect of changes in future expected
policyholder behavior	(33)		70		–		(158)		1		–
Effect of changes in other future expected
assumptions (2)	(66)		15		(2)		(57)		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year, before the effect of
changes in non-performance risk	(881)		90		(26)		1,511		(5)		(20)
Effect of cumulative changes in
non-performance risk	(1,299)		(58)		(4)		(2,173)		(40)		(2)
Balance as of end-of-year	(2,180)		32		(30)		(662)		(45)		(22)
Less: ceded MRB assets (liabilities)	(870)		–		(5)		294		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	(1,310)	$	32	$	(25)	$	(956)	$	(45)	$	(22)
Weighted-average age of policyholders (years)	72		68		63		71		68		63
Net amount at risk (3)	$	3,031	$	203	$	4	$	7,974	$	171	$	15

(1) Consists primarily of changes in MRB assets and liabilities related to differences between separate account fund performance and modeled indices and other changes such as actual to expected policyholder behavior.

(2) Consists primarily of the update of fund mapping, volatility and other capital market assumptions.

(3) Net amount at risk (“NAR”) is the current guaranteed minimum benefit in excess of the current account balance as of the balance sheet date. For GLBs, the guaranteed minimum benefit is calculated based on the present value of GLB payments. Our variable annuity products may offer more than one type of guaranteed benefit rider to a policyholder. In instances where more than one guaranteed benefit feature exists in a contract, the guaranteed benefit rider that provides the highest NAR is used in the calculation.

Effect of Assumption Review

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Variable Annuities had a favorable impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to volatility and policyholder GLB utilization behavior assumptions, partially offset by unfavorable impacts from updates to mortality and policyholder lapse behavior assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Fixed Annuities had an unfavorable impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to mortality and policyholder GLB utilization and lapse behavior assumptions. Retirement Plan Services did not have any significant assumption updates.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, Variable Annuities had a favorable impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to policyholder benefit utilization behavior and fund mapping and volatility assumptions. Fixed Annuities and Retirement Plan Services did not have any significant assumption updates.

See “MRBs” in Note 1 and Note 15 for details related to our fair value judgments, assumptions, inputs and valuation methodology.

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Separate Accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Separate Accounts Disclosure [Abstract]

Separate Accounts

Separate Accounts

The following table presents the fair value of separate account assets (in millions) reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by major investment category:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Mutual funds and collective investment trusts	$	157,578	$	142,892
Exchange-traded funds	350		258
Fixed maturity AFS securities	167		169
Cash and invested cash	25		98
Other investments	137		119
Total separate account assets	$	158,257	$	143,536

The following table reconciles separate account liabilities (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Variable Annuities	$	113,356	$	105,573
UL and Other	25,150		20,920
Retirement Plan Services	19,699		16,996
Other Operations (1)	52		47
Total separate account liabilities	$	158,257	$	143,536

(1) Represents separate account liabilities reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements

with Protective ($46 million and $42 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in separate account liabilities (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023						As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services		Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	105,573	$	20,920	$	16,996	$	136,665	$	24,785	$	21,068
Gross deposits	2,982		1,630		2,222		3,371		1,900		2,378
Withdrawals	(10,177)		(313)		(2,527)		(9,238)		(454)		(2,378)
Policyholder assessments	(2,510)		(964)		(163)		(2,603)		(938)		(164)
Change in market performance	16,870		3,973		3,221		(23,194)		(4,371)		(3,710)
Net transfers from (to) general account	618		(96)		(50)		572		(2)		(198)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	113,356	$	25,150	$	19,699	$	105,573	$	20,920	$	16,996
Cash surrender value	$	111,928	$	22,760	$	19,684	$	103,987	$	18,666	$	16,982

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Policyholder Account Balances

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Policyholder Account Balance [Abstract]

Policyholder Account Balance

Policyholder Account Balances

The following table reconciles policyholder account balances (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Variable Annuities	$	29,141	$	22,184
Fixed Annuities	25,330		23,338
UL and Other	36,784		37,258
Retirement Plan Services	23,784		25,138
Other (1)	5,277		6,054
Total policyholder account balances	$	120,316	$	113,972

(1) Represents policyholder account balances reported primarily in Other Operations attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($4.9 billion and $5.7 billion as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

The following table summarizes the balances and changes in policyholder account balances (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities			Fixed Annuities			UL and Other			Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	22,184		$	23,338		$	37,258		$	25,138
Gross deposits	4,709			5,130			3,739			2,776
Withdrawals	(742)			(3,926)			(1,430)			(4,494)
Policyholder assessments	(1)			(56)			(4,464)			(14)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(427)			–			97			(295)
Interest credited	548			642			1,463			673
Change in fair value of embedded derivative
instruments	2,870			202			121			–
Balance as of end-of-year	$	29,141		$	25,330		$	36,784		$	23,784
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.1		%	2.7		%	4.0		%	2.7		%
Net amount at risk (1)(2)	$	3,031		$	203		$	300,994		$	4
Cash surrender value	27,975			24,324			32,585			23,765

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities			Fixed Annuities			UL and Other			Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	19,148		$	22,522		$	37,719		$	23,579
Gross deposits	5,178			3,284			3,905			4,012
Withdrawals	(417)			(2,511)			(1,215)			(3,579)
Policyholder assessments	(2)			(51)			(4,446)			(13)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(492)			–			2			510
Interest credited	287			532			1,476			629
Change in fair value of embedded derivative
instruments	(1,518)			(438)			(183)			–
Balance as of end-of-year	$	22,184		$	23,338		$	37,258		$	25,138
Weighted-average crediting rate	1.4		%	2.4		%	3.9		%	2.6		%
Net amount at risk (1)(2)	$	7,974		$	171		$	302,481		$	15
Cash surrender value	21,147			22,502			33,130			25,133

(1) NAR is the current guaranteed minimum benefit in excess of the current account balance as of the balance sheet date. For GLBs, the guaranteed minimum benefit is calculated based on the present value of GLB payments. Our variable annuity products may offer more than one type of guaranteed benefit rider to a policyholder. In instances where more than one guaranteed benefit rider exists in a contract, the guaranteed benefit rider that provides the highest NAR is used in the calculation.

(2) Calculation is based on total account balances and includes both policyholder account balances and separate account balances.

The following table presents policyholder account balances (in millions) by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between the interest being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed contract minimums:

	As of December 31, 2023
	At Guaranteed Minimum		1-50 Basis Basis Points Above		51-100 Basis Points Above		101-150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Range of Guaranteed
Minimum Crediting Rate
Variable Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
1.01% - 2.00%	5		–		–		–		7		12
2.01% - 3.00%	576		–		–		–		–		576
3.01% - 4.00%	1,370		–		–		–		–		1,370
4.01% and above	10		–		–		–		–		10
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		27,173
Total	$	1,961	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	7	$	29,141
Fixed Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	696	$	511	$	546	$	505	$	2,429	$	4,687
1.01% - 2.00%	426		97		235		527		3,081		4,366
2.01% - 3.00%	1,805		35		6		–		18		1,864
3.01% - 4.00%	903		–		–		–		–		903
4.01% and above	180		–		–		–		–		180
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		13,330
Total	$	4,010	$	643	$	787	$	1,032	$	5,528	$	25,330
UL and Other
Up to 1.00%	$	275	$	–	$	195	$	121	$	352	$	943
1.01% - 2.00%	557		–		–		–		3,125		3,682
2.01% - 3.00%	6,925		11		148		–		–		7,084
3.01% - 4.00%	15,202		–		1		–		–		15,203
4.01% and above	3,730		–		–		–		–		3,730
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		6,142
Total	$	26,689	$	11	$	344	$	121	$	3,477	$	36,784
Retirement Plan Services
Up to 1.00%	$	452	$	569	$	744	$	4,904	$	2,979	$	9,648
1.01% - 2.00%	550		2,065		1,575		832		–		5,022
2.01% - 3.00%	2,492		–		–		–		–		2,492
3.01% - 4.00%	5,012		–		–		–		–		5,012
4.01% and above	1,610		–		–		–		–		1,610
Total	$	10,116	$	2,634	$	2,319	$	5,736	$	2,979	$	23,784

	As of December 31, 2022
	At Guaranteed Minimum		1-50 Basis Basis Points Above		51-100 Basis Points Above		101-150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Range of Guaranteed
Minimum Crediting Rate
Variable Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
1.01% - 2.00%	4		–		–		8		–		12
2.01% - 3.00%	658		–		–		–		–		658
3.01% - 4.00%	1,545		–		–		–		–		1,545
4.01% and above	11		–		–		–		–		11
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		19,958
Total	$	2,218	$	–	$	–	$	8	$	–	$	22,184
Fixed Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	891	$	497	$	589	$	563	$	1,329	$	3,869
1.01% - 2.00%	544		144		179		492		1,057		2,416
2.01% - 3.00%	1,973		5		1		–		–		1,979
3.01% - 4.00%	1,326		–		–		–		–		1,326
4.01% and above	193		–		–		–		–		193
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		13,555
Total	$	4,927	$	646	$	769	$	1,055	$	2,386	$	23,338
UL and Other
Up to 1.00%	$	318	$	–	$	194	$	29	$	292	$	833
1.01% - 2.00%	558		–		–		–		3,282		3,840
2.01% - 3.00%	7,218		156		–		–		–		7,374
3.01% - 4.00%	15,858		–		1		–		–		15,859
4.01% and above	3,824		–		–		–		–		3,824
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		5,528
Total	$	27,776	$	156	$	195	$	29	$	3,574	$	37,258
Retirement Plan Services
Up to 1.00%	$	961	$	1,001	$	4,304	$	1,703	$	1,908	$	9,877
1.01% - 2.00%	1,774		2,197		982		462		–		5,415
2.01% - 3.00%	2,711		1		–		–		–		2,712
3.01% - 4.00%	5,622		1		–		–		–		5,623
4.01% and above	1,511		–		–		–		–		1,511
Total	$	12,579	$	3,200	$	5,286	$	2,165	$	1,908	$	25,138

(1) Consists of indexed account balances that include the fair value of embedded derivative instruments, payout annuity account balances, short-term dollar cost averaging annuities business and policy loans.

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Future Contract Benefits

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Liability for Future Policy Benefits and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Abstract]

Future Contract Benefits

Future Contract Benefits

The following table reconciles future contract benefits (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Payout Annuities (1)	$	2,084	$	2,003
Traditional Life (1)	3,553		3,190
Group Protection (2)	5,689		5,462
UL and Other (3)	15,752		14,777
Other Operations (4)	9,753		9,651
Other (5)	3,343		3,219
Total future contract benefits	$	40,174	$	38,302

(1) See “LFPB” below for further information.

(2) See “Liability for Future Claims” below for further information.

(3) See “Additional Liabilities for Other Insurance Benefits” below for further information.

(4) Represents future contract benefits reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($5.6 billion and $5.4 billion as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) and Swiss Re ($2.1 billion and $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

(5) Represents other miscellaneous reserves that are not representative of long-duration contracts and are excluded from the following tables.

LFPB

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in the present values of expected net premiums and LFPB (in millions, except years):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023				As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Payout Annuities		Traditional Life		Payout Annuities		Traditional Life
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	–	$	5,896	$	–	$	6,610
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	–		(584)		–		843
Beginning balance at original discount rate	–		6,480		–		5,767
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	–		(5)		–		(382)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	–		(275)		–		(21)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	–		6,200		–		5,364
Issuances	–		580		–		1,655
Interest accrual	–		236		–		209
Net premiums collected	–		(784)		–		(742)
Flooring impact of LFPB	–		4		–		(6)
Ending balance at original discount rate	–		6,236		–		6,480
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	–		(152)		–		(584)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	–	$	6,084	$	–	$	5,896
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	2,003	$	9,086	$	2,511	$	10,353
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(263)		(793)		266		1,460
Beginning balance at original discount rate (1)	2,266		9,879		2,245		8,893
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	–		(21)		–		(321)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	1		(305)		3		(5)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	2,267		9,553		2,248		8,567
Issuances	109		580		122		1,655
Interest accrual	86		364		84		326
Benefit payments	(191)		(658)		(188)		(669)
Ending balance at original discount rate (1)	2,271		9,839		2,266		9,879
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	(187)		(202)		(263)		(793)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	2,084	$	9,637	$	2,003	$	9,086
Net balance as of end-of-year	$	2,084	$	3,553	$	2,003	$	3,190
Less: reinsurance recoverables (2)	1,627		255		10		270
Net balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	457	$	3,298	$	1,993	$	2,920
Weighted-average duration of future policyholder
benefit liability (years)	9		10		9		11

(1) Includes DPL within Payout Annuities of $56 million, $38 million and $22 million as of December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

(2)    Increase in Payout Annuities reinsurance recoverables driven by the reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re effective October 1, 2023 for certain blocks of in-force life-contingent payout fixed annuities. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Payout Annuities did not have any significant assumption updates. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Traditional Life had a favorable cash flow assumption impact from updates to mortality assumptions, partially offset by an unfavorable impact from updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Payout Annuities and Traditional Life did not have any significantly different actual experience compared to expected.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, Payout Annuities did not have any significant assumption updates. Traditional Life had an unfavorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to mortality and lapse assumptions resulting in lower projected premiums and benefits, and a corresponding increase in reserves. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Payout Annuities and Traditional Life did not have any significantly different actual experience compared to expected.

The following table summarizes the discounted and undiscounted expected future gross premiums and expected future benefit payments (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Undiscounted		Discounted		Undiscounted		Discounted
Payout Annuities
Expected future gross premiums	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
Expected future benefit payments	3,481		2,084		3,471		2,003
Traditional Life
Expected future gross premiums	13,406		9,341		13,166		8,887
Expected future benefit payments	13,404		9,637		13,026		9,086

The following table summarizes the gross premiums and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Payout Annuities
Gross premiums	$	116	$	133	$	95
Interest accretion	86		84		84
Traditional Life
Gross premiums	1,183		1,136		1,022
Interest accretion	128		117		113

The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Payout Annuities
Interest accretion rate	3.9	%	3.9	%
Current discount rate	4.9	%	5.3	%
Traditional Life
Interest accretion rate	5.0	%	5.0	%
Current discount rate	4.7	%	5.1	%

Liability for Future Claims

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in liability for future claims (in millions, except years):

	Group Protection
	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	5,462	$	5,936
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(597)		262
Beginning balance at original discount rate	6,059		5,674
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(27)		15
Effect of actual variances from expected
experience	(261)		(117)
Adjusted beginning-of-year balance	5,771		5,572
New incidence	1,702		1,777
Interest	159		141
Benefit payments	(1,453)		(1,431)
Ending balance at original discount rate	6,179		6,059
Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(490)		(597)
Balance as of end-of-year	5,689		5,462
Less: reinsurance recoverables	123		127
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	5,566	$	5,335
Weighted-average duration of liability for future
claims (years)	5		4

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had a favorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to long-term disability and life waiver claim termination rate assumptions, partially offset by unfavorable impacts from updates to long-term disability social security offset assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we experienced more favorable reported incidence and claim terminations than assumed.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had an unfavorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to the long-term disability incidence and severity assumptions, partially offset by favorable impacts from updates to the life waiver termination rate assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we experienced more favorable claim terminations than assumed.

The following table summarizes the discounted and undiscounted expected future benefit payments (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Undiscounted		Discounted		Undiscounted		Discounted
Group Protection
Expected future benefit payments	$	7,250	$	6,179	$	7,063	$	6,059

The following table summarizes the gross premiums and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Group Protection
Gross premiums	$	3,549	$	3,393	$	3,145
Interest accretion	159		141		145

The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Group Protection
Interest accretion rate	3.0	%	2.8	%
Current discount rate	4.7	%	5.1	%

Additional Liabilities for Other Insurance Benefits

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in additional liabilities for other insurance benefits (in millions, except years):

	UL and Other
	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	14,777	$	12,513
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in shadow
balance in AOCI	(905)		1,113
Balance as of beginning-of-year, excluding
shadow balance in AOCI	15,682		11,400
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	165		3,108
Effect of actual variances from expected
experience	(77)		195
Adjusted beginning-of-year balance	15,770		14,703
Issuances	–		7
Interest accrual	765		626
Net assessments collected	658		974
Benefit payments	(588)		(628)
Balance as of end-of-year, excluding
shadow balance in AOCI	16,605		15,682
Effect of cumulative changes in shadow
balance in AOCI	(853)		(905)
Balance as of end-of-year	15,752		14,777
Less: reinsurance recoverables (1)	9,505		1,975
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	6,247	$	12,802
Weighted-average duration of additional liabilities
for other insurance benefits (years)	17		17

(1) Increase in reinsurance recoverables driven by the reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re effective October 1, 2023 for certain blocks of in-force ULSG. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had an unfavorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review from updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions, partially offset by a favorable impact from updates to interest rate assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not have any significantly different actual experience compared to expected.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had an unfavorable cash flow assumption impact to net income (loss) attributable to the annual assumption review primarily from updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions related to UL products with secondary guarantees in the amount of 1.7 billion, net of reinsurance, after-tax, and to a lesser extent mortality and morbidity assumptions. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had unfavorable actual mortality experience compared to expected due to ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The following table summarizes the gross assessments and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
UL and Other
Gross assessments	$	1,221	$	2,818	$	3,150
Interest accretion	765		626		498

The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
UL and Other
Interest accretion rate	5.3	%	5.0	%

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Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

Details underlying short-term and long-term debt (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Short-Term Debt
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	50	$	—
Short-term debt (1)	790		562
Total short-term debt	$	840	$	562
Long-Term Debt, Excluding Current Portion
9.76% surplus note, due 2024	$	—	$	50
6.03% surplus note, due 2028	750		750
6.56% surplus note, due 2028	500		500
SOFR + 111 bps surplus note, due 2028	71		71
SOFR + 226 bps surplus note, due 2028	544		568
SOFR + 200 bps surplus note, due 2035	30		30
SOFR + 155 bps surplus note, due 2037	25		25
4.20% surplus note, due 2037	50		50
SOFR + 100 bps surplus note, due 2037	154		154
4.225% surplus note, due 2037	28		28
4.00% surplus note, due 2037	30		30
4.50% surplus note, due 2038	13		13
Total long-term debt	$	2,195	$	2,269

(1) The short-term debt represents short-term notes payable to LNC.

Effective July 1, 2023, we transitioned from LIBOR to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the reference rate for our variable-rate debt.

Future principal payments due on long-term debt (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

2024	$	50
2025	–
2026	–
2027	–
2028	1,865
Thereafter	330
Total	$	2,245

We issued a surplus note of $50 million to LNC in 1994. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before September 30, 2024, and interest to be paid semiannually at an annual rate of 9.76%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note on any March 31 or September 30.

We issued a surplus note of $500 million to LNC in 1998. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before March 31, 2028, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 6.56%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, LNC has the right to redeem the note for immediate repayment in total or in part once per year on the anniversary date of the note. Any payment of interest or repayment of principal may be paid only out of our statutory earnings, only if our statutory capital surplus exceeds our statutory capital as of the date of note issuance of $2.3 billion, and subject to approval by the Commissioner.

We issued a surplus note of $71 million to LNC in October 2013. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before September 24, 2028, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 111 bps. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a variable surplus note to a wholly-owned subsidiary of LNC in December 2013 with an initial outstanding principal amount of $287 million. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before October 1, 2028, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 226 bps. The outstanding principal amount as of December 31, 2023, was $544 million.

We issued a surplus note of $750 million to LNC in 1998. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before December 31, 2028, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 6.03%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, LNC has the right to redeem the note for immediate repayment in total or in part once per year on the anniversary date of the note. Any payment of interest or repayment of principal may be paid only out of our statutory earnings, only if our statutory capital surplus exceeds our statutory capital surplus as of the date of note issuance of $2.4 billion, and subject to approval by the Commissioner.

We issued a surplus note of $30 million to LNC in 2015. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before September 28, 2035, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 200 bps. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $25 million to LNC in July 2017. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before June 30, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 155 bps. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $50 million to LNC in October 2017. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before July 1, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 4.20%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $375 million to LNC in 2007. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before October 9, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of SOFR + 100 bps. The surplus note was amended in 2017 to include repayment terms stating subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest. The outstanding principal amount as of December 31, 2023, was $154 million due to executing our right to repay the surplus note in part to LNC.

We issued a surplus note of $13 million to LNC in 2018. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before June 30, 2038, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 4.50%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to

repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $28 million to LNC in 2019. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before October 9, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 4.225%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

We issued a surplus note of $30 million to LNC in 2020. The note calls for us to pay the principal amount of the note on or before October 9, 2037, and interest to be paid quarterly at an annual rate of 4.00%. Subject to approval by the Commissioner, we have the right to repay the note in whole or in part prior to the maturity date, if our statutory capital surplus exceeds the sum of our surplus at closing plus any accrued but unpaid interest.

Credit Facilities

Credit facilities, which allow for borrowing or issuances of letters of credit (“LOCs”), (in millions) were as follows:

		As of December 31, 2023
	Expiration Date	Maximum Available		LOCs Issued
Credit Facilities
Five-year revolving credit facility	December 21, 2028	$	2,000	$	116
LOC facility (1)	August 26, 2031	976		917
LOC facility (1)	October 1, 2031	859		859
Total		$	3,835	$	1,892

(1) Our wholly-owned subsidiaries entered into irrevocable LOC facility agreements with third-party lenders supporting inter-company reinsurance agreements.

On December 21, 2023, LNC entered into a second amended and restated credit agreement with a syndicate of banks, which amended and restated our existing five-year revolving amended and restated credit agreement. The credit agreement, which is unsecured, allows for the issuance of LOCs and borrowing of up to $2.0 billion and has a commitment termination date of December 21, 2028. The LOCs under the credit facility are used primarily to satisfy reserve credit requirements of (i) LNL and LNC’s other domestic insurance companies for which reserve credit is provided by our captive reinsurance subsidiaries and LNBAR and (ii) certain ceding companies of our legacy reinsurance business.

The credit agreement, as currently in effect, contains:

•Customary terms and conditions, including covenants restricting the ability of LNC and its subsidiaries to incur liens and the ability of LNC to merge or consolidate with another entity where it is not the surviving entity and dispose of all or substantially all of its assets;

•Financial covenants including maintenance by LNC of a minimum consolidated net worth equal to the sum of $8.626 billion plus 50% of the aggregate net proceeds of equity issuances received by LNC or any of its subsidiaries after September 30, 2023, all as more fully set forth in the agreement; and a debt-to-capital ratio as defined in accordance with the agreement not to exceed 0.35 to 1.00;

•A cap on LNC’s secured non-operating indebtedness and non-operating indebtedness of LNC’s subsidiaries equal to 7.5% of total capitalization, as defined in accordance with the agreement; and

•Customary events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods for certain of those events of default.

Upon an event of default, the credit facility agreement, as currently in effect, provides that, among other things, the commitments may be terminated and the loans then outstanding may be declared due and payable. As of December 31, 2023, LNC was in compliance with all such covenants.

Our LOC facility agreements each contain customary terms and conditions, including early termination fees, covenants restricting the ability of the subsidiaries to incur liens, merge or consolidate with another entity and dispose of all or substantially all of their assets. Upon an event of early termination, the agreements require the immediate payment of all or a portion of the present value of the future LOC fees that would have otherwise been paid. Further, the agreements contain customary events of default, subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods for certain of those events of default. The events of default include payment defaults, covenant defaults, material inaccuracies in representations and warranties, bankruptcy and liquidation proceedings and other customary defaults. Upon an event of default, the agreements provide that, among other things, obligations to issue, amend or increase the amount of any

LOC shall be terminated and any obligations shall become immediately due and payable. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	82,300	$	82,300	$	99,465	$	99,465
Trading securities	2,321		2,321		3,446		3,446
Equity securities	306		306		427		427
Mortgage loans on real estate	18,873		17,330		18,211		16,477
Derivative investments	6,305		6,305		3,519		3,519
Other investments	4,757		4,757		3,577		3,577
Cash and invested cash	3,193		3,193		2,499		2,499
MRB assets	3,894		3,894		2,807		2,807
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	274		274		540		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	940		940		525		525
LPR ceded derivative	206		206		212		212
Separate account assets	158,257		158,257		143,536		143,536
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances:
Account balances of certain investment contracts	(44,615)		(34,020)		(43,550)		(34,251)
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL contracts	(9,077)		(9,077)		(4,783)		(4,783)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities – reinsurance-related
embedded derivatives	493		493		681		681
MRB liabilities	(1,716)		(1,716)		(2,078)		(2,078)
Short-term debt	(840)		(841)		(562)		(562)
Long-term debt	(2,195)		(2,125)		(2,269)		(2,166)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	(1,149)		(1,149)		(246)		(246)
Derivative liabilities	(356)		(356)		(254)		(254)
Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts	(411)		(411)		(574)		(574)

Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs for Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

The following discussion outlines the methodologies and assumptions used to determine the fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Considerable judgment is required to develop these assumptions used to measure fair value. Accordingly, the estimates shown are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a one-time, current market exchange of all of our financial instruments.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The fair value of mortgage loans on real estate, excluding mortgage loans accounted for using the fair value option, is established using a discounted cash flow method based on credit rating, maturity and future income. The ratings for mortgages in good standing are based on property type, location, market conditions, occupancy, debt-service coverage, loan-to-value, quality of tenancy, borrower and payment record. The fair value for impaired mortgage loans is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our mortgage loans on real estate, excluding mortgage loans accounted for using the fair value option, are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Investments

The carrying value of our assets classified as other investments, excluding short-term investments, approximates fair value. Other investments includes primarily LPs and other privately held investments that are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and the carrying value is based on our proportional share of the net assets of the LPs. Other investments also includes FHLB stock carried at cost and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our LPs, other privately held investments and FHLB stock are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The remaining assets in other investments include cash collateral receivables and securities that are not LPs or other privately held investments. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these assets are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Separate Account Assets

Separate account assets are primarily carried at fair value.  A portion of our separate account assets includes LPs, which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The carrying value is based on our proportional share of the net assets of the LPs and approximates fair value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of the separate account asset LPs are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Policyholder Account Balances

Policyholder account balances include account balances of certain investment contracts. The fair value of the account balances of certain investment contracts is based on their approximate surrender value as of the balance sheet date. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these policyholder account balances are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities include remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts. The fair value for the remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts is estimated using discounted cash flow calculations as of the balance sheet date. These calculations are based on interest rates currently offered on similar contracts with maturities that are consistent with those remaining for the contracts being valued. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts carrying value approximated fair value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these other liabilities are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

The fair value of short-term and long-term debt is based on quoted market prices. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our short-term and long-term debt are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value Option

Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance for credit losses, as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, includes mortgage loans on real estate for which the fair value option was elected. The fair value option allows us to elect fair value as an alternative measurement for mortgage loans not otherwise reported at fair value. We have made these elections for certain mortgage loans associated with modified coinsurance agreements to help mitigate the inconsistency in earnings that would otherwise result from the use of embedded derivatives included with these loans. Changes in fair value are reflected in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk are estimated using changes in credit spreads

and quality ratings for the period reported. Mortgage loans on real estate for which the fair value option was elected are valued using third-party pricing services. We have procedures in place to review the valuations each quarter to ensure they are reasonable, including utilizing a separate third party to reperform the valuation for a selection of mortgage loans on an annual basis. Due to lack of observable inputs, mortgage loans electing the fair value option are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value and aggregate contractual principal for mortgage loans on real estate where the fair value option was elected (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fair value	$	288	$	487
Aggregate contractual principal	326		514

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no loans for which the fair value option was elected were in non-accrual status, and none were more than 90 days past due and still accruing interest.

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

We did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

The following summarizes our financial instruments carried at fair value (in millions) on a recurring basis by the fair value hierarchy levels:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Quoted
	Prices
	in Active
	Markets for		Significant		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	–	$	57,397	$	6,469	$	63,866
U.S. government bonds	373		20		–		393
State and municipal bonds	–		2,537		5		2,542
Foreign government bonds	–		278		–		278
RMBS	–		1,589		13		1,602
CMBS	–		1,336		8		1,344
ABS	–		10,559		1,484		12,043
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	46		138		48		232
Trading securities	–		2,037		284		2,321
Equity securities	1		263		42		306
Mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		288		288
Derivative investments (1)	–		10,705		622		11,327
Other investments – short-term investments	–		233		–		233
Cash and invested cash	–		3,193		–		3,193
MRB assets	–		–		3,894		3,894
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		274		274
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	–		–		940		940
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		206		206
Separate account assets	402		157,855		–		158,257
Total assets	$	822	$	248,140	$	14,577	$	263,539
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances – RILA, fixed annuity
and IUL contracts	$	–	$	–	$	(9,077)	$	(9,077)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities –
reinsurance-related embedded derivatives	–		493		–		493
MRB liabilities	–		–		(1,716)		(1,716)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		(1,149)		(1,149)
Derivative liabilities (1)	–		(4,792)		(586)		(5,378)
Total liabilities	$	–	$	(4,299)	$	(12,528)	$	(16,827)

	As of December 31, 2022
	Quoted
	Prices
	in Active
	Markets for		Significant		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	–	$	73,980	$	5,186	$	79,166
U.S. government bonds	332		19		–		351
State and municipal bonds	–		4,850		35		4,885
Foreign government bonds	–		311		–		311
RMBS	–		1,835		1		1,836
CMBS	–		1,667		–		1,667
ABS	–		9,782		1,117		10,899
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	40		261		49		350
Trading securities	–		2,865		581		3,446
Equity securities	–		274		153		427
Mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		487		487
Derivative investments (1)	–		5,929		605		6,534
Other investments – short-term investments	–		30		–		30
Cash and invested cash	–		2,499		–		2,499
MRB assets	–		–		2,807		2,807
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		540		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	–		–		525		525
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		212		212
Separate account assets	412		143,124		–		143,536
Total assets	$	784	$	247,426	$	12,298	$	260,508
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances – indexed annuity
and IUL contracts embedded derivatives	$	–	$	–	$	(4,783)	$	(4,783)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities –
reinsurance-related embedded derivatives	–		681		–		681
MRB liabilities	–		–		(2,078)		(2,078)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		(246)		(246)
Derivative liabilities (1)	–		(2,666)		(603)		(3,269)
Total liabilities	$	–	$	(1,985)	$	(7,710)	$	(9,695)

(1) Derivative investment assets and liabilities are presented within the fair value hierarchy on a gross basis by derivative type and not

on a master netting basis by counterparty.
 

The following summarizes changes to our financial instruments carried at fair value (in millions) and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The gains and losses below may include changes in fair value due in part to observable inputs that are a component of the valuation methodology. The summary schedule excludes changes to MRB assets and MRB liabilities as these balances are rolled forward in Note 10.

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	5,186	$	(17)	$	28	$	1,284	$	(12)	$	6,469
State and municipal bonds	35		(4)		4		(30)		–		5
RMBS	1		–		–		5		7		13
CMBS	–		–		–		(4)		12		8
ABS	1,117		–		9		733		(375)		1,484
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	49		–		(2)		(2)		3		48
Trading securities	581		17		–		(313)		(1)		284
Equity securities	153		(19)		–		(98)		6		42
Mortgage loans on real estate	487		(7)		5		(197)		–		288
Derivative investments	2		(13)		–		16		31		36
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	540		(266)		–		–		–		274
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	525		6		–		409		–		940
LPR ceded derivative (5)	212		(6)		–		–		–		206
Policyholder account balances –
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL
contracts (4)	(4,783)		(3,193)		–		(1,101)		–		(9,077)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	(246)		(903)		–		–		–		(1,149)
Total, net	$	3,859	$	(4,405)	$	44	$	702	$	(329)	$	(129)

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	8,801	$	1	$	(1,542)	$	592	$	(2,666)	$	5,186
State and municipal bonds	–		–		(1)		–		36		35
Foreign government bonds	41		–		(6)		(30)		(5)		–
RMBS	3		–		1		21		(24)		1
CMBS	–		–		–		17		(17)		–
ABS	870		–		(113)		676		(316)		1,117
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	90		(4)		(21)		(12)		(4)		49
Trading securities	828		(80)		–		(152)		(15)		581
Equity securities	91		52		–		25		(15)		153
Mortgage loans on real estate	739		(20)		(5)		(227)		–		487
Derivative investments	21		2		(6)		–		(15)		2
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	4,114		(3,574)		–		–		–		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	528		(215)		–		212		–		525
LPR ceded derivative (5)	318		(106)		–		–		–		212
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives (4)	(6,131)		1,975		–		(627)		–		(4,783)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	(17)		(229)		–		–		–		(246)
Total, net	$	10,296	$	(2,198)	$	(1,693)	$	495	$	(3,041)	$	3,859

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	7,761	$	3	$	(182)	$	1,189	$	30	$	8,801
U.S. government bonds	5		–		–		(5)		–		–
Foreign government bonds	74		–		(11)		80		(102)		41
RMBS	2		–		–		2		(1)		3
CMBS	1		(1)		–		8		(8)		–
ABS	570		1		(9)		602		(294)		870
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	103		–		25		(38)		–		90
Trading securities	643		(3)		–		210		(22)		828
Equity securities	57		38		–		(4)		–		91
Mortgage loans on real estate	832		11		5		(109)		–		739
Derivative investments	1,542		1,255		(3)		(139)		(2,634)		21
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	6,539		(2,425)		–		–		–		4,114
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	550		87		–		(109)		–		528
LPR ceded derivative (5)	–		–		–		–		318		318
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives (4)	(3,594)		(2,709)		–		172		–		(6,131)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	–		(17)		–		–		–		(17)
Total, net	$	15,085	$	(3,760)	$	(175)	$	1,859	$	(2,713)	$	10,296

(1) The changes in fair value of the interest rate swaps are offset by an adjustment to derivative investments (see Note 6).

(2) Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are included in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Gains (losses) from sales, maturities, settlements and calls and credit loss expense are included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(3) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in market risk benefit gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(4) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(5) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The following provides the components of the items included in issuances, sales, maturities, settlements and calls, net, (in millions) as reported above:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	2,035	$	(334)	$	(34)	$	(372)	$	(11)	$	1,284
State and municipal bonds	–		(30)		–		–		–		(30)
RMBS	5		–		–		–		–		5
CMBS	–		–		–		(4)		–		(4)
ABS	971		(2)		–		(230)		(6)		733
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	–		–		–		–		(2)		(2)
Trading securities	–		(231)		–		(82)		–		(313)
Equity securities	1		(99)		–		–		–		(98)
Mortgage loans on real estate	5		–		–		(202)		–		(197)
Derivative investments	19		–		(3)		–		–		16
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	404		–		–		5		–		409
Policyholder account balances –
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL
contracts	(1,113)		–		–		12		–		(1,101)
Total, net	$	2,327	$	(696)	$	(37)	$	(873)	$	(19)	$	702

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,335	$	(398)	$	(81)	$	(231)	$	(33)	$	592
Foreign government bonds	–		–		(30)		–		–		(30)
RMBS	21		–		–		–		–		21
CMBS	17		–		–		–		–		17
ABS	918		–		–		(235)		(7)		676
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	–		–		–		–		(12)		(12)
Trading securities	287		(229)		–		(210)		–		(152)
Equity securities	34		(9)		–		–		–		25
Mortgage loans on real estate	15		–		–		(242)		–		(227)
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	124		–		–		88		–		212
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives	(710)		–		–		83		–		(627)
Total, net	$	2,041	$	(636)	$	(111)	$	(747)	$	(52)	$	495

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,861	$	(110)	$	(109)	$	(423)	$	(30)	$	1,189
U.S. government bonds	–		–		(5)		–		–		(5)
Foreign government bonds	80		–		–		–		–		80
RMBS	2		–		–		–		–		2
CMBS	8		–		–		–		–		8
ABS	835		–		–		(233)		–		602
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	12		(20)		–		–		(30)		(38)
Trading securities	383		(25)		–		(148)		–		210
Equity securities	6		(10)		–		–		–		(4)
Mortgage loans on real estate	96		(101)		(26)		(78)		–		(109)
Derivative investments	174		(124)		(189)		–		–		(139)
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	55		–		–		(164)		–		(109)
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives	(400)		–		–		572		–		172
Total, net	3,112		(390)		(329)		(474)		(60)		1,859

The following summarizes changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income related to financial instruments carried at fair value classified within Level 3 that we still held (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Trading securities (1)	$	8	$	(81)	$	4
Equity securities (1)	(16)		54		40
Mortgage loans on real estate (1)	(8)		(20)		12
Derivative investments (1)	1		2		1,051
MRBs (2)	1,071		(359)		1,530
Other assets – LPR ceded derivative (3)	(6)		(106)		–
Embedded derivatives - indexed annuity
and IUL contracts (1)	(20)		(95)		44
Total, net	$	1,030	$	(605)	$	2,681

(1) Included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) Included in market risk benefit gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(3) Included in benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The following summarizes changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net of tax, related to financial instruments carried at fair value classified within Level 3 that we still held (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	7	$	(1,553)	$	(183)
State and municipal bonds	3		(1)		–
Foreign government bonds	–		(7)		(10)
ABS	3		(115)		(9)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	(1)		(21)		26
Mortgage loans on real estate	4		(5)		4
Total, net	$	16	$	(1,702)	$	(172)

The following provides the components of the transfers into and out of Level 3 (in millions) as reported above:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	194	$	(206)	$	(12)
RMBS	12		(5)		7
CMBS	12		–		12
ABS	2		(377)		(375)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	16		(13)		3
Trading securities	6		(7)		(1)
Equity securities	6		–		6
Derivative investments	31		–		31
Total, net	$	279	$	(608)	$	(329)

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	296	$	(2,962)	$	(2,666)
State and municipal bonds	36		–		36
Foreign government bonds	–		(5)		(5)
RMBS	–		(24)		(24)
CMBS	–		(17)		(17)
ABS	16		(332)		(316)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	–		(4)		(4)
Trading securities	4		(19)		(15)
Equity securities	–		(15)		(15)
Derivative investments	–		(15)		(15)
Total, net	$	352	$	(3,393)	$	(3,041)

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	164	$	(134)	$	30
Foreign government bonds	–		(102)		(102)
RMBS	–		(1)		(1)
CMBS	–		(8)		(8)
ABS	36		(330)		(294)
Trading securities	12		(34)		(22)
Derivative investments	24		(2,658)		(2,634)
Other assets – LPR ceded derivative	318		–		318
Total, net	$	554	$	(3,267)	$	(2,713)

Transfers into and out of Level 3 are generally the result of observable market information on financial instruments no longer being available or becoming available to our pricing vendors. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, transfers in and out of Level 3 were attributable primarily to the financial instruments’ observable market information no longer being available or becoming available. In 2022,transfers out of Level 3 included corporate bonds and ABS for which we changed valuation techniques. This change in valuation technique was primarily from a change to a third-party-provided pricing model that did not use significant unobservable inputs. In 2021, transfers out of Level 3 included derivative instruments for which we changed valuation techniques. This change in valuation technique was primarily from unobservable inputs in counterparty models to a mathematical model provided by a third party. These updated valuation techniques are considered industry standard and provide us with greater visibility into the economic valuation inputs.

The following summarizes the fair value (in millions), valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs of the Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2023:

										Weighted
	Fair		Valuation	Significant	Assumption or					Average Input
	Value		Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Input Ranges					Range (1)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS and
trading securities:
Corporate bonds	$	183	Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	(0.2)	%	–	3.7	%	2.1	%
State and municipal
bonds	5		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	0.9	%	–	2.2	%	2.1	%
CMBS	8		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	2.3	%	–	2.3	%	2.3	%
ABS	12		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.8	%	–	1.8	%	1.8	%
Hybrid and redeemable
preferred securities	7		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.4	%	–	1.5	%	1.5	%
Equity securities	5		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	4.5	%	–	4.5	%	4.5	%
MRB assets	3,894
Other assets – ceded MRBs	274		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.78	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	29	%	13.92	%
Other assets – indexed
annuity ceded embedded
derivatives	940		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Other assets – LPR ceded
derivative	206		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0.1	%	–	2.00	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.58	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Liabilities
Policyholder account
balances – indexed annuity
contracts embedded
derivatives	$	(9,013)	Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
MRB liabilities	(1,716)
Other liabilities – ceded
MRBs	(1,149)		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.78	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	29	%	13.92	%

The following summarizes the fair value (in millions), valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs of the Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2022:

										Weighted
	Fair		Valuation	Significant	Assumption or					Average Input
	Value		Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Input Ranges					Range (1)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS and
trading securities:
Corporate bonds	$	201	Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	(0.2)	%	–	4.2	%	2.1	%
State and municipal
bonds	35		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.2	%	–	2.4	%	2.3	%
ABS	15		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.4	%	–	1.4	%	1.4	%
Hybrid and redeemable
preferred securities	3		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.5	%	–	1.5	%	1.5	%
Equity securities	4		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	4.5	%	–	4.5	%	4.5	%
MRB assets	2,807
Other assets – ceded MRBs	540		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.73	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	28	%	14.47	%
Other assets – indexed
annuity ceded embedded
derivatives	525		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Other assets – LPR ceded
derivative	212		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	1.55	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.75	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Liabilities
Policyholder account
balances – indexed annuity
contracts embedded
derivatives	$	(4,845)	Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
MRB liabilities	(2,078)
Other liabilities – ceded
MRBs	(246)		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.73	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	28	%	14.47	%

(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments, unless otherwise noted.

(2) The liquidity/duration adjustment input represents an estimated market participant composite of adjustments attributable to liquidity premiums, expected durations, structures and credit quality that would be applied to the market observable information of an investment.

(3) The lapse input represents the estimated probability of a contract surrendering during a year, and thereby forgoing any future

benefits. The range for indexed annuity contracts represents the lapses during the surrender charge period.

(4) The utilization of GLB withdrawals input represents the estimated percentage of policyholders that utilize the GLB withdrawal riders.

(5) The utilization factors are applied to the present value of claims or premiums, as appropriate, in the MRB calculation to estimate the

impact of inefficient GLB withdrawal behavior, including taking less than or more than the maximum GLB withdrawal.

(6) The non-performance risk input represents the estimated additional credit spread that market participants would apply to the market

observable discount rate when pricing a contract. The non-performance risk input was weighted by the absolute value of the sensitivity of the reserve to the non-performance risk assumption. The non-performance risk input for LPR ceded derivative was weighted using a simple average.

(7) The mortality input represents the estimated probability of when an individual belonging to a particular group, categorized according

to age or some other factor such as gender, will die.

(8) The volatility input represents overall volatilities assumed for the underlying variable annuity funds, which include a mixture of equity

and fixed-income assets. Volatility assumptions vary by fund due to the benchmarking of different indices. The volatility input was

weighted by the relative account balance assigned to each index.

(9) The mortality is based on a combination of company and industry experience, adjusted for improvement factors.

(10) A weighted average input range is not a meaningful measurement for lapse, utilization factors or mortality.

From the table above, we have excluded Level 3 fair value measurements obtained from independent, third-party pricing sources. We do not develop the significant inputs used to measure the fair value of these assets and liabilities, and the information regarding the significant inputs is not readily available to us. Independent broker-quoted fair values are non-binding quotes developed by market makers or broker-dealers obtained from third-party sources recognized as market participants. The fair value of a broker-quoted asset or liability is based solely on the receipt of an updated quote from a single market maker or a broker-dealer recognized as a market participant as we do not adjust broker quotes when used as the fair value measurement for an asset or liability. Significant increases or decreases in any of the quotes received from a third-party broker-dealer may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.

Changes in any of the significant inputs presented in the table above would have resulted in a significant change in the fair value measurement of the asset or liability as follows:

• Investments – An increase in the liquidity/duration adjustment input would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

•Indexed annuity contracts embedded derivatives – For direct embedded derivatives, an increase in the lapse or mortality inputs would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

•LPR ceded derivative – Assuming our LPR ceded derivative is in an asset position: an increase in our lapse, non-performance risk or mortality inputs would have resulted in an increase in the fair value measurement.

•MRBs – Assuming our MRBs are in a liability position: an increase in our lapse, non-performance risk or mortality inputs would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement, except for policies with GDB riders only, in which case an increase in mortality inputs would have resulted in an increase in the fair value measurement.

For each category discussed above, the unobservable inputs are not inter-related; therefore, a directional change in one input would not have affected the other inputs.

As part of our ongoing valuation process, we assess the reasonableness of our valuation techniques or models and make adjustments as necessary. For more information, see Note 1.

•Investments – An increase in the liquidity/duration adjustment input would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

•Indexed annuity contracts embedded derivatives – For direct embedded derivatives, an increase in the lapse or mortality inputs would have resulted in a decrease in the fair value measurement.

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Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans

Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans

Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

We maintain defined benefit pension plans in which certain agents are participants. These defined benefit pension plans are closed to new entrants and existing participants do not accrue any additional benefits. We comply with applicable minimum funding requirements. In accordance with such practice, we were not required to make contributions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We do not expect to be required to make any contributions to these pension plans in 2024. We sponsor other postretirement benefit plans that provide health care and life insurance to certain retired agents. Total net periodic cost (recovery) for these plans was $2 million, $(2) million and $1 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which was reported within commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). In 2024, we expect the plans to make benefit payments of approximately $9 million.

Information (in millions) with respect to these plans was as follows:

	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
					Other Postretirement
	Pension Plans				Benefit Plans
Fair value of plan assets	$	71	$	77	$	10	$	9
Projected benefit obligation	77		82		6		6
Funded status	$	(6)	$	(5)	$	4	$	3
Amounts Recognized on the
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Other assets	$	–	$	–	$	4	$	3
Other liabilities	(6)		(5)		–		–
Net amount recognized	$	(6)	$	(5)	$	4	$	3
Weighted-Average Assumptions
Benefit obligations:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.44%		5.66%		5.45%		5.70%
Net periodic benefit cost:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.62%		3.07%		5.70%		3.73%
Expected return on plan assets	6.00%		5.00%		6.50%		6.50%

The weighted average discount rate was determined based on a corporate yield curve as of December 31, 2023, and projected benefit obligation cash flows. The expected return on plan assets was determined based on historical and expected future returns of the various asset categories, using the plans’ target plan allocation. We reevaluate these assumptions each plan year.

The following summarizes our fair value measurements of our benefit plans’ assets (in millions) on a recurring basis by asset category:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate bonds	$	23	$	33
U.S. government bonds	22		17
CMBS	2		2
Common stock	21		22
Cash and invested cash	3		3
Other investments	10		9
Total	$	81	$	86

Participation in Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

We participate in defined benefit pension plans that are sponsored by LNC for certain employees and non-employee directors. These defined benefit pension plans are closed to new entrants, and existing participants do not accrue any additional benefits. We also participate in other postretirement benefit plans sponsored by LNC that provide health care and life insurance to certain retired employees. Our expense (benefit) for these plans was $1 million, $(35) million and $(28) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Defined Contribution Plans

We sponsor tax-qualified defined contribution plans for eligible agents that are administered in accordance with the plan documents and various limitations under section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. We also participate in defined contribution plans sponsored by LNC for eligible employees. Our expense for these plans was $114 million, $99 million and $104 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Deferred Compensation Plans

We sponsor non-qualified, unfunded, deferred compensation plans for certain current and former agents. Certain current employees participate in non-qualified, unfunded, deferred compensation plans sponsored by LNC. The results of certain notional investment options within some of the plans are hedged by total return swaps. Our expenses increase or decrease in direct proportion to the change in market value of the participants’ investment options. Participants of certain plans are able to select LNC stock as a notional investment option; however, it is not hedged by the total return swaps and is a primary source of expense volatility related to these plans. Our expense for these plans was $22 million, $12 million and $18 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For further discussion of total return swaps related to our deferred compensation plans, see Note 6.

Information (in millions) with respect to these plans was as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Total liabilities (1)	$	695	$	623
Investments dedicated to fund liabilities (2)	233		206

(1) Reported in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plans

Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plans

Our employees and agents are included in LNC’s various stock-based incentive compensation plans that provide for the issuance of stock options, performance shares and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), among other types of awards. LNC issues new shares to satisfy option exercises and vested performance shares and RSUs.

Total compensation expense (in millions) by award type for stock-based incentive compensation plans was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Stock options	$	7	$	6	$	8
Performance shares	12		9		17
RSUs	40		33		33
Total	$	59	$	48	$	58
Recognized tax benefit	$	9	$	11	$	12

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Contingencies and Commitments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Contingencies and Commitments

Contingencies and Commitments

Contingencies

Reinsurance Disputes

Certain reinsurers have sought rate increases on certain yearly renewable term agreements. We are disputing the requested rate increases under these agreements. We may initiate legal proceedings, as necessary, under these agreements in order to protect our contractual rights. Additionally, reinsurers have initiated, and may in the future initiate, legal proceedings against us. While this may impact the Life Insurance segment, we believe it is unlikely the outcome of these disputes would have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Regulatory and Litigation Matters

Regulatory bodies, such as state insurance departments, the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and other regulatory bodies regularly make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations concerning our compliance with, among other things, insurance laws, securities laws, laws governing the activities of broker-dealers, registered investment advisers and unclaimed property laws.

LNL and its affiliates are involved in various pending or threatened legal or regulatory proceedings, including purported class actions, arising from the conduct of business both in the ordinary course and otherwise. In some of the matters, very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Modern pleading practice in the U.S. permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages or other relief. Jurisdictions may permit claimants not to specify the monetary damages sought or may permit claimants to state only that the amount sought is sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court. In addition, jurisdictions may permit plaintiffs to allege monetary damages in amounts well exceeding verdicts obtained in the jurisdiction for similar matters. This variability in pleadings, together with the actual experiences of LNL in litigating or resolving through settlement numerous claims over an extended period of time, demonstrates to management that the monetary relief which may be specified in a lawsuit or claim bears little relevance to its merits or disposition value.

