Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company's securities are shown in the following table (in thousands):



	September 30, 2016								December 31, 2015
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasuries and U.S.
government agencies	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	5	$	—	$	—	$	5
Obligations of states and
political subdivisions	62,845		1,669		79		64,435		49,725		979		7		50,697
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. government agencies	327,608		5,896		302		333,202		287,933		2,285		2,021		288,197
Private label	1,000		2		—		1,002		1,222		9		—		1,231
Trust preferred securities	6,049		1,206		844		6,411		6,550		463		1,155		5,858
Corporate securities	23,927		613		126		24,414		18,793		221		321		18,693
Total Debt Securities	421,433		9,386		1,351		429,468		364,228		3,957		3,504		364,681
Marketable equity securities	2,136		1,577		—		3,713		2,131		1,142		—		3,273
Investment funds	1,525		11		—		1,536		1,525		—		13		1,512
Total Securities
Available-for-Sale	$	425,094	$	10,974	$	1,351	$	434,717	$	367,884	$	5,099	$	3,517	$	369,466



	September 30, 2016								December 31, 2015
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Securities held-to-maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities
U.S. government agencies	$	75,499	$	3,494	$	—	$	78,993	$	84,937	$	1,949	$	76	$	86,810
Trust preferred securities	4,000		—		—		4,000		4,000		—		—		4,000
Total Securities
Held-to-Maturity	$	79,499	$	3,494	$	—	$	82,993	$	88,937	$	1,949	$	76	$	90,810

Other investment securities:
Non-marketable equity securities	$	11,895	$	—	$	—	$	11,895	$	12,915	$	—	$	—	$	12,915
Total Other Investment
Securities	$	11,895	$	—	$	—	$	11,895	$	12,915	$	—	$	—	$	12,915

Marketable equity securities consist of investments made by the Company in equity positions of various regional community banks. Included within this portfolio are ownership positions in the following community bank holding companies: First National Corporation (FXNC) (4%) and Eagle Financial Services, Inc. (EFSI) (1.5%). Securities with limited marketability, such as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank ("Federal Reserve") and the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"), are carried at cost and are reported as non-marketable equity securities in the table above.

Certain investment securities owned by the Company were in an unrealized loss position (i.e., amortized cost basis exceeded the estimated fair value of the securities). The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):



	September 30, 2016
	Less Than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or Greater				Total
	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	12,879	$	79	$	—	$	—	$	12,879	$	79
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies	70,593		146		9,237		156		79,830		302
Trust preferred securities	—		—		4,678		844		4,678		844
Corporate securities	2,273		126		—		—		2,273		126
Total	$	85,745	$	351	$	13,915	$	1,000	$	99,660	$	1,351



	December 31, 2015
	Less Than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or Greater				Total
	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	2,406	$	5	$	128	$	2	$	2,534	$	7
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies	129,612		688		34,044		1,333		163,656		2,021
Trust preferred securities	—		—		4,769		1,155		4,769		1,155
Corporate securities	10,856		174		2,231		147		13,087		321
Investment funds	—		—		1,488		13		1,488		13
Total	$	142,874	$	867	$	42,660	$	2,650	$	185,534	$	3,517

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company had $0.4 million in investment impairment losses. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company had no investment impairment losses. At September 30, 2016, the cumulative amount of credit-related investment impairment losses that have been recognized by the Company on investments that remain in the Company's investment portfolio as of that date was $10.5 million ($8.9 million related to the Company's debt securities and $1.6 million related to the Company's equity securities).

Declines in the fair value of held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other-than-temporary would be reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers, among other things (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost; (ii) the financial condition, capital strength, and near-term (within 12 months) prospects of the issuer, including any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer such as changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment or the discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect the future earnings potential; (iii) the historical volatility in the market value of the investment and/or the liquidity or illiquidity of the investment; (iv) adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry, or a geographic area; and (v) the intent to sell the investment security and if it’s more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis. In addition, management also employs a continuous monitoring process in regards to its marketable equity securities, specifically its portfolio of regional community bank holdings. Although the regional community bank stocks that are owned by the Company are publicly traded, the trading activity for these stocks is minimal, with trading volumes of less than 0.2% of each respective company being traded on a daily basis. As part of management’s review process for these securities, management reviews the financial condition of each respective regional community bank for any indications of financial weakness.

Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held-to-maturity until they mature, at which time the Company expects to receive full value for the securities. Furthermore, as of September 30, 2016, management generally does not intend to sell an impaired security and it is not more than likely that it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. The unrealized losses on debt securities are primarily the result of interest rate changes, credit spread fluctuations on agency-issued mortgage related securities, general financial market uncertainty and unprecedented market volatility. These conditions should not prohibit the Company from receiving its contractual principal and interest payments on its debt securities. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date. As of September 30, 2016, management believes the unrealized losses detailed in the table above are temporary and no additional impairment loss has been recognized in the Company’s consolidated income statement. Should the impairment of any of these securities become other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the investment will be reduced and the resulting loss will be recognized in net income in the period the other-than-temporary impairment is identified, while any noncredit loss will be recognized in other comprehensive income.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at September 30, 2016, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following table (in thousands). Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties. Mortgage-backed securities have been allocated to their respective maturity groupings based on their contractual maturity.



	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Securities Available-for-Sale
Due in one year or less	$	3,640	$	3,662
Due after one year through five years	25,215		17,395
Due after five years through ten years	59,193		68,514
Due after ten years	333,385		339,897
	$	421,433	$	429,468
Securities Held-to-Maturity
Due in one year or less	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years	—		—
Due after five years through ten years	—		—
Due after ten years	79,499		82,993
	$	79,499	$	82,993

Gross gains and gross losses realized by the Company from investment security transactions are summarized in the table below (in thousands).



	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2016			2015		2016			2015

Gross realized gains	$	2,722		$	—	$	3,978		$	2,130
Gross realized losses	(54		)	—		(465		)	—
Net investment security gains	$	2,668		$	—	$	3,513		$	2,130

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law approximated $285 million and $273 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.