Due to the unpredictable nature of litigation, the outcome of a litigation matter and the amount or range of potential loss at particular points in time is normally difficult to ascertain. Uncertainties can include how fact finders will evaluate documentary evidence and the credibility and effectiveness of witness testimony, and how trial and appellate courts will apply the law in the context of the pleadings or evidence presented, whether by motion practice, or at trial or on appeal. Disposition valuations are also subject to the uncertainty of how opposing parties and their counsel will themselves view the relevant evidence and applicable law.

We establish liabilities for litigation and regulatory loss contingencies when information related to the loss contingencies shows both that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. It is possible that some matters could require us to pay damages or make other expenditures or establish accruals in amounts that could not be estimated as of December 31, 2023.

For some matters, the Company is able to estimate a reasonably possible range of loss. For such matters in which a loss is probable, an accrual has been made. For such matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable, no accrual has been made. Accordingly, the estimate contained in this paragraph reflects two types of matters. For some matters included within this estimate, an accrual has been made, but there is a reasonable possibility that an exposure exists in excess of the amount accrued. In these cases, the estimate reflects the reasonably possible range of loss in excess of the accrued amount. For other matters included within this estimation, no accrual has been made because a loss, while potentially estimable, is believed to be reasonably possible but not probable. In these cases, the estimate reflects the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. As of December 31, 2023, we estimate the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, including amounts in excess of amounts accrued for these matters as of such date, to be up to approximately $190 million, after-tax. Any estimate is not an indication of expected loss, if any, or of the Company’s maximum possible loss exposure on such matters.

For other matters, we are not currently able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. We are often unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss until developments in such matters have provided sufficient information to support an assessment of the range of possible loss, such as quantification of a damage demand from plaintiffs, discovery from other parties and investigation of factual allegations, rulings by the court on motions or appeals, analysis by experts and the progress of settlement negotiations. On a quarterly and annual basis, we review relevant information with respect to litigation contingencies and update our accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible losses or ranges of loss based on such reviews.

Among other matters, we are presently engaged in litigation, including relating to cost of insurance rates (“Cost of Insurance and Other Litigation”), as described below. No accrual has been made for some of these matters. Although a loss is believed to be reasonably possible for these matters, for some of these matters, we are not able to estimate a reasonably possible amount or range of potential

liability. An adverse outcome in one or more of these matters may have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements, but, based on information currently known, management does not believe those cases are likely to have such an impact.

Cost of Insurance and Other Litigation

Cost of Insurance Litigation

Glover v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut, No. 3:16-cv-00827, is a putative class action that was served on LNL on June 8, 2016. Plaintiff is the owner of a universal life insurance policy who alleges that LNL charged more for non-guaranteed cost of insurance than permitted by the policy. Plaintiff seeks to represent all universal life and variable universal life policyholders who owned policies containing non-guaranteed cost of insurance provisions that are similar to those of plaintiff’s policy and seeks damages on behalf of all such policyholders. On January 11, 2019, the court dismissed plaintiff’s complaint in its entirety. In response, plaintiff filed a motion for leave to amend the complaint, which, on September 25, 2023, the court granted in part and denied in part. Plaintiff filed an amended complaint on October 10, 2023. On March 7, 2024, the parties entered into a settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval. The provisional settlement encompasses policies that are at issue in the Glover case, which also includes all policies in the lawsuits captioned TVPX ARS INC., as Securities Intermediary for Consolidated Wealth Management, LTD. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and Vida Longevity Fund, LP v. Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York, both of which are described below, and one additional case to which an affiliate of LNL is a party, Iwanski v. First Penn-Pacific Life Insurance Company, which has been previously disclosed by our parent company, LNC. The Glover plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of the provisional settlement was filed on March 8, 2024. The provisional settlement, which is subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of a $147.5 million pre-tax cash payment for Glover class members (inclusive of all policyholders in TVPX ARS INC., Vida and Iwanski).

EFG Bank AG, Cayman Branch, et al. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, No. 2:17-cv-02592, is a civil action filed on February 1, 2017. Plaintiffs own universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts when it increased non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2016. We are vigorously defending this matter.

In re: Lincoln National COI Litigation, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Case No. 2:16-cv-06605-GJP, is a consolidated litigation matter related to multiple putative class action cases that were consolidated by an order dated March 20, 2017. Plaintiffs purport to own certain universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL and LNC breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts by increasing non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2016. Plaintiffs sought to represent classes of policyowners and sought damages on their behalf. On August 9, 2022, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. The parties participated in a mediation on December 13, 2022, and subsequently reached a settlement. On January 26, 2023, the parties informed the presiding judge of a class settlement in this action, subject to final documentation and court approval. On March 24, 2023, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of the class settlement, which was granted by the court on June 14, 2023. The provisional settlement, which was subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consisted of $117.75 million in pre-tax cash (in the aggregate for both this litigation and the In re: Lincoln National 2017 COI Rate Litigation matter discussed immediately below) and a five-year cost of insurance rate freeze, among other terms. After certain policyholders timely opted out or otherwise excluded themselves from the settlement class with respect to certain policies, the pre-tax cash settlement fund was reduced to $109.96 million. The court granted final approval of the settlement on October 5, 2023. On December 27, 2023, the court ordered that supplemental notice of the class settlement be mailed to a small percentage of settlement class members who had not been sent the initial class notice. Those policyholders own policies representing less than 0.14% of the total of all Policy Claim Amounts (as defined in the parties’ settlement agreement) and have until 45 days after the completion of supplemental notice to object to or opt out of the settlement. Certain of the policyholders who did not participate in the settlement are plaintiffs in Brighton Trustees, LLC, et al. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and Ryan K. Crayne, on behalf of and as a trustee for Carlton Peak Trust v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company discussed further below. The remaining policyholders who are not participants in the settlement may bring individual actions in the future to the extent they have not already done so.

In re: Lincoln National 2017 COI Rate Litigation, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Case No. 2:17-cv-04150, is a consolidated litigation matter related to multiple putative class action cases that were consolidated by an order dated March 28, 2018. Plaintiffs purport to own certain universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL and LNC breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts by increasing non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2017. Plaintiffs sought to represent classes of policyholders and sought damages on their behalf. On August 9, 2022, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. The parties participated in a mediation on December 13, 2022, and subsequently reached a settlement. On January 26, 2023, the parties informed the presiding judge of a class settlement in this action, subject to final documentation and court approval. On March 24, 2023, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of the class settlement, which was granted by the court on June 14, 2023. The provisional settlement, which was subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of $117.75 million in pre-tax cash (in the aggregate for both this litigation and the In re: Lincoln National COI Litigation matter discussed immediately above) and a five-year cost of insurance rate freeze, among other terms. After certain policyholders timely opted out or otherwise excluded themselves from the settlement class with respect to certain policies, the pre-tax cash settlement fund was reduced to $109.96 million. The court granted final approval of the settlement on October 5, 2023. On December 27, 2023, the court ordered that supplemental notice of the class settlement be mailed to a small percentage of settlement class members who had not been sent the initial class notice. Those policyholders own policies representing less than 0.14% of the total of all Policy Claim Amounts (as defined in the parties’ settlement agreement) and have until 45 days after the completion of supplemental notice to object to or opt out of the settlement. Certain of the policyholders who did not participate in the settlement are plaintiffs in Brighton Trustees, LLC, et al. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and Ryan K. Crayne, on behalf of and as a trustee for Carlton Peak Trust v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company discussed further below. The remaining policyholders who are not participants in the settlement may bring individual actions in the future to the extent they have not already done so.

TVPX ARS INC., as Securities Intermediary for Consolidated Wealth Management, LTD. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, No. 2:18-cv-02989, is a putative class action that was filed on July 17, 2018. Plaintiff alleges that LNL charged more for non-guaranteed cost of insurance than permitted by the policy. Plaintiff seeks to represent all universal life and variable universal life policyholders who own policies issued by LNL or its predecessors containing non-guaranteed cost of insurance provisions that are similar to those of Plaintiff’s policy and seeks damages on behalf of all such policyholders. On March 7, 2024, the parties in Glover v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (discussed above) entered into a settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval. The provisional settlement encompasses policies that are at issue in this case, as the Glover case is inclusive of all policies in this case, as well as in the lawsuit captioned Vida Longevity Fund, LP v. Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York (discussed below), and one additional case to which an affiliate of LNL is a party, Iwanski v. First Penn-Pacific Life Insurance Company, which has been previously disclosed by our parent company, LNC. The Glover plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of the provisional settlement was filed on March 8, 2024. The provisional settlement, which is subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of a $147.5 million pre-tax cash payment for Glover class members (inclusive of all policyholders in TVPX ARS INC., Vida and Iwanski). A motion has been filed to stay the proceedings in this matter (as well as the Iwanski matter) pending the completion of the settlement approval process in Glover.

LSH Co. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as securities intermediary for LSH Co. v. Lincoln National Corporation and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, No. 2:18-cv-05529, is a civil action filed on December 21, 2018. Plaintiffs own universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL and LNC breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts when LNL increased non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates in 2016 and 2017. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Vida Longevity Fund, LP v. Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, No. 1:19-cv-06004, is a putative class action that was filed on June 27, 2019. Plaintiff alleges that LLANY charged more for non-guaranteed cost of insurance than was permitted by the policies. On March 31, 2022, the court issued an order granting plaintiff’s motion for class certification and certified a class of all current or former owners of six universal life insurance products issued by LLANY that were assessed a cost of insurance charge any time on or after June 27, 2013. Plaintiff seeks damages on behalf of the class. On April 19, 2023, LLANY filed a motion for summary judgment. On March 7, 2024, the parties in Glover v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (discussed above) entered into a settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval. The provisional settlement encompasses policies that are at issue in this case, as the Glover case is inclusive of all policies in this case, as well as in the lawsuit captioned TVPX ARS INC., as Securities Intermediary for Consolidated Wealth Management, LTD. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (discussed above), and one additional case to which an affiliate of LNL is a party, Iwanski v. First Penn-Pacific Life Insurance Company, which has been previously disclosed by our parent company, LNC. The Glover plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of the provisional settlement was filed on March 8, 2024. The provisional settlement, which is subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of a $147.5 million pre-tax cash payment for Glover class members (inclusive of all policyholders in TVPX ARS INC., Vida and Iwanski). On March 8, 2024, we wrote to the court requesting a pre-motion conference in advance of LLANY’s planned motion to stay proceedings in this matter pending the completion of the settlement approval process in Glover.

Angus v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, No. 2:22-cv-01878, is a putative class action filed on May 13, 2022. Plaintiff alleges that defendant LNL breached the terms of her life insurance policy by deducting non-guaranteed cost of insurance charges in excess of what is permitted by the policies. Plaintiff seeks to represent

all owners of universal life insurance policies issued or insured by LNL or its predecessors containing non-guaranteed cost of insurance provisions that are similar to those of plaintiff’s policy and seeks damages on their behalf. Breach of contract is the only cause of action asserted. On August 26, 2022, LNL filed a motion to dismiss. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Brighton Trustees, LLC, et al. v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Case No. 2:23-cv-02251, is a civil action filed on April 20, 2023. On June 12, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana granted a motion filed by LNL to transfer the case to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs purport to own universal life insurance policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiffs allege that LNL breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts and converted property when it increased non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2016. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Ryan K. Crayne, on behalf of and as trustee for Carlton Peak Trust v. The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Case No. 2:24-cv-00053-GJP, is a civil action filed on November 17, 2023. On January 4, 2024, upon the parties’ stipulation, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana transferred the case to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Plaintiff purports to own claims regarding universal life policies originally issued by Jefferson-Pilot (now LNL). Among other things, plaintiff alleges that LNL breached the terms of policyholders’ contracts and converted property when it increased non-guaranteed cost of insurance rates beginning in 2016. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Other Litigation

Andrew Nitkewicz v. Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, No. 1:20-cv-06805, is a putative class action that was filed on August 24, 2020. Plaintiff Andrew Nitkewicz, as trustee of the Joan C. Lupe Trust, seeks to represent all current and former owners of universal life (including variable universal life) policies who own or owned policies issued by LLANY and its predecessors in interest that were in force at any time on or after June 27, 2013, and for which planned annual, semi-annual, or quarterly premiums were paid for any period beyond the end of the policy month of the insured’s death. Plaintiff alleges LLANY failed to refund unearned premium in violation of New York Insurance Law Section 3203(a)(2) in connection with the payment of death benefit claims for certain insurance policies. Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages and pre-judgment interest on behalf of the various classes and sub-class. On July 2, 2021, the court granted, with prejudice, LLANY’s November 2020 motion to dismiss this matter. Plaintiff filed a notice of appeal on July 28, 2021, and on September 26, 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reserved its decision and certified a question to the New York Court of Appeals. On October 20, 2022, the New York Court of Appeals accepted the question. On October 19, 2023, the New York Court of Appeals answered the question in LLANY’s favor and transmitted the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Plaintiff sought, and was granted, supplemental briefing before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit with respect to certain aspects of the New York Court of Appeals’ decision. The supplemental briefing was completed January 23, 2024. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Henry Morgan et al. v. Lincoln National Corporation d/b/a Lincoln Financial Group, et al, filed in the District Court of the 14th Judicial District of Dallas County, Texas, No. DC-23-02492, is a putative class action that was filed on February 22, 2023. Plaintiffs Henry Morgan, Susan Smith, Charles Smith, Laura Seale, Terri Cogburn, Laura Baesel, Kathleen Walton, Terry Warner, and Toni Hale (“Plaintiffs”) allege on behalf of a putative class that Lincoln National Corporation d/b/a Lincoln Financial Group, LNL and LLANY (together, “Lincoln”), FMR, LLC, and Fidelity Product Services, LLC (“Fidelity”) created and marketed misleading and deceptive insurance products with attributes of investment products. The putative class comprises all individuals and entities who purchased Lincoln OptiBlend products that allocated account monies to the 1-Year Fidelity AIM Dividend Participation Account, between January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022. Plaintiffs assert the following claims individually and on behalf of the class, (1) violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act against Lincoln; (2) common-law fraud against Lincoln; (3) negligent misrepresentation against Lincoln and Fidelity; and (4) aiding and abetting fraud against Fidelity. Plaintiffs allege they suffered damages from “a missed investment return of approximately 5-6%” and mitigation damages. They seek actual, consequential and punitive damages, as well as pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, attorney’s fees, and litigation costs. On March 31, 2023, the Lincoln defendants filed a notice of removal removing the action from the 14th Judicial District of Dallas County, Texas, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Dallas Division. On May 8, 2023, the Lincoln defendants and the Fidelity defendants filed motions to dismiss, which remain pending. We are vigorously defending this matter.

Commitments

Leases

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had operating lease ROU assets of $80 million and $110 million, respectively, and associated lease liabilities of $89 million and $119 million, respectively. The weighted-average discount rate was 3.7% and 2.8%, respectively, and the weighted-average remaining lease term was four years and five years, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Operating lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was $41 million, $45 million and $41 million, respectively, and reported in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had finance lease assets of $5 million and $14 million, respectively, and associated finance lease liabilities of $27 million and $106 million, respectively. The accumulated amortization associated with the finance lease assets was $467 million and $458 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These assets will continue to be amortized on a straight-line basis over the assets’ remaining lives. The weighted-average discount rate was 6.4% and 2.9%, respectively, and the weighted-average remaining lease term was two years and one year, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Finance lease expense (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Amortization of finance lease assets (1)	$	9	$	23	$	38
Interest on finance lease liabilities (2)	5		4		3
Total	$	14	$	27	$	41

(1) Amortization of finance lease assets is reported in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) Interest on finance lease liabilities is reported in interest and debt expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The table below presents cash flow information (in millions) related to leases:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	41	$	47	$	40
Financing cash flows from finance leases	83		74		62
Supplemental Non-Cash Information
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	–	$	6	$	8

Our future minimum lease payments (in millions) under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2024	$	34	$	18
2025	26		7
2026	22		4
2027	15		–
2028	8		–
Thereafter	7		–
Total future minimum lease payments	112		29
Less: Amount representing interest	23		2
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	89	$	27

As of December 31, 2023, we had no leases that had not yet commenced.

Certain Financing Arrangements

We periodically enter into sale-leaseback arrangements that do not meet the criteria of a sale for accounting purposes. As such, we account for these transactions as financing arrangements. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $595 million and $558 million, respectively, of financing obligations reported within other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Future payments due on certain financing arrangements (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

2024	$	152
2025	172
2026	224
2027	127
2028	10
Thereafter	6
Total future minimum lease payments	691
Less: Amount representing interest	96
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	595

Vulnerability from Concentrations

As of December 31, 2023, we did not have a concentration of: business transactions with a particular customer or lender; sources of supply of labor or services used in the business; or a market or geographic area in which business is conducted that makes us vulnerable to an event that is at least reasonably possible to occur in the near term and which could cause a severe impact to our financial condition. For information on our investment and reinsurance concentrations, see Notes 4 and 8, respectively.

Other Contingency Matters

State guaranty funds assess insurance companies to cover losses to contract holders of insolvent or rehabilitated companies. Mandatory assessments may be partially recovered through a reduction in future premium taxes in some states. We have accrued for expected assessments and the related reductions in future state premium taxes, which net to assessments (recoveries) of $(1) million and $(3) million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Shares and Stockholder's Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Shares and Stockholder's Equity

Shares and Stockholder’s Equity

All authorized and issued shares of LNL are owned by LNC.

AOCI

The following summarizes the components and changes in AOCI (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities and Certain Other Investments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(8,526)	$	9,153	$	8,993
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards	–		–		3,584
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the year	2,122		(24,475)		(4,478)
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	178		(321)		(143)
Change in future contract benefits and policyholder account balances, net of reinsurance	638		2,292		893
Income tax benefit (expense)	(650)		4,815		797
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	(3,425)		(13)		624
Income tax benefit (expense)	719		3		(131)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	(3,532)	$	(8,526)	$	9,153
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	301	$	258	$	42
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		25
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the year	162		(154)		141
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	(169)		312		152
Income tax benefit (expense)	2		(34)		(63)
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	60		103		49
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	249	$	301	$	258
Market Risk Benefit Non-Performance Risk Gain (Loss)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	1,739	$	1,951	$	–
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		2,874
Adjustment arising during the year	(854)		(267)		(1,174)
Income tax benefit (expense)	184		55		251
Balance as of end-of-year	$	1,069	$	1,739	$	1,951
Policyholder Liability Discount Rate Remeasurement Gain (Loss)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	790	$	(1,101)	$	–
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		(1,661)
Adjustment arising during the year	(187)		2,406		711
Income tax benefit (expense)	42		(515)		(151)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	645	$	790	$	(1,101)
Funded Status of Employee Benefit Plans
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(17)	$	(11)	$	(14)
Adjustment arising during the year	1		(6)		4
Income tax benefit (expense)	–		–		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	(16)	$	(17)	$	(11)

The following summarizes the reclassifications out of AOCI (in millions) and the associated line item in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS
Securities and Certain Other Investments
Reclassification	$	(4,014)	$	(13)	$	624	Realized gain (loss)
Associated change in future contract benefits	589		–		–		Benefits
Reclassification before income
tax benefit (expense)	(3,425)		(13)		624		Income (loss) before taxes
Income tax benefit (expense)	719		3		(131)		Federal income tax expense (benefit)
Reclassification, net of income tax	$	(2,706)	$	(10)	$	493	Net income (loss)
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Interest rate contracts	$	(1)	$	2	$	3	Net investment income
Foreign currency contracts	54		62		48		Net investment income
Foreign currency contracts	7		39		(2)		Realized gain (loss)
Reclassifications before income
tax benefit (expense)	60		103		49		Income (loss) before taxes
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)		Federal income tax expense (benefit)
Reclassifications, net of income tax	$	47	$	81	$	39	Net income (loss)

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Segment Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

Segment Information

We provide products and services and report results through our Annuities, Life Insurance, Group Protection and Retirement Plan Services segments. We also have Other Operations, which includes the financial data for operations that are not directly related to the business segments. Our reporting segments reflect the manner by which our chief operating decision makers view and manage the business. The following is a brief description of these segments and Other Operations.

The Annuities segment provides tax-deferred investment growth and lifetime income opportunities for its clients by offering variable annuities (including RILA) and fixed annuities (including indexed).

The Life Insurance segment focuses on the creation and protection of wealth through life insurance products, including term insurance, both single (including UL, corporate-owned UL and VUL and bank-owned UL and VUL products) and survivorship versions of IUL and VUL products, linked-benefit products (which are UL and VUL with riders providing for long-term care costs), and critical illness and long-term care riders, which can be attached to IUL or VUL policies.

The Group Protection segment offers group non-medical insurance products and services, including short- and long-term disability, statutory disability and paid family medical leave administration and absence management services, term life, dental, vision and accident, critical illness and hospital indemnity benefits and services to the employer marketplace through various forms of employee-paid and employer-paid plans.

The Retirement Plan Services segment provides employer-sponsored defined benefit and individual retirement accounts, as well as individual and group variable annuities, group fixed annuities and mutual-fund based programs in the retirement plan marketplace.

Other Operations includes investments related to our excess capital; benefit plan obligations; the results of certain disability income business; our run-off institutional pension business, the majority of which was sold on a group annuity basis; debt costs; Spark program expense; and other corporate investments.

Segment operating revenues and income (loss) from operations are internal measures used by our management and Board of Directors to evaluate and assess the results of our segments. Income (loss) from operations is GAAP net income excluding the after-tax effects of the following items, as applicable:

•Items related to annuity product features, which include changes in MRBs, including gains and losses and benefit payments, changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments we hold to hedge GLB and GDB riders, net of fee income allocated to support the cost of hedging them, and changes in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity contracts and the associated

index options we hold to hedge them, including collateral expense associated with the hedge program (collectively, “net annuity product features”);

•Items related to life insurance product features, which include changes in the fair value of derivatives we hold as part of VUL hedging, changes in reserves resulting from benefit ratio unlocking associated with the impact of capital markets, and changes in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our IUL contracts and the associated index options we hold to hedge them (collectively, “net life insurance product features”);

•Credit loss-related adjustments on fixed maturity AFS securities, mortgage loans on real estate and reinsurance-related assets (“credit loss-related adjustments”);

•Changes in the fair value of equity securities, certain derivatives, certain other investments and realized gains (losses) on sales, disposals and impairments of financial assets (collectively, “investment gains (losses)”);

•Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and mortgage loans on real estate electing the fair value option (“changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and certain mortgage loans”);

•GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR;

•Income (loss) from the initial adoption of new accounting standards, regulations and policy changes;

•Income (loss) from reserve changes, net of related amortization, on business sold through reinsurance;

•Transaction and integration costs related to mergers and acquisitions including the acquisition or divestiture, through reinsurance or other means, of businesses or blocks of business;

•Gains (losses) on modification or early extinguishment of debt;

•Losses from the impairment of intangible assets and gains (losses) on other non-financial assets; and

•Income (loss) from discontinued operations.

Operating revenues represent GAAP revenues excluding the pre-tax effects of the following items, as applicable:

•Changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments we hold to hedge GLB and GDB riders, net of fee income allocated to support the cost of hedging them, and changes in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity and IUL contracts and the associated index options we hold to hedge them (collectively, “revenue adjustments from annuity and life insurance product features”);

•Credit loss-related adjustments;

•Investment gains (losses);

•Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and certain mortgage loans;

•GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR;

•Revenue adjustments from the initial adoption of new accounting standards; and

•Amortization of deferred gains arising from reserve changes on business sold through reinsurance.

We use our prevailing corporate federal income tax rate of 21%, where applicable, net of the impacts related to dividends received deduction and foreign tax credits and any other permanent differences for events recognized differently in our financial statements and federal income tax returns.

The tables below reconcile our segment measures of performance to the GAAP measures presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenues
Operating revenues:
Annuities (1)	$	2,625	$	4,102	$	4,258
Life Insurance	6,362		6,344		6,938
Group Protection	5,560		5,303		4,994
Retirement Plan Services	1,290		1,257		1,306
Other Operations (1)	(778)		133		158
Revenue adjustments from annuity and life insurance product features	99		872		818
Credit loss-related adjustments	(74)		(129)		109
Investment gains (losses)	(4,080)		19		654
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans	(22)		588		165
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR	(923)		(932)		(888)
Total revenues (1)	$	10,059	$	17,557	$	18,512

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net Income (Loss)
Income (loss) from operations:
Annuities	$	840	$	948	$	1,089
Life Insurance	(126)		(1,933)		497
Group Protection	297		40		(165)
Retirement Plan Services	155		198		235
Other Operations	(356)		(374)		(244)
Net annuity product features, after-tax	1,295		416		1,866
Net life insurance product features, after-tax	148		21		(1)
Credit loss-related adjustments, after-tax	(58)		(102)		86
Investment gains (losses), after-tax	(3,210)		15		516
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans, after-tax	(18)		465		130
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR, after-tax	(728)		(735)		(701)
Impairment of intangibles	–		(634)		–
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers,
acquisitions and divestitures, after-tax (2)	(27)		–		(11)
Net income (loss)	$	(1,788)	$	(1,675)	$	3,297

(1)    Includes ceded insurance premiums primarily related to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction effective in the fourth quarter of 2023. For more information, see Note 8.

(2)    Includes costs pertaining to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction and the planned sale of LNC’s wealth management business. For more information, see Note 1 and Note 8, respectively.

Other segment information (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net Investment Income
Annuities	$	1,744	$	1,387	$	1,314
Life Insurance	2,515		2,464		3,054
Group Protection	336		333		364
Retirement Plan Services	999		966		982
Other Operations	118		124		125
Total net investment income	$	5,712	$	5,274	$	5,839

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Federal Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Annuities	$	79	$	128	$	189
Life Insurance	(62)		(544)		112
Group Protection	79		11		(44)
Retirement Plan Services	25		32		48
Other Operations	(102)		(84)		(70)
Net annuity product features	344		112		496
Net life insurance product features	39		5		–
Credit loss-related adjustments	(16)		(27)		20
Investment gains (losses)	(853)		4		140
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans	(5)		123		35
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR	(194)		(197)		(186)
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers,
acquisitions and divestitures	(7)		–		(3)
Total federal income tax expense (benefit)	(673)		(437)		737

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets
Annuities	$	186,716	$	165,643
Life Insurance	107,529		97,373
Group Protection	9,741		9,830
Retirement Plan Services	46,969		42,275
Other Operations	23,021		20,461
Total assets	$	373,976	$	335,582

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Realized Gain (Loss)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Realized Gain (Loss) [Abstract]

Realized Gain (Loss)

Realized Gain (Loss)

Details underlying realized gain (loss) (in millions) reported on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities: (1)
Gross gains	$	627	$	37	$	660
Gross losses	(428)		(50)		(36)
Credit loss benefit (expense) (2)	(21)		(14)		(11)
Intent to sell impairments	(4,213)		–		–
Realized gain (loss) on equity securities (3)	(6)		12		41
Credit loss benefit (expense) on mortgage loans on real estate	(16)		(3)		111
Credit loss benefit (expense) on reinsurance-related assets (4)	(35)		(112)		7
Realized gain (loss) on the mark-to-market on certain instruments (5)(6)	(509)		683		169
Indexed product derivative results (7)	(232)		74		22
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR and attributed fees	(112)		(168)		(91)
Other realized gain (loss)	11		(41)		(13)
Total realized gain (loss)	$	(4,934)	$	418	$	859

(1) Includes impairments of certain fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, resulting from the Company’s intent to sell these securities as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance, the Company impaired the securities in a loss position down to fair market value upon entry into the agreements in the second quarter of 2023 and recognized additional impairment on certain of these securities during the third quarter of 2023 due to higher interest rates. Interest rates declined during the fourth quarter of 2023, which resulted in recognition of a $295 million pre-tax net gain upon close of the transaction, included in gross gains and gross losses. See Notes 4 and 8 for additional information.

(2) Includes changes in the allowance for credit losses as well as direct write-downs to amortized cost as a result of negative credit events.

(3) Includes mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held of $8 million, $7 million and $44 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(4) Includes the release of reinsurance recoverables and the corresponding allowance for credit losses related to a third-party reinsurer, Scottish Re, where liquidation proceedings commenced during the third quarter of 2023. As of September 30, 2023, reinsurance coverage terminated and all business ceded to Scottish Re was therefore recaptured.

(5) Represents changes in the fair values of derivatives we hold as part of VUL hedging, reinsurance-related embedded derivatives and trading securities. Also includes an $87 million pre-tax loss related to interest rate futures used to hedge the assets used as consideration in the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. See Note 8 for additional information.

(6) Includes gains and losses from fair value changes on mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option of $(11) million, $(24) million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(7) Represents the change in fair value of the index options that we hold and the change in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity and IUL contracts, and the associated index options to hedge policyholder index allocations applicable to future reset periods for our indexed annuity products.

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Commissions and Other Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Commissions and Other Expenses [Abstract]

Commissions and Other Expenses

Commissions and Other Expenses

Details underlying commissions and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Commissions	$	2,082	$	2,201	$	2,227
General and administrative expenses	2,427		2,200		2,187
DAC and VOBA deferrals, net of amortization	(171)		(346)		(321)
Broker-dealer expenses	444		419		441
Taxes, licenses and fees	333		344		358
Expenses associated with reserve financing and LOCs	58		60		57
Specifically identifiable intangible asset amortization	37		37		37
Other amortization	5		12		11
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers, acquisitions and divestitures	34		–		14
Total	$	5,249	$	4,927	$	5,011

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Federal Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Federal Income Taxes

Federal Income Taxes

The federal income tax expense (benefit) on continuing operations (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Current	$	(255)	$	(24)	$	20
Deferred	(418)		(413)		717
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$	(673)	$	(437)	$	737

A reconciliation of the effective tax rate differences (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Income (loss) before taxes	$	(2,461)	$	(2,112)	$	4,034
Federal statutory rate	21%		21%		21%
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at federal statutory rate	(517)		(444)		847
Effect of:
Tax-preferred investment income (1)	(126)		(90)		(88)
Tax credits	(40)		(42)		(26)
Excess tax expense (benefit) from stock-based compensation	3		(1)		–
Goodwill impairment	–		133		–
Other items	7		7		4
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$	(673)	$	(437)	$	737
Effective tax rate	27%		21%		18%

(1) Relates primarily to separate account dividends eligible for the dividends-received deduction.

The federal income tax asset (liability) (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Current	$	546	$	353
Deferred	49		734
Total federal income tax asset (liability)	$	595	$	1,087

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred Tax Assets
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances	$	322	$	231
Compensation and benefit plans	175		152
Intangibles	18		21
Net unrealized loss on fixed maturity AFS securities	1,246		2,161
Net unrealized loss on trading securities	33		70
Investment activity	91		296
Tax credits	103		–
Net operating losses	87		278
Capital losses	93		–
Deferred gain on reinsurance	400		30
Total deferred tax assets	$	2,568	$	3,239
Deferred Tax Liabilities
DAC and VOBA	$	1,906	$	1,769
Reinsurance-related embedded derivative assets	104		143
MRB-related activity	286		228
Other	223		365
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	2,519	$	2,505
Net deferred tax asset (liability)	$	49	$	734

As of December 31, 2023, we have $103 million of federal income tax credits that can be carried forward to 2030 through 2033. As of December 31, 2023, we have $414 million of net operating losses to carry forward to future years. As of December 31, 2023, we have $442 million of capital losses to carry forward to future years. The net operating losses arose in tax years 2018 and 2021 and, under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act changes, have an unlimited carryforward period. The capital losses arose in tax year 2023 and can be carried back three years and forward five years. As a result, management believes that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset associated with the loss carryforwards will be realized. Inclusive of the tax attribute for the net operating losses, although realization is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefits of all our deferred tax assets, and, accordingly, no valuation allowance has been recorded.

We are subject to examination by U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income authorities. With few exceptions for limited scope review, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal examinations for years before 2019. In the first quarter of 2021, the Internal Revenue Service commenced an examination of our 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 refund claims. We are currently under examination by several state and local taxing jurisdictions; however, we do not expect these examinations will materially impact us.

A reconciliation of the gross unrecognized federal tax benefits (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	59	$	64
Decreases for prior year tax positions	(6)		(6)
Increases for prior year tax positions	23		1
Balance as of end-of-year	$	76	$	59

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $66 million and $43 million, respectively, of our gross unrecognized federal tax benefits presented above, if recognized, would have affected our federal income tax expense (benefit) and our effective tax rate. We anticipate that it is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits primarily associated with separate account dividends-received deduction, tax credits and compensation, upon completion of our ongoing refund claims review, will decrease by $35 million by the end of 2024.

We recognize interest and penalties accrued, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized no interest and penalty expense (benefit), and there was no accrued interest and penalty expense related to the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Biden. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 established a new 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for corporations whose average adjusted net income for any consecutive three-year period beginning after December 31, 2022, exceeds $1.0 billion. This provision became effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. We determined that we were not within the scope of the corporate alternative minimum tax for 2023.

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Statutory Information and Restrictions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Statutory Information and Restrictions [Abstract]

Statutory Accounting Practices Disclosure

Statutory Information and Restrictions

We prepare financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments of our respective states of domicile, which may vary materially from GAAP.

Prescribed SAP includes the Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners

(“NAIC”) as well as state laws, regulations and administrative rules. Permitted SAP encompasses all accounting practices not so

prescribed. The principal differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP

are that statutory financial statements do not reflect DAC, some bond portfolios may be carried at amortized cost, assets and liabilities are

presented net of reinsurance, contract holder liabilities are generally valued using more conservative assumptions and certain assets are

non-admitted.

We are subject to the applicable laws and regulations of our respective states of domicile. Changes in these laws and regulations could change capital levels or capital requirements for the Company.

Statutory capital and surplus, net gain (loss) from operations, after-tax, net income (loss) and dividends to the LNC holding company amounts (in millions) below consist of all or a combination of the following entities: LNL, LLANY, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of South Carolina, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont I, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont III, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont IV, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont V, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont VI and Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont VII.

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
U.S. capital and surplus	$	8,026	$	8,507

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. net gain (loss) from operations, after-tax	$	(2,495)	$	1,708	$	(1,285)
U.S. net income (loss)	(2,924)		1,965		(569)
U.S. dividends to LNC holding company	495		645		1,910

State Prescribed and Permitted Practices

The states of domicile for LNL and LLANY, Indiana and New York, respectively, have adopted certain prescribed or permitted accounting practices that differ from those found in NAIC SAP. These prescribed practices are the calculation of reserves on universal life policies based on the Indiana universal life method as prescribed by the state of Indiana for policies issued before January 1, 2006, the use of a more conservative valuation interest rate on certain annuities prescribed by the states of Indiana and New York. Also, the state of New York prescribes use of the continuous Commissioners’ Annuity Reserve Valuation Method in the calculation of reserves and use of minimum reserve methods and assumptions for variable annuity and individual life insurance contracts that may be more conservative than those required by NAIC SAP. The statutory permitted practices allow accounting for certain derivative assets at amortized cost and allow determining certain indexed annuity and indexed universal life statutory reserve calculations with the assumption that the market value of the related liability call option(s) associated with the current index term is zero. At the conclusion of the index term, credited interest is reflected in the reserve as realized, based on actual index performance. The statutory accounting practices also allow accounting for certain group fixed annuity assets at general account balances.

The Vermont reinsurance subsidiaries also have certain accounting practices permitted by the state of Vermont that differ from those found in NAIC SAP. One permitted practice involves accounting for the lesser of the face amount of all amounts outstanding under an LOC and the value of the Valuation of Life Insurance Policies Model Regulation (“XXX”) additional statutory reserves as an admitted asset and a form of surplus as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Another permitted practice involves the acquisition of an LLC note in exchange for a variable value surplus note that is recognized as an admitted asset and a form of surplus as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Lastly, the state of Vermont has permitted a practice to account for certain excess of loss reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers as an asset and form of surplus as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. These permitted practices are related to structures that

continue to be allowed in accordance with the grandfathered structures under the provisions of Actuarial Guideline 48 (“AG48”) or are compliant under AG48 requirements.

The favorable (unfavorable) effects on statutory surplus compared to NAIC statutory surplus from the use of these prescribed and permitted practices (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
State Prescribed Practices
Calculation of reserves using the Indiana universal life method	$	(1)	$	3
Conservative valuation rate on certain annuities	(1)		(36)
Calculation of reserves using continuous CARVM	(1)		(1)
Conservative Reg 213 reserves on variable annuity and individual life contracts	(31)		(37)
State Permitted Practice
Derivative instruments and equity indexed reserves	(170)		14
Assets in group fixed annuity contracts held at general account balances	332		436
Vermont Subsidiaries Permitted Practices
Lesser of LOC and XXX additional reserve as surplus	1,776		1,838
LLC notes and variable value surplus notes	1,444		1,547
Excess of loss reinsurance agreements	563		549

The NAIC has adopted RBC requirements for life insurance companies to evaluate the adequacy of statutory capital and surplus in relation to investment and insurance risks. The requirements provide a means of measuring the minimum amount of statutory surplus appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations based on its size and risk profile. Under RBC requirements, regulatory compliance is determined by the ratio of a company’s total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to its company action level of RBC (known as the “RBC ratio”), also as defined by the NAIC. The company action level may be triggered if the RBC ratio is between 75% and 100%, which would require the insurer to submit a plan to the regulator detailing corrective action it proposes to undertake. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s RBC ratio was approximately four times the aforementioned company action level RBC.

We are subject to certain insurance department regulatory restrictions as to the transfer of funds and payment of dividends to the holding company. Under Indiana laws and regulations, LNL may pay dividends to LNC without prior approval of the Indiana Insurance Commissioner (the “Commissioner”), only from unassigned surplus and must receive prior approval of the Commissioner to pay a dividend if such dividend, along with all other dividends paid within the preceding 12 consecutive months, would exceed the statutory limitation. The current statutory limitation is the greater of 10% of the insurer’s contract holders’ surplus, as shown on its last annual statement on file with the Commissioner or the insurer’s statutory net gain from operations for the previous 12 months, but in no event to exceed statutory unassigned surplus. Indiana law gives the Commissioner broad discretion to disapprove requests for dividends in excess of these limits. LNL’s subsidiary, LLANY, a New York-domiciled insurance company, is bound by similar restrictions under the laws of New York. Under New York law, the applicable statutory limitation on dividends is equal to the lesser of 10% of surplus to contract holders as of the immediately preceding calendar year or net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year, not including realized capital gains. We expect that we could pay dividends to LNC of approximately $780 million in 2024 without prior approval from the Commissioner of Insurance.

All payments of principal and interest on surplus notes must be approved by the respective Commissioner of Insurance.

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Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Data

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]

Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Data

Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Data

The following summarizes our supplemental cash flow data (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net cash paid (received) for:
Interest	$	187	$	126	$	115
Income taxes	(110)		(61)		29
Non-cash transactions:
Net increase (decrease) in fixed maturity AFS securities, other
investments and accrued investment income in connection with
reinsurance transactions	(20,264)		54		(3,700)
Establishment of funds withheld liability in connection with
a reinsurance transaction	(49)		–		–

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Transactions with Affiliates

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Transactions with Affiliates

Transactions with Affiliates

The following summarizes transactions with affiliates (in millions) and the associated line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets with affiliates:
Inter-company notes	$	1,063	$	1,216	Fixed maturity AFS securities
Assumed reinsurance contracts	1		–		Policy Loans
					Deferred acquisition costs, value of business
Assumed/ceded reinsurance contracts	(131)		(138)		acquired and deferred sales inducements
Accrued inter-company interest receivable	16		13		Accrued investment income
					Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance
Ceded reinsurance contracts	15,563		2,187		for credit losses
Ceded reinsurance contracts	642		899		Other assets
Cash management agreement	857		124		Other assets
Service agreement receivable	41		6		Other assets
Liabilities with affiliates:
Assumed reinsurance contracts	18		17		Future contract benefits
Assumed reinsurance contracts	352		361		Policyholder account balances
Inter-company short-term debt	840		562		Short-term debt
Inter-company long-term debt	2,195		2,269		Long-term debt
Ceded reinsurance contracts	5,862		2,517		Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities
Ceded reinsurance contracts	897		(31)		Other liabilities
Accrued inter-company interest payable	18		15		Other liabilities
Service agreement payable	37		41		Other liabilities
Assumed/ceded reinsurance contracts	4,387		158		Other liabilities
Equity with affiliates:
Accumulated other comprehensive income –	774		55		Accumulated other comprehensive
assumed/ceded					income (loss)

The following summarizes transactions with affiliates (in millions) and the associated line item on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenues with affiliates:
Premiums received on assumed (paid on ceded)
reinsurance contracts	$	(498)	$	(421)	$	(468)	Insurance premiums
Fees for management of general account	(156)		(140)		(138)		Net investment income
Net investment income on ceded funds
withheld treaties	(238)		(161)		(113)		Net investment income
Net investment income on inter-company notes	65		40		29		Net investment income
Realized gains (losses) on ceded reinsurance
contracts:
Other gains (losses)	(9)		631		94		Realized gain (loss)
Reinsurance-related settlements	1,717		(1,068)		1,626		Realized gain (loss)
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on reinsurance							Amortization of deferred gain
contracts	17		3		3		(loss) on business sold
							through reinsurance
Other revenues	(171)		–		–		Other revenues
Benefits and expenses with affiliates:
Reinsurance (recoveries) benefits on ceded
reinsurance	(507)		(247)		(430)		Benefits
Interest credited on assumed reinsurance contracts	12		47		48		Interest credited
Market risk benefit (gain) loss
on ceded reinsurance contracts	1,129		3,543		2,199		Market risk benefit (gain) loss
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss							Policyholder liability remeasurement
on ceded reinsurance contracts	–		(321)		64		(gain) loss
Ceded reinsurance contracts	(13)		(26)		(7)		Commissions and other expenses
Service agreement payments (receipts)	(17)		(53)		(29)		Commissions and other expenses
Interest expense on inter-company debt	148		120		107		Interest and debt expense

Inter-Company Notes

LNC issues inter-company notes to us for a predetermined face value to be repaid by LNC at a predetermined maturity with a specified interest rate.

Cash Management Agreement

In order to manage our capital more efficiently, we participate in an inter-company cash management program where LNC can lend to or borrow from us to meet short-term borrowing needs. The cash management program is essentially a series of demand loans, which are permitted under applicable insurance laws, among LNC and its affiliates that reduces overall borrowing costs by allowing LNC and its subsidiaries to access internal resources instead of incurring third-party transaction costs. The borrowing and lending limit is currently 3% of our admitted assets as of December 31, 2023.

Service Agreements

In accordance with service agreements with LNC and other subsidiaries of LNC for personnel and facilities usage, general management services and investment management services, we receive services from and provide services to affiliated companies and receive an allocation of corporate overhead. Corporate overhead expenses are allocated based on specific methodologies for each function. The majority of the expenses are allocated based on the following methodologies: headcount, capital, investments by product, account values, weighted policies in force and sales.

Ceded Reinsurance Contracts

As discussed in Note 8, we cede insurance contracts to LNBAR. We cede certain guaranteed benefit risks (including certain GDB and GLB benefits) to LNBAR.

Substantially all reinsurance ceded to affiliated companies is with unauthorized companies. To take reserve credit for such reinsurance: the reinsurer holds assets in trust for our potential benefit; we hold assets from the reinsurer, including funds withheld under reinsurance treaties; and/or we are the beneficiary of LOCs that are obtained by the affiliate reinsurer and issued by banks. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the LOCs of which we are the beneficiary aggregated to $111 million and $1.5 billion, respectively.

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Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Event

On March 7, 2024, we entered into a settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval, encompassing the policies at issue in Glover v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company, which also includes the policies in certain other cost of insurance litigation matters, as discussed in further detail in Note 18, Contingencies and Commitments. The provisional settlement, which is subject to both preliminary and final approval of the court, consists of a $147.5 million pre-tax cash payment. We recorded a pre-tax legal expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, of approximately $110 million within commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) in respect of this provisional settlement. As of December 31, 2023, we had accrued the total provisional settlement amount of $147.5 million, pre-tax.

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SCHEDULE I - CONSOLIDATED SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS – OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Abstract]

CONSOLIDATED SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS – OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

CONSOLIDATED SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS – OTHER THAN

INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

(in millions)

Column A	Column B		Column C		Column D
	As of December 31, 2023
	Cost or		Fair		Carrying
Type of Investment	Amortized Cost		Value		Value
Fixed Maturity Available-For-Sale Securities (1)
Bonds:
U.S. government bonds	$	414	$	393	$	393
Foreign government bonds	309		278		278
State and municipal bonds	2,675		2,542		2,542
Public utilities	11,010		9,982		9,982
All other corporate bonds	57,801		53,884		53,884
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities	15,795		14,989		14,989
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	227		232		232
Total fixed maturity available-for-sale securities	88,231		82,300		82,300
Equity Securities
Common stocks:
Banks, trusts and insurance companies	29		32		32
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other	41		38		38
Non-redeemable preferred securities	270		236		236
Total equity securities	340		306		306
Trading Securities	2,480		2,321		2,321
Mortgage loans on real estate (2)	19,024		17,330		18,873
Policy loans	2,463		N/A		2,463
Derivative investments	2,714		6,305		6,305
Other investments	4,757		4,757		4,757
Total investments	$	120,009			$	117,325

(1) For investments deemed to have declines in value that are impairment-related, an allowance for credit losses is recorded to reduce the carrying value to their estimated realizable value.

(2) Mortgage loans on real estate are generally carried at unpaid principal balances adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts and are net of allowance for credit losses. We carry certain mortgage loans at fair value where the fair value option has been elected.

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SCHEDULE III - CONSOLIDATED SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Abstract]

CONDENSED SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

CONDENSED SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

(in millions)

Column A	Column B		Column C		Column D		Column E		Column F
	DAC		Future				Policyholder
	and		Contract		Unearned		Account		Insurance
Segment	VOBA		Benefits		Premiums (1)		Balances		Premiums (2)
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Annuities	$	4,304	$	2,090	$	–	$	54,471	$	(1,584)
Life Insurance	7,485		22,049		–		37,035		915
Group Protection	154		6,282		–		–		5,014
Retirement Plan Services	244		–		–		23,784		–
Other Operations	–		9,753		–		5,026		(929)
Total	$	12,187	$	40,174	$	–	$	120,316	$	3,416
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Annuities	$	4,336	$	2,004	$	–	$	45,522	$	165
Life Insurance	7,309		20,561		–		37,523		908
Group Protection	141		6,086		–		–		4,768
Retirement Plan Services	241		–		–		25,138		–
Other Operations	–		9,651		–		5,789		–
Total	$	12,027	$	38,302	$	–	$	113,972	$	5,841
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Annuities	$	4,328	$	2,511	$	–	$	41,670	$	116
Life Insurance	6,973		19,074		–		37,994		783
Group Protection	140		6,604		–		–		4,450
Retirement Plan Services	240		–		–		23,580		–
Other Operations	–		12,578		–		6,472		10
Total	$	11,681	$	40,767	$	–	$	109,716	$	5,359

(1) Unearned premiums are included in Column C, future contract benefits.

(2) Includes amounts ceded to LNBAR.

CONDENSED SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (Continued)

(in millions)

Column A	Column G		Column H		Column I		Column J		Column K
			Benefits		Amortization
	Net		and		of DAC		Other
	Investment		Interest		and		Operating		Premiums
Segment	Income		Credited		VOBA		Expenses		Written
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Annuities	$	1,744	$	(254)	$	443	$	1,522	$	–
Life Insurance	2,515		4,626		484		703		–
Group Protection	336		4,025		100		1,347		–
Retirement Plan Services	999		665		18		426		–
Other Operations	118		(832)		–		549		–
Total	$	5,712	$	8,230	$	1,045	$	4,547	$	–
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Annuities	$	1,387	$	1,145	$	442	$	1,449	$	–
Life Insurance	2,464		5,146		469		672		–
Group Protection	333		4,039		97		1,219		–
Retirement Plan Services	966		629		19		379		–
Other Operations	124		104		–		347		–
Total	$	5,274	$	11,063	$	1,027	$	4,066	$	–
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Annuities	$	1,314	$	1,012	$	418	$	1,565	$	–
Life Insurance	3,054		5,119		471		692		–
Group Protection	364		4,075		139		1,153		–
Retirement Plan Services	982		616		19		387		–
Other Operations	125		117		–		254		–
Total	$	5,839	$	10,939	$	1,047	$	4,051	$	–

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SCHEDULE IV - CONSOLIDATED REINSURANCE

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

SEC Schedule, 12-17, Insurance Companies, Reinsurance [Abstract]

CONSOLIDATED REINSURANCE

CONSOLIDATED REINSURANCE

(in millions)

Column A	Column B		Column C		Column D		Column E		Column F
			Ceded		Assumed				Percentage
			to		from				of Amount
	Gross		Other		Other		Net		Assumed
Description	Amount		Companies		Companies		Amount		to Net
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Individual life insurance in-force (1)	$	2,071,893	$	1,134,476	$	7,739	$	945,156	0.8	%
Premiums:
Annuities and life insurance (2)	10,249		5,132		87		5,204		1.7	%
Accident and health insurance	3,412		36		4		3,380		0.1	%
Total premiums	$	13,661	$	5,168	$	91	$	8,584
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Individual life insurance in-force (1)	$	1,997,539	$	848,979	$	9,010	$	1,157,570	0.8	%
Premiums:
Annuities and life insurance (2)	10,236		2,336		98		7,998		1.2	%
Accident and health insurance	3,243		38		4		3,209		0.1	%
Total premiums	$	13,479	$	2,374	$	102	$	11,207
	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Individual life insurance in-force (1)	$	1,808,596	$	789,638	$	10,651	$	1,029,609	1.0	%
Premiums:
Annuities and life insurance (2)	10,227		2,208		91		8,110		1.1	%
Accident and health insurance	3,050		41		6		3,015		0.2	%
Total premiums	$	13,277	$	2,249	$	97	$	11,125

(1) Includes Group Protection segment and Other Operations in-force amounts.

(2) Includes insurance fees on universal life and other interest-sensitive products.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income (loss)	$ (1,788)	$ (1,675)	$ 3,297

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Certain GAAP policies, which significantly affect the determination of financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, are summarized below.

Segment Reporting

We present disaggregated disclosures in the Notes below for long-duration insurance balances, applying the level of aggregation by reportable segment as follows:

Reportable Segment	Level of Aggregation
Annuities	Variable Annuities
	Fixed Annuities
	Payout Annuities
Life Insurance	Traditional Life
	UL and Other
Group Protection	Group Protection
Retirement Plan Services	Retirement Plan Services

The variable annuities level of aggregation includes RILA products, which are indexed variable annuities. The fixed annuities level of aggregation represents deferred fixed annuities. We have excluded amounts reported in Other Operations from our disaggregated disclosures that are attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective Life Insurance Company (“Protective”) and Swiss Re Life & Health America, Inc (“Swiss Re”) as these contracts are fully reinsured, run-off institutional pension business in the form of group annuity and the results of certain disability income business and not reflected in the results of the reportable segments listed above.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of LNL and all other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest and any variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we are the primary beneficiary. We use the equity method of accounting to recognize all of our investments in limited partnerships (“LPs”). All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Our involvement with VIEs is primarily to invest in assets that allow us to gain exposure to a broadly diversified portfolio of asset classes. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support or where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest. We assess our contractual, ownership or other interests in a VIE to determine if our interest participates in the variability the VIE was designed to absorb and pass onto variable interest holders. We perform an ongoing qualitative assessment of our variable interests in VIEs to determine whether we have a controlling financial interest and would therefore be considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE. If we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the assets and liabilities of the VIE in the consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Estimates and Assumptions

Accounting Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. In applying these estimates and assumptions, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are uncertain and inherently subject to change. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Included among the material (or potentially material) reported amounts and disclosures that require use of estimates are: fair value of certain financial assets, derivatives, allowances for credit losses, goodwill and other intangibles, MRBs, future contract benefits, income taxes including the recoverability of our deferred tax assets, and the potential effects of resolving litigated matters.

Business Combinations

Business Combinations

We use the acquisition method of accounting for all business combination transactions, and accordingly, recognize the fair values of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements. The allocation of fair values may be subject to adjustment after the initial allocation for up to a one-year period as more information becomes available relative to the fair values as of the acquisition date. The consolidated financial statements include the results of operations of any acquired company since the acquisition date.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair Value Measurement

Our measurement of fair value is based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability, which may include inherent risk, restrictions on the sale or use of an asset or non-performance risk, which would include our own credit risk. Our estimate of an exchange price is the price in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell the asset or transfer the liability (“exit price”) in the principal market, or the most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market, for that asset or liability, as opposed to the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or receive a liability (“entry price”). Pursuant to the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM (“ASC”), we categorize our financial instruments carried at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy, based on the priority of inputs to the respective valuation technique. The three-level hierarchy for fair value measurement is defined as follows:

•Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date, except for large holdings subject to “blockage discounts” that are excluded;

•Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value can be determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies; and

•Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable inputs in situations where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability, and we make estimates and assumptions related to the pricing of the asset or liability, including assumptions regarding risk.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment.

When a determination is made to classify an asset or liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the determination is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. Because certain securities trade in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, the determination of fair value for these securities is inherently more difficult. However, Level 3 fair value investments may include, in addition to the unobservable or Level 3 inputs, observable components, which are components that are actively quoted or can be validated to market-based sources.

Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs for Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

The following discussion outlines the methodologies and assumptions used to determine the fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Considerable judgment is required to develop these assumptions used to measure fair value. Accordingly, the estimates shown are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a one-time, current market exchange of all of our financial instruments.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The fair value of mortgage loans on real estate, excluding mortgage loans accounted for using the fair value option, is established using a discounted cash flow method based on credit rating, maturity and future income. The ratings for mortgages in good standing are based on property type, location, market conditions, occupancy, debt-service coverage, loan-to-value, quality of tenancy, borrower and payment record. The fair value for impaired mortgage loans is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our mortgage loans on real estate, excluding mortgage loans accounted for using the fair value option, are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Investments

The carrying value of our assets classified as other investments, excluding short-term investments, approximates fair value. Other investments includes primarily LPs and other privately held investments that are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and the carrying value is based on our proportional share of the net assets of the LPs. Other investments also includes FHLB stock carried at cost and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our LPs, other privately held investments and FHLB stock are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The remaining assets in other investments include cash collateral receivables and securities that are not LPs or other privately held investments. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these assets are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Separate Account Assets

Separate account assets are primarily carried at fair value.  A portion of our separate account assets includes LPs, which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The carrying value is based on our proportional share of the net assets of the LPs and approximates fair value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of the separate account asset LPs are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Policyholder Account Balances

Policyholder account balances include account balances of certain investment contracts. The fair value of the account balances of certain investment contracts is based on their approximate surrender value as of the balance sheet date. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these policyholder account balances are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities include remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts. The fair value for the remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts is estimated using discounted cash flow calculations as of the balance sheet date. These calculations are based on interest rates currently offered on similar contracts with maturities that are consistent with those remaining for the contracts being valued. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts carrying value approximated fair value. The inputs used to measure the fair value of these other liabilities are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

The fair value of short-term and long-term debt is based on quoted market prices. The inputs used to measure the fair value of our short-term and long-term debt are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value Option

Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance for credit losses, as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, includes mortgage loans on real estate for which the fair value option was elected. The fair value option allows us to elect fair value as an alternative measurement for mortgage loans not otherwise reported at fair value. We have made these elections for certain mortgage loans associated with modified coinsurance agreements to help mitigate the inconsistency in earnings that would otherwise result from the use of embedded derivatives included with these loans. Changes in fair value are reflected in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk are estimated using changes in credit spreads

and quality ratings for the period reported. Mortgage loans on real estate for which the fair value option was elected are valued using third-party pricing services. We have procedures in place to review the valuations each quarter to ensure they are reasonable, including utilizing a separate third party to reperform the valuation for a selection of mortgage loans on an annual basis. Due to lack of observable inputs, mortgage loans electing the fair value option are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Fixed Maturity Available-For-Sale Securities - Fair Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs

Fixed Maturity Available-For-Sale Securities – Fair Valuation Methodologies and Associated Inputs

Securities classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) consist of fixed maturity securities and are stated at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”).

We measure the fair value of our securities classified as fixed maturity AFS based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security. The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the fixed maturity security, and we consistently apply the valuation methodology to measure the security’s fair value. Our fair value measurement is based on a market approach that utilizes prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities. Sources of inputs to the market approach primarily include third-party pricing services, independent broker quotations or pricing matrices. We do not adjust prices received from third parties; however, we do analyze the third-party pricing services’ valuation methodologies and related inputs and perform additional evaluation to determine the appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy.

The observable and unobservable inputs to our valuation methodologies are based on a set of standard inputs that we generally use to evaluate all of our fixed maturity AFS securities. Observable inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. In addition, market indicators, industry and economic events are monitored, and further market data is acquired if certain triggers are met. For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the inputs described above may not be applicable. For private placement securities, we use pricing matrices that utilize observable pricing inputs of similar public securities and Treasury yields as inputs to the fair value measurement. Depending on the type of security or the daily market activity, standard inputs may be prioritized differently or may not be available for all fixed maturity AFS securities on any given day. For broker-quoted only securities, non-binding quotes from market makers or broker-dealers are obtained from sources recognized as market participants. For securities trading in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information, we use unobservable inputs to measure fair value.

The following summarizes our fair valuation methodologies and associated inputs, which are particular to the specified security type and are in addition to the defined standard inputs to our valuation methodologies for all of our fixed maturity AFS securities discussed above:

•Corporate bonds and U.S. government bonds – We also use Trade Reporting and Compliance EngineTM reported tables for our corporate bonds and vendor trading platform data for our U.S. government bonds.

•Mortgage- and asset-backed securities (“ABS”) – We also utilize additional inputs, which include new issues data, monthly payment information and monthly collateral performance, including prepayments, severity, delinquencies, step-down features and over collateralization features for each of our mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), which include collateralized mortgage obligations and mortgage pass through securities backed by residential mortgages (“RMBS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) and collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”).

•State and municipal bonds – We also use additional inputs that include information from the Municipal Securities Rule Making Board, as well as material event notices, new issue data, issuer financial statements and Municipal Market Data benchmark yields for our state and municipal bonds.

•Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities – We also utilize additional inputs of exchange prices (underlying and common stock of the same issuer) for our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities.

In order to validate the pricing information and broker-dealer quotes, we employ, where possible, procedures that include comparisons with similar observable positions, comparisons with subsequent sales and observations of general market movements for those security classes. We have policies and procedures in place to review the process that is utilized by our third-party pricing service and the output that is provided to us by the pricing service. On a periodic basis, we test the pricing for a sample of securities to evaluate the inputs and assumptions used by the pricing service, and we perform a comparison of the pricing service output to an alternative pricing source.  We

also evaluate prices provided by our primary pricing service to ensure that they are not stale or unreasonable by reviewing the prices for unusual changes from period to period based on certain parameters or for lack of change from one period to the next.

Fixed Maturity AFS Securities - Evaluation for Recovery of Amortized Cost

Fixed Maturity AFS Securities – Evaluation for Recovery of Amortized Cost

We regularly review our fixed maturity AFS securities (also referred to as “debt securities”) for declines in fair value that we determine to be impairment-related, including those attributable to credit risk factors that may require a credit loss allowance.

For our debt securities, we generally consider the following to determine whether our debt securities with unrealized losses are credit impaired:

•The estimated range and average period until recovery;

•The estimated range and average holding period to maturity;

•Remaining payment terms of the security;

•Current delinquencies and nonperforming assets of underlying collateral;

•Expected future default rates;

•Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type;

•Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and

•Contractual and regulatory cash obligations.

For a debt security, if we intend to sell a security, or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the debt security is below amortized cost, we conclude that an impairment has occurred and the amortized cost is written down to current fair value, with a corresponding charge to realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). For debt securities where impairment has been recognized, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected are accreted as interest income and recognized in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). If we do not intend to sell a debt security, or it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the debt security (referred to as the credit loss), we conclude that an impairment has occurred, and a credit loss allowance is recorded, with a corresponding charge to realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The remainder of the decline to fair value related to factors other than credit loss is recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) to unrealized losses on fixed maturity AFS securities on the Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity, as this amount is considered a noncredit impairment.

When assessing our intent to sell a debt security, or if it is more likely than not we will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its cost basis, we evaluate facts and circumstances such as, but not limited to, decisions to reposition our security portfolio, sales of securities to meet cash flow needs and sales of securities to capitalize on favorable pricing. Management considers the following as part of the evaluation:

•The current economic environment and market conditions;

•Our business strategy and current business plans;

•The nature and type of security, including expected maturities and exposure to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risk;

•Our analysis of data from financial models and other internal and industry sources to evaluate the current effectiveness of our hedging and overall risk management strategies;

•The current and expected timing of contractual maturities of our assets and liabilities, expectations of prepayments on investments and expectations for surrenders and withdrawals of annuity contracts and life insurance policies;

•The capital risk limits approved by management; and

•Our current financial condition and liquidity demands.

In order to determine the amount of the credit loss for a debt security, we calculate the recovery value by performing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the current cash flows and future cash flows we expect to recover. The discount rate is the effective interest rate implicit in the underlying debt security. The effective interest rate is the original yield, or the coupon if the debt security was previously impaired. See the discussion below for additional information on the methodology and significant inputs, by security type, that we use to determine the amount of a credit loss.

To determine the recovery period of a debt security, we consider the facts and circumstances surrounding the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Historical and implied volatility of the security;

•The extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost;

•Adverse conditions specifically related to the security or to specific conditions in an industry or geographic area;

•Failure, if any, of the issuer of the security to make scheduled payments; and

•Recoveries or additional declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date.

In periods subsequent to the recognition of a credit loss impairment through a credit loss allowance, we continue to reassess the expected cash flows of the debt security at each subsequent measurement date as necessary. If the measurement of credit loss changes, we recognize a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense through realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), limited by the amount that amortized cost exceeds fair value. Losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes the uncollectibility of a debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest on debt securities is written-off through net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when deemed uncollectible.

To determine the recovery value of a corporate bond or CLO, we perform additional analysis related to the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Fundamentals of the issuer to determine what we would recover if they were to file bankruptcy versus the price at which the market is trading;

•Fundamentals of the industry in which the issuer operates;

•Earnings multiples for the given industry or sector of an industry that the underlying issuer operates within, divided by the outstanding debt to determine an expected recovery value of the security in the case of a liquidation;

•Expected cash flows of the issuer (e.g., whether the issuer has cash flows in excess of what is required to fund its operations);

•Expectations regarding defaults and recovery rates;

•Changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency; and

•Additional market information (e.g., if there has been a replacement of the corporate debt security).

Each quarter, we review the cash flows for the MBS portfolio, including current credit enhancements and trends in the underlying collateral performance to determine whether or not they are sufficient to provide for the recovery of our amortized cost. To determine recovery value of a MBS, we perform additional analysis related to the underlying issuer including, but not limited to, the following:

•Discounted cash flow analysis based on the current cash flows and future cash flows we expect to recover;

•Level of borrower creditworthiness of the home equity loans or residential mortgages that back an RMBS or commercial mortgages that back a CMBS;

•Susceptibility to fair value fluctuations for changes in the interest rate environment;

•Susceptibility to reinvestment risks, in cases where market yields are lower than the securities’ book yield earned;

•Susceptibility to reinvestment risks, in cases where market yields are higher than the book yields earned on a security;

•Expectations of sale of such a security where market yields are higher than the book yields earned on a security; and

•Susceptibility to variability of prepayments.

When evaluating MBS and mortgage-related ABS, we consider a number of pool-specific factors as well as market level factors when determining whether or not the impairment on the security requires a credit loss allowance. The most important factor is the performance of the underlying collateral in the security and the trends of that performance in the prior periods. We use this information about the collateral to forecast the timing and rate of mortgage loan defaults, including making projections for loans that are already delinquent and for those loans that are currently performing but may become delinquent in the future. Other factors used in this analysis include the credit characteristics of borrowers, geographic distribution of underlying loans and timing of liquidations by state. Once default rates and timing assumptions are determined, we then make assumptions regarding the severity of a default if it were to occur. Factors that impact the severity assumption include expectations for future home price appreciation or depreciation, loan size, first lien versus second lien, existence of loan level private mortgage insurance, type of occupancy and geographic distribution of loans. Once default and severity assumptions are determined for the security in question, cash flows for the underlying collateral are projected including expected defaults and prepayments. These cash flows on the collateral are then translated to cash flows on our tranche based on the cash flow waterfall of the entire capital security structure. If this analysis indicates the entire principal on a particular security will not be returned, the security is reviewed for a credit loss by comparing the expected cash flows to amortized cost. To the extent that the security has already been impaired through a credit loss allowance or was purchased at a discount, such that the amortized cost of the security is less than or equal to the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, no credit loss allowance is required. Otherwise, if the amortized cost of the security is greater than the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected, and the security was not purchased at a discount greater than the expected principal loss, then an impairment through a credit loss allowance is recognized.

We further monitor the cash flows of all of our debt securities backed by mortgages on an ongoing basis. We also perform detailed analysis on all of our subprime, Alt-A, non-agency residential MBS and on a significant percentage of our debt securities backed by pools of commercial mortgages. The detailed analysis includes revising projected cash flows by updating the cash flows for actual cash received and applying assumptions with respect to expected defaults, foreclosures and recoveries in the future. These revised projected cash flows are then compared to the amount of credit enhancement (subordination) in the structure to determine whether the amortized cost of the security is recoverable. If it is not recoverable, we record an impairment through a credit loss allowance for the security.

Trading Securities

Trading Securities

Trading securities consist of fixed maturity securities in designated portfolios, some of which support modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements. Investment results for the portfolios that support modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements, including gains and losses from sales, are passed directly to the reinsurers pursuant to contractual terms of the reinsurance agreements. Trading securities are carried at fair value, and changes in fair value and changes in the fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with the underlying reinsurance agreements are recorded in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) as they occur.

Equity Securities

Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value, and changes in fair value are recorded in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) as they occur. Equity securities consist primarily of common stock of publicly-traded companies, privately placed securities and mutual fund shares. We measure the fair value of our equity securities based on assumptions used by market participants in pricing the security. The most appropriate valuation methodology is selected based on the specific characteristics of the equity security. Fair values of publicly-traded equity securities are determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical or comparable securities. When quoted prices are not available, we use valuation methodologies most appropriate for the specific asset. Fair values for private placement securities are determined using discounted cash flow, earnings multiple and other valuation models. The fair values of mutual fund shares that transact regularly are based on transaction prices of identical fund shares.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Mortgage loans on real estate consist of commercial and residential mortgage loans and are generally carried at unpaid principal balances adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts and are net of allowance for credit losses. We carry certain mortgage loans associated with modified coinsurance agreements at fair value where the fair value option has been elected. Interest income is accrued on the principal balance of the loan based on the loan’s contractual interest rate. Premiums and discounts are amortized using the effective yield method over the life of the loan. Interest income and amortization of premiums and discounts are reported in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) along with mortgage loan fees, which are recorded as they are incurred.

Our policy for commercial mortgage loans is to report loans that are 60 or more days past due, which equates to two or more payments missed, as delinquent. Our policy for residential mortgage loans is to report loans that are 90 or more days past due, which equates to three or more payments missed, as delinquent. We do not accrue interest on loans 90 days past due, and any interest received on these loans is either applied to the principal or recorded in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) when received, depending on the assessment of the collectability of the loan. We resume accruing interest once a loan complies with all of its original terms or restructured terms. Mortgage loans deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are likewise credited to the allowance for credit losses. Accrued interest on mortgage loans is written-off when deemed uncollectible.

In connection with our recognition of an allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans on real estate, we perform a quantitative analysis using a probability of default/loss given default/exposure at default approach to estimate expected credit losses in our mortgage loan portfolio as well as unfunded commitments related to commercial mortgage loans, exclusive of certain mortgage loans held at fair value. Our model estimates expected credit losses over the contractual terms of the loans, which are the periods over which we are exposed to credit risk, adjusted for expected prepayments. Credit loss estimates are segmented by commercial mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans, and unfunded commitments related to commercial mortgage loans.

The allowance for credit losses for pooled loans of similar risk (i.e., commercial and residential mortgage loans) is estimated using relevant historical credit loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses with adjustments for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term lengths as well as adjustments for changes in environmental conditions, such as unemployment rates, property values, or other factors that management deems relevant. We apply probability weights to the positive, base and adverse scenarios we use. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecast, we use implicit mean reversion over the remaining life of the recoverable, meaning our model will inherently revert to the baseline scenario as the baseline is representative of the historical average over a longer period of time.

Loans are considered impaired when it is probable that, based upon current information and events, we will be unable to collect all amounts due under the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When we determine that a loan is impaired, a specific credit loss allowance is established for the excess carrying value of the loan over its estimated value. The loan’s estimated value is based on: the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; the loan’s observable market price; or the fair value of the loan’s collateral.

Allowance for credit losses are maintained at a level we believe is adequate to absorb current expected lifetime credit losses. Our periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based on historical loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of the underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future and other relevant factors.

Mortgage loans on real estate are presented net of the allowance for credit losses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance are reported in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Mortgage loans on real estate deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses, limited to the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Our commercial loan portfolio is primarily comprised of long-term loans secured by existing commercial real estate. We believe all of the commercial loans in our portfolio share three primary risks: borrower credit worthiness; sustainability of the cash flow of the property; and market risk; therefore, our methods of monitoring and assessing credit risk are consistent for our entire portfolio.

For our commercial mortgage loan portfolio, trends in market vacancy and rental rates are incorporated into the analysis that we perform for monitored loans and may contribute to the establishment of (or an increase or decrease in) an allowance for credit losses. In addition, we review each loan individually in our commercial mortgage loan portfolio on an annual basis to identify emerging risks. We focus on properties that experienced a reduction in debt-service coverage or that have significant exposure to tenants with deteriorating credit profiles. Where warranted, we establish or increase a credit loss allowance for a specific loan based upon this analysis.

We measure and assess the credit quality of our commercial mortgage loans by using loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios. The loan-to-value ratio compares the principal amount of the loan to the fair value at origination of the underlying property collateralizing the loan and is commonly expressed as a percentage. Loan-to-value ratios greater than 100% indicate that the principal amount is greater than the collateral value. Therefore, all else being equal, a lower loan-to-value ratio generally indicates a higher quality loan. The debt-service coverage ratio compares a property’s net operating income to its debt-service payments. Debt-service coverage ratios of less than 1.0 indicate that property operations do not generate enough income to cover its current debt payments. Therefore, all else being equal, a higher debt-service coverage ratio generally indicates a higher quality loan. These credit quality metrics are monitored and reviewed at least annually.

We have off-balance sheet commitments related to commercial mortgage loans. As such, an allowance for credit losses is developed based on the commercial mortgage loan process outlined above, along with an internally developed conversion factor.

Our residential loan portfolio is primarily comprised of first lien mortgages secured by existing residential real estate. In contrast to the commercial mortgage loan portfolio, residential mortgage loans are primarily smaller-balance homogenous loans that share similar risk characteristics. Therefore, these pools of loans are collectively evaluated for inherent credit losses. Such evaluations consider numerous factors, including, but not limited to borrower credit scores, collateral values, loss forecasts, geographic location, delinquency rates and economic trends. These evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available, including updated forecasts, which can cause the allowance for credit losses to increase or decrease over time as such evaluations are revised. Generally, residential mortgage loan pools exclude loans that are nonperforming, as those loans are evaluated individually using the evaluation framework for specific allowance for credit losses described above.

For residential mortgage loans, our primary credit quality indicator is whether the loan is performing or nonperforming. We generally define nonperforming residential mortgage loans as those that are 90 or more days past due and/or in nonaccrual status. There is generally a higher risk of experiencing credit losses when a residential mortgage loan is nonperforming. We monitor and update aging schedules and nonaccrual status on a monthly basis.

Policy Loans

Policy Loans

Policy loans represent loans we issue to policyholders that use the cash surrender value of their life insurance policy as collateral. Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balances.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

We hedge certain portions of our exposure to interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity market risk, basis risk, commodity risk and credit risk by entering into derivative transactions. Our derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at estimated fair value. We have master netting agreements with each of our derivative counterparties that allow for the netting of our derivative asset and liability positions by counterparty. We categorize derivatives into a three-level hierarchy, based on the priority of the inputs to the respective valuation technique as discussed above in “Fair Value Measurement.” The accounting for changes in the estimated fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship, and further, on the type of hedging relationship. For those derivative instruments that are designated and

qualify as hedging instruments, we designate the hedging instrument based upon the exposure being hedged: as a cash flow hedge or a fair value hedge.

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of AOCI and reclassified into net income in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects net income. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument, as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in net income during the period of change in estimated fair values. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, but that are economic hedges, the gain or loss is recognized in net income.

We purchase and issue financial instruments and products that contain embedded derivative instruments that are recorded with the associated host contract. When it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host for measurement purposes and reported within other assets or other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The embedded derivative is carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income during the period of change.

We employ several different methods for determining the fair value of our derivative instruments. The fair value of our derivative contracts are measured based on current settlement values, which are based on quoted market prices, industry standard models that are commercially available and broker quotes. These techniques project cash flows of the derivatives using current and implied future market conditions. We calculate the present value of the cash flows to measure the current fair market value of the derivative.

Other Investments

Other investments consist primarily of alternative investments, cash collateral receivables related to our derivative instruments, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) common stock and short-term investments.

Alternative investments consist primarily of investments in LPs. We account for our investments in LPs using the equity method to determine the carrying value. Recognition of alternative investment income is delayed due to the availability of the related financial statements, which are generally obtained from the partnerships’ general partners. As a result, our private equity investments are generally on a three-month delay and our hedge funds are on a one-month delay. In addition, the impact of audit adjustments related to completion of calendar-year financial statement audits of the investees are typically received during the second quarter of each calendar year. Accordingly, our investment income from alternative investments for any calendar-year period may not include the complete impact of the change in the underlying net assets for the partnership for that calendar-year period.

In uncleared derivative transactions, we and the counterparty enter into a credit support annex requiring either party to post collateral, which may be in the form of cash, equal to the net derivative exposure. Cash collateral we have posted to a counterparty is recorded within other investments. Cash collateral a counterparty has posted is recorded within payables for collateral on investments. We also have investments in FHLB common stock, carried at cost, that enable access to the FHLB lending program. For more information on our collateralized financing arrangements, see “Payables for Collateral on Investments” below.

Short-term investments consist of securities with original maturities of one year or less, but greater than three months. Securities included in short-term investments are carried at fair value, with valuation methods and inputs consistent with those applied to fixed maturity AFS securities.

We maintain an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to minimize significant unplanned fluctuations in earnings that are caused by interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity market risk, basis risk, commodity risk and credit risk. We assess these risks by continually identifying and monitoring changes in our exposures that may adversely affect expected future cash flows and by evaluating hedging opportunities.

Derivative activities are monitored by various management committees. The committees are responsible for overseeing the implementation of various hedging strategies that are developed through the analysis of financial simulation models and other internal and industry sources. The resulting hedging strategies are incorporated into our overall risk management strategies.

See Note 1 for a discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments. See Note 15 for additional disclosures related to the fair value of our derivative instruments and Note 5 for derivative instruments related to our consolidated VIEs.

Interest Rate Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. These instruments are economic hedges unless otherwise noted and include:

Forward-Starting Interest Rate Swaps

We use forward-starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest rate exposure within our annuity and life insurance products.

Interest Rate Cap Corridors

We use interest rate cap corridors to provide a level of protection from the effect of rising interest rates for certain annuity contracts and life insurance products. Interest rate cap corridors involve purchasing an interest rate cap at a specific cap rate and selling an interest rate cap with a higher cap rate. For each corridor, the amount of quarterly payments, if any, is determined by the rate at which the underlying index rate resets above the original capped rate. The corridor limits the benefit the purchaser can receive as the related interest rate index rises above the higher capped rate. There is no additional liability to us other than the purchase price associated with the interest rate cap corridor.

Interest Rate Futures

We use interest rate futures contracts to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products. These futures contracts require payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the futures index price.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

We use interest rate swap agreements to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We also use interest rate swap agreements designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge the interest rate risk of floating-rate bond coupon payments by replicating a fixed-rate bond.

Finally, we use interest rate swap agreements designated and qualifying as fair value hedges to hedge against changes in the fair value of certain fixed maturity securities due to interest rate risks.

Reverse Treasury Locks

We use reverse treasury locks designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge the interest rate exposure related to the anticipated purchase of fixed-rate securities or the anticipated future cash flows of floating-rate fixed maturity securities due to changes in interest rates. These derivatives are primarily structured to hedge interest rate risk inherent in the assumptions used to price certain liabilities.

Foreign Currency Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our foreign currency risk management strategy. These instruments are economic hedges unless otherwise noted and include:

Currency Futures

We use currency futures to hedge foreign exchange risk associated with certain options in variable annuity products. Currency futures exchange one currency for another at a specified date in the future at a specified exchange rate.

Foreign Currency Swaps

We use foreign currency swaps to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies. A foreign currency swap is a contractual agreement to exchange one currency for another at specified dates in the future at a specified exchange rate.

We also use foreign currency swaps designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies.

Foreign Currency Forwards

We use foreign currency forwards to hedge foreign exchange risk of investments in fixed maturity securities denominated in foreign currencies. A foreign currency forward is a contractual agreement to exchange one currency for another at specified dates in the future at a specified current exchange rate.

Equity Market Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our equity market risk management strategy that are economic hedges and include:

Call Options Based on the S&P 500® Index and Other Indices

We use call options to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA, fixed indexed annuity, IUL and VUL products.

Our RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts permit the holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component, where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of the S&P 500 Index or other indices. Policyholders may elect to rebalance index options at renewal dates. At the end of each indexed term, which can be up to six years, we have the opportunity to re-price the indexed component by establishing participation rates, caps, spreads and specified rates, subject to contractual guarantees. We use call options that are highly correlated to the portfolio allocation decisions of our policyholders, such that we are economically hedged with respect to equity returns for the current reset period.

Consumer Price Index Swaps

We use consumer price index swaps to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in fixed annuity products. Consumer price index swaps are contracts entered into at no cost and whose payoff is the difference between the consumer price index inflation rate and the fixed-rate determined as of inception.

Equity Futures

We use equity futures contracts to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products. These futures contracts require payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the futures index price.

Put Options

We use put options to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA and VUL products. Put options are contracts that require the buyers to pay at a specified future date the amount, if any, by which a specified equity index is less than the strike rate stated in the agreement, applied to a notional amount.

Total Return Swaps

We use total return swaps to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity, RILA and VUL products.

In addition, we use total return swaps to hedge a portion of the liability related to our deferred compensation plans. We receive the total return on a portfolio of indexes and pay a floating-rate of interest.

Commodity Contracts

We use commodity contracts to economically hedge certain investments that are closely tied to the changes in commodity values. The commodity contract is an over-the-counter contract that combines a purchase put/sold call to lock in a commodity price within a predetermined range in exchange for a net premium.

Credit Contracts

We use derivative instruments as part of our credit risk management strategy that are economic hedges and include:

Credit Default Swaps – Buying Protection

We use credit default swaps (“CDSs”) to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We buy CDSs to hedge against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. A CDS allows us to put the bond back to the counterparty at par upon a default event by the bond issuer. A default event is defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay, obligation acceleration or restructuring.

CDSs – Selling Protection

We use CDSs to hedge the liability exposure on certain options in variable annuity products.

We sell CDSs to offer credit protection to policyholders and investors. The CDSs hedge the policyholders and investors against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. A CDS allows the investor to put the bond back to us at par upon a default event by the bond issuer. A default event is defined as bankruptcy, failure to pay, obligation acceleration or restructuring.

Other Derivatives

Lapse Protection Rider Ceded Derivative

We also have an inter-company agreement through which Lincoln National Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Limited (“LNBAR”), an affiliated reinsurer, assumes the risk under certain UL contracts for lapse protection riders (“LPR”). If the policyholder’s account balance is insufficient to pay the cost of insurance charges required to keep the policy in force, and the policyholder has made the required deposits, we will be reimbursed for those charges.

Embedded Derivatives

We have embedded derivatives that include:

RILA, Fixed Indexed Annuity and IUL Contracts Embedded Derivatives

Our RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts permit the holder to elect an interest rate return or an equity market component, where interest credited to the contracts is linked to the performance of the S&P 500® Index or other indices. Policyholders may elect to rebalance index options at renewal dates. At the end of each indexed term, which can be up to six years, we have the opportunity to re-price the indexed component by establishing participation rates, caps, spreads and specified rates, subject to contractual guarantees. We use options that are highly correlated to the portfolio allocation decisions of our policyholders, such that we are economically hedged with respect to equity returns for the current reset period.

Reinsurance-Related Embedded Derivatives

We have certain modified coinsurance and coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance agreements with embedded derivatives related to the withheld assets of the related funds. These derivatives are considered total return swaps with contractual returns that are attributable to various assets and liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements.

Derivatives Related to Divestitures and Reinsurance Transactions

We used interest rate futures contracts to hedge the interest rate risk related to the assets used as consideration in the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. These futures contracts required payment between our counterparty and us on a daily basis for changes in the associated future index prices.

We use swaptions and forward-starting swaps to hedge the interest rate risk associated with the Stock Purchase Agreement entered into with Osaic.

Cash and Invested Cash

Cash and Invested Cash

Cash and invested cash is carried at cost and includes all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL

Acquisition costs directly related to successful contract acquisitions or renewals of annuities, UL, VUL, traditional life insurance, group life and disability insurance and other investment contracts have been deferred (i.e., deferred acquisition costs or “DAC”). Such acquisition costs are capitalized in the period they are incurred and primarily include commissions, certain bonuses, a portion of total compensation and benefits of certain employees involved in the acquisition process and medical and inspection fees. Value of business acquired (“VOBA”) is an intangible asset that reflects the estimated fair value of in-force contracts in a life insurance company acquisition and represents the portion of the purchase price that is allocated to the value of the right to receive future cash flows from the business in force at the acquisition date. Bonus credits and excess interest for dollar cost averaging contracts are considered deferred sales inducements (“DSI”) and reported in deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements on the

Consolidated Balance Sheets. Contract sales charges that are collected in the early years of an insurance contract are deferred and reported as deferred front-end loads (“DFEL”) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL amortization is reported within the following financial statement line items on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

•DAC and VOBA – commissions and other expenses

•DSI – interest credited

•DFEL – fee income

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL are amortized on a constant level basis relative to the insurance in force over the expected term of the related contracts using the groupings and actuarial assumptions that are consistent with those used for calculating the related policyholder liability balances. Actuarial assumptions include, but are not limited to, mortality, morbidity and certain policyholder behaviors such as persistency, which are adjusted for emerging experience and expected trends of the related long-duration insurance contracts and certain investment contracts by each reportable segment. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review and update these actuarial assumptions. We may update our actuarial assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that warrants updating outside of our comprehensive review. These resulting changes are applied prospectively.

The following provides a summary of our DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL amortization basis and expected amortization period by reportable segment:

Reportable Segment	Amortization Basis	Expected Amortization Period
Annuities	Total deposits paid to date on policies in force	Between 30 to 40 years
Life Insurance	Policy count of policies in force	On average 60 years
Group Protection	Group certificate contracts in force	4 years
Retirement Plan Services	Lives in force	Between 40 to 50 years

We account for modifications of insurance contracts that result in a substantially unchanged contract as a continuation of the replaced contract. We account for modifications of insurance contracts that result in a substantially changed contract as an extinguishment of the replaced contract.

For reinsurance transactions where we receive proceeds that represent recovery of our previously incurred acquisition costs, we reduce the applicable unamortized acquisition cost such that net acquisition costs are capitalized and charged to commissions and other expenses.

Reinsurance

Reinsurance

We and LLANY enter into reinsurance agreements in the normal course of business to limit our exposure to the risk of loss and to enhance our capital management.

In order for a reinsurance agreement to qualify for reinsurance accounting, the agreement must satisfy certain risk transfer conditions that include, among other items, a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. When we apply reinsurance accounting, insurance premiums, benefits and DAC and VOBA amortization are reported net of reinsurance ceded, as applicable, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Amounts currently recoverable, such as ceded reserves, other than ceded MRBs, are reported in reinsurance recoverables, and amounts currently payable to the reinsurers, such as premiums, are included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In a modified coinsurance or coinsurance with funds withheld reinsurance structured agreement, the investments that would have been sent to the reinsurer as premiums are withheld by us and remain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, with the existing accounting maintained. A corresponding liability is recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets within funds withheld reinsurance liabilities representing our obligation to pay the reinsurer. This liability includes embedded derivatives, which are total return swaps with contractual returns that are attributable to various assets and liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements. The changes in the embedded derivative liabilities are reported within realized gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We use deposit accounting to recognize reinsurance agreements that do not transfer significant insurance risk. This accounting treatment results in amounts paid or received by us to be considered on deposit with the reinsurer and such amounts are reported in deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses and other liabilities, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As amounts are paid or received, consistent with the underlying contracts, deposit assets or liabilities are adjusted.

Reinsurance recoverables are measured and recognized consistent with the liabilities related to the underlying contracts. The interest assumption used for discounting reinsurance recoverables associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts is the upper-medium grade fixed income instrument (“single-A”) interest rate locked-in at the reinsurance contract issuance date. We remeasure reinsurance recoverables associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts with the current single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period. Ceded MRBs are accounted for separately from reinsurance recoverables. See “MRBs” below for additional information.

We estimated an allowance for credit losses for all reinsurance recoverables and related reinsurance deposit assets held by our subsidiaries, other than ceded MRB assets. As such, we performed a quantitative analysis using a probability of loss model approach to estimate expected credit losses for reinsurance recoverables, inclusive of similar assets recognized using the deposit method of accounting. The credit loss allowance is a general allowance for pools of receivables with similar risk characteristics segmented by credit risk ratings and receivables assessed on an individual basis that do not share similar risk characteristics where we anticipate a credit loss over the life of reinsurance-related assets, other than ceded MRB assets.

Our model uses relevant internal or external historical loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future events and conditions in developing our credit loss estimate. We utilized historical credit rating data to form an estimation of probability of default of counterparties by means of a transition matrix that provides the rates of credit migration for credit ratings transitioning to impairment. We updated reinsurer credit ratings during the period to incorporate the most up-to-date information on the current state of the financial stability of our reinsurers. To simulate changes in economic conditions, we used positive, base and adverse scenarios that include varying levels of loss given default assumptions to reflect the impact of changes in severity of losses. We applied probability weights to the positive, base and adverse scenarios. For periods beyond our reasonable and supportable forecasts, we used implicit mean reversion over the remaining life of the recoverable. Additionally, we considered factors that impact our exposure at default that are driven by actuarial expectations around term assumptions rather than being directly driven by market or economic environment.

Our model estimates the expected credit losses over the life of the reinsurance asset. Credit loss estimates are segmented based on counterparty credit risk. Our modeling process utilizes counterparty credit ratings, collateral types and amounts, and term and run-off assumptions. For reinsurance recoverables that do not share similar risk characteristics, we assessed on an individual basis to determine a specific credit loss allowance.

We estimated expected credit losses over the contractual term of the recoverable, which is the period during which we are exposed to the credit risk. Reinsurance recoverables may not have explicit contractual lives, but are tied to the underlying insurance products; as a result, we estimated the contractual life by utilizing actuarial estimates of the timing of payouts related to those underlying products.

Reinsurance agreements often require the reinsurer to collateralize the recoverable with funds in a trust account or with a letter of credit for the benefit of the ceding insurance entity that can reduce the expected credit losses on a given agreement. As such, we review reinsurance collateral by individual agreement to sensitize risk of loss based on level of collateralization. This review is driven by the assumption that non-collateralized reinsurance recoverables would have materially higher losses in times of default. Therefore, reinsurance recoverables are pooled as either fully-collateralized or non-collateralized.

Reinsurance recoverables are presented net of the allowance for credit losses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are reported in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Reinsurance recoverables deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses, limited to the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Where applicable, gains or losses recognized on reinsurance transactions are deferred and amortized into net income (loss) using an amortization basis reflective of the characteristics of the underlying ceded business. Our deferred gains and losses on reinsurance of our interest-sensitive life insurance products are recognized over the projected life of the policies, based on projected profitability or projected reserve development for blocks with negative profitability. Our deferred gains and losses on reinsurance of our annuity products are recognized over the period in which the majority of account balances is expected to run off. Deferred gains and losses are reported within other liabilities and other assets, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Goodwill

Goodwill

We recognize the excess of the purchase price, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired as goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually as of October 1 and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value.

We perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test where the fair value of the reporting unit is determined and compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is greater than the reporting unit’s fair value, goodwill is impaired

and written down to the reporting unit’s fair value; and a charge is reported in impairment of intangibles on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The results of one goodwill impairment test on one reporting unit cannot subsidize the results of another reporting unit.

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other assets consist primarily of deferred loss on business sold through reinsurance, certain reinsurance assets, property and equipment, balances associated with corporate-owned and bank-owned life insurance, premiums and fees receivable, receivables resulting from sales of securities that had not yet settled as of the balance sheet date, current and deferred taxes, specifically identifiable intangible assets, funds withheld reinsurance assets, ceded MRB liabilities, operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, finance lease assets and other receivables and prepaid expenses. Other liabilities consist primarily of deferred gain on business sold through reinsurance, ceded MRB assets, pension and other employee benefit liabilities, certain financing arrangements, payables resulting from purchases of securities that had not yet settled as of the balance sheet date, derivative instrument liabilities, other policyholder liabilities, certain reinsurance payables, long-term operating lease liabilities, finance lease liabilities and other accrued expenses.

The carrying values of specifically identifiable intangible assets are reviewed at least annually for indicators of impairment in value that are related to credit loss or non-credit, including unexpected or adverse changes in the following: the economic or competitive environments in which the company operates; profitability analyses; cash flow analyses; and the fair value of the relevant business operation. If there was an indication of impairment, then the discounted cash flow method would be used to measure the impairment, and the carrying value would be adjusted as necessary and reported in impairment of intangibles on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Sales force intangibles are attributable to the value of the new business distribution system acquired through business combinations. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful life of 25 years. Specifically identifiable intangible assets also includes the value of customer relationships acquired (“VOCRA”) and value of distribution agreements (“VODA”). The carrying values of VOCRA and VODA are amortized using a straight-line basis over their weighted average life of 20 years and 13 years, respectively. See Note 9 for more information regarding specifically identifiable intangible assets.

Property and equipment owned for company use is carried at cost less allowances for depreciation. Provisions for depreciation of investment real estate and property and equipment owned for company use are computed principally on the straight-line method over the

estimated useful lives of the assets, which include buildings, computer hardware and software and other property and equipment. Certain assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are related to finance leases and certain financing arrangements and are depreciated in a manner consistent with our current depreciation policy for owned assets. We periodically review the carrying value of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, impairments are recognized when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.

Long-lived assets to be disposed of by abandonment or in an exchange for a similar productive long-lived asset are classified as held-for-use until they are disposed. Long-lived assets to be sold are classified as held-for-sale and are no longer depreciated. Certain criteria have to be met in order for the long-lived asset to be classified as held-for-sale, including that a sale is probable and expected to occur within one year. Long-lived assets classified as held-for-sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

We lease office space and certain equipment under various long-term lease agreements. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Our leases do not provide an implicit rate; therefore, we use our incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The ROU asset is calculated using the lease liability carrying amount, plus or minus prepaid/accrued lease payments, minus the unamortized balance of lease incentives received, plus unamortized initial direct costs. Lease terms used to calculate our lease obligation include options when we are reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. Our lease agreements may contain both lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Separate Account Assets and Liabilities

Separate Account Assets and Liabilities

Separate accounts represent segregated funds that are maintained to meet specific investment objectives of policyholders who direct the investments and bear the investment risk, except to the extent of minimum guarantees made by the Company with respect to certain accounts. The assets of each account are legally segregated and are not subject to claims that arise out of any other business of the Company.

We report separate account assets as a summary total on the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the fair value of the underlying investments. The underlying investments consist primarily of mutual funds, fixed maturity AFS securities, short-term investments and cash. Investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) of the separate accounts generally accrue directly to the

policyholders; therefore, they are not reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows do not reflect investment activity of the separate accounts. Asset-based fees and contract administration charges (collectively referred to as “policyholder assessments”) are assessed against the accounts and included within fee income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). An amount equivalent to the separate account assets is recorded as separate account liabilities, representing the account balance obligated to be returned to the policyholder.

Policyholder Account Balances and Future Contract Benefits

Policyholder Account Balances

Policyholder account balances include the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. The liability for policyholder account balances includes UL and VUL and investment-type annuity products where account balances are equal to deposits plus interest credited less withdrawals, surrender charges, policyholder assessments, as well as amounts representing the fair value of embedded derivative instruments associated with our IUL and indexed annuity products. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the assumptions and projection models used in estimating these embedded derivatives and update assumptions as needed. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update.

Future Contract Benefits

Future contract benefits represent liability reserves, including liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”), liability for future claims reserves and additional liability for other insurance benefits that we have established and carry based on estimates of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims.

The LFPB associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity contracts and non-participating traditional life insurance contracts is measured using a net premium ratio approach. This approach accrues expected benefits and claims in proportion to the premium revenue recognized. For life-contingent payout annuity contracts with limited premium payments, as premium collection is not the completion of the earnings process, gross premiums in excess of net premiums are deferred. This excess of gross premiums received over the related net premiums is referred to as the deferred profit liability (“DPL”). The DPL is included in the LFPB, and profits are recognized over the life of the contracts.

In measuring our LFPB, we establish cohorts, which are groupings of long-duration contracts. Factors that we consider in determining cohorts include, but are not limited to, our contract classification and issue year requirements, product risk characteristics, assumptions and modeling level used in the valuation systems. The net premium ratio is capped at 100% at the individual cohort level. Expected benefits and claims in excess of premium revenue recognized are expensed immediately.

We use actuarial assumptions to best estimate future premium and benefit cash flows (“cash flow assumptions”) as well as the actual historical cash flows received and paid to derive a net premium ratio in measuring the LFPB. These actuarial assumptions include mortality rates, morbidity, policyholder behavior (e.g., persistency) and withdrawals based principally on generally accepted actuarial methods and assumptions. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the cash flow assumptions and projection models used in estimating these liabilities and update these assumptions (excluding the claims settlement expense assumption that is locked in at inception) in the calculation of the net premium ratio. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of such update. On a quarterly basis, we retrospectively update the net premium ratio for actual experience. The remeasurement of LFPB for both assumption updates and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). For all contract cohorts issued after January 1, 2021, interest is accrued on LFPB at the single-A interest rate on the contract cohort inception date. For contract cohorts issued prior to January 1, 2021, interest remains accruing at the original discount rate in effect on the contract cohort inception date due to the modified retrospective transition method. We also remeasure the LFPB using the single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period, which is reported within policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We evaluate the liability for future claims on our long-term life and disability group products. Given the term and renewal features of our product and funding nature of the associated premiums, we have determined that the liability value is generally zero for policies that are not on claim. Therefore, the liability for future claims represents future payments on claims for which a disability event has occurred as of the valuation date. In measuring the liability for future claims, we establish cohorts similar to the process described above and use actuarial assumptions primarily based on claim termination rates, offsets for other insurance including social security and long-term disability incidence and severity assumptions. Cash flow assumptions are subject to the comprehensive review process discussed above. On a quarterly basis, the liability for future claims is updated for actual claims experience. The remeasurement of the liability for future claims for both assumption updates and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). We remeasure the liability for future claims using a single-A interest rate as of the end of each reporting period, which is reported within policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We use the single-A interest rate curve to discount cash flows used to calculate the LFPB and the liability for future claims. This curve is developed using the upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yields that are intended to reflect the duration characteristics of the applicable insurance liabilities.

We issue UL contracts with separate accounts that may include various types of guaranteed benefits that are not accounted for as MRBs or embedded derivatives. These guaranteed benefits require an additional liability that is calculated by estimating the present value of total expected benefit payments over the life of the contract from inception divided by the present value of total expected assessments over the life of the contract (“benefit ratio”) multiplied by the cumulative assessments recorded from the contract inception through the balance sheet date less the cumulative payments plus interest on the liability. Cash flow assumptions incorporated in a benefit ratio in measuring these additional liabilities for other insurance benefits include mortality rates, morbidity, policyholder behavior (e.g., persistency) and withdrawals based principally on generally accepted actuarial methods and assumptions. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the cash flow assumptions and projection models used in estimating these liabilities and update these assumptions in the calculation of the benefit ratio. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of such update. On a quarterly basis, we retrospectively update the benefit ratio for actual experience. The remeasurement of additional liability for both assumptions and actual experience are reported within policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). As future cash flow assumption and experience updates result in changes in expected benefit payments or assessments, the benefit ratio is recalculated using the updated expected benefit payments and assessments over the life of the contract since inception. The revised benefit ratio is then applied to the liability calculation described above.

Premium deficiency testing is performed for interest-sensitive life products periodically using best estimate assumptions as of the testing date to test the adequacy and appropriateness of the established net reserve (i.e., GAAP reserves net of any DSI or VOBA assets). The premium deficiency test is also performed using a discount rate based on the average crediting rate. A premium deficiency exists when

the net reserve plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are determined to be insufficient to cover expected future benefits and non-level expenses.

The business written or assumed by us includes participating life insurance contracts, under which the policyholder is entitled to share in the earnings of such contracts via receipt of dividends. The dividend scale for participating policies is reviewed annually and may be adjusted to reflect recent experience and future expectations. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, participating policies comprised less than 1% of the face amount of business in force, and dividend expenses were $41 million, $49 million and $48 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

MRBs

MRBs are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk upon the occurrence of a specific event or circumstance, such as death, annuitization or periodic withdrawal. MRBs do not include the death benefit component of a life insurance contract (i.e., the difference between the account balance and the death benefit amount). All long-duration insurance contracts and certain investment contracts are subject to MRB evaluation. An MRB can be in either an asset or a liability position. Our MRB assets and MRB liabilities are reported at fair value separately on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We issue variable and fixed annuity contracts that may include various types of guaranteed living benefit (“GLB”) and guaranteed death benefit (“GDB”) riders that we have classified as MRBs. For contracts that contain multiple features that qualify as MRBs, the MRBs are valued on a combined basis using an integrated model. We have entered into reinsurance agreements to cede certain GLB and GDB riders where the reinsurance agreements themselves are accounted for as MRBs or contain MRBs. We therefore record ceded MRB assets and ceded MRB liabilities associated with these reinsurance agreements. Ceded MRB liabilities are included in other assets and ceded MRB assets are included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

MRBs are valued based on a stochastic projection of risk-neutral scenarios that incorporate a spread reflecting our non-performance risk. Ceded MRBs are valued based on a stochastic projection of risk-neutral scenarios that incorporate a spread reflecting our counterparties’ non-performance risk. The scenario assumptions, at each valuation date, are those we view to be appropriate for a hypothetical market participant and include assumptions for capital markets, policyholder behavior (e.g., policy lapse, rider utilization, etc.) mortality, risk margin and administrative expenses. These assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgments. During the third quarter of each year, we conduct our comprehensive review of the actuarial assumptions and projection models used in estimating these MRBs and update these assumptions on a prospective basis as needed. We may also update these assumptions in other quarters as we become aware of information that is indicative of the need for such an update. The assumptions for our own non-performance risk and our counterparties’ non-performance risk for MRBs and ceded MRBs, respectively, are determined at each valuation date and reflect our and our counterparties’ risks of not fulfilling the obligations of the underlying liability. The spread for the non-performance risk is added to the discount rates used in determining the fair value from the net cash flows. For information on fair value inputs, see Note 15.

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

Short-term debt has contractual or expected maturities of one year or less. Long-term debt has contractual or expected maturities greater than one year.

Payables for Collateral on Investments

Payables for Collateral on Investments

When we enter into collateralized financing transactions on our investments, a liability is recorded equal to the cash or non-cash collateral received. This liability is included within payables for collateral on investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income and expenses associated with these transactions are recorded as investment income and investment expenses within net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Changes in payables for collateral on investments are reflected within cash flows from investing activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Contingencies and Commitments

Contingencies and Commitments

A loss contingency is an existing condition, situation or set of circumstances involving uncertainty as to possible loss that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. Contingencies arising from environmental remediation costs, regulatory judgments, claims, assessments, guarantees, litigation, recourse reserves, fines, penalties and other sources are recorded when deemed probable and reasonably estimable, based on our best estimate.

Fee Income

Fee Income

Fee income for investment and interest-sensitive life insurance contracts consists of asset-based fees, percent of premium charges, contract administration charges and surrender charges that are assessed against policyholder account balances. Investment products consist primarily of individual and group variable and fixed annuities. Interest-sensitive life insurance products include UL, VUL, linked-benefit UL and VUL and other interest-sensitive life insurance policies. These products include life insurance sold to individuals, corporate-owned life insurance and bank-owned life insurance.

The timing of revenue recognition as it relates to fees assessed on investment contracts is determined based on the nature of such fees. Asset-based fees and contract administration charges are assessed on a daily or monthly basis and recognized as revenue as performance obligations are met, over the period underlying customer assets are owned or advisory services are provided. Percent of premium charges are assessed at the time of premium payment and recognized as revenue when assessed and earned. Certain amounts assessed that represent compensation for services to be provided in future periods are reported as unearned revenue and recognized in income over the periods benefited. Surrender charges are recognized upon surrender of a contract by the policyholder in accordance with contractual terms. For investment and interest-sensitive life insurance contracts, the amounts collected from policyholders are considered deposits and are not included in revenue.

Wholesaling-related 12b-1 fees received from separate account fund sponsors as compensation for servicing the underlying mutual funds are recorded as revenues based on a contractual percentage of the market value of mutual fund assets over the period shares are owned by customers. Net investment advisory fees related to asset management of certain separate account funds are recorded as revenues based on a contractual percentage of the customer’s managed assets over the period advisory services are provided. Fee income related to 12b-1 fees and net investment advisory fees, reported primarily within our Annuities segment, was $715 million, $743 million and $848 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Insurance Premiums

Insurance Premiums

Insurance premiums consist primarily of group insurance products, payout annuities with life contingencies and traditional life insurance. These insurance premiums are recognized as revenue when due.

Net Investment Income

Net Investment Income

We earn investment income on the underlying general account investments supporting our fixed products less related expenses. Dividends and interest income, recorded in net investment income, are recognized when earned. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on investments in debt securities are reflected in net investment income over the contractual terms of the investments in a manner that produces a constant effective yield.

For CLOs and MBS, included in the trading and fixed maturity AFS securities portfolios, we recognize income using a constant effective yield based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When actual prepayments differ significantly from originally anticipated prepayments, the retrospective effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and a catch up adjustment is recorded in the current period. In addition, the new effective yield, which reflects anticipated future payments, is used

prospectively. Any adjustments resulting from changes in effective yield are reflected in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Realized Gain (Loss)

Realized Gain (Loss)

Realized gain (loss) includes realized gains and losses from the sale of investments, write-downs for impairments of investments and changes in the allowance for credit losses for financial assets, changes in fair value of mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option, changes in fair value of equity securities, certain derivative and embedded derivative gains and losses, gains and losses on the sale of subsidiaries and businesses and net gains and losses on reinsurance-related embedded derivatives and trading securities. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined using the specific identification method. Realized gain (loss) is reported net of allocations of investment gains and losses to certain policyholders, certain funds withheld on reinsurance arrangements and certain modified coinsurance arrangements for which we have a contractual obligation to cede realized gains and losses to the reinsurer.

MRB Gain (Loss)

MRB Gain (Loss)

MRB gain (loss) includes the change in fair value of MRB and ceded MRB assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of MRB assets and liabilities are recognized in net income (loss), except for the portion attributable to the change in non-performance risk that is recognized in OCI. Changes in the fair value of ceded MRB assets and liabilities, including the changes in our counterparties’ non-performance risks, are recognized in net income (loss).

Other Revenues

Other Revenues

Other revenues consist primarily of fees attributable to broker-dealer services recorded as performance obligations are met, either at the time of sale or over time based on a contractual percentage of customer account balances, and proceeds from reinsurance recaptures. The broker-dealer services primarily relate to our retail sales network and consist of commission revenue for the sale of non-affiliated securities recorded on a trade date basis and advisory fee income. Advisory fee income is asset-based revenues recorded as earned based on a contractual percentage of customer account balances. Other revenues attributable to broker-dealer services and advisory fee income, reported primarily within our Annuities segment, were $461 million, $468 million and $497 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other revenues earned by our Group Protection segment consist of fees from administrative services performed, which are recognized as performance obligations are met over the terms of the underlying agreements, and were $210 million, $203 million and $180 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Interest Credited

Interest Credited

We credit interest to our policyholder account balances based on the contractual terms supporting our products.

Benefits

Benefits

Benefits for UL and other interest-sensitive life insurance products include benefit claims incurred during the period in excess of contract account balances. Benefits also include the change in reserves for annuity products with guaranteed death and living benefits, certain annuities with life contingencies and life insurance products with secondary guarantee benefits. For traditional life, group life and disability income products, benefits are recognized when incurred in a manner consistent with the related premium recognition policies.

Policyholder Liability Remeasurement Gain (Loss)

Policyholder Liability Remeasurement Gain (Loss)

Policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) recognized in net income (loss) includes remeasurement gains and losses resulting from updates in cash flow assumptions and actual variance from expected experience used in the net premium ratio or benefit ratio calculation for future policy benefits associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity products and traditional life insurance, liabilities for future claims associated with our group products, and additional liabilities for other insurance benefits on certain guaranteed benefits associated with our UL products.

Policyholder liability remeasurement gain (loss) recognized in OCI includes any changes resulting from the discount rate remeasurement of future policy benefits associated with limited payment life-contingent annuity products and traditional life insurance and liabilities for future claims associated with our group products as of each reporting period.

Spark Program Expense

Spark Program Expense

Spark program expense consists primarily of costs related to our Spark Initiative.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

Pursuant to the accounting rules for our obligations to employees and agents under our various pension and other postretirement benefit plans, we are required to make a number of assumptions to estimate related liabilities and expenses. The mortality assumption is based on actual and anticipated plan experience, determined using acceptable actuarial methods. We use assumptions for the weighted-average discount rate and expected return on plan assets to estimate pension expense. The discount rate assumptions are determined using an analysis of current market information and the projected benefit flows associated with these plans. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on historical and projected future rates of return on the funds invested in the plan. The calculation of our accumulated postretirement benefit obligation also uses an assumption of weighted-average annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered benefits, which reflects a health care cost trend rate.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

In general, we expense the fair value of stock awards included in our incentive compensation plans. As of the date LNC’s Board of Directors approves stock awards, the fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes options valuation methodology, and the fair value of other stock awards is based upon the market value of the stock. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the performance or service period, which generally corresponds to the vesting period, and is recognized as an increase to common stock in stockholder’s equity. We apply an estimated forfeiture rate to our accrual of compensation cost. We classify certain stock awards as liabilities. For these awards, the settlement value is classified as a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the liability is marked-to-market through net income at the end of each reporting period. Stock-based compensation expense is reflected in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Interest and Debt Expense

Interest and Debt Expense

Interest expense on our short-term and long-term debt is recognized as due and any associated premiums, discounts and debt issuance costs are amortized (accreted) over the term of the related borrowing utilizing the effective interest method. In addition, gains or losses related to certain derivative instruments associated with debt are recognized in interest and debt expense during the period of the change.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

LNC files a U.S. consolidated income tax return that includes us and LNC’s other eligible subsidiaries. Ineligible subsidiaries file separate individual corporate tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized, based on enacted rates, when assets and liabilities have different values for financial statement and tax reporting purposes. A valuation allowance is recorded to the extent required. Judgment and the use of estimates are required in determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary and, if so, the amount of such valuation allowance. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we consider many factors, including: the nature and character of the deferred tax assets and liabilities; taxable income in prior carryback years; future reversals of temporary differences; the length of time carryovers can be utilized; and any tax planning strategies we would employ to avoid a tax benefit from expiring unused.

We use the individual security approach for releasing income tax effects from AOCI.

New Accounting Standards

The following table provides a description of our adoption of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the consolidated financial statements. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or insignificant in presentation or amount.

Standard	Description	Effective Date	Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) and related amendments	The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by reference rate reform. If certain criteria are met, an entity will not be required to remeasure or reassess contracts impacted by reference rate reform. Additionally, changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship affected by reference rate reform will not require entities to de-designate the relationship if certain requirements are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2024, with certain exceptions. The amendments are effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020, and December 31, 2024.	March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024	This standard may be elected and applied prospectively. We utilized certain practical expedients under this guidance for contract modifications and to maintain hedge accounting for certain derivatives from the effective date through December 31, 2023. This ASU has not had a material impact to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations to date, and we do not expect future material impacts through the close of the ASU effective date on December 31, 2024.
ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments	See Note 3 for information about ASU 2018-12.	January 1, 2023	We adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023, with a transition date of January 1, 2021, using a modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs for which we applied a full retrospective transition approach. See Note 3 for transition disclosures related to the adoption of this ASU.

On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2018-12 with a transition date of January 1, 2021. ASU 2018-12 updated accounting and reporting requirements for long-duration contracts and certain investment contracts issued by insurance entities. We adopted ASU 2018-12 under the modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs, which applied the full retrospective approach. Our consolidated financial statements are presented under the new guidance for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2021.

Under ASU 2018-12, we include actual historical cash flows along with best estimate future cash flows to derive the net premium ratio when calculating the LFPB associated with our traditional and limited-payment long-duration contracts. We review and update, if necessary, assumptions used to measure future cash flows included in the net premium ratio at least annually. Historical cash flows included in the net premium ratio are updated for actual experience quarterly and as assumptions are updated. Changes in the measurement of our LFPB result from updates to cash flow assumptions and actual experience, which impacts are reported within policyholder remeasurement gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). We use an upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yield (single-A) discount rate when calculating the LFPB. This discount rate is updated quarterly at each reporting date with the impact recognized in OCI. ASU 2018-12 also eliminated loss recognition testing, premium deficiency testing and the provision for adverse deviation for LFPB.

ASU 2018-12 introduced the category of MRBs, which are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from other-than-nominal capital market risk and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk upon the occurrence of a specific event or circumstance, such as death, annuitization or periodic withdrawal. MRBs are required to be measured at fair value, with periodic changes in fair value reported within MRB gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), except for periodic changes to instrument-specific credit risk related to direct policies, which are recognized in OCI. Changes in the fair value of ceded MRB assets and liabilities are also reported within MRB gain (loss) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

ASU 2018-12 simplified the amortization model for DAC and DAC-like intangible balances, including VOBA, DSI and DFEL. Historically these balances were amortized in proportion to premium or over expected gross profits. They are now amortized on a constant-level basis over the expected term of the contract. Loss recognition testing and impairment testing are no longer applicable for DAC.

ASU 2018-12 requires disaggregated rollforwards of the beginning of year to the end of the reporting period balances. We also disclose information about inputs, judgments, assumptions, methods, changes during the period and the effect of these changes on the measurement of applicable balances. In determining the appropriate level of aggregation, we considered our reportable segments, nature and risk characteristics of our products and level of aggregation we used in disclosures presented outside the financial statements.

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Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of Segment Reporting Information, by Segment

We present disaggregated disclosures in the Notes below for long-duration insurance balances, applying the level of aggregation by reportable segment as follows:

Reportable Segment	Level of Aggregation
Annuities	Variable Annuities
	Fixed Annuities
	Payout Annuities
Life Insurance	Traditional Life
	UL and Other
Group Protection	Group Protection
Retirement Plan Services	Retirement Plan Services

The following provides a summary of our DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL amortization basis and expected amortization period by reportable segment:

Reportable Segment	Amortization Basis	Expected Amortization Period
Annuities	Total deposits paid to date on policies in force	Between 30 to 40 years
Life Insurance	Policy count of policies in force	On average 60 years
Group Protection	Group certificate contracts in force	4 years
Retirement Plan Services	Lives in force	Between 40 to 50 years

Other segment information (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net Investment Income
Annuities	$	1,744	$	1,387	$	1,314
Life Insurance	2,515		2,464		3,054
Group Protection	336		333		364
Retirement Plan Services	999		966		982
Other Operations	118		124		125
Total net investment income	$	5,712	$	5,274	$	5,839

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New Accounting Standards (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Standards Update and Change in Accounting Principle [Abstract]

New Accounting Standards

The following table provides a description of our adoption of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the consolidated financial statements. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or insignificant in presentation or amount.

Standard	Description	Effective Date	Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) and related amendments	The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by reference rate reform. If certain criteria are met, an entity will not be required to remeasure or reassess contracts impacted by reference rate reform. Additionally, changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship affected by reference rate reform will not require entities to de-designate the relationship if certain requirements are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2024, with certain exceptions. The amendments are effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020, and December 31, 2024.	March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024	This standard may be elected and applied prospectively. We utilized certain practical expedients under this guidance for contract modifications and to maintain hedge accounting for certain derivatives from the effective date through December 31, 2023. This ASU has not had a material impact to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations to date, and we do not expect future material impacts through the close of the ASU effective date on December 31, 2024.
ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments	See Note 3 for information about ASU 2018-12.	January 1, 2023	We adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023, with a transition date of January 1, 2021, using a modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs for which we applied a full retrospective transition approach. See Note 3 for transition disclosures related to the adoption of this ASU.

The following table presents the cumulative effect adjustments (in millions), after-tax and shown as increase (decrease), to the components of stockholder’s equity due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, by primary accounting topic:

					Total Stockholder’s Equity
	Retained Earnings		AOCI
Shadow impacts:
DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL	$	–	$	2,271	$	2,271
Additional liabilities for other
insurance benefits	–		1,197		1,197
LFPB and other (1)	(121)		(1,520)		(1,641)
MRBs (2)	(1,699)		2,874		1,175
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Includes impacts to reserves and ceded reserves reported within future contract benefits and reinsurance recoverables, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding shadow impacts on additional liabilities for other insurance benefits.

(2) Includes impacts related to MRB assets and MRB liabilities reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and ceded MRBs reported within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, (in millions) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Retained Earnings		AOCI		Total Stockholder’s Equity
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	–	$	6,079	$	6,079
Reinsurance recoverables	607		2,556		3,163
Other assets (1)	5,795		–		5,795
Future contract benefits	(760)		(2,966)		(3,726)
MRBs, net	(7,956)		3,656		(4,300)
DFEL	–		(3,190)		(3,190)
Other liabilities (2)	494		(1,313)		(819)
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Consists primarily of ceded MRB adjustments.

(2) Consists of state and federal tax adjustments.

The following table summarizes the changes in DAC, VOBA and DSI, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DAC
Variable Annuities	$	3,675	$	52	$	3,727
Fixed Annuities	264		215		479
Traditional Life	1,041		–		1,041
UL and Other	297		5,031		5,328
Group Protection	187		–		187
Retirement Plan Services	126		112		238
Total DAC	5,590		5,410		11,000
VOBA
Fixed Annuities	–		23		23
Traditional Life	67		–		67
UL and Other	167		630		797
Total VOBA	234		653		887
DSI (1)
Variable Annuities	194		2		196
Fixed Annuities	17		13		30
UL and Other	35		–		35
Retirement Plan Services	13		1		14
Total DSI	259		16		275
Total DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	6,083	$	6,079	$	12,162

(1) Pre-adoption DSI balance was previously reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in DFEL, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DFEL (1)
Variable Annuities	$	319	$	5	$	324
UL and Other	77		3,185		3,262
Total DFEL	$	396	$	3,190	$	3,586

(1) Pre-adoption DFEL balance was previously reported in other contract holder funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in future contract benefits, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Single-A Discount Rate Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	2,313	$	(105)	$	415	$	44	$	2,667
Traditional Life	3,062		–		852		(2)		3,912
Liability for Future Claims
Group Protection	5,422		–		517		–		5,939
Additional Liabilities for Other
Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	13,687		(1,515)		–		92		12,264
Other Operations (2)	10,309		(80)		2,882		626		13,737
Other (3)	3,525		–		–		–		3,525
Total future contract benefits	$	38,318	$	(1,700)	$	4,666	$	760	$	42,044

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as an additional liability. Also, balance pre-adoption reflects certain reclassifications of non-life contingent account balances from future contract benefits to policyholder account balances within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Represents future contract benefits reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($6.3 billion and $7.4 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.8 billion and $3.3 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes LFPB and additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reserves outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in reinsurance recoverables, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Single-A Discount Rate  Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Reinsured LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	5	$	–	$	–	$	5
Traditional Life	372		88		–		460
Reinsured Liability for Future
Claims
Group Protection	148		14		–		162
Reinsured Additional Liabilities
for Other Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	922		–		(3)		919
Reinsured Other Operations (2)	14,757		2,454		610		17,821
Reinsured Other (3)	1,346		–		–		1,346
Total reinsurance recoverables	$	17,550	$	2,556	$	607	$	20,713

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities.

(2) Represents reinsurance recoverables reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($12.0 billion and $13.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.7 billion and $3.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes reinsured LFPB and reinsured additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reinsurance recoverables outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net liability position of MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	831	$	(3,592)	$	7,968	$	5,207
Fixed Annuities	192		(52)		(22)		118
Retirement Plan Services	11		(12)		10		9
Total MRBs, net	$	1,034	$	(3,656)	$	7,956	$	5,334

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net asset position of ceded MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12, reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Ceded MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	828	$	5,700	$	6,528
Retirement Plan Services	1		10		11
Total ceded MRBs, net	$	829	$	5,710	$	6,539

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Balance Sheet:

	As of December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business
acquired and deferred sales inducements (2)	$	13,873	$	(1,610)	$	12,263
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for
credit losses (2)	24,450		(2,646)		21,804
Market risk benefit assets	–		2,807		2,807
Other assets (2)	8,831		(1,154)		7,677
Total assets (2)	338,185		(2,603)		335,582
Future contract benefits (2)	41,203		(2,901)		38,302
Market risk benefit liabilities	–		2,078		2,078
Deferred front-end loads (2)	5,765		(650)		5,115
Other liabilities (2)	7,719		(1,468)		6,251
Total liabilities (2)	329,919		(2,941)		326,978
Retained earnings	2,436		(1,022)		1,414
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)
Total stockholder’s equity	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto (“2022 Form 10-K”).

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022						For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Fee income	$	5,783	$	(417)	$	5,366	$	6,630	$	(864)	$	5,766
Realized gain (loss)	214		204		418		711		148		859
Total revenues	17,770		(213)		17,557		19,228		(716)		18,512
Benefits	10,801		(2,598)		8,203		8,039		(12)		8,027
Interest credited	2,849		11		2,860		2,911		1		2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296		–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain)   loss	–		2,445		2,445		–		(119)		(119)
Commissions and other expenses	4,799		128		4,927		5,548		(537)		5,011
Total expenses	19,387		282		19,669		16,699		(2,221)		14,478
Income (loss) before taxes	(1,617)		(495)		(2,112)		2,529		1,505		4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(332)		(105)		(437)		420		317		737
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Unrealized investment gain (loss)	(13,613)		(4,026)		(17,639)		(2,480)		(753)		(3,233)
Market risk benefit non-performance risk
gain (loss)	–		(211)		(211)		–		(923)		(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate
remeasurement gain (loss)	–		1,891		1,891		–		560		560
Total other comprehensive income (loss),
net of tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(14,902)		(2,736)		(17,638)		(368)		72		(296)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity:

	As of December 31, 2022						As of December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Retained earnings balance as of
beginning-of-year	$	4,366	$	(632)	$	3,734	$	4,167	$	–	$	4,167
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		(1,820)		(1,820)
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Retained earnings balance as of end-of-year	2,436		(1,022)		1,414		4,366		(632)		3,734
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of beginning-of-year	6,544		3,706		10,250		9,021		–		9,021
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		4,822		4,822
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of
tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of end-of-year	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)		6,544		3,706		10,250
Total stockholder’s equity as of end-of-year	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604	$	22,860	$	3,074	$	25,934

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	(1,285)	$	(390)	$	(1,675)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(214)		(204)		(418)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	45		450		495
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	727		(75)		652
Accrued expenses	(98)		(3)		(101)
Federal income tax accruals	(271)		(105)		(376)
Other (2)	375		31		406

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	2,109	$	1,188	$	3,297
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(711)		(148)		(859)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	289		207		496
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	(862)		(31)		(893)
Accrued expenses	370		7		377
Federal income tax accruals	391		317		708
Other (2)	(365)		14		(351)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

XML

Adoption of ASU 2018-12 (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Standards Update and Change in Accounting Principle [Abstract]

Accounting Standards Update and Change in Accounting Principle

The following table provides a description of our adoption of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the impact of the adoption on the consolidated financial statements. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or insignificant in presentation or amount.

Standard	Description	Effective Date	Effect on Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) and related amendments	The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions impacted by reference rate reform. If certain criteria are met, an entity will not be required to remeasure or reassess contracts impacted by reference rate reform. Additionally, changes to the critical terms of a hedging relationship affected by reference rate reform will not require entities to de-designate the relationship if certain requirements are met. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2024, with certain exceptions. The amendments are effective for contract modifications made between March 12, 2020, and December 31, 2024.	March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024	This standard may be elected and applied prospectively. We utilized certain practical expedients under this guidance for contract modifications and to maintain hedge accounting for certain derivatives from the effective date through December 31, 2023. This ASU has not had a material impact to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations to date, and we do not expect future material impacts through the close of the ASU effective date on December 31, 2024.
ASU 2018-12, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts and related amendments	See Note 3 for information about ASU 2018-12.	January 1, 2023	We adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2023, with a transition date of January 1, 2021, using a modified retrospective approach, except for MRBs for which we applied a full retrospective transition approach. See Note 3 for transition disclosures related to the adoption of this ASU.

The following table presents the cumulative effect adjustments (in millions), after-tax and shown as increase (decrease), to the components of stockholder’s equity due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, by primary accounting topic:

					Total Stockholder’s Equity
	Retained Earnings		AOCI
Shadow impacts:
DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL	$	–	$	2,271	$	2,271
Additional liabilities for other
insurance benefits	–		1,197		1,197
LFPB and other (1)	(121)		(1,520)		(1,641)
MRBs (2)	(1,699)		2,874		1,175
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Includes impacts to reserves and ceded reserves reported within future contract benefits and reinsurance recoverables, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, excluding shadow impacts on additional liabilities for other insurance benefits.

(2) Includes impacts related to MRB assets and MRB liabilities reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and ceded MRBs reported within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2021, (in millions) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Retained Earnings		AOCI		Total Stockholder’s Equity
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	–	$	6,079	$	6,079
Reinsurance recoverables	607		2,556		3,163
Other assets (1)	5,795		–		5,795
Future contract benefits	(760)		(2,966)		(3,726)
MRBs, net	(7,956)		3,656		(4,300)
DFEL	–		(3,190)		(3,190)
Other liabilities (2)	494		(1,313)		(819)
Total	$	(1,820)	$	4,822	$	3,002

(1) Consists primarily of ceded MRB adjustments.

(2) Consists of state and federal tax adjustments.

The following table summarizes the changes in DAC, VOBA and DSI, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DAC
Variable Annuities	$	3,675	$	52	$	3,727
Fixed Annuities	264		215		479
Traditional Life	1,041		–		1,041
UL and Other	297		5,031		5,328
Group Protection	187		–		187
Retirement Plan Services	126		112		238
Total DAC	5,590		5,410		11,000
VOBA
Fixed Annuities	–		23		23
Traditional Life	67		–		67
UL and Other	167		630		797
Total VOBA	234		653		887
DSI (1)
Variable Annuities	194		2		196
Fixed Annuities	17		13		30
UL and Other	35		–		35
Retirement Plan Services	13		1		14
Total DSI	259		16		275
Total DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	6,083	$	6,079	$	12,162

(1) Pre-adoption DSI balance was previously reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in DFEL, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
DFEL (1)
Variable Annuities	$	319	$	5	$	324
UL and Other	77		3,185		3,262
Total DFEL	$	396	$	3,190	$	3,586

(1) Pre-adoption DFEL balance was previously reported in other contract holder funds on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in future contract benefits, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Impact from Removal of Shadow Balances from AOCI		Single-A Discount Rate Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	2,313	$	(105)	$	415	$	44	$	2,667
Traditional Life	3,062		–		852		(2)		3,912
Liability for Future Claims
Group Protection	5,422		–		517		–		5,939
Additional Liabilities for Other
Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	13,687		(1,515)		–		92		12,264
Other Operations (2)	10,309		(80)		2,882		626		13,737
Other (3)	3,525		–		–		–		3,525
Total future contract benefits	$	38,318	$	(1,700)	$	4,666	$	760	$	42,044

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as an additional liability. Also, balance pre-adoption reflects certain reclassifications of non-life contingent account balances from future contract benefits to policyholder account balances within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Represents future contract benefits reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($6.3 billion and $7.4 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.8 billion and $3.3 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes LFPB and additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reserves outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in reinsurance recoverables, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Single-A Discount Rate  Measurement in AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Reinsured LFPB
Payout Annuities	$	5	$	–	$	–	$	5
Traditional Life	372		88		–		460
Reinsured Liability for Future
Claims
Group Protection	148		14		–		162
Reinsured Additional Liabilities
for Other Insurance Benefits
UL and Other	922		–		(3)		919
Reinsured Other Operations (2)	14,757		2,454		610		17,821
Reinsured Other (3)	1,346		–		–		1,346
Total reinsurance recoverables	$	17,550	$	2,556	$	607	$	20,713

(1) Balance pre-adoption excludes features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities.

(2) Represents reinsurance recoverables reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($12.0 billion and $13.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively) and Swiss Re ($1.7 billion and $3.2 billion as of December 31, 2020, and January 1, 2021, respectively). Includes reinsured LFPB and reinsured additional liabilities balances.

(3) Represents other miscellaneous reinsurance recoverables outside the scope of ASU 2018-12.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net liability position of MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12 and reconciles this balance to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	831	$	(3,592)	$	7,968	$	5,207
Fixed Annuities	192		(52)		(22)		118
Retirement Plan Services	11		(12)		10		9
Total MRBs, net	$	1,034	$	(3,656)	$	7,956	$	5,334

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of an MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following table summarizes the changes in the net asset position of ceded MRBs, pre-tax, (in millions) due to the adoption of ASU 2018-12, reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	Balance Pre-Adoption December 31, 2020 (1)		Cumulative Effect to Retained Earnings		Balance Post-Adoption January 1, 2021
Ceded MRBs, Net
Variable Annuities	$	828	$	5,700	$	6,528
Retirement Plan Services	1		10		11
Total ceded MRBs, net	$	829	$	5,710	$	6,539

(1) Balance pre-adoption includes all features that meet the definition of a ceded MRB upon transition, including features that were previously accounted for as reinsured additional liabilities or embedded derivatives.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Balance Sheet:

	As of December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business
acquired and deferred sales inducements (2)	$	13,873	$	(1,610)	$	12,263
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for
credit losses (2)	24,450		(2,646)		21,804
Market risk benefit assets	–		2,807		2,807
Other assets (2)	8,831		(1,154)		7,677
Total assets (2)	338,185		(2,603)		335,582
Future contract benefits (2)	41,203		(2,901)		38,302
Market risk benefit liabilities	–		2,078		2,078
Deferred front-end loads (2)	5,765		(650)		5,115
Other liabilities (2)	7,719		(1,468)		6,251
Total liabilities (2)	329,919		(2,941)		326,978
Retained earnings	2,436		(1,022)		1,414
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)
Total stockholder’s equity	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto (“2022 Form 10-K”).

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022						For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Fee income	$	5,783	$	(417)	$	5,366	$	6,630	$	(864)	$	5,766
Realized gain (loss)	214		204		418		711		148		859
Total revenues	17,770		(213)		17,557		19,228		(716)		18,512
Benefits	10,801		(2,598)		8,203		8,039		(12)		8,027
Interest credited	2,849		11		2,860		2,911		1		2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296		–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain)   loss	–		2,445		2,445		–		(119)		(119)
Commissions and other expenses	4,799		128		4,927		5,548		(537)		5,011
Total expenses	19,387		282		19,669		16,699		(2,221)		14,478
Income (loss) before taxes	(1,617)		(495)		(2,112)		2,529		1,505		4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(332)		(105)		(437)		420		317		737
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Unrealized investment gain (loss)	(13,613)		(4,026)		(17,639)		(2,480)		(753)		(3,233)
Market risk benefit non-performance risk
gain (loss)	–		(211)		(211)		–		(923)		(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate
remeasurement gain (loss)	–		1,891		1,891		–		560		560
Total other comprehensive income (loss),
net of tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(14,902)		(2,736)		(17,638)		(368)		72		(296)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity:

	As of December 31, 2022						As of December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted		As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Retained earnings balance as of
beginning-of-year	$	4,366	$	(632)	$	3,734	$	4,167	$	–	$	4,167
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		(1,820)		(1,820)
Net income (loss)	(1,285)		(390)		(1,675)		2,109		1,188		3,297
Retained earnings balance as of end-of-year	2,436		(1,022)		1,414		4,366		(632)		3,734
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of beginning-of-year	6,544		3,706		10,250		9,021		–		9,021
Cumulative effect from adoption of new
accounting standards	–		–		–		–		4,822		4,822
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of
tax	(13,617)		(2,346)		(15,963)		(2,477)		(1,116)		(3,593)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
(loss) balance as of end-of-year	(7,073)		1,360		(5,713)		6,544		3,706		10,250
Total stockholder’s equity as of end-of-year	$	8,266	$	338	$	8,604	$	22,860	$	3,074	$	25,934

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K

The following summarizes the effect of the adoption of ASU 2018-12 (in millions) on certain financial statement line items within the previously reported Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	(1,285)	$	(390)	$	(1,675)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(214)		(204)		(418)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		296		296
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	45		450		495
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	727		(75)		652
Accrued expenses	(98)		(3)		(101)
Federal income tax accruals	(271)		(105)		(376)
Other (2)	375		31		406

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	As Previously Reported (1)		Adoption of New Accounting Standard		As Adjusted
Net income (loss)	$	2,109	$	1,188	$	3,297
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	(711)		(148)		(859)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	–		(1,554)		(1,554)
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales
inducements and deferred front-end loads	289		207		496
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances (2)	(862)		(31)		(893)
Accrued expenses	370		7		377
Federal income tax accruals	391		317		708
Other (2)	(365)		14		(351)

(1) The amounts as previously reported were reported in our 2022 Form 10-K.

(2) Certain as previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

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Investments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Investments [Abstract]

Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities Reconciliation

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	68,811	$	820	$	5,757	$	8	$	63,866
U.S. government bonds	414		7		28		–		393
State and municipal bonds	2,675		97		230		–		2,542
Foreign government bonds	309		15		46		–		278
RMBS	1,719		27		138		6		1,602
CMBS	1,520		5		181		–		1,344
ABS	12,556		62		571		4		12,043
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	227		21		15		1		232
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	88,231	$	1,054	$	6,966	$	19	$	82,300

	As of December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	88,950	$	763	$	10,538	$	9	$	79,166
U.S. government bonds	377		5		31		–		351
State and municipal bonds	5,198		170		483		–		4,885
Foreign government bonds	339		17		45		–		311
RMBS	2,025		21		203		7		1,836
CMBS	1,908		3		244		–		1,667
ABS	11,791		37		925		4		10,899
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	356		25		30		1		350
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	110,944	$	1,041	$	12,499	$	21	$	99,465

Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities by contractual maturities (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

	Amortized  Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	4,389	$	4,354
Due after one year through five years	17,444		16,858
Due after five years through ten years	15,405		14,403
Due after ten years	35,198		31,696
Subtotal	72,436		67,311
Structured securities (RMBS, CMBS, ABS)	15,795		14,989
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	88,231	$	82,300

Fair Value and Gross Unrealized Losses in a Continuous Unrealized Loss Position

The fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity AFS securities (dollars in millions) for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Less Than or Equal  to Twelve Months				Greater Than Twelve Months				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	13,439	$	1,744	$	33,285	$	4,013	$	46,724	$	5,757
U.S. government bonds	65		6		194		22		259		28
State and municipal bonds	371		72		814		158		1,185		230
Foreign government bonds	108		31		57		15		165		46
RMBS	355		20		840		118		1,195		138
CMBS	583		56		586		125		1,169		181
ABS	1,898		68		7,212		503		9,110		571
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	32		2		94		13		126		15
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	16,851	$	1,999	$	43,082	$	4,967	$	59,933	$	6,966
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position											7,167

	As of December 31, 2022
	Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months				Greater Than Twelve Months				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	57,656	$	8,684	$	6,867	$	1,854	$	64,523	$	10,538
U.S. government bonds	236		25		27		6		263		31
State and municipal bonds	1,850		414		227		69		2,077		483
Foreign government bonds	122		18		58		27		180		45
RMBS	1,337		160		191		43		1,528		203
CMBS	1,224		156		312		88		1,536		244
ABS	6,712		551		3,325		374		10,037		925
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	61		5		98		25		159		30
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	69,198	$	10,013	$	11,105	$	2,486	$	80,303	$	12,499
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position											8,106

(1) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $7 million and $6 million of gross unrealized losses, respectively, in OCI for fixed maturity AFS securities for which an allowance for credit losses has been recorded.

The fair value, gross unrealized losses (in millions) and number of fixed maturity AFS securities where the fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by greater than 20% were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Number of Securities (1)
Less than six months	$	2,480	$	916	529
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	321		90		79
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	321		106		87
Twelve months or greater	3,485		1,336		704
Total	$	6,607	$	2,448	1,399

	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities (1)
Less than six months	$	10,895	$	3,514	1,489
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	4,256		2,150		640
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	362		243		73
Twelve months or greater	2		–		15
Total	$	15,515	$	5,907	$	2,217

(1) We may reflect a security in more than one aging category based on various purchase dates.

Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities Whose Value is Below Amortized Cost

The fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity AFS securities (dollars in millions) for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Less Than or Equal  to Twelve Months				Greater Than Twelve Months				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	13,439	$	1,744	$	33,285	$	4,013	$	46,724	$	5,757
U.S. government bonds	65		6		194		22		259		28
State and municipal bonds	371		72		814		158		1,185		230
Foreign government bonds	108		31		57		15		165		46
RMBS	355		20		840		118		1,195		138
CMBS	583		56		586		125		1,169		181
ABS	1,898		68		7,212		503		9,110		571
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	32		2		94		13		126		15
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	16,851	$	1,999	$	43,082	$	4,967	$	59,933	$	6,966
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position											7,167

	As of December 31, 2022
	Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months				Greater Than Twelve Months				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	57,656	$	8,684	$	6,867	$	1,854	$	64,523	$	10,538
U.S. government bonds	236		25		27		6		263		31
State and municipal bonds	1,850		414		227		69		2,077		483
Foreign government bonds	122		18		58		27		180		45
RMBS	1,337		160		191		43		1,528		203
CMBS	1,224		156		312		88		1,536		244
ABS	6,712		551		3,325		374		10,037		925
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	61		5		98		25		159		30
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$	69,198	$	10,013	$	11,105	$	2,486	$	80,303	$	12,499
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position											8,106

(1) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $7 million and $6 million of gross unrealized losses, respectively, in OCI for fixed maturity AFS securities for which an allowance for credit losses has been recorded.

The fair value, gross unrealized losses (in millions) and number of fixed maturity AFS securities where the fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by greater than 20% were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized  Losses		Number of Securities (1)
Less than six months	$	2,480	$	916	529
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	321		90		79
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	321		106		87
Twelve months or greater	3,485		1,336		704
Total	$	6,607	$	2,448	1,399

	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities (1)
Less than six months	$	10,895	$	3,514	1,489
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	4,256		2,150		640
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	362		243		73
Twelve months or greater	2		–		15
Total	$	15,515	$	5,907	$	2,217

(1) We may reflect a security in more than one aging category based on various purchase dates.

Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale

Changes in the allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions), aggregated by investment category, were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	9	$	7	$	5	$	21
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	24		1		–		25
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	(2)		(2)		–		(4)
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(21)		–		–		(21)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	8	$	6	$	5	$	19

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	17	$	1	$	1	$	19
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	4		3		–		7
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	2		3		4		9
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(12)		–		–		(12)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	9	$	7	$	5	$	21

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Corporate Bonds		RMBS		Other		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	12	$	1	$	–	$	13
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities (1)	–		–		–		–
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not
previously recognized	8		–		1		9
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses
were previously recognized	5		–		–		5
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)		–		–		(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(6)		–		–		(6)
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	17	$	1	$	1	$	19

(1) Represents purchased credit-deteriorated (“PCD”) fixed maturity AFS securities.

(2) As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, accrued investment income on fixed maturity AFS securities totaled $814 million, $1.1 billion and $944 million, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Fair Value of Trading Securities

Trading securities at fair value (in millions) consisted of the following:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,615	$	2,196
State and municipal bonds	21		21
Foreign government bonds	46		49
RMBS	62		99
CMBS	104		137
ABS	455		919
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	18		25
Total trading securities	$	2,321	$	3,446

Composition of Current and Past Due Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The following provides the current and past due composition of our mortgage loans on real estate (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Commercial		Residential		Total		Commercial		Residential		Total
Current	$	17,165	$	1,665	$	18,830	$	16,913	$	1,315	$	18,228
30 to 59 days past due	61		28		89		19		23		42
60 to 89 days past due	–		9		9		–		6		6
90 or more days past due	–		60		60		–		33		33
Allowance for credit losses	(86)		(28)		(114)		(83)		(15)		(98)
Unamortized premium (discount)	(7)		43		36		(9)		36		27
Mark-to-market gains (losses) (1)	(36)		(1)		(37)		(27)		–		(27)
Total carrying value	$	17,097	$	1,776	$	18,873	$	16,813	$	1,398	$	18,211

(1) Represents the mark-to-market on certain mortgage loans on real estate for which we have elected the fair value option. See Note 15 for additional information.

Schedule of Average Carrying Value of Impaired Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Additional information related to impaired mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Average aggregate carrying value for impaired mortgage loans on real estate	$	30	$	16	$	32
Interest income recognized on impaired mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Interest income collected on impaired mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–

Amortized Cost of Mortgage Loans on Real Estate on Nonaccrual Status

The amortized cost of mortgage loans on real estate on nonaccrual status (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses		Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses		Nonaccrual
Commercial mortgage loans on real estate	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
Residential mortgage loans on real estate	–		62		–		34
Total	$	–	$	62	$	–	$	34

Financing Receivable Credit Quality Indicators

The amortized cost of commercial mortgage loans on real estate (dollars in millions) by year of origination and credit quality indicator was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Less than 65%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	65% to 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Greater than 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Total
Origination Year
2023	$	1,366	1.90	$	54	1.38	$	–	–	$	1,420
2022	1,709		2.07	140		1.54	–		–	1,849
2021	2,317		3.34	61		1.55	–		–	2,378
2020	1,205		3.23	11		1.38	–		–	1,216
2019	2,404		2.39	80		1.56	10		2.33	2,494
2018 and prior	7,770		2.39	78		1.60	14		0.87	7,862
Total	$	16,771		$	424		$	24		$	17,219

	As of December 31, 2022
	Less than  65%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	65% to 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Greater than 75%		Debt-Service Coverage Ratio	Total
Origination Year
2022	$	1,769	2.06	$	105	1.50	$	2	1.45	$	1,876
2021	2,335		3.05	72		1.53	–		–	2,407
2020	1,280		2.99	17		1.58	–		–	1,297
2019	2,643		2.17	81		1.50	29		1.58	2,753
2018	2,222		2.17	67		1.62	–		–	2,289
2017 and prior	6,170		2.44	131		1.75	–		–	6,301
Total	$	16,419		$	473		$	31		$	16,923

The amortized cost of residential mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) by year of origination and credit quality indicator was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Performing		Nonperforming		Total
Origination Year
2023	$	515	$	2	$	517
2022	533		22		555
2021	465		18		483
2020	78		3		81
2019	99		13		112
2018 and prior	53		4		57
Total	$	1,743	$	62	$	1,805

	As of December 31, 2022
	Performing		Nonperforming		Total
Origination Year
2022	$	578	$	5	$	583
2021	527		6		533
2020	90		3		93
2019	119		18		137
2018	65		2		67
2017 and prior	–		–		–
Total	$	1,379	$	34	$	1,413

Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses on Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

Changes in the allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	83	$	15	$	98
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	3		13		16
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	86	$	28	$	114

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	78	$	17	$	95
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	5		(2)		3
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	83	$	15	$	98

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Commercial		Residential		Total
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	186	$	17	$	203
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense (1)	(108)		–		(108)
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year (2)	$	78	$	17	$	95

(1) We recognized $(1) million of credit loss benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2023. We did not recognize any credit loss benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for

mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2022. We recognized $3 million of credit loss

benefit (expense) related to unfunded commitments for mortgage loans on real estate for the year ended December 31, 2021.     

(2) Accrued investment income on mortgage loans on real estate totaled $67 million, $51 million and $48 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Net Investment Income

The major categories of net investment income (in millions) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	4,961	$	4,408	$	4,242
Trading securities	158		179		165
Equity securities	13		11		3
Mortgage loans on real estate	752		687		677
Policy loans	102		100		115
Cash and invested cash	118		12		–
Commercial mortgage loan prepayment
and bond make-whole premiums	10		100		195
Alternative investments	244		96		677
Consent fees	3		8		10
Other investments	(38)		75		60
Investment income	6,323		5,676		6,144
Investment expense	(611)		(402)		(305)
Net investment income	$	5,712	$	5,274	$	5,839

Credit Loss Expense Incurred

Details underlying intent to sell impairments and credit loss benefit (expense) incurred that were recognized in net income (loss) and

included in realized gain (loss) on fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Intent to Sell Impairments (1)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	(3,805)	$	–	$	–
State and municipal bonds	(214)		–		–
RMBS	(74)		–		–
CMBS	(60)		–		–
ABS	(57)		–		–
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	(3)		–		–
Total intent to sell impairments	$	(4,213)	$	–	$	–
Credit Loss Benefit (Expense)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	(23)	$	(4)	$	(10)
RMBS	1		(6)		–
ABS	1		(4)		–
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	–		–		(1)
Total credit loss benefit (expense)	$	(21)	$	(14)	$	(11)

(1)     Represents impairments of certain fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, resulting from the Company’s intent to sell these securities as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance, the Company impaired the securities in a loss position down to fair market value upon entry into the agreements in the second quarter of 2023 and recognized additional impairment on certain of these securities during the third quarter of 2023 due to higher interest rates. Interest rates declined during the fourth quarter of 2023, which resulted in recognition of a $295 million pre-tax net gain upon close of the transaction, included in gross gains and gross losses on fixed maturity AFS securities in Note 21. See Note 8 for additional information.

Payables for Collateral on Investments

The carrying value of the payables for collateral on investments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the fair value of the related investments or collateral (in millions) consisted of the following:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying  Value		Fair Value		Carrying  Value		Fair Value
Collateral payable for derivative investments (1)	$	5,127	$	5,127	$	3,210	$	3,210
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements (2)	205		197		298		287
Investments pledged for FHLBI (3)	2,650		3,603		3,130		3,925
Total payables for collateral on investments	$	7,982	$	8,927	$	6,638	$	7,422

(1) We obtain collateral based upon contractual provisions with our counterparties. These agreements take into consideration the counterparties’ credit rating as compared to ours, the fair value of the derivative investments and specified thresholds that if exceeded result in the receipt of cash that is typically invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities. This also includes interest payable on collateral. See Note 6 for additional information.

(2) Our pledged securities under securities lending agreements are included in fixed maturity AFS securities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We generally obtain collateral in an amount equal to 102% and 105% of the fair value of the domestic and foreign securities, respectively. We value collateral daily and obtain additional collateral when deemed appropriate. The cash received in our securities lending program is typically invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities.

(3) Our pledged investments for FHLBI are included in fixed maturity AFS securities and mortgage loans on real estate on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The collateral requirements are generally 105% to 115% of the fair value for fixed maturity AFS securities and 155% to 175% of the fair value for mortgage loans on real estate. The cash received in these transactions is primarily invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities.

Schedule of Increase (Decrease) in Payables for Collateral on Investments

Increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments (in millions) consisted of the following:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Collateral payable for derivative investments	$	1,917	$	(2,355)	$	2,595
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	(93)		57		126
Investments pledged for FHLBI	(480)		–		–
Total increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments	$	1,344	$	(2,298)	$	2,721

Schedule of Securities Pledged by Contractual Maturity

The remaining contractual maturities of securities lending transactions accounted for as secured borrowings (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities Lending
Corporate bonds	$	202	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	202
Equity securities	3		–		–		–		3
Total gross secured borrowings	$	205	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	205

	As of December 31, 2022
	Overnight  and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30-90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities Lending
Corporate bonds	$	288	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	288
Foreign government bonds	2		–		–		–		2
Equity securities	8		–		–		–		8
Total gross secured borrowings	$	298	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	298

XML

Derivative Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value

Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Notional Amounts		Fair Value				Notional Amounts		Fair Value
			Asset		Liability				Asset		Liability
Qualifying Hedges
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	$	485	$	11	$	47	$	1,377	$	4	$	232
Foreign currency contracts (1)	4,662		423		78		4,383		643		18
Total cash flow hedges	5,147		434		125		5,760		647		250
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	450		1		39		524		2		44
Foreign currency contracts (1)	25		–		1		–		–		–
Total fair value hedges	475		1		40		524		2		44
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts (1)	90,829		636		979		105,977		709		935
Foreign currency contracts (1)	306		11		6		395		27		2
Equity market contracts (1)	225,251		10,244		4,227		142,653		5,135		2,035
Commodity contracts (1)	–		–		–		13		14		3
Credit contracts (1)	91		–		–		–		–		–
LPR ceded derivative (2)	–		206		–		–		212		–
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related (3)	–		493		–		–		681		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts (4)	–		940		9,077		–		525		4,783
Total derivative instruments	$	322,099	$	12,965	$	14,454	$	255,322	$	7,952	$	8,052

(1) These asset and liability balances are presented on a gross basis. Amounts are reported in derivative investments and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets after the evaluation for right of offset subject to master netting agreements as described in Note 1.

(2) Reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3) Reported in funds withheld reinsurance liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(4)    Reported in policyholder account balances and deposit assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Schedule of Derivative Instruments

The maturity of the notional amounts of derivative instruments (in millions) was as follows:

	Remaining Life as of December 31, 2023
	Less Than 1 Year		1 – 5 Years		6 - 10 Years		11 - 30 Years		Over 30 Years		Total
Interest rate contracts (1)	$	22,166	$	25,350	$	22,349	$	21,899	$	–	$	91,764
Foreign currency contracts (2)	276		956		1,687		2,032		42		4,993
Equity market contracts	174,430		37,200		6,950		9		6,662		225,251
Credit contracts	–		91		–		–		–		91
Total derivative instruments
with notional amounts	$	196,872	$	63,597	$	30,986	$	23,940	$	6,704	$	322,099

(1) As of December 31, 2023, the latest maturity date for which we were hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for these instruments was December 18, 2024.

(2) As of December 31, 2023, the latest maturity date for which we were hedging our exposure to the variability in future cash flows for these instruments was June 16, 2061.

Cumulative Basis Adjustments for Fair Value Hedges

The following amounts (in millions) were recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

	Amortized Cost of the Hedged Assets / (Liabilities)				Cumulative Fair Value  Hedging Adjustment Included in the Amortized Cost of the Hedged Assets / (Liabilities)
	As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in
which the Hedged Item is Included
Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value	$	534	$	587	$	39	$	44

Change in Our Unrealized Gain on Derivative Instruments in AOCI

The change in our unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments within AOCI (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	301	$	258	$	42
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		25
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period:
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts	212		(336)		11
Foreign currency contracts	(50)		182		130
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	(169)		312		152
Income tax benefit (expense)	2		(34)		(63)
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses)
included in net income (loss):
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate contracts (1)	(1)		2		3
Foreign currency contracts (1)	54		62		48
Foreign currency contracts (2)	7		39		(2)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	249	$	301	$	258

(1) The OCI offset is reported within net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) The OCI offset is reported within realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Effects of Qualifying and Non-Qualifying Hedges

The effects of qualifying and non-qualifying hedges (in millions) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	(4,934)	$	5,712	$	5,044
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(5)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		5		–
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		(1)		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	7		54		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(161)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	(2)		–		–
Equity market contracts	1,387		–		–
Commodity contracts	8		–		–
Credit contracts	(4)		–		–
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		6
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	(188)		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	(3,187)		–		–

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	418	$	5,274	$	8,203
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(167)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		167
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		2		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	39		62		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(2,113)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	2		–		–
Equity market contracts	(2,075)		–		–
Commodity contracts	11		–		–
Credit contracts	(4)		–		–
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		106
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	1,259		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	1,760		–		–

	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Realized Gain (Loss)		Net Investment Income		Benefits
Total Line Items in which the Effects of Fair Value or Cash
Flow Hedges are Recorded	$	859	$	5,839	$	8,027
Qualifying Hedges
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Hedged items	–		(60)		–
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	–		60
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	–		3		–
Foreign currency contracts:
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	(2)		48		–
Non-Qualifying Hedges
Interest rate contracts	(957)		–		–
Foreign currency contracts	(1)		–		–
Equity market contracts	3,355		–		–
Credit contracts	(1)		–		–
Embedded derivatives:
Reinsurance-related	280		–		–
RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts	(2,622)		–		–

Schedule of Collateral Amounts With Rights to Reclaim or Obligation to Return Cash

The amounts recognized (in millions) by S&P credit rating of counterparty, for which we had the right to reclaim cash collateral or were obligated to return cash collateral, were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
S&P Credit Rating of Counterparty	Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)		Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)		Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)		Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)
AA-	$	2,330	$	(63)	$	383	$	(6)
A+	2,422		(125)		1,718		(151)
A	82		–		1,099		–
A-	273		–		–		–
	$	5,107	$	(188)	$	3,200	$	(157)

Schedule of Offsetting Assets

Information related to the effects of offsetting on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Derivative Instruments		Embedded Derivative Instruments		Total
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$	10,714	$	1,433	$	12,147
Gross amounts offset	(4,409)		–		(4,409)
Net amount of assets	6,305		1,433		7,738
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(5,107)		–		(5,107)
Non-cash collateral (1)	(1,198)		–		(1,198)
Net amount	–		1,433		1,433
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	968		9,077		10,045
Gross amounts offset	(612)		–		(612)
Net amount of liabilities	356		9,077		9,433
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(188)		–		(188)
Non-cash collateral (2)	(168)		–		(168)
Net amount	$	–	$	9,077	$	9,077

(1) Excludes excess non-cash collateral received of $1.3 billion, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of

derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

(2) Excludes excess non-cash collateral pledged of $81 million, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of

derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

	As of December 31, 2022
	Derivative Instruments		Embedded Derivative Instruments		Total
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$	6,483	$	1,206	$	7,689
Gross amounts offset	(2,964)		–		(2,964)
Net amount of assets	3,519		1,206		4,725
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(3,200)		–		(3,200)
Non-cash collateral (1)	(319)		–		(319)
Net amount	–		1,206		1,206
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	304		4,783		5,087
Gross amounts offset	(50)		–		(50)
Net amount of liabilities	254		4,783		5,037
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(157)		–		(157)
Non-cash collateral (2)	(46)		–		(46)
Net amount	$	51	$	4,783	$	4,834

(1) Excludes excess non-cash collateral received of $1.1 billion, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

(2) There was no excess non-cash collateral pledged as of December 31, 2022.

Schedule of Offsetting Liabilities

Information related to the effects of offsetting on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Derivative Instruments		Embedded Derivative Instruments		Total
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$	10,714	$	1,433	$	12,147
Gross amounts offset	(4,409)		–		(4,409)
Net amount of assets	6,305		1,433		7,738
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(5,107)		–		(5,107)
Non-cash collateral (1)	(1,198)		–		(1,198)
Net amount	–		1,433		1,433
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	968		9,077		10,045
Gross amounts offset	(612)		–		(612)
Net amount of liabilities	356		9,077		9,433
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(188)		–		(188)
Non-cash collateral (2)	(168)		–		(168)
Net amount	$	–	$	9,077	$	9,077

(1) Excludes excess non-cash collateral received of $1.3 billion, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of

derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

(2) Excludes excess non-cash collateral pledged of $81 million, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of

derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

	As of December 31, 2022
	Derivative Instruments		Embedded Derivative Instruments		Total
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$	6,483	$	1,206	$	7,689
Gross amounts offset	(2,964)		–		(2,964)
Net amount of assets	3,519		1,206		4,725
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(3,200)		–		(3,200)
Non-cash collateral (1)	(319)		–		(319)
Net amount	–		1,206		1,206
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	304		4,783		5,087
Gross amounts offset	(50)		–		(50)
Net amount of liabilities	254		4,783		5,037
Gross amounts not offset:
Cash collateral	(157)		–		(157)
Non-cash collateral (2)	(46)		–		(46)
Net amount	$	51	$	4,783	$	4,834

(1) Excludes excess non-cash collateral received of $1.1 billion, as the collateral offset is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting arrangements.

(2) There was no excess non-cash collateral pledged as of December 31, 2022.

XML

DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Present Value of Future Insurance Profits, Net [Abstract]

Reconciliation of DAC, VOBA and DSI

The following table reconciles DAC, VOBA and DSI (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
DAC, VOBA and DSI
Variable Annuities	$	4,025	$	4,047
Fixed Annuities	456		479
Traditional Life	1,374		1,336
UL and Other	6,139		6,002
Group Protection	154		141
Retirement Plan Services	270		258
Total DAC, VOBA and DSI	$	12,418	$	12,263

Reconciliation of DFEL

The following table reconciles DFEL (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
DFEL
Variable Annuities	$	300	$	310
UL and Other (1)	5,579		4,766
Other Operations (2)	44		39
Total DFEL	$	5,923	$	5,115

(1) We reported $2.3 billion of ceded DFEL in reinsurance recoverables on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023.

(2) Represents DFEL reported in Other Operations attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreement with Protective that is excluded from the following tables. We reported $44 million and $39 million of ceded DFEL in reinsurance recoverables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

DAC

The following tables summarize the changes in DAC (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other		Group Protection		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	3,880	$	439	$	1,286	$	5,518	$	141	$	241
Deferrals	361		50		188		482		113		21
Amortization	(373)		(68)		(142)		(291)		(100)		(18)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	3,868	$	421	$	1,332	$	5,709	$	154	$	244

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other		Group Protection		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	3,860	$	448	$	1,146	$	5,269	$	140	$	239
Deferrals	390		60		266		537		98		21
Amortization	(370)		(69)		(126)		(288)		(97)		(19)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	3,880	$	439	$	1,286	$	5,518	$	141	$	241

VOBA

The following tables summarize the changes in VOBA (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	17	$	50	$	454
Business acquired (sold) through
reinsurance	–		–		(11)
Deferrals	–		–		2
Amortization	(2)		(8)		(43)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	15	$	42	$	402

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Fixed Annuities		Traditional Life		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	20	$	59	$	499
Deferrals	–		–		2
Amortization	(3)		(9)		(47)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	17	$	50	$	454

Estimated Future Amortization Of VOBA

Estimated future amortization of VOBA (in millions), as of December 31, 2023, was as follows:

2024	$	39
2025	37
2026	34
2027	29
2028	25

DSI

The following tables summarize the changes in DSI (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	167	$	23	$	30	$	17
Deferrals	5		–		–		10
Amortization	(15)		(3)		(2)		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	157	$	20	$	28	$	26

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	181	$	27	$	31	$	14
Deferrals	2		–		1		4
Amortization	(16)		(4)		(2)		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	167	$	23	$	30	$	17

DFEL

The following tables summarize the changes in DFEL (in millions):

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023				For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Variable Annuities		UL and Other
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	310	$	4,766	$	318	$	3,934
Deferrals	19		1,074		22		1,061
Amortization	(29)		(261)		(30)		(229)
Balance as of end-of-year	300		5,579		310		4,766
Less: ceded DFEL	–		2,252		–		31
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	300	$	3,327	$	310	$	4,735

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Reinsurance (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]

Reinsurance Amounts Recorded on Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)

The following summarizes reinsurance amounts (in millions) recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), excluding amounts attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective and Swiss Re:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Direct insurance premiums and fee income	$	13,661	$	13,479	$	13,277
Reinsurance assumed	91		102		97
Reinsurance ceded (1)	(5,168)		(2,374)		(2,249)
Total insurance premiums and fee income	$	8,584	$	11,207	$	11,125
Direct insurance benefits	$	10,178	$	10,266	$	10,491
Reinsurance ceded (1)	(5,150)		(2,063)		(2,464)
Total benefits	$	5,028	$	8,203	$	8,027
Direct market risk benefit (gain) loss	$	(2,309)	$	(3,517)	$	(4,011)
Reinsurance ceded	1,174		3,814		2,457
Total market risk benefit (gain) loss	$	(1,135)	$	296	$	(1,554)
Direct policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	$	(234)	$	3,284	$	(164)
Reinsurance ceded	67		(839)		45
Total policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	$	(167)	$	2,445	$	(119)

(1) Includes impacts related to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction effective in the fourth quarter of 2023

Schedule of Assets in Support of Reserves

We held assets in support of reserves associated with the Athene transaction in a modified coinsurance investment portfolio, which consisted of the following (in millions):

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	177	$	474
Trading securities	1,556		2,644
Equity securities	58		60
Mortgage loans on real estate	288		487
Derivative investments	43		39
Other investments	41		42
Cash and invested cash	582		26
Accrued investment income	23		35
Other assets	6		2
Total	$	2,774	$	3,809

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Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill (in millions) by reportable segment were as follows:

					For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year		Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Impairment		Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year
Annuities	$	1,040	$	(600)	$	440	$	–	$	440
Group Protection	684		–		684		–		684
Retirement Plan Services	20		–		20		–		20
Total goodwill	$	1,744	$	(600)	$	1,144	$	–	$	1,144

					For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year		Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		Impairment		Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year
Annuities	$	1,040	$	(600)	$	440	$	–	$	440
Life Insurance	2,186		(1,552)		634		(634)		–
Group Protection	684		–		684		–		684
Retirement Plan Services	20		–		20		–		20
Total goodwill	$	3,930	$	(2,152)	$	1,778	$	(634)	$	1,144

Schedule of Intangible Assets by Reportable Segment

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization (in millions) for each major specifically identifiable intangible asset class by reportable segment were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Life Insurance:
Sales force	$	100	$	71	$	100	$	67
Group Protection:
VOCRA	576		145		576		115
VODA	31		12		31		10
Retirement Plan Services:
Mutual fund contract rights (1)	5		–		5		–
Total	$	712	$	228	$	712	$	192

(1 ) No amortization recorded as the intangible asset has indefinite life.

Future Estimated Amortization of Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets

Future estimated amortization of specifically identifiable intangible assets (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, was as follows:

2024	$	37
2025	37
2026	37
2027	37
2028	37
Thereafter	294

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MRBs (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

ASU 2018-12 Transition [Abstract]

Reconciles of MRBs Assets and Liabilities

The following table reconciles MRBs (in millions) to MRB assets and MRB liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Assets		Liabilities		Net (Assets) Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities		Net (Assets) Liabilities
Variable Annuities	$	3,763	$	1,583	$	(2,180)	$	2,666	$	2,004	$	(662)
Fixed Annuities	96		128		32		117		72		(45)
Retirement Plan Services	35		5		(30)		24		2		(22)
Total MRBs	$	3,894	$	1,716	$	(2,178)	$	2,807	$	2,078	$	(729)

Summary of Balances of Changes in Net MRB (Assets) Liabilities

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in net MRB (assets) liabilities (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023						As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Retirement Plan Services		Variable Annuities		Fixed Annuities		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(662)	$	(45)	$	(22)	$	2,398	$	114	$	(1)
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in
non-performance risk	(2,173)		(40)		(2)		(2,425)		(44)		(13)
Balance as of beginning-of-year, before the effect
of changes in non-performance risk	1,511		(5)		(20)		4,823		158		12
Issuances	8		–		–		12		–		(3)
Attributed fees collected	1,497		32		6		1,571		32		6
Benefit payments	(64)		–		–		(63)		–		–
Effect of changes in interest rates	(110)		(24)		5		(9,346)		(232)		(55)
Effect of changes in equity markets	(3,167)		(12)		(13)		4,293		12		18
Effect of changes in equity index volatility	(593)		9		(3)		(225)		14		(1)
In-force updates and other changes in MRBs (1)	136		5		1		661		10		3
Effect of assumption review:
Effect of changes in future expected
policyholder behavior	(33)		70		–		(158)		1		–
Effect of changes in other future expected
assumptions (2)	(66)		15		(2)		(57)		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year, before the effect of
changes in non-performance risk	(881)		90		(26)		1,511		(5)		(20)
Effect of cumulative changes in
non-performance risk	(1,299)		(58)		(4)		(2,173)		(40)		(2)
Balance as of end-of-year	(2,180)		32		(30)		(662)		(45)		(22)
Less: ceded MRB assets (liabilities)	(870)		–		(5)		294		–		–
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	(1,310)	$	32	$	(25)	$	(956)	$	(45)	$	(22)
Weighted-average age of policyholders (years)	72		68		63		71		68		63
Net amount at risk (3)	$	3,031	$	203	$	4	$	7,974	$	171	$	15

(1) Consists primarily of changes in MRB assets and liabilities related to differences between separate account fund performance and modeled indices and other changes such as actual to expected policyholder behavior.

(2) Consists primarily of the update of fund mapping, volatility and other capital market assumptions.

(3) Net amount at risk (“NAR”) is the current guaranteed minimum benefit in excess of the current account balance as of the balance sheet date. For GLBs, the guaranteed minimum benefit is calculated based on the present value of GLB payments. Our variable annuity products may offer more than one type of guaranteed benefit rider to a policyholder. In instances where more than one guaranteed benefit feature exists in a contract, the guaranteed benefit rider that provides the highest NAR is used in the calculation.

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Separate Accounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Separate Accounts Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value of Separate Account Assets

The following table presents the fair value of separate account assets (in millions) reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets by major investment category:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Mutual funds and collective investment trusts	$	157,578	$	142,892
Exchange-traded funds	350		258
Fixed maturity AFS securities	167		169
Cash and invested cash	25		98
Other investments	137		119
Total separate account assets	$	158,257	$	143,536

Schedule of Reconciliation of Separate Account Liabilities

The following table reconciles separate account liabilities (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Variable Annuities	$	113,356	$	105,573
UL and Other	25,150		20,920
Retirement Plan Services	19,699		16,996
Other Operations (1)	52		47
Total separate account liabilities	$	158,257	$	143,536

(1) Represents separate account liabilities reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements

with Protective ($46 million and $42 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

Summary of Balances and changes in Separate Account Liabilities

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in separate account liabilities (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023						As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services		Variable Annuities		UL and Other		Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	105,573	$	20,920	$	16,996	$	136,665	$	24,785	$	21,068
Gross deposits	2,982		1,630		2,222		3,371		1,900		2,378
Withdrawals	(10,177)		(313)		(2,527)		(9,238)		(454)		(2,378)
Policyholder assessments	(2,510)		(964)		(163)		(2,603)		(938)		(164)
Change in market performance	16,870		3,973		3,221		(23,194)		(4,371)		(3,710)
Net transfers from (to) general account	618		(96)		(50)		572		(2)		(198)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	113,356	$	25,150	$	19,699	$	105,573	$	20,920	$	16,996
Cash surrender value	$	111,928	$	22,760	$	19,684	$	103,987	$	18,666	$	16,982

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Policyholder Account Balances (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Policyholder Account Balance [Abstract]

Schedule of Policyholder Account Balances

The following table reconciles policyholder account balances (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Variable Annuities	$	29,141	$	22,184
Fixed Annuities	25,330		23,338
UL and Other	36,784		37,258
Retirement Plan Services	23,784		25,138
Other (1)	5,277		6,054
Total policyholder account balances	$	120,316	$	113,972

(1) Represents policyholder account balances reported primarily in Other Operations attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($4.9 billion and $5.7 billion as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

Summary of Balances and Changes in Policyholder Account Balances

The following table summarizes the balances and changes in policyholder account balances (in millions):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Variable Annuities			Fixed Annuities			UL and Other			Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	22,184		$	23,338		$	37,258		$	25,138
Gross deposits	4,709			5,130			3,739			2,776
Withdrawals	(742)			(3,926)			(1,430)			(4,494)
Policyholder assessments	(1)			(56)			(4,464)			(14)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(427)			–			97			(295)
Interest credited	548			642			1,463			673
Change in fair value of embedded derivative
instruments	2,870			202			121			–
Balance as of end-of-year	$	29,141		$	25,330		$	36,784		$	23,784
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.1		%	2.7		%	4.0		%	2.7		%
Net amount at risk (1)(2)	$	3,031		$	203		$	300,994		$	4
Cash surrender value	27,975			24,324			32,585			23,765

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Variable Annuities			Fixed Annuities			UL and Other			Retirement Plan Services
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	19,148		$	22,522		$	37,719		$	23,579
Gross deposits	5,178			3,284			3,905			4,012
Withdrawals	(417)			(2,511)			(1,215)			(3,579)
Policyholder assessments	(2)			(51)			(4,446)			(13)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(492)			–			2			510
Interest credited	287			532			1,476			629
Change in fair value of embedded derivative
instruments	(1,518)			(438)			(183)			–
Balance as of end-of-year	$	22,184		$	23,338		$	37,258		$	25,138
Weighted-average crediting rate	1.4		%	2.4		%	3.9		%	2.6		%
Net amount at risk (1)(2)	$	7,974		$	171		$	302,481		$	15
Cash surrender value	21,147			22,502			33,130			25,133

(1) NAR is the current guaranteed minimum benefit in excess of the current account balance as of the balance sheet date. For GLBs, the guaranteed minimum benefit is calculated based on the present value of GLB payments. Our variable annuity products may offer more than one type of guaranteed benefit rider to a policyholder. In instances where more than one guaranteed benefit rider exists in a contract, the guaranteed benefit rider that provides the highest NAR is used in the calculation.

(2) Calculation is based on total account balances and includes both policyholder account balances and separate account balances.

Summary of Policyholder Account Balances by Range

The following table presents policyholder account balances (in millions) by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between the interest being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed contract minimums:

	As of December 31, 2023
	At Guaranteed Minimum		1-50 Basis Basis Points Above		51-100 Basis Points Above		101-150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Range of Guaranteed
Minimum Crediting Rate
Variable Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
1.01% - 2.00%	5		–		–		–		7		12
2.01% - 3.00%	576		–		–		–		–		576
3.01% - 4.00%	1,370		–		–		–		–		1,370
4.01% and above	10		–		–		–		–		10
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		27,173
Total	$	1,961	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	7	$	29,141
Fixed Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	696	$	511	$	546	$	505	$	2,429	$	4,687
1.01% - 2.00%	426		97		235		527		3,081		4,366
2.01% - 3.00%	1,805		35		6		–		18		1,864
3.01% - 4.00%	903		–		–		–		–		903
4.01% and above	180		–		–		–		–		180
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		13,330
Total	$	4,010	$	643	$	787	$	1,032	$	5,528	$	25,330
UL and Other
Up to 1.00%	$	275	$	–	$	195	$	121	$	352	$	943
1.01% - 2.00%	557		–		–		–		3,125		3,682
2.01% - 3.00%	6,925		11		148		–		–		7,084
3.01% - 4.00%	15,202		–		1		–		–		15,203
4.01% and above	3,730		–		–		–		–		3,730
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		6,142
Total	$	26,689	$	11	$	344	$	121	$	3,477	$	36,784
Retirement Plan Services
Up to 1.00%	$	452	$	569	$	744	$	4,904	$	2,979	$	9,648
1.01% - 2.00%	550		2,065		1,575		832		–		5,022
2.01% - 3.00%	2,492		–		–		–		–		2,492
3.01% - 4.00%	5,012		–		–		–		–		5,012
4.01% and above	1,610		–		–		–		–		1,610
Total	$	10,116	$	2,634	$	2,319	$	5,736	$	2,979	$	23,784

	As of December 31, 2022
	At Guaranteed Minimum		1-50 Basis Basis Points Above		51-100 Basis Points Above		101-150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
Range of Guaranteed
Minimum Crediting Rate
Variable Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
1.01% - 2.00%	4		–		–		8		–		12
2.01% - 3.00%	658		–		–		–		–		658
3.01% - 4.00%	1,545		–		–		–		–		1,545
4.01% and above	11		–		–		–		–		11
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		19,958
Total	$	2,218	$	–	$	–	$	8	$	–	$	22,184
Fixed Annuities
Up to 1.00%	$	891	$	497	$	589	$	563	$	1,329	$	3,869
1.01% - 2.00%	544		144		179		492		1,057		2,416
2.01% - 3.00%	1,973		5		1		–		–		1,979
3.01% - 4.00%	1,326		–		–		–		–		1,326
4.01% and above	193		–		–		–		–		193
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		13,555
Total	$	4,927	$	646	$	769	$	1,055	$	2,386	$	23,338
UL and Other
Up to 1.00%	$	318	$	–	$	194	$	29	$	292	$	833
1.01% - 2.00%	558		–		–		–		3,282		3,840
2.01% - 3.00%	7,218		156		–		–		–		7,374
3.01% - 4.00%	15,858		–		1		–		–		15,859
4.01% and above	3,824		–		–		–		–		3,824
Other (1)	–		–		–		–		–		5,528
Total	$	27,776	$	156	$	195	$	29	$	3,574	$	37,258
Retirement Plan Services
Up to 1.00%	$	961	$	1,001	$	4,304	$	1,703	$	1,908	$	9,877
1.01% - 2.00%	1,774		2,197		982		462		–		5,415
2.01% - 3.00%	2,711		1		–		–		–		2,712
3.01% - 4.00%	5,622		1		–		–		–		5,623
4.01% and above	1,511		–		–		–		–		1,511
Total	$	12,579	$	3,200	$	5,286	$	2,165	$	1,908	$	25,138

(1) Consists of indexed account balances that include the fair value of embedded derivative instruments, payout annuity account balances, short-term dollar cost averaging annuities business and policy loans.

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Future Contract Benefits (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Liability for Future Policy Benefits and Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Abstract]

Summary of Reconciliation of Future Contract Benefits

The following table reconciles future contract benefits (in millions) to the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Payout Annuities (1)	$	2,084	$	2,003
Traditional Life (1)	3,553		3,190
Group Protection (2)	5,689		5,462
UL and Other (3)	15,752		14,777
Other Operations (4)	9,753		9,651
Other (5)	3,343		3,219
Total future contract benefits	$	40,174	$	38,302

(1) See “LFPB” below for further information.

(2) See “Liability for Future Claims” below for further information.

(3) See “Additional Liabilities for Other Insurance Benefits” below for further information.

(4) Represents future contract benefits reported in Other Operations primarily attributable to the indemnity reinsurance agreements with Protective ($5.6 billion and $5.4 billion as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) and Swiss Re ($2.1 billion and $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively) that are excluded from the following tables.

(5) Represents other miscellaneous reserves that are not representative of long-duration contracts and are excluded from the following tables.

Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in the present values of expected net premiums and LFPB (in millions, except years):

	As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2023				As of or For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Payout Annuities		Traditional Life		Payout Annuities		Traditional Life
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	–	$	5,896	$	–	$	6,610
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	–		(584)		–		843
Beginning balance at original discount rate	–		6,480		–		5,767
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	–		(5)		–		(382)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	–		(275)		–		(21)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	–		6,200		–		5,364
Issuances	–		580		–		1,655
Interest accrual	–		236		–		209
Net premiums collected	–		(784)		–		(742)
Flooring impact of LFPB	–		4		–		(6)
Ending balance at original discount rate	–		6,236		–		6,480
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	–		(152)		–		(584)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	–	$	6,084	$	–	$	5,896
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	2,003	$	9,086	$	2,511	$	10,353
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(263)		(793)		266		1,460
Beginning balance at original discount rate (1)	2,266		9,879		2,245		8,893
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	–		(21)		–		(321)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	1		(305)		3		(5)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	2,267		9,553		2,248		8,567
Issuances	109		580		122		1,655
Interest accrual	86		364		84		326
Benefit payments	(191)		(658)		(188)		(669)
Ending balance at original discount rate (1)	2,271		9,839		2,266		9,879
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	(187)		(202)		(263)		(793)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	2,084	$	9,637	$	2,003	$	9,086
Net balance as of end-of-year	$	2,084	$	3,553	$	2,003	$	3,190
Less: reinsurance recoverables (2)	1,627		255		10		270
Net balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	457	$	3,298	$	1,993	$	2,920
Weighted-average duration of future policyholder
benefit liability (years)	9		10		9		11

(1) Includes DPL within Payout Annuities of $56 million, $38 million and $22 million as of December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

(2)    Increase in Payout Annuities reinsurance recoverables driven by the reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re effective October 1, 2023 for certain blocks of in-force life-contingent payout fixed annuities. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction.

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in liability for future claims (in millions, except years):

	Group Protection
	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	5,462	$	5,936
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(597)		262
Beginning balance at original discount rate	6,059		5,674
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	(27)		15
Effect of actual variances from expected
experience	(261)		(117)
Adjusted beginning-of-year balance	5,771		5,572
New incidence	1,702		1,777
Interest	159		141
Benefit payments	(1,453)		(1,431)
Ending balance at original discount rate	6,179		6,059
Effect of cumulative changes in discount
rate assumptions	(490)		(597)
Balance as of end-of-year	5,689		5,462
Less: reinsurance recoverables	123		127
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	5,566	$	5,335
Weighted-average duration of liability for future
claims (years)	5		4

The following table summarizes the balances of and changes in additional liabilities for other insurance benefits (in millions, except years):

	UL and Other
	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	14,777	$	12,513
Less: Effect of cumulative changes in shadow
balance in AOCI	(905)		1,113
Balance as of beginning-of-year, excluding
shadow balance in AOCI	15,682		11,400
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	165		3,108
Effect of actual variances from expected
experience	(77)		195
Adjusted beginning-of-year balance	15,770		14,703
Issuances	–		7
Interest accrual	765		626
Net assessments collected	658		974
Benefit payments	(588)		(628)
Balance as of end-of-year, excluding
shadow balance in AOCI	16,605		15,682
Effect of cumulative changes in shadow
balance in AOCI	(853)		(905)
Balance as of end-of-year	15,752		14,777
Less: reinsurance recoverables (1)	9,505		1,975
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$	6,247	$	12,802
Weighted-average duration of additional liabilities
for other insurance benefits (years)	17		17

(1) Increase in reinsurance recoverables driven by the reinsurance agreement with Fortitude Re effective October 1, 2023 for certain blocks of in-force ULSG. See Note 8 for more information on the transaction.

Summary of Discounted and Undiscounted Expected Future Gross premiums and Expected Future Benefit Payments

The following table summarizes the discounted and undiscounted expected future gross premiums and expected future benefit payments (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Undiscounted		Discounted		Undiscounted		Discounted
Payout Annuities
Expected future gross premiums	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
Expected future benefit payments	3,481		2,084		3,471		2,003
Traditional Life
Expected future gross premiums	13,406		9,341		13,166		8,887
Expected future benefit payments	13,404		9,637		13,026		9,086

The following table summarizes the discounted and undiscounted expected future benefit payments (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Undiscounted		Discounted		Undiscounted		Discounted
Group Protection
Expected future benefit payments	$	7,250	$	6,179	$	7,063	$	6,059

Summary of Gross Premiums and Interest Accretion

The following table summarizes the gross premiums and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Payout Annuities
Gross premiums	$	116	$	133	$	95
Interest accretion	86		84		84
Traditional Life
Gross premiums	1,183		1,136		1,022
Interest accretion	128		117		113

The following table summarizes the gross premiums and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Group Protection
Gross premiums	$	3,549	$	3,393	$	3,145
Interest accretion	159		141		145

The following table summarizes the gross assessments and interest accretion (in millions) recognized in insurance premiums and benefits, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
UL and Other
Gross assessments	$	1,221	$	2,818	$	3,150
Interest accretion	765		626		498

Summary of Weighted-Average Interest Rates

The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Payout Annuities
Interest accretion rate	3.9	%	3.9	%
Current discount rate	4.9	%	5.3	%
Traditional Life
Interest accretion rate	5.0	%	5.0	%
Current discount rate	4.7	%	5.1	%

The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Group Protection
Interest accretion rate	3.0	%	2.8	%
Current discount rate	4.7	%	5.1	%

The following table summarizes the weighted-average interest rates:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
UL and Other
Interest accretion rate	5.3	%	5.0	%

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Short-Term and Long-Term Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

Details underlying short-term and long-term debt (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Short-Term Debt
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	50	$	—
Short-term debt (1)	790		562
Total short-term debt	$	840	$	562
Long-Term Debt, Excluding Current Portion
9.76% surplus note, due 2024	$	—	$	50
6.03% surplus note, due 2028	750		750
6.56% surplus note, due 2028	500		500
SOFR + 111 bps surplus note, due 2028	71		71
SOFR + 226 bps surplus note, due 2028	544		568
SOFR + 200 bps surplus note, due 2035	30		30
SOFR + 155 bps surplus note, due 2037	25		25
4.20% surplus note, due 2037	50		50
SOFR + 100 bps surplus note, due 2037	154		154
4.225% surplus note, due 2037	28		28
4.00% surplus note, due 2037	30		30
4.50% surplus note, due 2038	13		13
Total long-term debt	$	2,195	$	2,269

(1) The short-term debt represents short-term notes payable to LNC.

Future Principal Payments

Future principal payments due on long-term debt (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

2024	$	50
2025	–
2026	–
2027	–
2028	1,865
Thereafter	330
Total	$	2,245

Schedule of Line of Credit Facilities

Credit facilities, which allow for borrowing or issuances of letters of credit (“LOCs”), (in millions) were as follows:

		As of December 31, 2023
	Expiration Date	Maximum Available		LOCs Issued
Credit Facilities
Five-year revolving credit facility	December 21, 2028	$	2,000	$	116
LOC facility (1)	August 26, 2031	976		917
LOC facility (1)	October 1, 2031	859		859
Total		$	3,835	$	1,892

(1) Our wholly-owned subsidiaries entered into irrevocable LOC facility agreements with third-party lenders supporting inter-company reinsurance agreements.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value, by Balance Sheet Grouping

The carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$	82,300	$	82,300	$	99,465	$	99,465
Trading securities	2,321		2,321		3,446		3,446
Equity securities	306		306		427		427
Mortgage loans on real estate	18,873		17,330		18,211		16,477
Derivative investments	6,305		6,305		3,519		3,519
Other investments	4,757		4,757		3,577		3,577
Cash and invested cash	3,193		3,193		2,499		2,499
MRB assets	3,894		3,894		2,807		2,807
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	274		274		540		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	940		940		525		525
LPR ceded derivative	206		206		212		212
Separate account assets	158,257		158,257		143,536		143,536
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances:
Account balances of certain investment contracts	(44,615)		(34,020)		(43,550)		(34,251)
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL contracts	(9,077)		(9,077)		(4,783)		(4,783)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities – reinsurance-related
embedded derivatives	493		493		681		681
MRB liabilities	(1,716)		(1,716)		(2,078)		(2,078)
Short-term debt	(840)		(841)		(562)		(562)
Long-term debt	(2,195)		(2,125)		(2,269)		(2,166)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	(1,149)		(1,149)		(246)		(246)
Derivative liabilities	(356)		(356)		(254)		(254)
Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts	(411)		(411)		(574)		(574)

Fair Value Option, Disclosures

The fair value and aggregate contractual principal for mortgage loans on real estate where the fair value option was elected (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fair value	$	288	$	487
Aggregate contractual principal	326		514

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities on a Recurring Basis

The following summarizes our financial instruments carried at fair value (in millions) on a recurring basis by the fair value hierarchy levels:

	As of December 31, 2023
	Quoted
	Prices
	in Active
	Markets for		Significant		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	–	$	57,397	$	6,469	$	63,866
U.S. government bonds	373		20		–		393
State and municipal bonds	–		2,537		5		2,542
Foreign government bonds	–		278		–		278
RMBS	–		1,589		13		1,602
CMBS	–		1,336		8		1,344
ABS	–		10,559		1,484		12,043
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	46		138		48		232
Trading securities	–		2,037		284		2,321
Equity securities	1		263		42		306
Mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		288		288
Derivative investments (1)	–		10,705		622		11,327
Other investments – short-term investments	–		233		–		233
Cash and invested cash	–		3,193		–		3,193
MRB assets	–		–		3,894		3,894
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		274		274
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	–		–		940		940
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		206		206
Separate account assets	402		157,855		–		158,257
Total assets	$	822	$	248,140	$	14,577	$	263,539
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances – RILA, fixed annuity
and IUL contracts	$	–	$	–	$	(9,077)	$	(9,077)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities –
reinsurance-related embedded derivatives	–		493		–		493
MRB liabilities	–		–		(1,716)		(1,716)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		(1,149)		(1,149)
Derivative liabilities (1)	–		(4,792)		(586)		(5,378)
Total liabilities	$	–	$	(4,299)	$	(12,528)	$	(16,827)

	As of December 31, 2022
	Quoted
	Prices
	in Active
	Markets for		Significant		Significant
	Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	–	$	73,980	$	5,186	$	79,166
U.S. government bonds	332		19		–		351
State and municipal bonds	–		4,850		35		4,885
Foreign government bonds	–		311		–		311
RMBS	–		1,835		1		1,836
CMBS	–		1,667		–		1,667
ABS	–		9,782		1,117		10,899
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	40		261		49		350
Trading securities	–		2,865		581		3,446
Equity securities	–		274		153		427
Mortgage loans on real estate	–		–		487		487
Derivative investments (1)	–		5,929		605		6,534
Other investments – short-term investments	–		30		–		30
Cash and invested cash	–		2,499		–		2,499
MRB assets	–		–		2,807		2,807
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		540		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	–		–		525		525
LPR ceded derivative	–		–		212		212
Separate account assets	412		143,124		–		143,536
Total assets	$	784	$	247,426	$	12,298	$	260,508
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances – indexed annuity
and IUL contracts embedded derivatives	$	–	$	–	$	(4,783)	$	(4,783)
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities –
reinsurance-related embedded derivatives	–		681		–		681
MRB liabilities	–		–		(2,078)		(2,078)
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	–		–		(246)		(246)
Derivative liabilities (1)	–		(2,666)		(603)		(3,269)
Total liabilities	$	–	$	(1,985)	$	(7,710)	$	(9,695)

(1) Derivative investment assets and liabilities are presented within the fair value hierarchy on a gross basis by derivative type and not

on a master netting basis by counterparty.

Fair Value Measured on a Recurring Basis Reconciliation

The following summarizes changes to our financial instruments carried at fair value (in millions) and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The gains and losses below may include changes in fair value due in part to observable inputs that are a component of the valuation methodology. The summary schedule excludes changes to MRB assets and MRB liabilities as these balances are rolled forward in Note 10.

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	5,186	$	(17)	$	28	$	1,284	$	(12)	$	6,469
State and municipal bonds	35		(4)		4		(30)		–		5
RMBS	1		–		–		5		7		13
CMBS	–		–		–		(4)		12		8
ABS	1,117		–		9		733		(375)		1,484
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	49		–		(2)		(2)		3		48
Trading securities	581		17		–		(313)		(1)		284
Equity securities	153		(19)		–		(98)		6		42
Mortgage loans on real estate	487		(7)		5		(197)		–		288
Derivative investments	2		(13)		–		16		31		36
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	540		(266)		–		–		–		274
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	525		6		–		409		–		940
LPR ceded derivative (5)	212		(6)		–		–		–		206
Policyholder account balances –
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL
contracts (4)	(4,783)		(3,193)		–		(1,101)		–		(9,077)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	(246)		(903)		–		–		–		(1,149)
Total, net	$	3,859	$	(4,405)	$	44	$	702	$	(329)	$	(129)

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	8,801	$	1	$	(1,542)	$	592	$	(2,666)	$	5,186
State and municipal bonds	–		–		(1)		–		36		35
Foreign government bonds	41		–		(6)		(30)		(5)		–
RMBS	3		–		1		21		(24)		1
CMBS	–		–		–		17		(17)		–
ABS	870		–		(113)		676		(316)		1,117
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	90		(4)		(21)		(12)		(4)		49
Trading securities	828		(80)		–		(152)		(15)		581
Equity securities	91		52		–		25		(15)		153
Mortgage loans on real estate	739		(20)		(5)		(227)		–		487
Derivative investments	21		2		(6)		–		(15)		2
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	4,114		(3,574)		–		–		–		540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	528		(215)		–		212		–		525
LPR ceded derivative (5)	318		(106)		–		–		–		212
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives (4)	(6,131)		1,975		–		(627)		–		(4,783)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	(17)		(229)		–		–		–		(246)
Total, net	$	10,296	$	(2,198)	$	(1,693)	$	495	$	(3,041)	$	3,859

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
					Gains		Issuances,		Transfers
			Items		(Losses)		Sales,		Into or
			Included		in		Maturities,		Out
	Beginning		in		OCI		Settlements,		of		Ending
	Fair		Net		and		Calls,		Level 3,		Fair
	Value		Income		Other(1)		Net		Net		Value
Investments: (2)
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	7,761	$	3	$	(182)	$	1,189	$	30	$	8,801
U.S. government bonds	5		–		–		(5)		–		–
Foreign government bonds	74		–		(11)		80		(102)		41
RMBS	2		–		–		2		(1)		3
CMBS	1		(1)		–		8		(8)		–
ABS	570		1		(9)		602		(294)		870
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	103		–		25		(38)		–		90
Trading securities	643		(3)		–		210		(22)		828
Equity securities	57		38		–		(4)		–		91
Mortgage loans on real estate	832		11		5		(109)		–		739
Derivative investments	1,542		1,255		(3)		(139)		(2,634)		21
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs (3)	6,539		(2,425)		–		–		–		4,114
Indexed annuity ceded embedded
derivatives (4)	550		87		–		(109)		–		528
LPR ceded derivative (5)	–		–		–		–		318		318
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives (4)	(3,594)		(2,709)		–		172		–		(6,131)
Other liabilities – ceded MRBs (3)	–		(17)		–		–		–		(17)
Total, net	$	15,085	$	(3,760)	$	(175)	$	1,859	$	(2,713)	$	10,296

(1) The changes in fair value of the interest rate swaps are offset by an adjustment to derivative investments (see Note 6).

(2) Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are included in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Gains (losses) from sales, maturities, settlements and calls and credit loss expense are included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(3) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in market risk benefit gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(4) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(5) Gains (losses) from the changes in fair value are included in benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Schedule of Investment Holdings Movements

The following provides the components of the items included in issuances, sales, maturities, settlements and calls, net, (in millions) as reported above:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	2,035	$	(334)	$	(34)	$	(372)	$	(11)	$	1,284
State and municipal bonds	–		(30)		–		–		–		(30)
RMBS	5		–		–		–		–		5
CMBS	–		–		–		(4)		–		(4)
ABS	971		(2)		–		(230)		(6)		733
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	–		–		–		–		(2)		(2)
Trading securities	–		(231)		–		(82)		–		(313)
Equity securities	1		(99)		–		–		–		(98)
Mortgage loans on real estate	5		–		–		(202)		–		(197)
Derivative investments	19		–		(3)		–		–		16
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	404		–		–		5		–		409
Policyholder account balances –
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL
contracts	(1,113)		–		–		12		–		(1,101)
Total, net	$	2,327	$	(696)	$	(37)	$	(873)	$	(19)	$	702

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,335	$	(398)	$	(81)	$	(231)	$	(33)	$	592
Foreign government bonds	–		–		(30)		–		–		(30)
RMBS	21		–		–		–		–		21
CMBS	17		–		–		–		–		17
ABS	918		–		–		(235)		(7)		676
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	–		–		–		–		(12)		(12)
Trading securities	287		(229)		–		(210)		–		(152)
Equity securities	34		(9)		–		–		–		25
Mortgage loans on real estate	15		–		–		(242)		–		(227)
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	124		–		–		88		–		212
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives	(710)		–		–		83		–		(627)
Total, net	$	2,041	$	(636)	$	(111)	$	(747)	$	(52)	$	495

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Issuances		Sales		Maturities		Settlements		Calls		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	1,861	$	(110)	$	(109)	$	(423)	$	(30)	$	1,189
U.S. government bonds	–		–		(5)		–		–		(5)
Foreign government bonds	80		–		–		–		–		80
RMBS	2		–		–		–		–		2
CMBS	8		–		–		–		–		8
ABS	835		–		–		(233)		–		602
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	12		(20)		–		–		(30)		(38)
Trading securities	383		(25)		–		(148)		–		210
Equity securities	6		(10)		–		–		–		(4)
Mortgage loans on real estate	96		(101)		(26)		(78)		–		(109)
Derivative investments	174		(124)		(189)		–		–		(139)
Other assets – indexed annuity ceded
embedded derivatives	55		–		–		(164)		–		(109)
Policyholder account balances – indexed
annuity and IUL contracts embedded
derivatives	(400)		–		–		572		–		172
Total, net	3,112		(390)		(329)		(474)		(60)		1,859

Fair Value, Measured on Recurring Basis, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings

The following summarizes changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income related to financial instruments carried at fair value classified within Level 3 that we still held (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Trading securities (1)	$	8	$	(81)	$	4
Equity securities (1)	(16)		54		40
Mortgage loans on real estate (1)	(8)		(20)		12
Derivative investments (1)	1		2		1,051
MRBs (2)	1,071		(359)		1,530
Other assets – LPR ceded derivative (3)	(6)		(106)		–
Embedded derivatives - indexed annuity
and IUL contracts (1)	(20)		(95)		44
Total, net	$	1,030	$	(605)	$	2,681

(1) Included in realized gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) Included in market risk benefit gain (loss) on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(3) Included in benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in OCI

The following summarizes changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net of tax, related to financial instruments carried at fair value classified within Level 3 that we still held (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	7	$	(1,553)	$	(183)
State and municipal bonds	3		(1)		–
Foreign government bonds	–		(7)		(10)
ABS	3		(115)		(9)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred
securities	(1)		(21)		26
Mortgage loans on real estate	4		(5)		4
Total, net	$	16	$	(1,702)	$	(172)

Components of the Transfers In and Out of Level 3

The following provides the components of the transfers into and out of Level 3 (in millions) as reported above:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	194	$	(206)	$	(12)
RMBS	12		(5)		7
CMBS	12		–		12
ABS	2		(377)		(375)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	16		(13)		3
Trading securities	6		(7)		(1)
Equity securities	6		–		6
Derivative investments	31		–		31
Total, net	$	279	$	(608)	$	(329)

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	296	$	(2,962)	$	(2,666)
State and municipal bonds	36		–		36
Foreign government bonds	–		(5)		(5)
RMBS	–		(24)		(24)
CMBS	–		(17)		(17)
ABS	16		(332)		(316)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities	–		(4)		(4)
Trading securities	4		(19)		(15)
Equity securities	–		(15)		(15)
Derivative investments	–		(15)		(15)
Total, net	$	352	$	(3,393)	$	(3,041)

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Transfers		Transfers
	Into		Out of
	Level 3		Level 3		Total
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Corporate bonds	$	164	$	(134)	$	30
Foreign government bonds	–		(102)		(102)
RMBS	–		(1)		(1)
CMBS	–		(8)		(8)
ABS	36		(330)		(294)
Trading securities	12		(34)		(22)
Derivative investments	24		(2,658)		(2,634)
Other assets – LPR ceded derivative	318		–		318
Total, net	$	554	$	(3,267)	$	(2,713)

Fair Value Inputs Quantitative Information

The following summarizes the fair value (in millions), valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs of the Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2023:

										Weighted
	Fair		Valuation	Significant	Assumption or					Average Input
	Value		Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Input Ranges					Range (1)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS and
trading securities:
Corporate bonds	$	183	Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	(0.2)	%	–	3.7	%	2.1	%
State and municipal
bonds	5		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	0.9	%	–	2.2	%	2.1	%
CMBS	8		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	2.3	%	–	2.3	%	2.3	%
ABS	12		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.8	%	–	1.8	%	1.8	%
Hybrid and redeemable
preferred securities	7		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.4	%	–	1.5	%	1.5	%
Equity securities	5		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	4.5	%	–	4.5	%	4.5	%
MRB assets	3,894
Other assets – ceded MRBs	274		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.78	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	29	%	13.92	%
Other assets – indexed
annuity ceded embedded
derivatives	940		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Other assets – LPR ceded
derivative	206		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0.1	%	–	2.00	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.58	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Liabilities
Policyholder account
balances – indexed annuity
contracts embedded
derivatives	$	(9,013)	Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
MRB liabilities	(1,716)
Other liabilities – ceded
MRBs	(1,149)		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.51	%	–	2.13	%	1.78	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	29	%	13.92	%

The following summarizes the fair value (in millions), valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs of the Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2022:

										Weighted
	Fair		Valuation	Significant	Assumption or					Average Input
	Value		Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Input Ranges					Range (1)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity AFS and
trading securities:
Corporate bonds	$	201	Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	(0.2)	%	–	4.2	%	2.1	%
State and municipal
bonds	35		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.2	%	–	2.4	%	2.3	%
ABS	15		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.4	%	–	1.4	%	1.4	%
Hybrid and redeemable
preferred securities	3		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	1.5	%	–	1.5	%	1.5	%
Equity securities	4		Discounted cash flow	Liquidity/duration adjustment (2)	4.5	%	–	4.5	%	4.5	%
MRB assets	2,807
Other assets – ceded MRBs	540		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.73	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	28	%	14.47	%
Other assets – indexed
annuity ceded embedded
derivatives	525		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Other assets – LPR ceded
derivative	212		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	1.55	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.75	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
Liabilities
Policyholder account
balances – indexed annuity
contracts embedded
derivatives	$	(4,845)	Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	0 %		–	9	%	(10)
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
MRB liabilities	(2,078)
Other liabilities – ceded
MRBs	(246)		Discounted cash flow	Lapse (3)	1	%	–	30	%	(10)
				Utilization of GLB withdrawals (4)	85	%	–	100	%	94	%
				Claims utilization factor (5)	60	%	–	100	%	(10)
				Premiums utilization factor (5)	80	%	–	115	%	(10)
				Non-performance risk (6)	0.35	%	–	2.41	%	1.73	%
				Mortality (7)				(9)		(10)
				Volatility (8)	1	%	–	28	%	14.47	%

(1) Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments, unless otherwise noted.

(2) The liquidity/duration adjustment input represents an estimated market participant composite of adjustments attributable to liquidity premiums, expected durations, structures and credit quality that would be applied to the market observable information of an investment.

(3) The lapse input represents the estimated probability of a contract surrendering during a year, and thereby forgoing any future

benefits. The range for indexed annuity contracts represents the lapses during the surrender charge period.

(4) The utilization of GLB withdrawals input represents the estimated percentage of policyholders that utilize the GLB withdrawal riders.

(5) The utilization factors are applied to the present value of claims or premiums, as appropriate, in the MRB calculation to estimate the

impact of inefficient GLB withdrawal behavior, including taking less than or more than the maximum GLB withdrawal.

(6) The non-performance risk input represents the estimated additional credit spread that market participants would apply to the market

observable discount rate when pricing a contract. The non-performance risk input was weighted by the absolute value of the sensitivity of the reserve to the non-performance risk assumption. The non-performance risk input for LPR ceded derivative was weighted using a simple average.

(7) The mortality input represents the estimated probability of when an individual belonging to a particular group, categorized according

to age or some other factor such as gender, will die.

(8) The volatility input represents overall volatilities assumed for the underlying variable annuity funds, which include a mixture of equity

and fixed-income assets. Volatility assumptions vary by fund due to the benchmarking of different indices. The volatility input was

weighted by the relative account balance assigned to each index.

(9) The mortality is based on a combination of company and industry experience, adjusted for improvement factors.

(10) A weighted average input range is not a meaningful measurement for lapse, utilization factors or mortality.

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Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Benefit Plans' Assets and Obligations

Information (in millions) with respect to these plans was as follows:

	As of or For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
					Other Postretirement
	Pension Plans				Benefit Plans
Fair value of plan assets	$	71	$	77	$	10	$	9
Projected benefit obligation	77		82		6		6
Funded status	$	(6)	$	(5)	$	4	$	3
Amounts Recognized on the
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Other assets	$	–	$	–	$	4	$	3
Other liabilities	(6)		(5)		–		–
Net amount recognized	$	(6)	$	(5)	$	4	$	3
Weighted-Average Assumptions
Benefit obligations:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.44%		5.66%		5.45%		5.70%
Net periodic benefit cost:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.62%		3.07%		5.70%		3.73%
Expected return on plan assets	6.00%		5.00%		6.50%		6.50%

Fair Value of Benefit Plan Assets

The following summarizes our fair value measurements of our benefit plans’ assets (in millions) on a recurring basis by asset category:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate bonds	$	23	$	33
U.S. government bonds	22		17
CMBS	2		2
Common stock	21		22
Cash and invested cash	3		3
Other investments	10		9
Total	$	81	$	86

Deferred Compensation Plans Liabilities and Investments

Information (in millions) with respect to these plans was as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Total liabilities (1)	$	695	$	623
Investments dedicated to fund liabilities (2)	233		206

(1) Reported in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Reported in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plans (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Compensation Expense By Award Type

Total compensation expense (in millions) by award type for stock-based incentive compensation plans was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Stock options	$	7	$	6	$	8
Performance shares	12		9		17
RSUs	40		33		33
Total	$	59	$	48	$	58
Recognized tax benefit	$	9	$	11	$	12

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Contingencies and Commitments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease Costs

Finance lease expense (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Amortization of finance lease assets (1)	$	9	$	23	$	38
Interest on finance lease liabilities (2)	5		4		3
Total	$	14	$	27	$	41

(1) Amortization of finance lease assets is reported in commissions and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(2) Interest on finance lease liabilities is reported in interest and debt expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The table below presents cash flow information (in millions) related to leases:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	41	$	47	$	40
Financing cash flows from finance leases	83		74		62
Supplemental Non-Cash Information
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	–	$	6	$	8

Schedule of Operating Lease Maturity

Our future minimum lease payments (in millions) under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2024	$	34	$	18
2025	26		7
2026	22		4
2027	15		–
2028	8		–
Thereafter	7		–
Total future minimum lease payments	112		29
Less: Amount representing interest	23		2
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	89	$	27

Schedule of Financing Lease Maturity

Our future minimum lease payments (in millions) under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2024	$	34	$	18
2025	26		7
2026	22		4
2027	15		–
2028	8		–
Thereafter	7		–
Total future minimum lease payments	112		29
Less: Amount representing interest	23		2
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	89	$	27

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $595 million and $558 million, respectively, of financing obligations reported within other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Future payments due on certain financing arrangements (in millions) as of December 31, 2023, were as follows:

2024	$	152
2025	172
2026	224
2027	127
2028	10
Thereafter	6
Total future minimum lease payments	691
Less: Amount representing interest	96
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	595

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Shares and Stockholder's Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Components and Changes in AOCI

The following summarizes the components and changes in AOCI (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities and Certain Other Investments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(8,526)	$	9,153	$	8,993
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards	–		–		3,584
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the year	2,122		(24,475)		(4,478)
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	178		(321)		(143)
Change in future contract benefits and policyholder account balances, net of reinsurance	638		2,292		893
Income tax benefit (expense)	(650)		4,815		797
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	(3,425)		(13)		624
Income tax benefit (expense)	719		3		(131)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	(3,532)	$	(8,526)	$	9,153
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	301	$	258	$	42
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		25
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the year	162		(154)		141
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment	(169)		312		152
Income tax benefit (expense)	2		(34)		(63)
Less:
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	60		103		49
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	249	$	301	$	258
Market Risk Benefit Non-Performance Risk Gain (Loss)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	1,739	$	1,951	$	–
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		2,874
Adjustment arising during the year	(854)		(267)		(1,174)
Income tax benefit (expense)	184		55		251
Balance as of end-of-year	$	1,069	$	1,739	$	1,951
Policyholder Liability Discount Rate Remeasurement Gain (Loss)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	790	$	(1,101)	$	–
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standard	–		–		(1,661)
Adjustment arising during the year	(187)		2,406		711
Income tax benefit (expense)	42		(515)		(151)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	645	$	790	$	(1,101)
Funded Status of Employee Benefit Plans
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	(17)	$	(11)	$	(14)
Adjustment arising during the year	1		(6)		4
Income tax benefit (expense)	–		–		(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$	(16)	$	(17)	$	(11)

Schedule of Reclassifications Out of AOCI

The following summarizes the reclassifications out of AOCI (in millions) and the associated line item in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS
Securities and Certain Other Investments
Reclassification	$	(4,014)	$	(13)	$	624	Realized gain (loss)
Associated change in future contract benefits	589		–		–		Benefits
Reclassification before income
tax benefit (expense)	(3,425)		(13)		624		Income (loss) before taxes
Income tax benefit (expense)	719		3		(131)		Federal income tax expense (benefit)
Reclassification, net of income tax	$	(2,706)	$	(10)	$	493	Net income (loss)
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Interest rate contracts	$	(1)	$	2	$	3	Net investment income
Foreign currency contracts	54		62		48		Net investment income
Foreign currency contracts	7		39		(2)		Realized gain (loss)
Reclassifications before income
tax benefit (expense)	60		103		49		Income (loss) before taxes
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		(22)		(10)		Federal income tax expense (benefit)
Reclassifications, net of income tax	$	47	$	81	$	39	Net income (loss)

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Segment Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Reconciliation of Revenue from Segments to Consolidated

The tables below reconcile our segment measures of performance to the GAAP measures presented in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenues
Operating revenues:
Annuities (1)	$	2,625	$	4,102	$	4,258
Life Insurance	6,362		6,344		6,938
Group Protection	5,560		5,303		4,994
Retirement Plan Services	1,290		1,257		1,306
Other Operations (1)	(778)		133		158
Revenue adjustments from annuity and life insurance product features	99		872		818
Credit loss-related adjustments	(74)		(129)		109
Investment gains (losses)	(4,080)		19		654
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans	(22)		588		165
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR	(923)		(932)		(888)
Total revenues (1)	$	10,059	$	17,557	$	18,512

Reconciliation of Income (Loss) From Operations by Segment to Consolidated Net Income (Loss)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net Income (Loss)
Income (loss) from operations:
Annuities	$	840	$	948	$	1,089
Life Insurance	(126)		(1,933)		497
Group Protection	297		40		(165)
Retirement Plan Services	155		198		235
Other Operations	(356)		(374)		(244)
Net annuity product features, after-tax	1,295		416		1,866
Net life insurance product features, after-tax	148		21		(1)
Credit loss-related adjustments, after-tax	(58)		(102)		86
Investment gains (losses), after-tax	(3,210)		15		516
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans, after-tax	(18)		465		130
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR, after-tax	(728)		(735)		(701)
Impairment of intangibles	–		(634)		–
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers,
acquisitions and divestitures, after-tax (2)	(27)		–		(11)
Net income (loss)	$	(1,788)	$	(1,675)	$	3,297

(1)    Includes ceded insurance premiums primarily related to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction effective in the fourth quarter of 2023. For more information, see Note 8.

(2)    Includes costs pertaining to the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction and the planned sale of LNC’s wealth management business. For more information, see Note 1 and Note 8, respectively.

Schedule of Segment Reporting Information, by Segment

We present disaggregated disclosures in the Notes below for long-duration insurance balances, applying the level of aggregation by reportable segment as follows:

Reportable Segment	Level of Aggregation
Annuities	Variable Annuities
	Fixed Annuities
	Payout Annuities
Life Insurance	Traditional Life
	UL and Other
Group Protection	Group Protection
Retirement Plan Services	Retirement Plan Services

The following provides a summary of our DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL amortization basis and expected amortization period by reportable segment:

Reportable Segment	Amortization Basis	Expected Amortization Period
Annuities	Total deposits paid to date on policies in force	Between 30 to 40 years
Life Insurance	Policy count of policies in force	On average 60 years
Group Protection	Group certificate contracts in force	4 years
Retirement Plan Services	Lives in force	Between 40 to 50 years

Other segment information (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net Investment Income
Annuities	$	1,744	$	1,387	$	1,314
Life Insurance	2,515		2,464		3,054
Group Protection	336		333		364
Retirement Plan Services	999		966		982
Other Operations	118		124		125
Total net investment income	$	5,712	$	5,274	$	5,839

Reconciliation of Other Significant Reconciling Items from Segments to Consolidated

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Federal Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Annuities	$	79	$	128	$	189
Life Insurance	(62)		(544)		112
Group Protection	79		11		(44)
Retirement Plan Services	25		32		48
Other Operations	(102)		(84)		(70)
Net annuity product features	344		112		496
Net life insurance product features	39		5		–
Credit loss-related adjustments	(16)		(27)		20
Investment gains (losses)	(853)		4		140
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives,
trading securities and certain mortgage loans	(5)		123		35
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR	(194)		(197)		(186)
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers,
acquisitions and divestitures	(7)		–		(3)
Total federal income tax expense (benefit)	(673)		(437)		737

Reconciliation of Assets from Segment to Consolidated

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets
Annuities	$	186,716	$	165,643
Life Insurance	107,529		97,373
Group Protection	9,741		9,830
Retirement Plan Services	46,969		42,275
Other Operations	23,021		20,461
Total assets	$	373,976	$	335,582

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Realized Gain (Loss) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Realized Gain (Loss) [Abstract]

Schedule of Realized Gain (Loss)

Details underlying realized gain (loss) (in millions) reported on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities: (1)
Gross gains	$	627	$	37	$	660
Gross losses	(428)		(50)		(36)
Credit loss benefit (expense) (2)	(21)		(14)		(11)
Intent to sell impairments	(4,213)		–		–
Realized gain (loss) on equity securities (3)	(6)		12		41
Credit loss benefit (expense) on mortgage loans on real estate	(16)		(3)		111
Credit loss benefit (expense) on reinsurance-related assets (4)	(35)		(112)		7
Realized gain (loss) on the mark-to-market on certain instruments (5)(6)	(509)		683		169
Indexed product derivative results (7)	(232)		74		22
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR and attributed fees	(112)		(168)		(91)
Other realized gain (loss)	11		(41)		(13)
Total realized gain (loss)	$	(4,934)	$	418	$	859

(1) Includes impairments of certain fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, resulting from the Company’s intent to sell these securities as part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance, the Company impaired the securities in a loss position down to fair market value upon entry into the agreements in the second quarter of 2023 and recognized additional impairment on certain of these securities during the third quarter of 2023 due to higher interest rates. Interest rates declined during the fourth quarter of 2023, which resulted in recognition of a $295 million pre-tax net gain upon close of the transaction, included in gross gains and gross losses. See Notes 4 and 8 for additional information.

(2) Includes changes in the allowance for credit losses as well as direct write-downs to amortized cost as a result of negative credit events.

(3) Includes mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held of $8 million, $7 million and $44 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(4) Includes the release of reinsurance recoverables and the corresponding allowance for credit losses related to a third-party reinsurer, Scottish Re, where liquidation proceedings commenced during the third quarter of 2023. As of September 30, 2023, reinsurance coverage terminated and all business ceded to Scottish Re was therefore recaptured.

(5) Represents changes in the fair values of derivatives we hold as part of VUL hedging, reinsurance-related embedded derivatives and trading securities. Also includes an $87 million pre-tax loss related to interest rate futures used to hedge the assets used as consideration in the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. See Note 8 for additional information.

(6) Includes gains and losses from fair value changes on mortgage loans on real estate accounted for under the fair value option of $(11) million, $(24) million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(7) Represents the change in fair value of the index options that we hold and the change in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity and IUL contracts, and the associated index options to hedge policyholder index allocations applicable to future reset periods for our indexed annuity products.

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Commissions and Other Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Commissions and Other Expenses [Abstract]

Details Underlying Commissions and Other Expenses

Details underlying commissions and other expenses (in millions) were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Commissions	$	2,082	$	2,201	$	2,227
General and administrative expenses	2,427		2,200		2,187
DAC and VOBA deferrals, net of amortization	(171)		(346)		(321)
Broker-dealer expenses	444		419		441
Taxes, licenses and fees	333		344		358
Expenses associated with reserve financing and LOCs	58		60		57
Specifically identifiable intangible asset amortization	37		37		37
Other amortization	5		12		11
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers, acquisitions and divestitures	34		–		14
Total	$	5,249	$	4,927	$	5,011

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Federal Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Federal Income Tax Expense

The federal income tax expense (benefit) on continuing operations (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Current	$	(255)	$	(24)	$	20
Deferred	(418)		(413)		717
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$	(673)	$	(437)	$	737

Reconciliation of the Effective Tax Rate Differences

A reconciliation of the effective tax rate differences (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Income (loss) before taxes	$	(2,461)	$	(2,112)	$	4,034
Federal statutory rate	21%		21%		21%
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at federal statutory rate	(517)		(444)		847
Effect of:
Tax-preferred investment income (1)	(126)		(90)		(88)
Tax credits	(40)		(42)		(26)
Excess tax expense (benefit) from stock-based compensation	3		(1)		–
Goodwill impairment	–		133		–
Other items	7		7		4
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$	(673)	$	(437)	$	737
Effective tax rate	27%		21%		18%

(1) Relates primarily to separate account dividends eligible for the dividends-received deduction.

Federal Income Tax Asset (Liability)

The federal income tax asset (liability) (in millions) was as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Current	$	546	$	353
Deferred	49		734
Total federal income tax asset (liability)	$	595	$	1,087

Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred Tax Assets
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances	$	322	$	231
Compensation and benefit plans	175		152
Intangibles	18		21
Net unrealized loss on fixed maturity AFS securities	1,246		2,161
Net unrealized loss on trading securities	33		70
Investment activity	91		296
Tax credits	103		–
Net operating losses	87		278
Capital losses	93		–
Deferred gain on reinsurance	400		30
Total deferred tax assets	$	2,568	$	3,239
Deferred Tax Liabilities
DAC and VOBA	$	1,906	$	1,769
Reinsurance-related embedded derivative assets	104		143
MRB-related activity	286		228
Other	223		365
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	2,519	$	2,505
Net deferred tax asset (liability)	$	49	$	734

Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward

A reconciliation of the gross unrecognized federal tax benefits (in millions) was as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$	59	$	64
Decreases for prior year tax positions	(6)		(6)
Increases for prior year tax positions	23		1
Balance as of end-of-year	$	76	$	59

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Statutory Information and Restrictions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Statutory Information and Restrictions [Abstract]

Statutory Financial Information

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
U.S. capital and surplus	$	8,026	$	8,507

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. net gain (loss) from operations, after-tax	$	(2,495)	$	1,708	$	(1,285)
U.S. net income (loss)	(2,924)		1,965		(569)
U.S. dividends to LNC holding company	495		645		1,910

Effects on Statutory Surplus Compared to NAIC Statutory Surplus

The favorable (unfavorable) effects on statutory surplus compared to NAIC statutory surplus from the use of these prescribed and permitted practices (in millions) were as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
State Prescribed Practices
Calculation of reserves using the Indiana universal life method	$	(1)	$	3
Conservative valuation rate on certain annuities	(1)		(36)
Calculation of reserves using continuous CARVM	(1)		(1)
Conservative Reg 213 reserves on variable annuity and individual life contracts	(31)		(37)
State Permitted Practice
Derivative instruments and equity indexed reserves	(170)		14
Assets in group fixed annuity contracts held at general account balances	332		436
Vermont Subsidiaries Permitted Practices
Lesser of LOC and XXX additional reserve as surplus	1,776		1,838
LLC notes and variable value surplus notes	1,444		1,547
Excess of loss reinsurance agreements	563		549

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Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Data (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]

Summary of Supplemental Cash Flow Data

The following summarizes our supplemental cash flow data (in millions):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net cash paid (received) for:
Interest	$	187	$	126	$	115
Income taxes	(110)		(61)		29
Non-cash transactions:
Net increase (decrease) in fixed maturity AFS securities, other
investments and accrued investment income in connection with
reinsurance transactions	(20,264)		54		(3,700)
Establishment of funds withheld liability in connection with
a reinsurance transaction	(49)		–		–

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Transactions with Affiliates (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Schedule of Transactions with Affiliates

The following summarizes transactions with affiliates (in millions) and the associated line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets with affiliates:
Inter-company notes	$	1,063	$	1,216	Fixed maturity AFS securities
Assumed reinsurance contracts	1		–		Policy Loans
					Deferred acquisition costs, value of business
Assumed/ceded reinsurance contracts	(131)		(138)		acquired and deferred sales inducements
Accrued inter-company interest receivable	16		13		Accrued investment income
					Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance
Ceded reinsurance contracts	15,563		2,187		for credit losses
Ceded reinsurance contracts	642		899		Other assets
Cash management agreement	857		124		Other assets
Service agreement receivable	41		6		Other assets
Liabilities with affiliates:
Assumed reinsurance contracts	18		17		Future contract benefits
Assumed reinsurance contracts	352		361		Policyholder account balances
Inter-company short-term debt	840		562		Short-term debt
Inter-company long-term debt	2,195		2,269		Long-term debt
Ceded reinsurance contracts	5,862		2,517		Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities
Ceded reinsurance contracts	897		(31)		Other liabilities
Accrued inter-company interest payable	18		15		Other liabilities
Service agreement payable	37		41		Other liabilities
Assumed/ceded reinsurance contracts	4,387		158		Other liabilities
Equity with affiliates:
Accumulated other comprehensive income –	774		55		Accumulated other comprehensive
assumed/ceded					income (loss)

The following summarizes transactions with affiliates (in millions) and the associated line item on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Revenues with affiliates:
Premiums received on assumed (paid on ceded)
reinsurance contracts	$	(498)	$	(421)	$	(468)	Insurance premiums
Fees for management of general account	(156)		(140)		(138)		Net investment income
Net investment income on ceded funds
withheld treaties	(238)		(161)		(113)		Net investment income
Net investment income on inter-company notes	65		40		29		Net investment income
Realized gains (losses) on ceded reinsurance
contracts:
Other gains (losses)	(9)		631		94		Realized gain (loss)
Reinsurance-related settlements	1,717		(1,068)		1,626		Realized gain (loss)
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on reinsurance							Amortization of deferred gain
contracts	17		3		3		(loss) on business sold
							through reinsurance
Other revenues	(171)		–		–		Other revenues
Benefits and expenses with affiliates:
Reinsurance (recoveries) benefits on ceded
reinsurance	(507)		(247)		(430)		Benefits
Interest credited on assumed reinsurance contracts	12		47		48		Interest credited
Market risk benefit (gain) loss
on ceded reinsurance contracts	1,129		3,543		2,199		Market risk benefit (gain) loss
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss							Policyholder liability remeasurement
on ceded reinsurance contracts	–		(321)		64		(gain) loss
Ceded reinsurance contracts	(13)		(26)		(7)		Commissions and other expenses
Service agreement payments (receipts)	(17)		(53)		(29)		Commissions and other expenses
Interest expense on inter-company debt	148		120		107		Interest and debt expense

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Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) payment	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Product Information [Line Items]
Assets classified as held for sale	$ 120
Liabilities classified as held for sale	$ 77
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position	Other assets	Other assets
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position	Other assets	Other assets
Operating Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position	Other liabilities	Other liabilities
Finance Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position	Other liabilities	Other liabilities
Maximum net premium ratio at individual cohort level	100.00%
Participating policies as a percentage of the face amount of the insurance in force	1.00%	1.00%
Dividend expenses	$ 41	$ 49	$ 48
Other revenues	$ 649	621	657
Sales Force Intangibles
Product Information [Line Items]
Useful life of intangible assets	25 years
VOCRA
Product Information [Line Items]
Useful life of intangible assets	20 years
VODA
Product Information [Line Items]
Useful life of intangible assets	13 years
Annuities
Product Information [Line Items]
Fee income	$ 715	743	848
Other revenues	461	468	497
Group Protection
Product Information [Line Items]
Other revenues	$ 210	$ 203	$ 180
Commercial
Product Information [Line Items]
Number of days past due to qualify as delinquent	60 days
Number of missed payments to qualify as delinquent | payment	2
Number of missed payments to qualify loans as non-accrual | payment	3
Loan-to-value ratio indicating principal is greater than collateral	100.00%
Commercial | Maximum
Product Information [Line Items]
Debt-service coverage ratio indicating property income not covering debt payments	1.0
Residential
Product Information [Line Items]
Period in which loans no longer accrue interest	90 days

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Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Amortization Basis and Expected Amortization Period by Reportable Segment (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Annuities | Minimum
Product Information [Line Items]
Traditional contract acquisition cost amortization period	30 years
Annuities | Maximum
Product Information [Line Items]
Traditional contract acquisition cost amortization period	40 years
Life Insurance
Product Information [Line Items]
Traditional contract acquisition cost amortization period	60 years
Group Protection
Product Information [Line Items]
Traditional contract acquisition cost amortization period	4 years
Retirement Plan Services | Minimum
Product Information [Line Items]
Traditional contract acquisition cost amortization period	40 years
Retirement Plan Services | Maximum
Product Information [Line Items]
Traditional contract acquisition cost amortization period	50 years

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Cumulative Effect Adjustments to Components of Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Jan. 01, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	$ 10,507	$ 8,604	$ 25,934
Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	(869)	1,414	3,734		$ 4,167
AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	$ (1,585)	$ (5,713)	$ 10,250		9,021
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total					4,822
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total					(1,820)
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total					4,822
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL				$ 2,271
Additional liabilities for other insurance benefits				1,197
LFPB and Other				(1,641)
MRBs				1,175
Total				3,002	3,002
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL				0
Additional liabilities for other insurance benefits				0
LFPB and Other				(121)
MRBs				(1,699)
Total				(1,820)	(1,820)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL				2,271
Additional liabilities for other insurance benefits				1,197
LFPB and Other				(1,520)
MRBs				2,874
Total				$ 4,822	$ 4,822

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Effect of Accounting Adoption to Consolidated Balance Sheets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Jan. 01, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements	$ 12,418	$ 12,263			$ 12,162
Reinsurance recoverables	45,110	21,804			20,713
Other assets	10,597	7,677
Future contract benefits	(40,174)	(38,302)			(42,044)
DFEL	5,923	5,115			3,586
Other liabilities	12,438	6,251
Total	10,507	8,604	$ 25,934
Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	(869)	1,414	3,734		4,167
AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total	$ (1,585)	$ (5,713)	$ 10,250		9,021
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total					4,822
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total					(1,820)
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Total					4,822
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements					6,079
Reinsurance recoverables					3,163
Other assets					5,795
Future contract benefits					(3,726)
MRBs, net					(4,300)
DFEL					(3,190)
Other liabilities					(819)
Total				$ 3,002	3,002
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements					0
Reinsurance recoverables					607
Other assets					5,795
Future contract benefits					(760)
MRBs, net					(7,956)
DFEL					0
Other liabilities					494
Total				(1,820)	(1,820)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and deferred sales inducements					6,079
Reinsurance recoverables					2,556
Other assets					0
Future contract benefits					(2,966)
MRBs, net					3,656
DFEL					(3,190)
Other liabilities					(1,313)
Total				$ 4,822	$ 4,822

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Changes in DAC, VOBA and DSI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				$ 11,000
Balance as of beginning-of-year				887
Balance as of end-of-year				275
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$ 12,418	$ 12,263		12,162
Variable Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC	3,868	3,880	$ 3,860	3,727
Balance as of end-of-year	157	167	181	196
DAC, VOBA and DSI	4,025	4,047
Fixed Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC	421	439	448	479
Balance as of beginning-of-year	15	17	20	23
Balance as of end-of-year	20	23	27	30
DAC, VOBA and DSI	456	479
Traditional Life
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC	1,332	1,286	1,146	1,041
Balance as of beginning-of-year	42	50	59	67
DAC, VOBA and DSI	1,374	1,336
UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC	5,709	5,518	5,269	5,328
Balance as of beginning-of-year	402	454	499	797
Balance as of end-of-year	28	30	31	35
DAC, VOBA and DSI	6,139	6,002
Group Protection
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC	154	141	140	187
DAC, VOBA and DSI	154	141
Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC	244	241	239	238
Balance as of end-of-year	26	17	$ 14	14
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$ 270	258
As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				5,590
Balance as of beginning-of-year				234
Balance as of end-of-year				259
DAC, VOBA and DSI		13,873		6,083
As Previously Reported | Variable Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				3,675
Balance as of end-of-year				194
As Previously Reported | Fixed Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				264
Balance as of beginning-of-year				0
Balance as of end-of-year				17
As Previously Reported | Traditional Life
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				1,041
Balance as of beginning-of-year				67
As Previously Reported | UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				297
Balance as of beginning-of-year				167
Balance as of end-of-year				35
As Previously Reported | Group Protection
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				187
As Previously Reported | Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				126
Balance as of end-of-year				13
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				5,410
Balance as of beginning-of-year				653
Balance as of end-of-year				16
DAC, VOBA and DSI		$ (1,610)		6,079
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Variable Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				52
Balance as of end-of-year				2
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Fixed Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				215
Balance as of beginning-of-year				23
Balance as of end-of-year				13
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Traditional Life | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				0
Balance as of beginning-of-year				0
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | UL and Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				5,031
Balance as of beginning-of-year				630
Balance as of end-of-year				0
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Group Protection | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				0
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Retirement Plan Services | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DAC				112
Balance as of end-of-year				$ 1

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Changes in DFEL (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL	$ 5,923	$ 5,115		$ 3,586
UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL	5,579	4,766	$ 3,934	3,262
As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL		5,765		396
As Previously Reported | UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL				77
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL		(650)		3,190
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL				3,185
Variable Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL	$ 300	$ 310	$ 318	324
Variable Annuities | As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL				319
Variable Annuities | Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
DFEL				$ 5

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Changes in Future Contract Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	$ 40,174	$ 38,302	$ 42,044
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			3,726
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			760
Payout Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			2,667
Payout Annuities | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			44
Traditional Life
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			3,912
Traditional Life | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			(2)
Group Protection
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			5,939
Group Protection | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			0
UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			12,264
UL and Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			92
Other Operations (1)
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			13,737
Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Protective
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			7,400
Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Swiss Re
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			3,300
Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			626
Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			3,525
Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			0
As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits		41,203	38,318
As Previously Reported | Payout Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			2,313
As Previously Reported | Traditional Life
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			3,062
As Previously Reported | Group Protection
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			5,422
As Previously Reported | UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			13,687
As Previously Reported | Other Operations (1)
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			10,309
As Previously Reported | Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Protective
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			6,300
As Previously Reported | Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Swiss Re
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			1,800
As Previously Reported | Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			3,525
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits		$ (2,901)	(1,700)
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Payout Annuities | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			(105)
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Traditional Life | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			0
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Group Protection | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			0
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | UL and Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			(1,515)
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			(80)
Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			0
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			4,666
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Payout Annuities | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			415
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Traditional Life | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			852
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Group Protection | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			517
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | UL and Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			0
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			2,882
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Future contract benefits			$ 0

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Changes in Reinsurance Recoverables (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses	$ 45,110	$ 21,804	$ 20,713
Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			1,346
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			3,163
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			0
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			607
Payout Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			5
Payout Annuities | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			0
Traditional Life
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			460
Traditional Life | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			0
Group Protection
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			162
Group Protection | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			0
UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			919
UL and Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			(3)
Other Operations (1)
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			17,821
Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Protective
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			13,200
Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Swiss Re
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			3,200
Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			610
As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses		$ 24,450	17,550
As Previously Reported | Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			1,346
As Previously Reported | Payout Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			5
As Previously Reported | Traditional Life
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			372
As Previously Reported | Group Protection
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			148
As Previously Reported | UL and Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			922
As Previously Reported | Other Operations (1)
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			14,757
As Previously Reported | Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Protective
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			12,000
As Previously Reported | Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Swiss Re
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			1,700
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			2,556
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Other
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			0
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Payout Annuities | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			0
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Traditional Life | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			88
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Group Protection | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			14
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | UL and Other | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			0
Single Discount Rate Measurement In AOCI | Other Operations (1) | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses			$ 2,454

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Changes in Net Liability Position of MRBs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net	$ (2,178)	$ (729)		$ 5,334
Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				9
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				7,956
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Retained Earnings | Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				10
As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				1,034
As Previously Reported | Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				11
Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				(3,656)
Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | AOCI | Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				(12)
Variable Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net	(2,180)	(662)	$ 2,398	5,207
Variable Annuities | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net		(2,173)	(2,425)
Variable Annuities | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				7,968
Variable Annuities | As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				831
Variable Annuities | Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				(3,592)
Fixed Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net	$ 32	(45)	114	118
Fixed Annuities | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net		$ (40)	$ (44)
Fixed Annuities | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				(22)
Fixed Annuities | As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				192
Fixed Annuities | Cumulative Effect of Credit Risk to AOCI | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | AOCI
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
MRBs, net				$ (52)

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Changes in Net Asset Position of Ceded MRBs (Details) - Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	$ 6,539
Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	11
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	5,710
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings | Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	10
As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	829
As Previously Reported | Retirement Plan Services
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	1
Variable Annuities
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	6,528
Variable Annuities | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	5,700
Variable Annuities | As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Ceded MRBs, Net	$ 828

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Effect on Previously Reported Consolidated Balance Sheets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
ASSETS
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$ 12,418	$ 12,263		$ 12,162
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses	45,110	21,804		20,713
Assets	3,894	2,807
Other assets	10,597	7,677
Total assets	373,976	335,582
Liabilities
Future contract benefits	40,174	38,302		42,044
Liabilities	1,716	2,078
Deferred front-end loads	5,923	5,115		3,586
Other liabilities	12,438	6,251
Total liabilities	363,469	326,978
Stockholder’s Equity
Retained earnings	(869)	1,414
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,585)	(5,713)
Total stockholder’s equity	$ 10,507	8,604	$ 25,934
As Previously Reported
ASSETS
DAC, VOBA and DSI		13,873		6,083
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses		24,450		17,550
Other assets		8,831
Total assets		338,185
Liabilities
Future contract benefits		41,203		38,318
Deferred front-end loads		5,765		396
Other liabilities		7,719
Total liabilities		329,919
Stockholder’s Equity
Retained earnings		2,436
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(7,073)
Total stockholder’s equity		8,266	22,860
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Adoption of New Accounting Standard
ASSETS
DAC, VOBA and DSI		(1,610)		6,079
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses		(2,646)
Assets		2,807
Other assets		(1,154)
Total assets		(2,603)
Liabilities
Future contract benefits		(2,901)		(1,700)
Liabilities		2,078
Deferred front-end loads		(650)		$ 3,190
Other liabilities		(1,468)
Total liabilities		(2,941)
Stockholder’s Equity
Retained earnings		(1,022)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		1,360
Total stockholder’s equity		$ 338	$ 3,074

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Effect on Previously Reported Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues
Fee income	$ 5,168	$ 5,366	$ 5,766
Realized gain (loss)	(4,934)	418	859
Total revenues	10,059	17,557	18,512
Expenses
Benefits	5,028	8,203	8,027
Interest credited	3,202	2,860	2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	(1,135)	296	(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	(167)	2,445	(119)
Commissions and other expenses	5,249	4,927	5,011
Total expenses	12,520	19,669	14,478
Income (loss) before taxes	(2,461)	(2,112)	4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(673)	(437)	737
Net income (loss)	(1,788)	(1,675)	3,297
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized investment gain (loss)	4,942	(17,639)	(3,233)
Market risk benefit gain (loss)		(211)	(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss)	(145)	1,891	560
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	4,128	(15,963)	(3,593)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 2,340	(17,638)	(296)
As Previously Reported
Revenues
Fee income		5,783	6,630
Realized gain (loss)		214	711
Total revenues		17,770	19,228
Expenses
Benefits		10,801	8,039
Interest credited		2,849	2,911
Commissions and other expenses		4,799	5,548
Total expenses		19,387	16,699
Income (loss) before taxes		(1,617)	2,529
Federal income tax expense (benefit)		(332)	420
Net income (loss)		(1,285)	2,109
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized investment gain (loss)		(13,613)	(2,480)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(13,617)	(2,477)
Comprehensive income (loss)		(14,902)	(368)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Adoption of New Accounting Standard
Revenues
Fee income		(417)	(864)
Realized gain (loss)		204	148
Total revenues		(213)	(716)
Expenses
Benefits		(2,598)	(12)
Interest credited		11	1
Market risk benefit (gain) loss		296	(1,554)
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss		2,445	(119)
Commissions and other expenses		128	(537)
Total expenses		282	(2,221)
Income (loss) before taxes		(495)	1,505
Federal income tax expense (benefit)		(105)	317
Net income (loss)		(390)	1,188
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized investment gain (loss)		(4,026)	(753)
Market risk benefit gain (loss)		(211)	(923)
Policyholder liability discount rate remeasurement gain (loss)		1,891	560
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(2,346)	(1,116)
Comprehensive income (loss)		$ (2,736)	$ 72

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Effect on Previously Reported Consolidated Statements of Stockholders Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 8,604	$ 25,934
Net income (loss)	(1,788)	(1,675)	$ 3,297
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	4,128	(15,963)	(3,593)
Balance as of end-of-year	10,507	8,604	25,934
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			4,822
Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	1,414	3,734	4,167
Net income (loss)	(1,788)	(1,675)	3,297
Balance as of end-of-year	(869)	1,414	3,734
Retained Earnings | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			(1,820)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(5,713)	10,250	9,021
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	4,128	(15,963)	(3,593)
Balance as of end-of-year	(1,585)	(5,713)	10,250
Accumulated other comprehensive income | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			4,822
As Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	8,266	22,860
Net income (loss)		(1,285)	2,109
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(13,617)	(2,477)
Balance as of end-of-year		8,266	22,860
As Previously Reported | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	2,436	4,366	4,167
Net income (loss)		(1,285)	2,109
Balance as of end-of-year		2,436	4,366
As Previously Reported | Accumulated other comprehensive income
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(7,073)	6,544	9,021
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(13,617)	(2,477)
Balance as of end-of-year		(7,073)	6,544
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			3,002
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Retained Earnings | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			(1,820)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Accumulated other comprehensive income | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			4,822
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Adoption of New Accounting Standard
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	338	3,074
Net income (loss)		(390)	1,188
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(2,346)	(1,116)
Balance as of end-of-year		338	3,074
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Retained Earnings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(1,022)	(632)
Net income (loss)		(390)	1,188
Balance as of end-of-year		(1,022)	(632)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Retained Earnings | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year		(1,820)
Balance as of end-of-year			(1,820)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accumulated other comprehensive income
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 1,360	3,706
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(2,346)	(1,116)
Balance as of end-of-year		$ 1,360	3,706
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Adoption of New Accounting Standard | Accumulated other comprehensive income | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			$ 4,822

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Adoption of ASU 2018-12 - Summary of Effect on Previously Reported Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$ (1,788)	$ (1,675)	$ 3,297
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss	4,934	(418)	(859)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	(1,135)	296	(1,554)
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales inducements and deferred front-end loads	642	495	496
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances	(2,499)	652	(893)
Accrued expenses	223	(101)	377
Federal income tax accruals	(563)	(376)	708
Other	$ 324	406	(351)
As Previously Reported
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income (loss)		(1,285)	2,109
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss		(214)	(711)
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales inducements and deferred front-end loads		45	289
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances		727	(862)
Accrued expenses		(98)	370
Federal income tax accruals		(271)	391
Other		375	(365)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-12 | Adoption of New Accounting Standard
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income (loss)		(390)	1,188
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Realized (gain) loss		(204)	(148)
Market risk benefit (gain) loss		296	(1,554)
Change in:
Deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired, deferred sales inducements and deferred front-end loads		450	207
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances		(75)	(31)
Accrued expenses		(3)	7
Federal income tax accruals		(105)	317
Other		$ 31	$ 14

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Investments - Reconciliation of Available-for-Sale Securities from Cost Basis to Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 88,231	$ 110,944
Gross Unrealized Gains	1,054	1,041
Gross Unrealized Losses	6,966	12,499
Allowance for Credit Losses	19	21	$ 19	$ 13
Fair Value	82,300	99,465
Corporate bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	68,811	88,950
Gross Unrealized Gains	820	763
Gross Unrealized Losses	5,757	10,538
Allowance for Credit Losses	8	9	17	12
Fair Value	63,866	79,166
U.S. government bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	414	377
Gross Unrealized Gains	7	5
Gross Unrealized Losses	28	31
Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Fair Value	393	351
State and municipal bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	2,675	5,198
Gross Unrealized Gains	97	170
Gross Unrealized Losses	230	483
Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Fair Value	2,542	4,885
Foreign government bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	309	339
Gross Unrealized Gains	15	17
Gross Unrealized Losses	46	45
Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Fair Value	278	311
RMBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,719	2,025
Gross Unrealized Gains	27	21
Gross Unrealized Losses	138	203
Allowance for Credit Losses	6	7	$ 1	$ 1
Fair Value	1,602	1,836
CMBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,520	1,908
Gross Unrealized Gains	5	3
Gross Unrealized Losses	181	244
Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Fair Value	1,344	1,667
ABS
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	12,556	11,791
Gross Unrealized Gains	62	37
Gross Unrealized Losses	571	925
Allowance for Credit Losses	4	4
Fair Value	12,043	10,899
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	227	356
Gross Unrealized Gains	21	25
Gross Unrealized Losses	15	30
Allowance for Credit Losses	1	1
Fair Value	$ 232	$ 350

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Investments - Available-for-Sale Securities by Contractual Maturities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Amortized Cost
Amortized Cost	$ 88,231	$ 110,944
Fair Value
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	82,300	$ 99,465
Fixed maturity AFS securities other than structured securities
Amortized Cost
Due in one year or less	4,389
Due after one year through five years	17,444
Due after five years through ten years	15,405
Due after ten years	35,198
Amortized Cost	72,436
Fair Value
Due in one year or less	4,354
Due after one year through five years	16,858
Due after five years through ten years	14,403
Due after ten years	31,696
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	67,311
Structured securities (RMBS, CMBS, ABS)
Amortized Cost
Amortized Cost	15,795
Fair Value
Total fixed maturity AFS securities	$ 14,989

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Investments - Fair Value and Gross Unrealized Losses in a Continuous Unrealized Loss Position (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) security	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) security
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	$ 16,851	$ 69,198
Greater Than Twelve Months	43,082	11,105
Total	59,933	80,303
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	1,999	10,013
Greater Than Twelve Months	4,967	2,486
Total	$ 6,966	$ 12,499
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position | security	7,167,000,000	8,106,000,000
Unrealized holding losses arising during the period	$ 7	$ 6
Corporate bonds
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	13,439	57,656
Greater Than Twelve Months	33,285	6,867
Total	46,724	64,523
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	1,744	8,684
Greater Than Twelve Months	4,013	1,854
Total	5,757	10,538
U.S. government bonds
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	65	236
Greater Than Twelve Months	194	27
Total	259	263
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	6	25
Greater Than Twelve Months	22	6
Total	28	31
State and municipal bonds
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	371	1,850
Greater Than Twelve Months	814	227
Total	1,185	2,077
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	72	414
Greater Than Twelve Months	158	69
Total	230	483
Foreign government bonds
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	108	122
Greater Than Twelve Months	57	58
Total	165	180
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	31	18
Greater Than Twelve Months	15	27
Total	46	45
RMBS
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	355	1,337
Greater Than Twelve Months	840	191
Total	1,195	1,528
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	20	160
Greater Than Twelve Months	118	43
Total	138	203
CMBS
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	583	1,224
Greater Than Twelve Months	586	312
Total	1,169	1,536
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	56	156
Greater Than Twelve Months	125	88
Total	181	244
ABS
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	1,898	6,712
Greater Than Twelve Months	7,212	3,325
Total	9,110	10,037
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	68	551
Greater Than Twelve Months	503	374
Total	571	925
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Fair Value
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	32	61
Greater Than Twelve Months	94	98
Total	126	159
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less Than or Equal to Twelve Months	2	5
Greater Than Twelve Months	13	25
Total	$ 15	$ 30

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Investments - Schedule of Available-for-Sale Securities Whose Value is Below Amortized Cost (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) security	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) security
Fair Value
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	$ 16,851	$ 69,198
Twelve months or greater	43,082	11,105
Total	59,933	80,303
Gross Unrealized Losses
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	1,999	10,013
Twelve months or greater	4,967	2,486
Total	$ 6,966	$ 12,499
Number of Securities
Total | security	7,167,000,000	8,106,000,000
Fair Value Decline, Greater Than 20%
Fair Value
Less than six months	$ 2,480	$ 10,895
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	321	4,256
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	321	362
Twelve months or greater	3,485	2
Total	6,607	15,515
Gross Unrealized Losses
Less than six months	916	3,514
Six months or greater, but less than nine months	90	2,150
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months	106	243
Twelve months or greater	1,336	0
Total	$ 2,448	$ 5,907
Number of Securities
Less than six months | security	529,000,000	1,489,000,000
Six months or greater, but less than nine months | security	79,000,000	640,000,000
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months | security	87,000,000	73,000,000
Twelve months or greater | security	704,000,000	15,000,000
Total | security	1,399,000,000	2,217,000,000

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Investments - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) loan security	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) loan security	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Investments [Line Items]
Increase (decrease) in gross AFS securities unrealized losses	$ (5,500)
Trading securities change in gross gain (loss)	80	$ (628)	$ (48)
Losses from loan modifications (less than)	$ 1
Number of partnerships in alternative investment portfolio | security	332	328
Alternative investments as a percentage of overall invested assets	3.00%	2.00%
Fair value of collateral received that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge	$ 25
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	82,300	$ 99,465
Investment commitments	3,000
Investment commitments for limited partnerships	2,300
Investment commitments for mortgage loans on real estate	536
Investment commitments for private placements	197
Asset Pledged as Collateral
Investments [Line Items]
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	42
Derivative Counterparties
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value of collateral received that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge	1,300
Fair value of securities received as collateral that have been resold or repledged	$ 553
Minimum
Investments [Line Items]
Percentage of the fair value of securities obtained as collateral under reverse repurchase agreements	80.00%
Maximum
Investments [Line Items]
Percentage of the fair value of securities obtained as collateral under reverse repurchase agreements	95.00%
Commercial
Investments [Line Items]
Number of impaired loans | loan	3	2
Impaired financing receivable, principal balance	$ 2	$ 1
Residential
Investments [Line Items]
Number of loans past due | loan	116	73
Number of loans in foreclosure | loan	82	49
Mortgage loans in process of foreclosure	$ 38	$ 21
Number of impaired loans | loan	99	37
Impaired financing receivable, principal balance	$ 47	$ 16
California | Mortgage loans on real estate | Geographic Concentration Risk | Commercial
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk	27.00%	28.00%
California | Mortgage loans on real estate | Geographic Concentration Risk | Residential
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk		17.00%
Texas | Mortgage loans on real estate | Geographic Concentration Risk | Commercial
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk	9.00%	9.00%
New Jersey | Mortgage loans on real estate | Geographic Concentration Risk | Residential
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk	14.00%	12.00%
NEW YORK | Mortgage loans on real estate | Geographic Concentration Risk | Residential
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk	12.00%
Corporate bonds
Investments [Line Items]
Percentage of fair value rated as investment grade	96.00%	96.00%
Amortized cost of portfolio rated below investment grade	$ 2,700	$ 3,500
Fair value of portfolio rated below investment grade	2,600	3,300
White Chapel V LLC | MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, concentration of risk	$ 1,300
White Chapel V LLC | Investments | Lender Concentration Risk | MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk	1.00%
White Chapel LLC | MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, concentration of risk	$ 1,000	$ 1,000
White Chapel LLC | Investments | Lender Concentration Risk | MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk	1.00%	1.00%
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation | MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, concentration of risk		$ 702
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation | Investments | Lender Concentration Risk | MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk		1.00%
Financial Service | Securities Investment
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, concentration of risk	$ 16,600	$ 19,200
Financial Service | Investments | Lender Concentration Risk | Securities Investment
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk	14.00%	15.00%
Consumer Non-Cyclical Industry | Securities Investment
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, concentration of risk	$ 11,300	$ 14,300
Consumer Non-Cyclical Industry | Investments | Lender Concentration Risk | Securities Investment
Investments [Line Items]
Concentration risk	10.00%	11.00%

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Investments - Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses on AFS (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 21	$ 19	$ 13
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities	0	0	0
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recognized	25	7	9
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses were previously recognized	(4)	9	5
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)	(2)	(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(21)	(12)	(6)
Balance as of end-of-period	19	21	19
Accrued interest receivable on fixed maturity AFS securities	814	1,100	944
Corporate bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	9	17	12
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities	0	0	0
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recognized	24	4	8
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses were previously recognized	(2)	2	5
Reductions for securities disposed	(2)	(2)	(2)
Reductions for securities charged-off	(21)	(12)	(6)
Balance as of end-of-period	8	9	17
RMBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	7	1	1
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities	0	0	0
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recognized	1	3	0
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses were previously recognized	(2)	3	0
Reductions for securities disposed	0	0	0
Reductions for securities charged-off	0	0	0
Balance as of end-of-period	6	7	1
Other
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	5	1	0
Additions from purchases of PCD debt securities	0	0	0
Additions for securities for which credit losses were not previously recognized	0	0	1
Additions (reductions) for securities for which credit losses were previously recognized	0	4	0
Reductions for securities disposed	0	0	0
Reductions for securities charged-off	0	0	0
Balance as of end-of-period	$ 5	$ 5	$ 1

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Investments - Fair Value of Trading Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading securities	$ 2,321	$ 3,446
Corporate bonds
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading securities	1,615	2,196
State and municipal bonds
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading securities	21	21
Foreign government bonds
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading securities	46	49
RMBS
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading securities	62	99
CMBS
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading securities	104	137
ABS
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading securities	455	919
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Debt and Equity Securities, FV-NI [Line Items]
Trading securities	$ 18	$ 25

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Investments - Composition of Current and Past Due Mortgage Loans on Real Estate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses	$ (114)	$ (98)
Unamortized premium (discount)	36	27
Mark-to-market gains (losses)	(37)	(27)
Total carrying value	18,873	18,211
Current
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	18,830	18,228
30 to 59 days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	89	42
60 to 89 days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	9	6
90 or more days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	60	33
Commercial
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses	(86)	(83)
Unamortized premium (discount)	(7)	(9)
Mark-to-market gains (losses)	(36)	(27)
Total carrying value	17,097	16,813
Commercial | Current
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	17,165	16,913
Commercial | 30 to 59 days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	61	19
Commercial | 60 to 89 days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	0	0
Commercial | 90 or more days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	0	0
Residential
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses	(28)	(15)
Unamortized premium (discount)	43	36
Mark-to-market gains (losses)	(1)	0
Total carrying value	1,776	1,398
Residential | Current
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	1,665	1,315
Residential | 30 to 59 days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	28	23
Residential | 60 to 89 days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	9	6
Residential | 90 or more days past due
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Mortgage loans on real estate, gross	$ 60	$ 33

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Investments - Schedule of Average Carrying Value of Impaired Mortgage Loans on Real Estate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Investments [Abstract]
Average aggregate carrying value for impaired mortgage loans on real estate	$ 30	$ 16	$ 32

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Investments - Amortized Cost of Mortgage Loans on Real Estate on Nonaccrual Status (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses	$ 0	$ 0
Nonaccrual	62	34
Commercial
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Nonaccrual	0	0
Residential
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Nonaccrual with no Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Nonaccrual	$ 62	$ 34

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Investments - Commercial Mortgage Loans by Year of Origination (Details) - Commercial $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Origination Year
Year one	$ 1,420	$ 1,876
Year two	1,849	2,407
Year three	2,378	1,297
Year four	1,216	2,753
Year five	2,494	2,289
Year six and prior	7,862	6,301
Total	17,219	16,923
Less than 65%
Origination Year
Year one	1,366	1,769
Year two	1,709	2,335
Year three	2,317	1,280
Year four	1,205	2,643
Year five	2,404	2,222
Year six and prior	7,770	6,170
Total	$ 16,771	$ 16,419
Debt-Service Coverage Ratio
Year one	1.90	2.06
Year two	2.07	3.05
Year three	3.34	2.99
Year four	3.23	2.17
Year five	2.39	2.17
Year six and prior	2.39	2.44
65% to 75%
Origination Year
Year one	$ 54	$ 105
Year two	140	72
Year three	61	17
Year four	11	81
Year five	80	67
Year six and prior	78	131
Total	$ 424	$ 473
Debt-Service Coverage Ratio
Year one	1.38	1.50
Year two	1.54	1.53
Year three	1.55	1.58
Year four	1.38	1.50
Year five	1.56	1.62
Year six and prior	1.60	1.75
Greater than 75%
Origination Year
Year one	$ 0	$ 2
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	29
Year five	10	0
Year six and prior	14	0
Total	$ 24	$ 31
Debt-Service Coverage Ratio
Year one	0	1.45
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	1.58
Year five	2.33	0
Year six and prior	0.87	0

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Investments - Residential Mortgage Loans by Year of Origination (Details) - Residential - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Year one	$ 517	$ 583
Year two	555	533
Year three	483	93
Year four	81	137
Year five	112	67
Year six and prior	57	0
Total	1,805	1,413
Performing
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Year one	515	578
Year two	533	527
Year three	465	90
Year four	78	119
Year five	99	65
Year six and prior	53	0
Total	1,743	1,379
Nonperforming
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Year one	2	5
Year two	22	6
Year three	18	3
Year four	3	18
Year five	13	2
Year six and prior	4	0
Total	$ 62	$ 34

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Investments - Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses on Mortgage Loans on Real Estate (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 98,000,000
Balance as of end-of-year	114,000,000	$ 98,000,000
Commercial
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	83,000,000
Balance as of end-of-year	86,000,000	83,000,000
Residential
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	15,000,000
Balance as of end-of-year	28,000,000	15,000,000
Mortgage loans on real estate
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	98,000,000	95,000,000	$ 203,000,000
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense	16,000,000	3,000,000	(108,000,000)
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	0	0	0
Balance as of end-of-year	114,000,000	98,000,000	95,000,000
Credit loss expense (reversal)	(1,000,000)	0	3,000,000
Accrued interest receivable excluded from credit losses	67,000,000	51,000,000	48,000,000
Mortgage loans on real estate | Commercial
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	83,000,000	78,000,000	186,000,000
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense	3,000,000	5,000,000	(108,000,000)
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	0	0	0
Balance as of end-of-year	86,000,000	83,000,000	78,000,000
Mortgage loans on real estate | Residential
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	15,000,000	17,000,000	17,000,000
Additions (reductions) from provision for credit loss expense	13,000,000	(2,000,000)	0
Additions from purchases of PCD mortgage loans on real estate	0	0	0
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 28,000,000	$ 15,000,000	$ 17,000,000

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Investments - Net Investment Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Other investments	$ (38)	$ 75	$ 60
Investment income	6,323	5,676	6,144
Investment expense	(611)	(402)	(305)
Net investment income	5,712	5,274	5,839
Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	4,961	4,408	4,242
Trading securities
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	158	179	165
Equity securities
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	13	11	3
Mortgage loans on real estate
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	752	687	677
Policy loans
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	102	100	115
Cash and invested cash
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	118	12	0
Commercial mortgage loan prepayment and bond makewhole premiums
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	10	100	195
Alternative investments
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	244	96	677
Consent fees
Net Investment Income [Line Items]
Gross investment income	$ 3	$ 8	$ 10

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Investments - Credit Loss Expense Incurred (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total intent to sell impairments		$ (4,213)	$ 0	$ 0
Total credit loss benefit (expense)		(25)	(7)	(9)
Gross gains		627	37	660
Realized Gain (Loss)
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total credit loss benefit (expense)		(21)	(14)	(11)
Fortitude Re
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Gross gains	$ 295
Corporate bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total intent to sell impairments		(3,805)	0	0
Total credit loss benefit (expense)		(24)	(4)	(8)
Corporate bonds | Realized Gain (Loss)
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total credit loss benefit (expense)		(23)	(4)	(10)
State and municipal bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total intent to sell impairments		(214)	0	0
RMBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total intent to sell impairments		(74)	0	0
Total credit loss benefit (expense)		(1)	(3)	0
RMBS | Realized Gain (Loss)
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total credit loss benefit (expense)		1	(6)	0
CMBS
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total intent to sell impairments		(60)	0	0
ABS
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total intent to sell impairments		(57)	0	0
ABS | Realized Gain (Loss)
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total credit loss benefit (expense)		1	(4)	0
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total intent to sell impairments		(3)	0	0
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities | Realized Gain (Loss)
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Total credit loss benefit (expense)		$ 0	$ 0	$ (1)

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Investments - Payables for Collateral on Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Carrying Value
Collateral payable for derivative investments	$ 5,127	$ 3,210
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	205	298
Investments pledged for FHLBI	2,650	3,130
Total payables for collateral on investments	7,982	6,638
Fair Value
Collateral payable for derivative investments	5,127	3,210
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	197	287
Investments pledged for Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis('FHLBI')	3,603	3,925
Total payables for collateral on investments	$ 8,927	$ 7,422
Percentage of the fair value of domestic securities obtained as collateral under securities lending agreements.	102.00%
Percentage of the fair value of foreign securities obtained as collateral under securities lending agreements.	105.00%
Minimum
Fair Value
Percentage of the fair value of FHLBI securities obtained as collateral under securities pledged for FHLBI for AFS Securities	105.00%
Percentage of the fair value of FHLBI securities obtained as collateral under securities pledged for FHLBI for mortgage loan	155.00%
Maximum
Fair Value
Percentage of the fair value of FHLBI securities obtained as collateral under securities pledged for FHLBI for AFS Securities	115.00%
Percentage of the fair value of FHLBI securities obtained as collateral under securities pledged for FHLBI for mortgage loan	175.00%

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Investments - Schedule of Increase (Decrease) in Payables for Collateral on Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Investments [Abstract]
Collateral payable for derivative investments	$ 1,917	$ (2,355)	$ 2,595
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	(93)	57	126
Investments pledged for FHLBI	(480)	0	0
Total increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments	$ 1,344	$ (2,298)	$ 2,721

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Investments - Schedule of Securities Pledged by Contractual Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	$ 205	$ 298
Total gross secured borrowings	205	298
Corporate bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	202	288
Foreign government bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements		2
Equity securities
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	3	8
Overnight and Continuous
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Total gross secured borrowings	205	298
Overnight and Continuous | Corporate bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	202	288
Overnight and Continuous | Foreign government bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements		2
Overnight and Continuous | Equity securities
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	3	8
Up to 30 Days
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Total gross secured borrowings	0	0
Up to 30 Days | Corporate bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	0	0
Up to 30 Days | Foreign government bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements		0
Up to 30 Days | Equity securities
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	0	0
30-90 Days
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Total gross secured borrowings	0	0
30-90 Days | Corporate bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	0	0
30-90 Days | Foreign government bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements		0
30-90 Days | Equity securities
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	0	0
Greater than 90 Days
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Total gross secured borrowings	0	0
Greater than 90 Days | Corporate bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	0	0
Greater than 90 Days | Foreign government bonds
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements		0
Greater than 90 Days | Equity securities
Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements	$ 0	$ 0

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Variable Interest Entities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Long-term senior note issued in exchange for corporate bond available for sale security	$ 275
Surplus notes	0
Maximum exposure to loss related to unconsolidated VIE's	0
Other investments	4,757	$ 3,577
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Other investments	$ 4,000	$ 3,000

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Derivative Instruments - Outstanding Derivative Instruments With Off-Balance-Sheet Risks (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	$ 322,099	$ 255,322
Gross amount of recognized assets	12,965	7,952
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	14,454	8,052
Cash flow hedges | Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	5,147	5,760
Gross amount of recognized assets	434	647
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	125	250
Fair value hedges | Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	475	524
Gross amount of recognized assets	1	2
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	40	44
Interest rate contracts
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	91,764
Interest rate contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	90,829	105,977
Gross amount of recognized assets	636	709
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	979	935
Interest rate contracts | Cash flow hedges | Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	485	1,377
Gross amount of recognized assets	11	4
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	47	232
Interest rate contracts | Fair value hedges | Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	450	524
Gross amount of recognized assets	1	2
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	39	44
Foreign currency contracts
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	4,993
Foreign currency contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	306	395
Gross amount of recognized assets	11	27
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	6	2
Foreign currency contracts | Cash flow hedges | Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	4,662	4,383
Gross amount of recognized assets	423	643
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	78	18
Foreign currency contracts | Fair value hedges | Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	25	0
Gross amount of recognized assets	0	0
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	1	0
Equity market contracts
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	225,251
Equity market contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	225,251	142,653
Gross amount of recognized assets	10,244	5,135
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	4,227	2,035
Commodity contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	0	13
Gross amount of recognized assets	0	14
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	0	3
Credit contracts
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	91
Credit contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	91	0
Gross amount of recognized assets	0	0
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	0	0
LPR ceded derivative | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	0	0
Gross amount of recognized assets	206	212
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	0	0
Reinsurance-related | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	0	0
Gross amount of recognized assets	493	681
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	0	0
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Outstanding derivative instruments with off-balance-sheet risks
Notional Amounts	0	0
Gross amount of recognized assets	940	525
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	$ 9,077	$ 4,783

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Derivative Instruments - Maturity of the Notional Amounts of Derivative Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Maturity of the notional amounts of derivative financial instruments
Less Than 1 Year	$ 196,872
1 – 5 Years	63,597
6 - 10 Years	30,986
11 - 30 Years	23,940
Over 30 Years	6,704
Total	322,099	$ 255,322
Interest rate contracts
Maturity of the notional amounts of derivative financial instruments
Less Than 1 Year	22,166
1 – 5 Years	25,350
6 - 10 Years	22,349
11 - 30 Years	21,899
Over 30 Years	0
Total	91,764
Foreign currency contracts
Maturity of the notional amounts of derivative financial instruments
Less Than 1 Year	276
1 – 5 Years	956
6 - 10 Years	1,687
11 - 30 Years	2,032
Over 30 Years	42
Total	4,993
Equity market contracts
Maturity of the notional amounts of derivative financial instruments
Less Than 1 Year	174,430
1 – 5 Years	37,200
6 - 10 Years	6,950
11 - 30 Years	9
Over 30 Years	6,662
Total	225,251
Credit contracts
Maturity of the notional amounts of derivative financial instruments
Less Than 1 Year	0
1 – 5 Years	91
6 - 10 Years	0
11 - 30 Years	0
Over 30 Years	0
Total	$ 91

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Derivative Instruments - Cumulative Basis Adjustments for Fair Value Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Amortized Cost of the Hedged Assets / (Liabilities)	$ 534	$ 587
Cumulative Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Amortized Cost of the Hedged Assets / (Liabilities)	$ 39	$ 44

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Derivative Instruments - Change in Our Unrealized Gain on Derivative Instruments in AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 8,604	$ 25,934
Balance as of end-of-year	10,507	8,604	$ 25,934
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Balance as of beginning-of-year			4,822
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Balance as of beginning-of-year	301	258	42
Income tax benefit (expense)	2	(34)	(63)
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	(60)	(103)	(49)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)	(22)	(10)
Balance as of end-of-year	249	301	258
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Interest rate contracts
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Changes arising during the year	212	(336)	11
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Interest rate contracts | Net Investment Income
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	1	(2)	(3)
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Foreign currency contracts
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Changes arising during the year	(50)	182	130
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Foreign currency contracts | Net Investment Income
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	(54)	(62)	(48)
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Foreign currency contracts | Realized Gain (Loss)
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	(7)	(39)	2
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Cash flow hedges
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Changes arising during the year	$ (169)	$ 312	152
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
Change in our unrealized gain on derivative instruments in accumulated OCI
Balance as of beginning-of-year			$ 25

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Derivative Instruments - Effects of Qualifying and Non-Qualifying Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Realized gain (loss)	$ (4,934)	$ 418	$ 859
Net investment income	5,712	5,274	5,839
Interest and debt expense	190	137	114
Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Realized gain (loss)	(4,934)	418	859
Net investment income	5,712	5,274	5,839
Interest and debt expense	5,044	8,203	8,027
Realized Gain (Loss) | Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Interest rate contracts, amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	0	0	0
Foreign currency contracts, amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	7	39	(2)
Realized Gain (Loss) | Interest rate contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	(161)	(2,113)	(957)
Realized Gain (Loss) | Foreign currency contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	(2)	2	(1)
Realized Gain (Loss) | Equity market contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	1,387	(2,075)	3,355
Realized Gain (Loss) | Commodity contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	8	11
Realized Gain (Loss) | Credit contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	(4)	(4)	(1)
Realized Gain (Loss) | LPR ceded derivative | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0
Realized Gain (Loss) | Reinsurance-related | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	(188)	1,259	280
Realized Gain (Loss) | RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	(3,187)	1,760	(2,622)
Net Investment Income | Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Hedged items	(5)	(167)	(60)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	5	167	60
Interest rate contracts, amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	(1)	2	3
Foreign currency contracts, amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	54	62	48
Net Investment Income | Interest rate contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Net Investment Income | Foreign currency contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Net Investment Income | Equity market contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Net Investment Income | Commodity contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0
Net Investment Income | Credit contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Net Investment Income | LPR ceded derivative | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0
Net Investment Income | Reinsurance-related | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Net Investment Income | RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Interest and Debt Expense | Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Hedged items	0	0	0
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	0
Interest rate contracts, amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	0	0	0
Foreign currency contracts, amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	0	0	0
Interest and Debt Expense | Interest rate contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Interest and Debt Expense | Foreign currency contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Interest and Debt Expense | Equity market contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Interest and Debt Expense | Commodity contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0
Interest and Debt Expense | Credit contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Interest and Debt Expense | LPR ceded derivative | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	6	106
Interest and Debt Expense | Reinsurance-related | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	0	0	0
Interest and Debt Expense | RILA, fixed indexed annuity and IUL contracts | Non-Qualifying Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Non-Qualifying Hedges	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Derivative Instruments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Cash flow hedge gain (loss) to be reclassified within 12 months	$ 56,000,000
Non-performance risk adjustment	0
Non-performance risk adjustment	0
Exposure associated with collateralization events	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Derivative Instruments - Schedule of Collateral Amounts With Rights to Reclaim or Obligation to Return Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)	$ 5,107	$ 3,200
Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)	(188)	(157)
AA-
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)	2,330	383
Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)	(63)	(6)
A+
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)	2,422	1,718
Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)	(125)	(151)
A
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)	82	1,099
Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)	0	0
A-
Credit Derivatives [Line Items]
Collateral Posted by Counter- Party (Held by LNL)	273	0
Collateral Posted by LNL (Held by Counter- Party)	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Derivative Instruments - Schedule of Offsetting Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	$ 12,147,000,000	$ 7,689,000,000
Gross amounts offset	(4,409,000,000)	(2,964,000,000)
Net amount of assets	7,738,000,000	4,725,000,000
Cash collateral	(5,107,000,000)	(3,200,000,000)
Non-cash collateral	(1,198,000,000)	(319,000,000)
Net amount	1,433,000,000	1,206,000,000
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	10,045,000,000	5,087,000,000
Gross amounts offset	(612,000,000)	(50,000,000)
Net amount of liabilities	9,433,000,000	5,037,000,000
Cash collateral	(188,000,000)	(157,000,000)
Non-cash collateral	(168,000,000)	(46,000,000)
Net amount	9,077,000,000	4,834,000,000
Excess non-cash collateral received	1,300,000,000	1,100,000,000
Excess non-cash collateral pledged	81,000,000	0
Derivative Instruments
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	10,714,000,000	6,483,000,000
Gross amounts offset	(4,409,000,000)	(2,964,000,000)
Net amount of assets	6,305,000,000	3,519,000,000
Cash collateral	(5,107,000,000)	(3,200,000,000)
Non-cash collateral	(1,198,000,000)	(319,000,000)
Net amount	0	0
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	968,000,000	304,000,000
Gross amounts offset	(612,000,000)	(50,000,000)
Net amount of liabilities	356,000,000	254,000,000
Cash collateral	(188,000,000)	(157,000,000)
Non-cash collateral	(168,000,000)	(46,000,000)
Net amount	0	51,000,000
Embedded Derivative Instruments
Financial Assets
Gross amount of recognized assets	1,433,000,000	1,206,000,000
Gross amounts offset	0	0
Net amount of assets	1,433,000,000	1,206,000,000
Cash collateral	0	0
Non-cash collateral	0	0
Net amount	1,433,000,000	1,206,000,000
Financial Liabilities
Gross amount of recognized liabilities	9,077,000,000	4,783,000,000
Gross amounts offset	0	0
Net amount of liabilities	9,077,000,000	4,783,000,000
Cash collateral	0	0
Non-cash collateral	0	0
Net amount	$ 9,077,000,000	$ 4,783,000,000

XML

DAC, VOBA, DSI, and DFEL - Reconciliation of DAC, VOBA and DSI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$ 12,418	$ 12,263	$ 12,162
Traditional Life
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
DAC, VOBA and DSI	1,374	1,336
UL and Other
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
DAC, VOBA and DSI	6,139	6,002
Group Protection
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
DAC, VOBA and DSI	154	141
Retirement Plan Services
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
DAC, VOBA and DSI	270	258
Variable Annuities
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
DAC, VOBA and DSI	4,025	4,047
Fixed Annuities
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
DAC, VOBA and DSI	$ 456	$ 479

XML

DAC, VOBA, DSI, and DFEL - Reconciliation of DFEL (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost [Line Items]
DFEL	$ 5,923	$ 5,115		$ 3,586
Other Operations
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost [Line Items]
DFEL	44	39
Ceded DFEL	44	39
UL and Other
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost [Line Items]
DFEL	5,579	4,766	$ 3,934	3,262
Ceded DFEL	2,252	31
Variable Annuities
Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost [Line Items]
DFEL	300	310	$ 318	$ 324
Ceded DFEL	$ 0	$ 0

XML

DAC, VOBA, DSI, and DFEL - DAC (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			$ 11,000
Amortization	$ (992)	$ (969)	(969)
Traditional Life
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	1,286	1,146	1,041
Deferrals	188	266
Amortization	(142)	(126)
Balance as of end-of-year	1,332	1,286	1,146
UL and Other
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	5,518	5,269	5,328
Deferrals	482	537
Amortization	(291)	(288)
Balance as of end-of-year	5,709	5,518	5,269
Group Protection
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	141	140	187
Deferrals	113	98
Amortization	(100)	(97)
Balance as of end-of-year	154	141	140
Retirement Plan Services
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	241	239	238
Deferrals	21	21
Amortization	(18)	(19)
Balance as of end-of-year	244	241	239
Variable Annuities
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	3,880	3,860	3,727
Deferrals	361	390
Amortization	(373)	(370)
Balance as of end-of-year	3,868	3,880	3,860
Fixed Annuities
Movement Analysis of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	439	448	479
Deferrals	50	60
Amortization	(68)	(69)
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 421	$ 439	$ 448

XML

DAC, VOBA, DSI, and DFEL - VOBA (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Movement in Present Value of Future Insurance Profits [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			$ 887
Amortization	$ (53)	$ (59)	(75)
Traditional Life
Movement in Present Value of Future Insurance Profits [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	50	59	67
Business acquired (sold) through reinsurance	0
Deferrals	0	0
Amortization	(8)	(9)
Balance as of end-of-year	42	50	59
UL and Other
Movement in Present Value of Future Insurance Profits [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	454	499	797
Business acquired (sold) through reinsurance	(11)
Deferrals	2	2
Amortization	(43)	(47)
Balance as of end-of-year	402	454	499
Fixed Annuities
Movement in Present Value of Future Insurance Profits [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	17	20	23
Business acquired (sold) through reinsurance	0
Deferrals	0	0
Amortization	(2)	(3)
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 15	$ 17	$ 20

XML

DAC, VOBA, DSI, and DFEL - Estimated Future Amortization of VOBA (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Present Value of Future Insurance Profits, Expected Amortization, Next Five Years [Abstract]
2024	$ 39
2025	37
2026	34
2027	29
2028	$ 25

XML

DAC, VOBA, DSI, and DFEL - DSI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Movement in Deferred Sales Inducements [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			$ 275
Amortization	$ (21)	$ (23)	(27)
UL and Other
Movement in Deferred Sales Inducements [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	30	31	35
Deferrals	0	1
Amortization	(2)	(2)
Balance as of end-of-year	28	30	31
Retirement Plan Services
Movement in Deferred Sales Inducements [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	17	14	14
Deferrals	10	4
Amortization	(1)	(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	26	17	14
Variable Annuities
Movement in Deferred Sales Inducements [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	167	181	196
Deferrals	5	2
Amortization	(15)	(16)
Balance as of end-of-year	157	167	181
Fixed Annuities
Movement in Deferred Sales Inducements [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	23	27	30
Deferrals	0	0
Amortization	(3)	(4)
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 20	$ 23	$ 27

XML

DAC, VOBA, DSI, and DFEL - DFEL (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Changes in DFEL [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 5,115		$ 3,586
Amortization	(290)	$ (259)	(220)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	5,923	5,115
UL and Other
Changes in DFEL [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	4,766	3,934	3,262
Deferrals	1,074	1,061
Amortization	(261)	(229)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	5,579	4,766	3,934
Less: ceded DFEL	2,252	31
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	3,327	4,735
Variable Annuities
Changes in DFEL [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	310	318	324
Deferrals	19	22
Amortization	(29)	(30)
Balance as of beginning-of-year	300	310	$ 318
Less: ceded DFEL	0	0
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$ 300	$ 310

XML

Reinsurance - Reinsurance Amounts Recorded on Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reinsurance Disclosures [Abstract]
Direct insurance premiums and fee income	$ 13,661	$ 13,479	$ 13,277
Reinsurance assumed	91	102	97
Reinsurance ceded	(5,168)	(2,374)	(2,249)
Total insurance premiums and fee income	8,584	11,207	11,125
Direct insurance benefits	10,178	10,266	10,491
Reinsurance ceded	(5,150)	(2,063)	(2,464)
Total benefits	5,028	8,203	8,027
Direct market risk benefit (gain) loss	(2,309)	(3,517)	(4,011)
Reinsurance ceded	1,174	3,814	2,457
Total market risk benefit (gain) loss	(1,135)	296	(1,554)
Direct policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	(234)	3,284	(164)
Reinsurance ceded	67	(839)	45
Total policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	$ (167)	$ 2,445	$ (119)

XML

Reinsurance - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Maximum retention per single insured life on fixed and VUL insurance contracts	$ 20.0
Percent of mortality risk reinsured on newly issued non-term life insurance contracts	27.00%
Other investments	$ 4,757.0	$ 3,577.0
Deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses	21,056.0	11,628.0
Realized gain (loss)	(4,934.0)	418.0	$ 859.0
Reinsurance ACL and deposit assets	76.0	315.0
LNBAR
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, case basis	15,600.0	2,200.0
Reinsurance recoverables	13,200.0
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	4,200.0
Reinsurance recoverable for unpaid claims and claims adjustments	14.0
Other investments	759.0
Investments and cash	112.0
Trust funded to support reinsurance receivable	13,000.0	2,200.0
Fortitude Re | Fixed Annuities
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables	10,500.0
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	2,700.0
Reinsurance recoverable for unpaid claims and claims adjustments	11.0
Deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses	4,200.0
Resolution Life
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, case basis	5,000.0	5,000.0
Resolution Life | Over-Collateralization
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables	3,800.0	4,100.0
Realized gain (loss)			635.0
Protective
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables	9,100.0	9,600.0
Protective | Over-Collateralization
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables	10,500.0	11,500.0
Athene Holding Ltd.
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Other investments	41.0	42.0
Deposit assets, net of allowance for credit losses	2,700.0	3,800.0
Reserves associated with modified coinsurance reinsurance arrangements	2,774.0	3,809.0
Letter of credit	83.0
Amount of amortization, after-tax, of deferred gain on business sold	33.0	25.0	$ 26.0
Athene Holding Ltd. | Over-Collateralization
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reserves associated with modified coinsurance reinsurance arrangements	77.0
Swiss Re
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Reinsurance recoverables, case basis	1,600.0	1,600.0
Trust funded to support reinsurance receivable	$ 656.0	$ 710.0

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Reinsurance - Schedule of Assets in Support of Reserves (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$ 82,300	$ 99,465
Trading securities	2,321	3,446
Equity securities	306	427
Derivative investments	6,305	3,519
Other investments	4,757	3,577
Cash and invested cash	3,193	2,499	$ 2,331	$ 1,462
Accrued investment income	982	1,234
Other assets	10,597	7,677
Athene Holding Ltd.
Ceded Credit Risk [Line Items]
Fixed maturity AFS securities	177	474
Trading securities	1,556	2,644
Equity securities	58	60
Mortgage loans on real estate	288	487
Derivative investments	43	39
Other investments	41	42
Cash and invested cash	582	26
Accrued investment income	23	35
Other assets	6	2
Total	$ 2,774	$ 3,809

XML

Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets - Changes in Carrying Amount of Goodwill, by Reportable Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year			$ 1,744	$ 3,930
Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year			(600)	(2,152)
Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		$ 1,144	1,778
Impairment		0	(634)
Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year		1,144	1,144
Annuities
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year			1,040	1,040
Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year			(600)	(600)
Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		440	440
Impairment		0	0
Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year		440	440
Life Insurance
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year				2,186
Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year				(1,552)
Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		0	634
Impairment	$ (634)		(634)
Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year			0
Group Protection
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year			684	684
Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year			0	0
Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		684	684
Impairment		0	0
Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year		684	684
Retirement Plan Services
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Gross Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year			20	20
Accumulated Impairment as of Beginning- of-Year			0	$ 0
Net Goodwill as of Beginning- of-Year		20	20
Impairment		0	0
Net Goodwill as of End- of-Year		$ 20	$ 20

XML

Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill [Line Items]
Term for new business cash flows		10 years
Goodwill impairment		$ 0	$ 634
Life Insurance
Goodwill [Line Items]
Goodwill impairment	$ 634		$ 634

XML

Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets - Schedule of Intangible Assets by Reportable Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Accumulated Amortization	$ 228	$ 192
Intangible Assets, Net
Gross Carrying Amount	712	712
Accumulated Amortization	228	192
Life Insurance
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	100	100
Accumulated Amortization	71	67
Intangible Assets, Net
Accumulated Amortization	71	67
Group Protection | VOCRA
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	576	576
Accumulated Amortization	145	115
Intangible Assets, Net
Accumulated Amortization	145	115
Group Protection | VODA
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	31	31
Accumulated Amortization	12	10
Intangible Assets, Net
Accumulated Amortization	12	10
Retirement Plan Services
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Indefinite-lived intangible assets	$ 5	$ 5

XML

Goodwill and Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets - Future Estimated Amortization of Specifically Identifiable Intangible Assets (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2024	$ 37
2025	37
2026	37
2027	37
2028	37
Thereafter	$ 294

XML

MRBs - Reconciles of MRBs Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Market Risk Benefit [Line Items]
Assets	$ 3,894	$ 2,807
Liabilities	1,716	2,078
Net (Assets) Liabilities	(2,178)	(729)		$ 5,334
Variable Annuities
Market Risk Benefit [Line Items]
Assets	3,763	2,666
Liabilities	1,583	2,004
Net (Assets) Liabilities	(2,180)	(662)	$ 2,398	5,207
Fixed Annuities
Market Risk Benefit [Line Items]
Assets	96	117
Liabilities	128	72
Net (Assets) Liabilities	32	(45)	$ 114	$ 118
Retirement Plan Services
Market Risk Benefit [Line Items]
Assets	35	24
Liabilities	5	2
Net (Assets) Liabilities	$ (30)	$ (22)

XML

MRBs - Summary of Balances of Changes in Net MRB (Assets) Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Market Risk Benefit [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ (729)
Balance as of end-of-year	(2,178)	$ (729)
Variable Annuities
Market Risk Benefit [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(662)	2,398
Balance as of beginning-of-year, before the effect of changes in non-performance risk	1,511	4,823
Issuances	8	12
Attributed fees collected	1,497	1,571
Benefit payments	(64)	(63)
Effect of changes in interest rates	(110)	(9,346)
Effect of changes in equity markets	(3,167)	4,293
Effect of changes in equity index volatility	(593)	(225)
In-force updates and other changes in MRBs	136	661
Effect of changes in future expected policyholder behavior	(33)	(158)
Effect of changes in future expected assumptions	(66)	(57)
Balance as of end-of-year, before the effect of changes in non-performance risk	(881)	1,511
Effect of cumulative changes in non-performance risk	(1,299)	(2,173)
Balance as of end-of-year	(2,180)	(662)
Less: ceded MRB assets (liabilities)	(870)	294
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$ (1,310)	$ (956)
Weighted-average age of policyholders (years)	72 years	71 years
Net amount at risk	$ 3,031	$ 7,974
Variable Annuities | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Market Risk Benefit [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(2,173)	(2,425)
Balance as of end-of-year		(2,173)
Fixed Annuities
Market Risk Benefit [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(45)	114
Balance as of beginning-of-year, before the effect of changes in non-performance risk	(5)	158
Issuances	0	0
Attributed fees collected	32	32
Benefit payments	0	0
Effect of changes in interest rates	(24)	(232)
Effect of changes in equity markets	(12)	12
Effect of changes in equity index volatility	9	14
In-force updates and other changes in MRBs	5	10
Effect of changes in future expected policyholder behavior	70	1
Effect of changes in future expected assumptions	15	0
Balance as of end-of-year, before the effect of changes in non-performance risk	90	(5)
Effect of cumulative changes in non-performance risk	(58)	(40)
Balance as of end-of-year	32	(45)
Less: ceded MRB assets (liabilities)	0	0
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$ 32	$ (45)
Weighted-average age of policyholders (years)	68 years	68 years
Net amount at risk	$ 203	$ 171
Fixed Annuities | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Market Risk Benefit [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(40)	(44)
Balance as of end-of-year		(40)
Retirement Plan Services
Market Risk Benefit [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(22)	(1)
Balance as of beginning-of-year, before the effect of changes in non-performance risk	(20)	12
Issuances	0	(3)
Attributed fees collected	6	6
Benefit payments	0	0
Effect of changes in interest rates	5	(55)
Effect of changes in equity markets	(13)	18
Effect of changes in equity index volatility	(3)	(1)
In-force updates and other changes in MRBs	1	3
Effect of changes in future expected policyholder behavior	0	0
Effect of changes in future expected assumptions	(2)	0
Balance as of end-of-year, before the effect of changes in non-performance risk	(26)	(20)
Effect of cumulative changes in non-performance risk	(4)	(2)
Balance as of end-of-year	(30)	(22)
Less: ceded MRB assets (liabilities)	(5)	0
Balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$ (25)	$ (22)
Weighted-average age of policyholders (years)	63 years	63 years
Net amount at risk	$ 4	$ 15
Retirement Plan Services | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Market Risk Benefit [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ (2)	(13)
Balance as of end-of-year		$ (2)

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Separate Accounts - Schedule of Fair Value of Separate Account Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account assets	$ 158,257	$ 143,536
Mutual funds and collective investment trusts
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account assets	157,578	142,892
Exchange-traded funds
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account assets	350	258
Fixed maturity AFS securities
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account assets	167	169
Cash and invested cash
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account assets	25	98
Other investments
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account assets	$ 137	$ 119

XML

Separate Accounts - Summary of Balances and Changes in Separate Account Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account liabilities	$ 158,257	$ 143,536
Protective | Reinsurance Agreement
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account liabilities	46	42
Variable Annuities
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account liabilities	113,356	105,573	$ 136,665
UL and Other
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account liabilities	25,150	20,920	24,785
Retirement Plan Services
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account liabilities	19,699	16,996	$ 21,068
Other
Fair Value, Separate Account Investment [Line Items]
Separate account liabilities	$ 52	$ 47

XML

Separate Accounts - Schedule of Reconciliation of Separate Account Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Separate Account, Liability [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 143,536
Balance as of end-of-year	158,257	$ 143,536
Variable Annuities
Separate Account, Liability [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	105,573	136,665
Gross deposits	2,982	3,371
Withdrawals	(10,177)	(9,238)
Policyholder assessments	(2,510)	(2,603)
Change in market performance	16,870	(23,194)
Net transfers from (to) general account	618	572
Balance as of end-of-year	113,356	105,573
Cash surrender value	111,928	103,987
UL and Other
Separate Account, Liability [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	20,920	24,785
Gross deposits	1,630	1,900
Withdrawals	(313)	(454)
Policyholder assessments	(964)	(938)
Change in market performance	3,973	(4,371)
Net transfers from (to) general account	(96)	(2)
Balance as of end-of-year	25,150	20,920
Cash surrender value	22,760	18,666
Retirement Plan Services
Separate Account, Liability [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	16,996	21,068
Gross deposits	2,222	2,378
Withdrawals	(2,527)	(2,378)
Policyholder assessments	(163)	(164)
Change in market performance	3,221	(3,710)
Net transfers from (to) general account	(50)	(198)
Balance as of end-of-year	19,699	16,996
Cash surrender value	$ 19,684	$ 16,982

XML

Policyholder Account Balances - Schedule of Policyholder Account Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 120,316	$ 113,972
Variable Annuities
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	29,141	22,184	$ 19,148
Fixed Annuities
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	25,330	23,338	22,522
UL and Other
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	36,784	37,258	37,719
Retirement Plan Services
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	23,784	25,138	$ 23,579
Other
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	5,277	6,054
Other | Reinsurance Agreement
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 4,900	$ 5,700

XML

Policyholder Account Balances - Summary of Balances and Changes in Policyholder Account Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Policyholder Account Balance [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 113,972
Interest credited	3,202	$ 2,860	$ 2,912
Balance as of end-of-year	120,316	113,972
Variable Annuities
Policyholder Account Balance [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	22,184	19,148
Gross deposits	4,709	5,178
Withdrawals	(742)	(417)
Policyholder assessments	(1)	(2)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(427)	(492)
Interest credited	548	287
Change in fair value of embedded derivative instrument	2,870	(1,518)
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 29,141	$ 22,184	19,148
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.10%	1.40%
Net amount at risk	$ 3,031	$ 7,974
Cash surrender value	27,975	21,147
Fixed Annuities
Policyholder Account Balance [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	23,338	22,522
Gross deposits	5,130	3,284
Withdrawals	(3,926)	(2,511)
Policyholder assessments	(56)	(51)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	0	0
Interest credited	642	532
Change in fair value of embedded derivative instrument	202	(438)
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 25,330	$ 23,338	22,522
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.70%	2.40%
Net amount at risk	$ 203	$ 171
Cash surrender value	24,324	22,502
UL and Other
Policyholder Account Balance [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	37,258	37,719
Gross deposits	3,739	3,905
Withdrawals	(1,430)	(1,215)
Policyholder assessments	(4,464)	(4,446)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	97	2
Interest credited	1,463	1,476
Change in fair value of embedded derivative instrument	121	(183)
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 36,784	$ 37,258	37,719
Weighted-average crediting rate	4.00%	3.90%
Net amount at risk	$ 300,994	$ 302,481
Cash surrender value	32,585	33,130
Retirement Plan Services
Policyholder Account Balance [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	25,138	23,579
Gross deposits	2,776	4,012
Withdrawals	(4,494)	(3,579)
Policyholder assessments	(14)	(13)
Net transfers from (to) separate account	(295)	510
Interest credited	673	629
Change in fair value of embedded derivative instrument	0	0
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 23,784	$ 25,138	$ 23,579
Weighted-average crediting rate	2.70%	2.60%
Net amount at risk	$ 4	$ 15
Cash surrender value	$ 23,765	$ 25,133

XML

Policyholder Account Balances - Summary of Policyholder Account Balances by Ranges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 120,316	$ 113,972
Up to 1.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	1.00%	1.00%
4.01% and above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	4.01%	4.01%
Minimum | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	1.01%	1.01%
Minimum | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	2.01%	2.01%
Minimum | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	3.01%	3.01%
Maximum | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	2.00%	2.00%
Maximum | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	3.00%	3.00%
Maximum | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	4.00%	4.00%
Variable Annuities
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 29,141	$ 22,184	$ 19,148
Variable Annuities | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,961	2,218
Variable Annuities | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	8
Variable Annuities | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	7	0
Variable Annuities | Up to 1.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Up to 1.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Up to 1.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Up to 1.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Up to 1.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Up to 1.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	12	12
Variable Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	5	4
Variable Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	8
Variable Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	7	0
Variable Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	576	658
Variable Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	576	658
Variable Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,370	1,545
Variable Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,370	1,545
Variable Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 0	0
Variable Annuities | 4.01% and above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	4.01%
Policyholder account balances	$ 10	11
Variable Annuities | 4.01% and above | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	10	11
Variable Annuities | 4.01% and above | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 4.01% and above | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 4.01% and above | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | 4.01% and above | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Other
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	27,173	19,958
Variable Annuities | Other | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Other | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Other | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Other | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Variable Annuities | Other | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	25,330	23,338	22,522
Fixed Annuities | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	4,010	4,927
Fixed Annuities | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	643	646
Fixed Annuities | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	787	769
Fixed Annuities | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,032	1,055
Fixed Annuities | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 5,528	$ 2,386
Fixed Annuities | Up to 1.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	1.00%	1.00%
Policyholder account balances	$ 4,687	$ 3,869
Fixed Annuities | Up to 1.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	696	891
Fixed Annuities | Up to 1.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	511	497
Fixed Annuities | Up to 1.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	546	589
Fixed Annuities | Up to 1.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	505	563
Fixed Annuities | Up to 1.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	2,429	1,329
Fixed Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	4,366	2,416
Fixed Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	426	544
Fixed Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	97	144
Fixed Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	235	179
Fixed Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	527	492
Fixed Annuities | 1.01% - 2.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	3,081	1,057
Fixed Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,864	1,979
Fixed Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,805	1,973
Fixed Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	35	5
Fixed Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	6	1
Fixed Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | 2.01% - 3.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	18	0
Fixed Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	903	1,326
Fixed Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	903	1,326
Fixed Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | 3.01% - 4.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 0	$ 0
Fixed Annuities | 4.01% and above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	4.01%	4.01%
Policyholder account balances	$ 180	$ 193
Fixed Annuities | 4.01% and above | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	180	193
Fixed Annuities | 4.01% and above | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | 4.01% and above | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | 4.01% and above | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | 4.01% and above | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | Other
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	13,330	13,555
Fixed Annuities | Other | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | Other | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | Other | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | Other | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Fixed Annuities | Other | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 0	$ 0
Fixed Annuities | Minimum | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	1.01%	1.01%
Fixed Annuities | Minimum | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	2.01%	2.01%
Fixed Annuities | Minimum | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	3.01%	3.01%
Fixed Annuities | Maximum | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	2.00%	2.00%
Fixed Annuities | Maximum | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	3.00%	3.00%
Fixed Annuities | Maximum | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	4.00%	4.00%
UL and Other
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 36,784	$ 37,258	37,719
UL and Other | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	26,689	27,776
UL and Other | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	11	156
UL and Other | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	344	195
UL and Other | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	121	29
UL and Other | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 3,477	$ 3,574
UL and Other | Up to 1.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	1.00%	1.00%
Policyholder account balances	$ 943	$ 833
UL and Other | Up to 1.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	275	318
UL and Other | Up to 1.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | Up to 1.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	195	194
UL and Other | Up to 1.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	121	29
UL and Other | Up to 1.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	352	292
UL and Other | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	3,682	3,840
UL and Other | 1.01% - 2.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	557	558
UL and Other | 1.01% - 2.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 1.01% - 2.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 1.01% - 2.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 1.01% - 2.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	3,125	3,282
UL and Other | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	7,084	7,374
UL and Other | 2.01% - 3.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	6,925	7,218
UL and Other | 2.01% - 3.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	11	156
UL and Other | 2.01% - 3.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	148	0
UL and Other | 2.01% - 3.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 2.01% - 3.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	15,203	15,859
UL and Other | 3.01% - 4.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	15,202	15,858
UL and Other | 3.01% - 4.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 3.01% - 4.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1	1
UL and Other | 3.01% - 4.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 3.01% - 4.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 0	$ 0
UL and Other | 4.01% and above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	4.01%	4.01%
Policyholder account balances	$ 3,730	$ 3,824
UL and Other | 4.01% and above | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	3,730	3,824
UL and Other | 4.01% and above | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 4.01% and above | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 4.01% and above | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | 4.01% and above | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | Other
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	6,142	5,528
UL and Other | Other | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | Other | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | Other | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | Other | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
UL and Other | Other | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 0	$ 0
UL and Other | Minimum | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	1.01%	1.01%
UL and Other | Minimum | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	2.01%	2.01%
UL and Other | Minimum | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	3.01%	3.01%
UL and Other | Maximum | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	2.00%	2.00%
UL and Other | Maximum | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	3.00%	3.00%
UL and Other | Maximum | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate	4.00%	4.00%
Retirement Plan Services
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 23,784	$ 25,138	$ 23,579
Retirement Plan Services | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	10,116	12,579
Retirement Plan Services | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	2,634	3,200
Retirement Plan Services | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	2,319	5,286
Retirement Plan Services | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	5,736	2,165
Retirement Plan Services | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	2,979	1,908
Retirement Plan Services | Up to 1.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	9,648	9,877
Retirement Plan Services | Up to 1.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	452	961
Retirement Plan Services | Up to 1.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	569	1,001
Retirement Plan Services | Up to 1.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	744	4,304
Retirement Plan Services | Up to 1.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	4,904	1,703
Retirement Plan Services | Up to 1.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	2,979	1,908
Retirement Plan Services | 1.01% - 2.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	5,022	5,415
Retirement Plan Services | 1.01% - 2.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	550	1,774
Retirement Plan Services | 1.01% - 2.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	2,065	2,197
Retirement Plan Services | 1.01% - 2.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,575	982
Retirement Plan Services | 1.01% - 2.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	832	462
Retirement Plan Services | 1.01% - 2.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 2.01% - 3.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	2,492	2,712
Retirement Plan Services | 2.01% - 3.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	2,492	2,711
Retirement Plan Services | 2.01% - 3.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	1
Retirement Plan Services | 2.01% - 3.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 2.01% - 3.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 2.01% - 3.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 3.01% - 4.00%
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	5,012	5,623
Retirement Plan Services | 3.01% - 4.00% | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	5,012	5,622
Retirement Plan Services | 3.01% - 4.00% | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	1
Retirement Plan Services | 3.01% - 4.00% | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 3.01% - 4.00% | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 3.01% - 4.00% | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 4.01% and above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,610	1,511
Retirement Plan Services | 4.01% and above | At Guaranteed Minimum
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	1,610	1,511
Retirement Plan Services | 4.01% and above | 1-50 Basis Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 4.01% and above | 51-100 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 4.01% and above | 101-150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	0	0
Retirement Plan Services | 4.01% and above | Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above
Policyholder Account Balance [Line Items]
Policyholder account balances	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Future Contract Benefits - Summary of Reconciliation of Future Contract Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	$ 40,174	$ 38,302
Other
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	3,343	3,219
Payout Annuities
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	2,084	2,003
Traditional Life
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	3,553	3,190
Group Protection
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	5,689	5,462
UL and Other
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	15,752	14,777
Other Operations (1)
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	9,753	9,651
Other Operations (1) | Protective
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	5,600	5,400
Other Operations (1) | Swiss Re
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Future contract benefits	$ 2,100	$ 2,200

XML

Future Contract Benefits - Summary of Changes in Present Values of Expected Net Premiums and LFPB (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Net balance as of end-of-year	$ 40,174	$ 38,302
Payout Annuities
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance as of beginning-of-year	0	0
Beginning balance at original discount rate	0	0
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions		0	$ 0
Effect of actual variances from expected experience		0	0
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	0	0
Issuances	0	0
Interest accrual	0	0
Net premiums collected	0	0
Flooring impact of LFPB	0	0
Ending balance at original discount rate	0	0
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	0	0
Balance as of end-of-year	0	0
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	2,003	2,511
Beginning balance of original discount rate	2,266	2,245
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions		0	0
Effect of actual variances from expected experience		1	3
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	2,267	2,248
Issuances	109	122
Interest accrual	86	84
Benefit payments	(191)	(188)
Ending balance of original discount rate	2,271	2,266
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	(187)	(263)
Balance as of end-of-year	2,084	2,003
Net balance as of end-of-year	2,084	2,003
Less: reinsurance recoverables	1,627	10
Net balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$ 457	$ 1,993
Weighted-average duration of future policyholder benefit liability	9 years	9 years
Deferred profit liability	$ 56	$ 38	22
Payout Annuities | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance as of beginning-of-year	0	0
Balance as of end-of-year		0
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(263)	266
Balance as of end-of-year		(263)
Traditional Life
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance as of beginning-of-year	5,896	6,610
Beginning balance at original discount rate	6,480	5,767
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions		(5)	(382)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience		(275)	(21)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	6,200	5,364
Issuances	580	1,655
Interest accrual	236	209
Net premiums collected	(784)	(742)
Flooring impact of LFPB	4	(6)
Ending balance at original discount rate	6,236	6,480
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	(152)	(584)
Balance as of end-of-year	6,084	5,896
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	9,086	10,353
Beginning balance of original discount rate	9,879	8,893
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions		(21)	(321)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience		(305)	(5)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	9,553	8,567
Issuances	580	1,655
Interest accrual	364	326
Benefit payments	(658)	(669)
Ending balance of original discount rate	9,839	9,879
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	(202)	(793)
Balance as of end-of-year	9,637	9,086
Net balance as of end-of-year	3,553	3,190
Less: reinsurance recoverables	255	270
Net balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$ 3,298	$ 2,920
Weighted-average duration of future policyholder benefit liability	10 years	11 years
Traditional Life | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ (584)	$ 843
Balance as of end-of-year		(584)
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(793)	1,460
Balance as of end-of-year		(793)
Group Protection
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	5,462	5,936
Beginning balance of original discount rate	6,059	5,674
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions		(27)	15
Effect of actual variances from expected experience		(261)	(117)
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	5,771	5,572
Issuances	1,702	1,777
Interest accrual	159	141
Benefit payments	(1,453)	(1,431)
Ending balance of original discount rate	6,179	6,059
Effect of cumulative changes in discount rate assumptions	(490)	(597)
Balance as of end-of-year	5,689	5,462
Net balance as of end-of-year	5,689	5,462
Less: reinsurance recoverables	123	127
Net balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$ 5,566	$ 5,335
Weighted-average duration of future policyholder benefit liability	5 years	4 years
Group Protection | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ (597)	$ 262
Balance as of end-of-year		(597)
UL and Other
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	14,777	12,513
Balance as of beginning-of-year, excluding shadow balance in AOCI	15,682	11,400
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions		165	3,108
Effect of actual variances from expected experience		(77)	$ 195
Adjusted balance as of beginning-of-year	15,770	14,703
Issuances	0	7
Interest accrual	765	626
Net assessments collected	658	974
Benefit payments	(588)	(628)
Balance as of end-of-year, excluding shadow balance in AOCI	16,605	15,682
Balance as of end-of-year	15,752	14,777
Net balance as of end-of-year	15,752	14,777
Less: reinsurance recoverables	9,505	1,975
Net balance as of end-of-year, net of reinsurance	$ 6,247	$ 12,802
Weighted-average duration of future policyholder benefit liability	17 years	17 years
UL and Other | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Present Value of Expected LFPB
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ (905)	$ 1,113
Balance as of end-of-year	$ (853)	$ (905)

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Future Contract Benefits - Summary of Discounted and Undiscounted Expected Future Gross premiums and Expected Future Benefit Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Payout Annuities
Undiscounted
Expected future gross premiums	$ 0	$ 0
Expected future benefit payments	3,481	3,471
Discounted
Expected future gross premiums	0	0
Expected future benefit payments	2,084	2,003
Traditional Life
Undiscounted
Expected future gross premiums	13,406	13,166
Expected future benefit payments	13,404	13,026
Discounted
Expected future gross premiums	9,341	8,887
Expected future benefit payments	9,637	9,086
Group Protection
Undiscounted
Expected future benefit payments	7,250	7,063
Discounted
Expected future benefit payments	$ 6,179	$ 6,059

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Future Contract Benefits - Summary of Gross Premiums and Interest Accretion (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Payout Annuities
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Gross assessments	$ 116	$ 133	$ 95
Interest accretion	86	84	84
Traditional Life
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Gross assessments	1,183	1,136	1,022
Interest accretion	128	117	113
Group Protection
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Gross assessments	3,549	3,393	3,145
Interest accretion	159	141	145
UL and Other
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Gross assessments	1,221	2,818	3,150
Interest accretion	$ 765	$ 626	$ 498

XML

Future Contract Benefits - Summary of Weighted-Average Interest Rates (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Payout Annuities
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Interest accretion rate	3.90%	3.90%
Current discount rate	4.90%	5.30%
Traditional Life
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Interest accretion rate	5.00%	5.00%
Current discount rate	4.70%	5.10%
Group Protection
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Interest accretion rate	3.00%	2.80%
Current discount rate	4.70%	5.10%
UL and Other
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Interest accretion rate	5.30%	5.00%

XML

Future Contract Benefits - Narrative (Details) $ in Billions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
UL and Other
Liability for Future Policy Benefit, Activity [Line Items]
Unfavorable impact primarily from updates to policyholder lapse behavior assumptions, net of reinsurance	$ 1.7

XML

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Oct. 31, 2017	Jul. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2015	Oct. 31, 2013	Dec. 31, 1998	Dec. 31, 1994
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Current maturities of long-term debt	$ 50,000,000	$ 0
Short-term debt	790,000,000	562,000,000
Total short-term debt	840,000,000	562,000,000
Total long-term debt	2,195,000,000	2,269,000,000
Surplus Note9.76 Due2024 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 0	50,000,000									$ 50,000,000
Stated interest rate	9.76%
Surplus Note6.03 Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 750,000,000	750,000,000								$ 750,000,000
Stated interest rate	6.03%
Surplus Note6.56 Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 500,000,000	500,000,000								$ 500,000,000
Stated interest rate	6.56%
Surplus Note111 Bps Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 71,000,000	71,000,000							$ 71,000,000
Surplus Note226 Bps Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	544,000,000	568,000,000
Surplus Note200 Bps Due2035 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	30,000,000	30,000,000						$ 30,000,000
Surplus Note155 Bps Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	25,000,000	25,000,000					$ 25,000,000
Surplus Note4.20 Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 50,000,000	50,000,000				$ 50,000,000
Stated interest rate	4.20%
Surplus Note100 Bps Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 154,000,000	154,000,000
Surplus Notes4.225 Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 28,000,000	28,000,000		$ 28,000,000
Stated interest rate	4.225%
Surplus Notes4.00 Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 30,000,000	30,000,000	$ 30,000,000
Stated interest rate			4.00%
Surplus Note4.50 Due2038 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 13,000,000	$ 13,000,000			$ 13,000,000
Stated interest rate	4.50%

XML

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt - Future Principal Payments (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Long-Term Debt, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2024	$ 50,000,000
2025	0
2026	0
2027	0
2028	1,865,000,000
Thereafter	330,000,000
Total	$ 2,245,000,000

XML

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Oct. 31, 2017	Jul. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2015	Oct. 31, 2013	Dec. 31, 2007	Dec. 31, 1998	Dec. 31, 1994
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 2,245,000,000
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 3,835,000,000
Non-operating indebtedness of subsidiaries to total capitalization, maximum	7.50%
Five-year revolving credit facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 2,000,000,000
Banking regulation, mortgage banking, net worth, minimum	$ 8,626,000,000
Percentage of aggregate net proceeds of equity issuances	50.00%
Debt to capital ratio (low end of range)	35.00%
Debt to capital ratio (high end of range)	100.00%
Surplus Note9.76 Due2024 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 0	$ 50,000,000										$ 50,000,000
Stated interest rate	9.76%
Surplus Note6.56 Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 500,000,000	500,000,000									$ 500,000,000
Stated interest rate	6.56%
Capital surplus repayment threshold	$ 2,300,000,000
Surplus Note111 Bps Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 71,000,000	71,000,000							$ 71,000,000
Surplus Note111 Bps Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt | SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate	1.11%
Surplus Note226 Bps Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 544,000,000	568,000,000
Debt instrument, face amount	287,000,000
Long-term debt	$ 544,000,000
Surplus Note226 Bps Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt | SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate	2.26%
Surplus Note6.03 Due2028 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 750,000,000	750,000,000									$ 750,000,000
Stated interest rate	6.03%
Capital surplus repayment threshold	$ 2,400,000,000
Surplus Note200 Bps Due2035 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 30,000,000	30,000,000						$ 30,000,000
Surplus Note200 Bps Due2035 [Member] | Subordinated Debt | SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate	2.00%
Surplus Note155 Bps Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 25,000,000	25,000,000					$ 25,000,000
Surplus Note155 Bps Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt | SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate	1.55%
Surplus Note4.20 Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 50,000,000	50,000,000				$ 50,000,000
Stated interest rate	4.20%
Surplus Note100 Bps Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 154,000,000	154,000,000
Debt instrument, face amount										$ 375,000,000
Long-term debt	$ 154,000,000
Surplus Note100 Bps Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt | SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate	1.00%
Surplus Note4.50 Due2038 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 13,000,000	13,000,000			$ 13,000,000
Stated interest rate	4.50%
Surplus Notes4.225 Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 28,000,000	28,000,000		$ 28,000,000
Stated interest rate	4.225%
Surplus Notes4.00 Due2037 [Member] | Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Surplus notes	$ 30,000,000	$ 30,000,000	$ 30,000,000
Stated interest rate			4.00%

XML

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt - Credit Facilities and Letters of Credit (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum Available	$ 3,835
LOCs Issued	1,892
Five-year revolving credit facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum Available	2,000
LOCs Issued	116
LOC facility due August 2031
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum Available	976
LOCs Issued	917
LOC facility due October 2031
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Maximum Available	859
LOCs Issued	$ 859

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Carrying and Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
ASSETS
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$ 82,300	$ 99,465
Trading securities	2,321	3,446
Equity securities	306	427
Mortgage loans on real estate	18,873	18,211
Derivative investments	6,305	3,519
Other investments	4,757	3,577
Market risk benefit assets	3,894	2,807
Policyholder account balances:
MRB liabilities	$ (1,716)	$ (2,078)
Other liabilities:
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other liabilities	Other liabilities
Carrying Value
ASSETS
Trading securities	$ 2,321	$ 3,446
Equity securities	306	427
Mortgage loans on real estate	18,873	18,211
Derivative investments	6,305	3,519
Other investments	4,757	3,577
Cash and invested cash	3,193	2,499
Market risk benefit assets	3,894	2,807
Other assets:
Separate account assets	158,257	143,536
Policyholder account balances:
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities – reinsurance-related embedded derivatives	493	681
MRB liabilities	(1,716)	(2,078)
Short-term debt	(840)	(562)
Long-term debt	(2,195)	(2,269)
Fair Value
ASSETS
Trading securities	2,321	3,446
Equity securities	306	427
Mortgage loans on real estate	17,330	16,477
Derivative investments	6,305	3,519
Other investments	4,757	3,577
Cash and invested cash	3,193	2,499
Market risk benefit assets	3,894	2,807
Other assets:
Separate account assets	158,257	143,536
Policyholder account balances:
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities – reinsurance-related embedded derivatives	493	681
MRB liabilities	(1,716)	(2,078)
Short-term debt	(841)	(562)
Long-term debt	(2,125)	(2,166)
Other Assets | Carrying Value
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	274	540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	940	525
LPR ceded derivative	206	212
Other Assets | Fair Value
Other assets:
Ceded MRBs	274	540
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives	940	525
LPR ceded derivative	206	212
Policyholder account balances | Carrying Value
Policyholder account balances:
Account balances of certain investment contracts	(44,615)	(43,550)
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL contracts	(9,077)	(4,783)
Policyholder account balances | Fair Value
Policyholder account balances:
Account balances of certain investment contracts	(34,020)	(34,251)
RILA, fixed annuity and IUL contracts	(9,077)	(4,783)
Other liabilities | Carrying Value
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	(1,149)	(246)
Derivative liabilities	(356)	(254)
Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts	(411)	(574)
Other liabilities | Fair Value
Other liabilities:
Ceded MRBs	(1,149)	(246)
Derivative liabilities	(356)	(254)
Remaining guaranteed interest and similar contracts	(411)	(574)
Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value | Carrying Value
ASSETS
Fixed maturity AFS securities	82,300	99,465
Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value | Fair Value
ASSETS
Fixed maturity AFS securities	$ 82,300	$ 99,465

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Mortgage Loans With Election of Fair Value Option (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Option, Quantitative Disclosures [Line Items]
Fair value	$ 288	$ 487
Commercial
Fair Value, Option, Quantitative Disclosures [Line Items]
Fair value	288	487
Aggregate contractual principal	$ 326	$ 514

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	$ 263,539	$ 260,508
Liabilities	16,827	9,695
Fair Value, Nonrecurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Liabilities	0	0
Commercial
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loans with fair value option in non-accrual	0	0
Loans with fair value option, 90 days past due and still accruing	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	$ 263,539	$ 260,508
Liabilities	(16,827)	(9,695)
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	822	784
Liabilities	0	0
Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	248,140	247,426
Liabilities	(4,299)	(1,985)
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	14,577	12,298
Liabilities	(12,528)	(7,710)
Corporate bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	63,866	79,166
Corporate bonds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Corporate bonds | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	57,397	73,980
Corporate bonds | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	6,469	5,186
U.S. government bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	393	351
U.S. government bonds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	373	332
U.S. government bonds | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	20	19
U.S. government bonds | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
State and municipal bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	2,542	4,885
State and municipal bonds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
State and municipal bonds | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	2,537	4,850
State and municipal bonds | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	5	35
Foreign government bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	278	311
Foreign government bonds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Foreign government bonds | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	278	311
Foreign government bonds | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
RMBS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,602	1,836
RMBS | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
RMBS | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,589	1,835
RMBS | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	13	1
CMBS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,344	1,667
CMBS | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
CMBS | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,336	1,667
CMBS | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	8	0
ABS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	12,043	10,899
ABS | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
ABS | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	10,559	9,782
ABS | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1,484	1,117
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	232	350
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	46	40
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	138	261
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	48	49
Trading securities | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	2,321	3,446
Trading securities | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Trading securities | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	2,037	2,865
Trading securities | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	284	581
Equity securities | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	306	427
Equity securities | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	1	0
Equity securities | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	263	274
Equity securities | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	42	153
Mortgage loans on real estate | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	288	487
Mortgage loans on real estate | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Mortgage loans on real estate | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Mortgage loans on real estate | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	288	487
Derivative investments | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	11,327	6,534
Derivative investments | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Derivative investments | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	10,705	5,929
Derivative investments | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	622	605
Other investments | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	233	30
Other investments | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Other investments | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	233	30
Other investments | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Cash and invested cash | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	3,193	2,499
Cash and invested cash | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Cash and invested cash | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	3,193	2,499
Cash and invested cash | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
MRB assets | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	3,894	2,807
MRB assets | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
MRB assets | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
MRB assets | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	3,894	2,807
Ceded MRBs | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	274	540
Ceded MRBs | Other liabilities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	(1,149)	(246)
Ceded MRBs | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Ceded MRBs | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Other liabilities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
Ceded MRBs | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Ceded MRBs | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Other liabilities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
Ceded MRBs | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	274	540
Ceded MRBs | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other liabilities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	(1,149)	(246)
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	940	525
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	(9,077)	(4,783)
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	940	525
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	(9,077)	(4,783)
LPR ceded derivative | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	206	212
LPR ceded derivative | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
LPR ceded derivative | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
LPR ceded derivative | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	206	212
Separate account assets | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	158,257	143,536
Separate account assets | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	402	412
Separate account assets | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	157,855	143,124
Separate account assets | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other Assets
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets	0	0
Reinsurance-related settlements
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	493	681
Reinsurance-related settlements | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
Reinsurance-related settlements | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	493	681
Reinsurance-related settlements | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
MRB liabilities | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	(1,716)	(2,078)
MRB liabilities | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
MRB liabilities | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
MRB liabilities | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	(1,716)	(2,078)
Derivative liabilities | Other liabilities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	(5,378)	(3,269)
Derivative liabilities | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Other liabilities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	0	0
Derivative liabilities | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Other liabilities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	(4,792)	(2,666)
Derivative liabilities | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other liabilities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring Basis [Line Items]
Liabilities	$ (586)	$ (603)

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Fair Value Measured on a Recurring Basis Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	$ 3,859	$ 10,296	$ 15,085
Items Included in Net Income	(4,405)	(2,198)	(3,760)
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	44	(1,693)	(175)
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	702	495	1,859
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	(329)	(3,041)	(2,713)
Ending Fair Value	$ (129)	$ 3,859	$ 10,296
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Asset, Gain (Loss), Statement of Other Comprehensive Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Unrealized investment gain (loss)	Unrealized investment gain (loss)	Unrealized investment gain (loss)
Corporate bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	$ 5,186	$ 8,801	$ 7,761
Items Included in Net Income	(17)	1	3
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	28	(1,542)	(182)
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	1,284	592	1,189
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	(12)	(2,666)	30
Ending Fair Value	6,469	5,186	8,801
U.S. government bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value		0	5
Items Included in Net Income			0
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other			0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net			(5)
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net			0
Ending Fair Value			0
State and municipal bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	35	0
Items Included in Net Income	(4)	0
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	4	(1)
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	(30)	0
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	0	36
Ending Fair Value	5	35	0
Foreign government bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	0	41	74
Items Included in Net Income		0	0
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other		(6)	(11)
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net		(30)	80
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net		(5)	(102)
Ending Fair Value		0	41
RMBS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	1	3	2
Items Included in Net Income	0	0	0
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	1	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	5	21	2
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	7	(24)	(1)
Ending Fair Value	13	1	3
CMBS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	0	0	1
Items Included in Net Income	0	0	(1)
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	0	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	(4)	17	8
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	12	(17)	(8)
Ending Fair Value	8	0	0
ABS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	1,117	870	570
Items Included in Net Income	0	0	1
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	9	(113)	(9)
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	733	676	602
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	(375)	(316)	(294)
Ending Fair Value	1,484	1,117	870
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	49	90	103
Items Included in Net Income	0	(4)	0
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	(2)	(21)	25
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	(2)	(12)	(38)
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	3	(4)	0
Ending Fair Value	48	49	90
Trading securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	581	828	643
Items Included in Net Income	17	(80)	(3)
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	0	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	(313)	(152)	210
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	(1)	(15)	(22)
Ending Fair Value	284	581	828
Equity securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	153	91	57
Items Included in Net Income	(19)	52	38
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	0	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	(98)	25	(4)
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	6	(15)	0
Ending Fair Value	42	153	91
Mortgage loans on real estate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	487	739	832
Items Included in Net Income	(7)	(20)	11
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	5	(5)	5
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	(197)	(227)	(109)
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	0	0	0
Ending Fair Value	288	487	739
Derivative investments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	2	21	1,542
Items Included in Net Income	(13)	2	1,255
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	(6)	(3)
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	16	0	(139)
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	31	(15)	(2,634)
Ending Fair Value	36	2	21
Ceded MRBs | Other Assets
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	540	4,114	6,539
Items Included in Net Income	(266)	(3,574)	(2,425)
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	0	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	0	0	0
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	0	0	0
Ending Fair Value	274	540	4,114
Ceded MRBs | Other liabilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	(246)	(17)	0
Items Included in Net Income	(903)	(229)	(17)
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	0	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	0	0	0
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	0	0	0
Ending Fair Value	(1,149)	(246)	(17)
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Other Assets
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	525	528	550
Items Included in Net Income	6	(215)	87
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	0	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	409	212	(109)
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	0	0	0
Ending Fair Value	940	525	528
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	(4,783)	(6,131)	(3,594)
Items Included in Net Income	(3,193)	1,975	(2,709)
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	0	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	(1,101)	(627)	172
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	0	0	0
Ending Fair Value	(9,077)	(4,783)	(6,131)
LPR ceded derivative | Other Assets
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Abstract]
Beginning Fair Value	212	318	0
Items Included in Net Income	(6)	(106)	0
Gains (Losses) in OCI and Other	0	0	0
Issuances, Sales, Maturities, Settlements, Calls, Net	0	0	0
Transfers Into or Out of Level 3, Net	0	0	318
Ending Fair Value	$ 206	$ 212	$ 318

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Investment Holdings Movements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	$ 2,327	$ 2,041	$ 3,112
Sales	(696)	(636)	(390)
Maturities	(37)	(111)	(329)
Settlements	(873)	(747)	(474)
Calls	(19)	(52)	(60)
Total	702	495	1,859
Corporate bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	2,035	1,335	1,861
Sales	(334)	(398)	(110)
Maturities	(34)	(81)	(109)
Settlements	(372)	(231)	(423)
Calls	(11)	(33)	(30)
Total	1,284	592	1,189
State and municipal bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	0
Sales	(30)
Maturities	0
Settlements	0
Calls	0
Total	(30)	0
U.S. government bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances			0
Sales			0
Maturities			(5)
Settlements			0
Calls			0
Total			(5)
Foreign government bonds | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances		0	80
Sales		0	0
Maturities		(30)	0
Settlements		0	0
Calls		0	0
Total		(30)	80
RMBS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	5	21	2
Sales	0	0	0
Maturities	0	0	0
Settlements	0	0	0
Calls	0	0	0
Total	5	21	2
CMBS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	0	17	8
Sales	0	0	0
Maturities	0	0	0
Settlements	(4)	0	0
Calls	0	0	0
Total	(4)	17	8
ABS | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	971	918	835
Sales	(2)	0	0
Maturities	0	0	0
Settlements	(230)	(235)	(233)
Calls	(6)	(7)	0
Total	733	676	602
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities | Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	0	0	12
Sales	0	0	(20)
Maturities	0	0	0
Settlements	0	0	0
Calls	(2)	(12)	(30)
Total	(2)	(12)	(38)
Trading securities
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	0	287	383
Sales	(231)	(229)	(25)
Maturities	0	0	0
Settlements	(82)	(210)	(148)
Calls	0	0	0
Total	(313)	(152)	210
Equity securities
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	1	34	6
Sales	(99)	(9)	(10)
Maturities	0	0	0
Settlements	0	0	0
Calls	0	0	0
Total	(98)	25	(4)
Mortgage loans on real estate
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	5	15	96
Sales	0	0	(101)
Maturities	0	0	(26)
Settlements	(202)	(242)	(78)
Calls	0	0	0
Total	(197)	(227)	(109)
Derivative investments
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	19		174
Sales	0		(124)
Maturities	(3)		(189)
Settlements	0		0
Calls	0		0
Total	16	0	(139)
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Other Assets
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	404	124	55
Sales	0	0	0
Maturities	0	0	0
Settlements	5	88	(164)
Calls	0	0	0
Total	409	212	(109)
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Total	(1,101)	(627)	172
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives | Policyholder account balances
Fair Value Investments Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value Per Share Unobservable Input Investment Holdings Movements [Abstract]
Issuances	(1,113)	(710)	(400)
Sales	0	0	0
Maturities	0	0	0
Settlements	12	83	572
Calls	0	0	0
Total	$ (1,101)	$ (627)	$ 172

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Within Level 3 Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value and Still Held (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income	$ 1,030	$ (605)	$ 2,681
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Realized gain (loss)	Realized gain (loss)	Realized gain (loss)
Trading securities
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income	$ 8	$ (81)	$ 4
Equity securities
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income	(16)	54	40
Mortgage loans on real estate
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income	(8)	(20)	12
Derivative investments
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income	1	2	1,051
MRBs
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income	1,071	(359)	1,530
Indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income	(20)	(95)	44
Other assets – LPR ceded derivative
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income	$ (6)	$ (106)	$ 0

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Changes in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in OCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net	$ 16	$ (1,702)	$ (172)
Fair Value, Asset, Recurring Basis, Still Held, Unrealized Gain (Loss), Statement of Other Comprehensive Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Unrealized investment gain (loss)	Unrealized investment gain (loss)	Unrealized investment gain (loss)
Corporate bonds
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net	$ 7	$ (1,553)	$ (183)
State and municipal bonds
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net	3	(1)	0
Foreign government bonds
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net	0	(7)	(10)
ABS
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net	3	(115)	(9)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net	(1)	(21)	26
Mortgage loans on real estate
Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis Level 3 Activity [Line Items]
Unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI, net	$ 4	$ (5)	$ 4

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Components of the Transfers In and Out of Level 3 (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	$ 279	$ 352	$ 554
Transfers Out of Level 3	(608)	(3,393)	(3,267)
Total	(329)	(3,041)	(2,713)
Corporate bonds
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	194	296	164
Transfers Out of Level 3	(206)	(2,962)	(134)
Total	(12)	(2,666)	30
State and municipal bonds
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3		36
Transfers Out of Level 3		0
Total		36
Foreign government bonds
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3		0	0
Transfers Out of Level 3		(5)	(102)
Total		(5)	(102)
RMBS
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	12	0	0
Transfers Out of Level 3	(5)	(24)	(1)
Total	7	(24)	(1)
CMBS
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	12	0	0
Transfers Out of Level 3	0	(17)	(8)
Total	12	(17)	(8)
ABS
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	2	16	36
Transfers Out of Level 3	(377)	(332)	(330)
Total	(375)	(316)	(294)
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	16	0
Transfers Out of Level 3	(13)	(4)
Total	3	(4)
Trading securities
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	6	4	12
Transfers Out of Level 3	(7)	(19)	(34)
Total	(1)	(15)	(22)
Equity securities
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	6	0
Transfers Out of Level 3	0	(15)
Total	6	(15)
Derivative investments
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3	31	0	24
Transfers Out of Level 3	0	(15)	(2,658)
Total	$ 31	$ (15)	(2,634)
Other assets – LPR ceded derivative
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Transfers, Net [Abstract]
Transfers Into Level 3			318
Transfers Out of Level 3			0
Total			$ 318

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Fair Value Inputs Quantitative Information (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	$ 82,300,000,000	$ 99,465,000,000
Market risk benefit assets	3,894,000,000	2,807,000,000
Liabilities
Market risk benefit liabilities	(1,716,000,000)	(2,078,000,000)
Corporate bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	63,866,000,000	79,166,000,000
State and municipal bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	2,542,000,000	4,885,000,000
CMBS
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	1,344,000,000	1,667,000,000
ABS
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	12,043,000,000	10,899,000,000
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	232,000,000	$ 350,000,000
Minimum | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.85
Minimum | Claims Utilization Factor | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.60
Minimum | Premiums Utilization Factor | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.80
Minimum | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.0035
Minimum | Volatility | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.01
Maximum | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		1
Maximum | Claims Utilization Factor | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		1
Maximum | Premiums Utilization Factor | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		1.15
Maximum | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.0241
Maximum | Volatility | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.28
Weighted Average Range | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.94
Weighted Average Range | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.0173
Weighted Average Range | Volatility | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input		0.1447
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Equity securities	5,000,000	$ 4,000,000
Market risk benefit assets	3,894,000,000	2,807,000,000
Liabilities
Embedded derivative liability	(9,013,000,000)	(4,845,000,000)
Market risk benefit liabilities	(1,716,000,000)	(2,078,000,000)
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Corporate bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	183,000,000	201,000,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | State and municipal bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	5,000,000	35,000,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | CMBS
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	8,000,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | ABS
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	12,000,000	15,000,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Assets
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	7,000,000	3,000,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit assets	274,000,000	540,000,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other assets - indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives
Assets
Embedded derivative asset	940,000,000	525,000,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other assets - LPR ceded derivative
Assets
Embedded derivative asset	206,000,000	212,000,000
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Liabilities
Market risk benefit liabilities	$ (1,149,000,000)	$ (246,000,000)
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment
Assets
Equity securities, measurement input		0.045
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | Corporate bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input		0.021
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | State and municipal bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input		0.023
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | ABS
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input		0.014
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input		0.015
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets - LPR ceded derivative
Assets
Embedded derivative asset, measurement input		0.0175
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment
Assets
Equity securities, measurement input	0.045	0.045
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | Corporate bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	(0.002)	(0.002)
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | State and municipal bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.009	0.012
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | CMBS
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.023
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | ABS
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.018	0.014
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.014	0.015
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Lapse
Liabilities
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Lapse | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.01	0.01
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Lapse | Other assets - indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives
Assets
Embedded derivative asset, measurement input	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Lapse | Other assets - LPR ceded derivative
Assets
Embedded derivative asset, measurement input	0.001	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Lapse | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.01	0.01
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.85
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.85	0.85
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Claims Utilization Factor | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.60
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Claims Utilization Factor | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.60	0.60
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Premiums Utilization Factor | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.80
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Premiums Utilization Factor | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.80	0.80
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.0051
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets - LPR ceded derivative
Assets
Embedded derivative asset, measurement input	0.0051	0.0035
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Non-Performance Risk | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.0051	0.0035
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Volatility | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.01
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Minimum | Volatility | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.01	0.01
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment
Assets
Equity securities, measurement input	0.045	0.045
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | Corporate bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.037	0.042
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | State and municipal bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.022	0.024
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | CMBS
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.023
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | ABS
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.018	0.014
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.015	0.015
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Lapse
Liabilities
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input	0.09	0.09
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Lapse | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.30	0.30
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Lapse | Other assets - indexed annuity ceded embedded derivatives
Assets
Embedded derivative asset, measurement input	0.09	0.09
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Lapse | Other assets - LPR ceded derivative
Assets
Embedded derivative asset, measurement input	0.0200	0.0155
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Lapse | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.30	0.30
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	1
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	1	1
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Claims Utilization Factor | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	1
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Claims Utilization Factor | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	1	1
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Premiums Utilization Factor | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	1.15
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Premiums Utilization Factor | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	1.15	1.15
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.0213
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets - LPR ceded derivative
Assets
Embedded derivative asset, measurement input	0.0213	0.0241
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Non-Performance Risk | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.0213	0.0241
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Volatility | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.29
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Maximum | Volatility | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.29	0.28
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment
Assets
Equity securities, measurement input	0.045
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | Corporate bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.021
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | State and municipal bonds
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.021
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | CMBS
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.023
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | ABS
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.018
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Liquidity/Duration Adjustment | Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
Assets
Fixed maturity AFS and trading securities, measurement input	0.015
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.94
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Utilization of GLB Withdrawls | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.94	0.94
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.0178
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Non-Performance Risk | Other assets - LPR ceded derivative
Assets
Embedded derivative asset, measurement input	0.0158
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Non-Performance Risk | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.0178	0.0173
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Volatility | Other assets – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.1392
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Weighted Average Range | Volatility | Other liabilities – ceded MRBs
Assets
Market risk benefit, measurement input	0.1392	0.1447

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Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used in Calculations [Abstract]
Defined benefit plan, net periodic benefit cost (credit)	$ 2	$ (2)	$ 1
Expected benefit payments in the next fiscal year	9
Defined contribution plans expense	114	99	104
Deferred compensation plans expense	22	12	18
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used in Calculations [Abstract]
Benefit expense (benefit)	$ (1)	$ 35	$ 28

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Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans - Benefit Plan Assets and Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	$ 81	$ 86
Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	71	77
Projected benefit obligation	77	82
Funded status	(6)	(5)
Amounts Recognized on the Consoildated Balance Sheets
Other assets	0	0
Other liabilities	(6)	(5)
Net amount recognized	$ (6)	$ (5)
Weighted-Average Assumptions Benefit obligations:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.44%	5.66%
Net periodic benefit cost:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.62%	3.07%
Expected return on plan assets	6.00%	5.00%
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	$ 10	$ 9
Projected benefit obligation	6	6
Funded status	4	3
Amounts Recognized on the Consoildated Balance Sheets
Other assets	4	3
Other liabilities	0	0
Net amount recognized	$ 4	$ 3
Weighted-Average Assumptions Benefit obligations:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.45%	5.70%
Net periodic benefit cost:
Weighted-average discount rate	5.70%	3.73%
Expected return on plan assets	6.50%	6.50%

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Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans - Fair Value of Benefit Plan Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	$ 81	$ 86
Corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	23	33
U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	22	17
CMBS
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2	2
Common stock
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	21	22
Cash and invested cash
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3	3
Other investments
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	$ 10	$ 9

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Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans - Deferred Compensation Plans Liabilities and Investment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Total liabilities	$ 695	$ 623
Investments dedicated to fund liabilities	$ 233	$ 206

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Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	$ 59	$ 48	$ 58
Recognized tax benefit	9	11	12
Stock options
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	7	6	8
Performance shares
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	12	9	17
RSUs
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, expense	$ 40	$ 33	$ 33

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Contingencies and Commitments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Oct. 05, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Mar. 07, 2024	Jun. 14, 2023
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, estimate	$ 109,960	$ 190,000				$ 117,750
Loss contingency, insurance rate freeze, term	5 years
Loss contingency, percentage of policyholder claim amounts	0.14%
Loss contingency, objection or opt out, period	45 days
Operating lease ROU asset		80,000	$ 110,000
Present value of minimum lease payments		$ 89,000	$ 119,000
Weighted average discount rate, operating lease		3.70%	2.80%
Weighted average remaining operating lease term		4 years	5 years
Operating lease expense		$ 41,000	$ 45,000	$ 41,000
Finance lease, net book value		5,000	14,000
Present value of minimum lease payments		27,000	106,000
Finance lease, right-of-use asset, accumulated amortization		$ 467,000	$ 458,000
Weighted average discount rate, finance lease		6.40%	2.90%
Weighted average remaining finance lease term		2 years	1 year
Payables (recoveries) for congressionally mandated assessments		$ (1,000)	$ (3,000)
Subsequent Event
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, estimate					$ 147,500

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Contingencies and Commitments - Finance Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Amortization of finance lease assets	$ 9	$ 23	$ 38
Interest on finance lease liabilities	5	4	3
Total	$ 14	$ 27	$ 41

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Contingencies and Commitments - Cash Flow Information Related to Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 41	$ 47	$ 40
Financing cash flows from finance leases	83	74	62
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations:
Operating leases	$ 0	$ 6	$ 8

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Contingencies and Commitments - Future Minimum Lease Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating Leases
2024	$ 34
2025	26
2026	22
2027	15
2028	8
Thereafter	7
Total future minimum lease payments	112
Less: Amount representing interest	23
Present value of minimum lease payments	89	$ 119
Finance Leases
2024	18
2025	7
2026	4
2027	0
2028	0
Thereafter	0
Total future minimum lease payments	29
Less: Amount representing interest	2
Present value of minimum lease payments	27	106
Sale-Leaseback Arrangements
Finance Leases
2024	152
2025	172
2026	224
2027	127
2028	10
Thereafter	6
Total future minimum lease payments	691
Less: Amount representing interest	96
Present value of minimum lease payments	$ 595	$ 558

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Shares and Stockholders' Equity - Components and Changes in AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 8,604	$ 25,934
Balance as of end-of-year	10,507	8,604	$ 25,934
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities and Certain Other Investments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(8,526)	9,153	8,993
Income tax benefit (expense)	(650)	4,815	797
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	(3,425)	(13)	624
Income tax benefit (expense)	719	3	(131)
Balance as of end-of-year	(3,532)	(8,526)	9,153
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the year
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Changes arising during the year	2,122	(24,475)	(4,478)
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Changes arising during the year	178	(321)	(143)
Change in future contract benefits and policyholder account balances, net of reinsurance
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Changes arising during the year	638	2,292	893
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	301	258	42
Income tax benefit (expense)	2	(34)	(63)
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income (loss)	60	103	49
Income tax benefit (expense)	(13)	(22)	(10)
Balance as of end-of-year	249	301	258
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the year
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Changes arising during the year	162	(154)	141
Change in foreign currency exchange rate adjustment
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Changes arising during the year	(169)	312	152
Market Risk Benefit Non-Performance Risk Gain (Loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	1,739	1,951	0
Adjustment arising during the year	(854)	(267)	(1,174)
Income tax benefit (expense)	184	55	251
Balance as of end-of-year	1,069	1,739	1,951
Policyholder Liability Discount Rate Remeasurement Gain (Loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	790	(1,101)	0
Adjustment arising during the year	(187)	2,406	711
Income tax benefit (expense)	42	(515)	(151)
Balance as of end-of-year	645	790	(1,101)
Funded Status of Employee Benefit Plans
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	(17)	(11)	(14)
Adjustment arising during the year	1	(6)	4
Income tax benefit (expense)	0	0	(1)
Balance as of end-of-year	$ (16)	$ (17)	(11)
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			4,822
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities and Certain Other Investments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			3,584
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			25
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Market Risk Benefit Non-Performance Risk Gain (Loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			2,874
Cumulative effect from adoption of new accounting standards | Policyholder Liability Discount Rate Remeasurement Gain (Loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Balance as of beginning-of-year			$ (1,661)

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Shares and Stockholders' Equity - Schedule of Reclassifications Out of AOCI (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Realized gain (loss)	$ (4,934)	$ 418	$ 859
Benefits	5,028	8,203	8,027
Income (loss) before taxes	(2,461)	(2,112)	4,034
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	673	437	(737)
Net investment income	5,712	5,274	5,839
Net income (loss)	(1,788)	(1,675)	3,297
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Fixed Maturity AFS Securities and Certain Other Investments
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Realized gain (loss)	(4,014)	(13)	624
Benefits	589
Income (loss) before taxes	(3,425)	(13)	624
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	719	3	(131)
Net income (loss)	(2,706)	(10)	493
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Realized gain (loss)	7	39	(2)
Income (loss) before taxes	60	103	49
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(13)	(22)	(10)
Net income (loss)	47	81	39
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Interest rate contracts
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Net investment income	(1)	2	3
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments | Foreign currency contracts
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Line Items]
Net investment income	$ 54	$ 62	$ 48

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Segment Information - Reconciliation of Revenue from Segments to Consolidated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 10,059	$ 17,557	$ 18,512
Other Operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	(778)	133	158
Revenue adjustments from annuity and life insurance product features
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	99	872	818
Credit loss-related adjustments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	(74)	(129)	109
Investment gains (losses)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	(4,080)	19	654
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and certain mortgage loans
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	(22)	588	165
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	(923)	(932)	(888)
Annuities | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	2,625	4,102	4,258
Life Insurance | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	6,362	6,344	6,938
Group Protection | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	5,560	5,303	4,994
Retirement Plan Services | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 1,290	$ 1,257	$ 1,306

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Segment Information - Reconciliation of Income (Loss) from Operations by Segment to Consolidated Net Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	$ (1,788)	$ (1,675)	$ 3,297
Other Operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	(356)	(374)	(244)
Net annuity product features
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	1,295	416	1,866
Net life insurance product features
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	148	21	(1)
Credit loss-related adjustments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	(58)	(102)	86
Investment gains (losses)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	(3,210)	15	516
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and certain mortgage loans
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	(18)	465	130
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR, after-tax
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	(728)	(735)	(701)
Impairment of intangibles
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	0	(634)	0
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers, acquisitions, and divestures
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	(27)	0	(11)
Annuities | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	840	948	1,089
Life Insurance | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	(126)	(1,933)	497
Group Protection | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	297	40	(165)
Retirement Plan Services | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	$ 155	$ 198	$ 235

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Segment Information - Reconciliation of Net Investment Income from Segments to Consolidated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net investment income	$ 5,712	$ 5,274	$ 5,839
Other Operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net investment income	118	124	125
Annuities | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net investment income	1,744	1,387	1,314
Life Insurance | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net investment income	2,515	2,464	3,054
Group Protection | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net investment income	336	333	364
Retirement Plan Services | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Net investment income	$ 999	$ 966	$ 982

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Segment Information - Reconciliation of Federal Income Tax Expense (Benefit) from Segments to Consolidated Net Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$ (673)	$ (437)	$ 737
Other Operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(102)	(84)	(70)
Net annuity product features
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	344	112	496
Net life insurance product features
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	39	5	0
Credit loss-related adjustments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(16)	(27)	20
Investment gains (losses)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(853)	4	140
Changes in the fair value of reinsurance-related embedded derivatives, trading securities and certain mortgage loans
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(5)	123	35
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR, after-tax
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(194)	(197)	(186)
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers, acquisitions, and divestures
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(7)	0	(3)
Annuities | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	79	128	189
Life Insurance | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	(62)	(544)	112
Group Protection | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	79	11	(44)
Retirement Plan Services | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$ 25	$ 32	$ 48

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Segment Information - Reconciliation of Assets from Segments to Consolidated (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	$ 373,976	$ 335,582
Other Operations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	23,021	20,461
Annuities | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	186,716	165,643
Life Insurance | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	107,529	97,373
Group Protection | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	9,741	9,830
Retirement Plan Services | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total assets	$ 46,969	$ 42,275

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Realized Gain (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Gross gains		$ 627	$ 37	$ 660
Gross losses		(428)	(50)	(36)
Credit loss benefit (expense)		21	14	11
Intent to sell impairments		(4,213)	0	0
Realized gain (loss) on equity securities		(6)	12	41
Realized gain (loss) on the market-to-market on certain instruments		(509)	683	169
Indexed product derivative results		(232)	74	22
GLB rider fees ceded to LNBAR and attributed fees		(112)	(168)	(91)
Other realized gain (loss)		11	(41)	(13)
Total realized gain (loss)		(4,934)	418	859
Fortitude Re
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Gross gains	$ 295
Loss on derivative		87
Mortgage loans on real estate
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Credit loss benefit (expense) on mortgage loans on real estate		(16)	(3)	111
Realized gain (loss) on the market-to-market on certain instruments		11	(24)	(3)
Reinsurance Related Assets
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Credit loss benefit (expense) on reinsurance-related assets		(35)	(112)	7
Equity securities
Fixed maturity AFS securities:
Realized gain (loss) on equity securities		$ 8	$ 7	$ 44

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Commissions and Other Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Commissions and Other Expenses [Abstract]
Commissions	$ 2,082	$ 2,201	$ 2,227
General and administrative expenses	2,427	2,200	2,187
DAC and VOBA deferrals, net of amortization	(171)	(346)	(321)
Broker-dealer expenses	444	419	441
Taxes, licenses and fees	333	344	358
Expenses associated with reserve financing and LOCs	58	60	57
Specifically identifiable intangible asset amortization	37	37	37
Other amortization	5	12	11
Transaction and integration costs related to mergers, acquisitions and divestitures	34	0	14
Total	$ 5,249	$ 4,927	$ 5,011

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Federal Income Taxes - Federal Income Tax Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Current	$ (255)	$ (24)	$ 20
Deferred	(418)	(413)	717
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$ (673)	$ (437)	$ 737

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Federal Income Taxes - Reconciliation of the Effective Tax Rate Differences (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Amount [Abstract]
Income (loss) before taxes	$ (2,461)	$ (2,112)	$ 4,034
Federal statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%	21.00%
Federal income tax expense (benefit) at federal statutory rate	$ (517)	$ (444)	$ 847
Effect of:
Tax-preferred investment income	(126)	(90)	(88)
Tax credits	(40)	(42)	(26)
Excess tax expense (benefit) from stock-based compensation	3	(1)	0
Goodwill impairment	0	133	0
Other items	7	7	4
Federal income tax expense (benefit)	$ (673)	$ (437)	$ 737
Effective tax rate	27.00%	21.00%	18.00%

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Federal Income Taxes - Federal Income Tax Asset (Liability) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Current	$ 546	$ 353
Deferred	49	734
Total federal income tax asset (liability)	$ 595	$ 1,087

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Federal Income Taxes - Significant Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Tax Assets
Insurance liabilities and reinsurance-related balances	$ 322	$ 231
Compensation and benefit plans	175	152
Intangibles	18	21
Net unrealized loss on fixed maturity AFS securities	1,246	2,161
Net unrealized loss on trading securities	33	70
Investment activity	91	296
Tax credits	103	0
Net operating losses	87	278
Capital losses	93	0
Deferred gain on reinsurance	400	30
Total deferred tax assets	2,568	3,239
Deferred Tax Liabilities
DAC and VOBA	1,906	1,769
Reinsurance-related embedded derivative assets	104	143
MRB-related activity	286	228
Other	223	365
Total deferred tax liabilities	2,519	2,505
Net deferred tax asset (liability)	$ 49	$ 734

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Federal Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	$ 414
Tax credit carryforward, valuation allowance	0
Unrecognized tax benefits that would impact effective tax rate	66	$ 43
Possible decrease in unrecognized tax benefits	35
Unrecognized tax benefits, income tax penalties and interest expense	0	0	$ 0
Unrecognized tax benefits, income tax penalties and interest accrued	0	$ 0
Capital Loss Carryforward
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Tax credit carryforward, amount	442
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Tax Credit Carryforward [Line Items]
Tax credit carryforward, amount	$ 103

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Federal Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Excluding Amounts Pertaining to Examined Tax Returns [Roll Forward]
Balance as of beginning-of-year	$ 59	$ 64
Decreases for prior year tax positions	(6)	(6)
Increases for prior year tax positions	23	1
Balance as of end-of-year	$ 76	$ 59

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Statutory Information and Restrictions - Statutory Capital and Surplus (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statutory Information and Restrictions [Abstract]
U.S. capital and surplus	$ 8,026	$ 8,507

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Statutory Information and Restrictions - Net Gain (Loss) from Operations, Net Income Loss, Dividends to LNC Holding Company (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statutory Information and Restrictions [Abstract]
U.S. net gain (loss) from operations, after-tax	$ (2,495)	$ 1,708	$ (1,285)
U.S. net income (loss)	(2,924)	1,965	(569)
U.S. dividends to LNC holding company	$ 495	$ 645	$ 1,910

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Statutory Information and Restrictions - Effects on Statutory Surplus Compared to NAIC Statutory Surplus (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Calculation of reserves using the Indiana universal life method
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	$ (1)	$ 3
Conservative valuation rate on certain annuities
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	(1)	(36)
Calculation of reserves using continuous CARVM
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	(1)	(1)
Conservative Reg 213 reserves on variable annuity and individual life contracts
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	(31)	(37)
Derivative instruments and equity indexed reserves
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	(170)	14
Assets in group fixed annuity contracts held at general account balances
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	332	436
Lesser of LOC and XXX additional reserve as surplus
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	1,776	1,838
LLC notes and variable value surplus notes
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	1,444	1,547
Excess of loss reinsurance agreements
Statutory Accounting Practices [Line Items]
State insurance department, statutory to NAIC, amount of reconciling item	$ 563	$ 549

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Statutory Information and Restrictions - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Insurance [Abstract]
RBC ratio, low end	75.00%
RBC ratio, high end	100.00%
Indiana statutory limitation as a percentage of the insurer contract holder surplus	10.00%
New York statutory limitation as a percentage of the insurer contract holder surplus	10.00%
Statutory accounting practices, statutory amount available for dividend payments	$ 780

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Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Data (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Net cash paid (received) for:
Interest	$ 187	$ 126	$ 115
Income taxes	(110)	(61)	29
Non-cash transactions:
Net increase (decrease) in fixed maturity AFS securities and accrued investment income in connection with reinsurance transactions	(20,264)	54	(3,700)
Establishment of funds withheld liability in connection with a reinsurance transaction	$ (49)	$ 0	$ 0

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Transactions with Affiliates - Balance Sheet Transactions with Affiliates (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	$ 82,300	$ 99,465
Policy loans	2,463	2,345
DAC, VOBA and DSI	12,418	12,263	$ 12,162
Accrued investment income	982	1,234
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses	45,110	21,804	20,713
Other assets	10,597	7,677
Future contract benefits	40,174	38,302	$ 42,044
Policyholder account balances	120,316	113,972
Short-term debt	840	562
Long-term debt	2,195	2,269
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities	13,628	8,255
Other liabilities	12,438	6,251
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,585)	(5,713)
Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, at fair value	1,063	1,216
Policy loans	1	0
DAC, VOBA and DSI	(131)	(138)
Accrued investment income	16	13
Reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance for credit losses	15,563	2,187
Future contract benefits	18	17
Policyholder account balances	352	361
Short-term debt	840	562
Long-term debt	2,195	2,269
Funds withheld reinsurance liabilities	5,862	2,517
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	774	55
Ceded reinsurance contracts | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other assets	642	899
Other liabilities	897
Other liabilities		(31)
Cash management agreement | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other assets	857	124
Accrued inter-company interest payable | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other liabilities	18	15
Service agreement | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other assets	41	6
Other liabilities	37	41
Assumed/ceded reinsurance contracts | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other liabilities	$ 4,387	$ 158

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Transactions with Affiliates - Comprehensive Income (Loss) Transactions with Affiliates (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Insurance premiums	$ 8,584	$ 11,207	$ 11,125
Net investment income	5,712	5,274	5,839
Realized gain (loss)	(4,934)	418	859
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on business sold through reinsurance	48	37	32
Other revenues	649	621	657
Benefits	5,028	8,203	8,027
Interest credited	3,202	2,860	2,912
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	1,135	(296)	1,554
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	(167)	2,445	(119)
Interest and debt expense	190	137	114
Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other revenues	(171)	0	0
Premiums received on assumed (paid on ceded) reinsurance contracts | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Insurance premiums	(498)	(421)	(468)
Fees for management of general account | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Net investment income	(156)	(140)	(138)
Net investment income on ceded funds withheld treaties | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Net investment income	(238)	(161)	(113)
Net investment income on inter-company notes | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Net investment income	65	40	29
Interest and debt expense	148	120	107
Ceded reinsurance contracts | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Benefits	(507)	(247)	(430)
Commissions And Other Expenses	(13)	(26)	(7)
Ceded reinsurance contracts | Other gains (losses) | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Realized gain (loss)	(9)	631	94
Ceded reinsurance contracts | Reinsurance-related settlements | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Realized gain (loss)	1,717	(1,068)	1,626
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on reinsurance contracts | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amortization of deferred gain (loss) on business sold through reinsurance	17	3	3
Interest credited on assumed reinsurance contracts | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Interest credited	12	47	48
Market risk benefit (gain) loss on ceded reinsurance contracts | Other gains (losses) | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Market risk benefit (gain) loss	1,129	3,543	2,199
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss on ceded reinsurance contracts | Other gains (losses) | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Policyholder liability remeasurement (gain) loss	0	(321)	64
Service agreement payments (receipts) | Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Commissions And Other Expenses	$ (17)	$ (53)	$ (29)

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Transactions with Affiliates - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Borrowing and lending limit, percent of admitted assets	3.00%
Line of credit beneficiary amount	$ 111	$ 1,500

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Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 07, 2024	Oct. 05, 2023	Jun. 14, 2023
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Loss contingency, estimate	$ 190,000,000		$ 109,960,000	$ 117,750,000
Litigation settlement, expense	$ 110,000,000
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Loss contingency, estimate		$ 147,500,000
Loss contingency accrual		$ 147,500,000

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SCHEDULE I - CONSOLIDATED SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS – OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	$ 120,009
Carrying Value	117,325
Fixed maturity AFS securities, at fair value
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	88,231
Fair Value	82,300
Carrying Value	82,300
U.S. government bonds
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	414
Fair Value	393
Carrying Value	393
Foreign government bonds
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	309
Fair Value	278
Carrying Value	278
State and municipal bonds
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	2,675
Fair Value	2,542
Carrying Value	2,542
Public utilities
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	11,010
Fair Value	9,982
Carrying Value	9,982
All other corporate bonds
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	57,801
Fair Value	53,884
Carrying Value	53,884
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	15,795
Fair Value	14,989
Carrying Value	14,989
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	227
Fair Value	232
Carrying Value	232
Equity securities
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	340
Fair Value	306
Carrying Value	306
Banks, trusts and insurance companies
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	29
Fair Value	32
Carrying Value	32
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	41
Fair Value	38
Carrying Value	38
Non-redeemable preferred securities
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	270
Fair Value	236
Carrying Value	236
Trading securities
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	2,480
Fair Value	2,321
Carrying Value	2,321
Mortgage loans on real estate
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	19,024
Fair Value	17,330
Carrying Value	18,873
Policy loans
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	2,463
Carrying Value	2,463
Derivative investments
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	2,714
Fair Value	6,305
Carrying Value	6,305
Other investments
SEC Schedule, 12-15, Insurance Companies, Summary of Investments, Other than Investments in Related Parties [Line Items]
Cost or Amortized Cost	4,757
Fair Value	4,757
Carrying Value	$ 4,757

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SCHEDULE III - CONDENSED SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
DAC and VOBA	$ 12,187	$ 12,027	$ 11,681
Future Contract Benefits	40,174	38,302	40,767
Unearned Premiums	0	0	0
Policyholder Account Balances	120,316	113,972	109,716
Insurance Premiums	3,416	5,841	5,359
Net Investment Income	5,712	5,274	5,839
Benefits and Interest Credited	8,230	11,063	10,939
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	1,045	1,027	1,047
Other Operating Expense	4,547	4,066	4,051
Premiums Written	0	0	0
Annuities
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
DAC and VOBA	4,304	4,336	4,328
Future Contract Benefits	2,090	2,004	2,511
Unearned Premiums	0	0	0
Policyholder Account Balances	54,471	45,522	41,670
Insurance Premiums	(1,584)	165	116
Net Investment Income	1,744	1,387	1,314
Benefits and Interest Credited	(254)	1,145	1,012
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	443	442	418
Other Operating Expense	1,522	1,449	1,565
Premiums Written	0	0	0
Life Insurance
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
DAC and VOBA	7,485	7,309	6,973
Future Contract Benefits	22,049	20,561	19,074
Unearned Premiums	0	0	0
Policyholder Account Balances	37,035	37,523	37,994
Insurance Premiums	915	908	783
Net Investment Income	2,515	2,464	3,054
Benefits and Interest Credited	4,626	5,146	5,119
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	484	469	471
Other Operating Expense	703	672	692
Premiums Written	0	0	0
Group Protection
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
DAC and VOBA	154	141	140
Future Contract Benefits	6,282	6,086	6,604
Unearned Premiums	0	0	0
Policyholder Account Balances	0	0	0
Insurance Premiums	5,014	4,768	4,450
Net Investment Income	336	333	364
Benefits and Interest Credited	4,025	4,039	4,075
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	100	97	139
Other Operating Expense	1,347	1,219	1,153
Premiums Written	0	0	0
Retirement Plan Services
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
DAC and VOBA	244	241	240
Future Contract Benefits	0	0	0
Unearned Premiums	0	0	0
Policyholder Account Balances	23,784	25,138	23,580
Insurance Premiums	0	0	0
Net Investment Income	999	966	982
Benefits and Interest Credited	665	629	616
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	18	19	19
Other Operating Expense	426	379	387
Premiums Written	0	0	0
Other Operations (1)
SEC Schedule, 12-16, Insurance Companies, Supplementary Insurance Information [Line Items]
DAC and VOBA	0	0	0
Future Contract Benefits	9,753	9,651	12,578
Unearned Premiums	0	0	0
Policyholder Account Balances	5,026	5,789	6,472
Insurance Premiums	(929)	0	10
Net Investment Income	118	124	125
Benefits and Interest Credited	(832)	104	117
Amortization of DAC and VOBA	0	0	0
Other Operating Expense	549	347	254
Premiums Written	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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SCHEDULE IV - CONSOLIDATED REINSURANCE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Life Insurance in Force
Gross Amount	$ 2,071,893	$ 1,997,539	$ 1,808,596
Ceded to Other Companies	1,134,476	848,979	789,638
Assumed from Other Companies	7,739	9,010	10,651
Net Amount	$ 945,156	$ 1,157,570	$ 1,029,609
Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	0.80%	0.80%	1.00%
Premiums
Gross Amount	$ 13,661	$ 13,479	$ 13,277
Ceded to Other Companies	5,168	2,374	2,249
Assumed from Other Companies	91	102	97
Total insurance premiums and fee income	8,584	11,207	11,125
Annuities and life insurance
Premiums
Gross Amount	10,249	10,236	10,227
Ceded to Other Companies	5,132	2,336	2,208
Assumed from Other Companies	87	98	91
Total insurance premiums and fee income	$ 5,204	$ 7,998	$ 8,110
Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	1.70%	1.20%	1.10%
Accident and health insurance
Premiums
Gross Amount	$ 3,412	$ 3,243	$ 3,050
Ceded to Other Companies	36	38	41
Assumed from Other Companies	4	4	6
Total insurance premiums and fee income	$ 3,380	$ 3,209	$ 3,015
Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net	0.10%	0.10%	0.20%