DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Jan. 28, 2017

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE 1 — DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Description of business. The primary business of Fred's, Inc. and its subsidiaries ("Fred's", “We”, “Our”, “Us” or “Company”) is the sale of general merchandise through its retail discount stores and full service pharmacies. In addition, the Company sells general merchandise to its 16 franchisees. As of January 28, 2017, the Company had 628 retail stores, 362 pharmacies, three specialty pharmacy facilities and 16 franchised stores located in 15 states mainly in the Southeastern United States. We are licensed to dispense pharmaceuticals in all 50 states.

Consolidated Financial Statements. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Fred's, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated. Amounts are in thousands unless otherwise noted.

Subsequent Events. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the financial statement issue date. Based on this evaluation, we are not aware of any events or transactions requiring recognition or disclosure in our consolidated financial statements.

Fiscal year. The Company utilizes a 52 - 53 week accounting period which ends on the Saturday closest to January 31. Fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014, as used herein, refer to the years ended January 28, 2017, January 30, 2016 and January 31, 2015, respectively. Fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014 each had 52 weeks.

Use of estimates. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to the financial statements.

Cash and cash equivalents. Cash on hand and in banks, together with other highly liquid investments which are subject to market fluctuations and having original maturities of three months or less, are classified as cash and cash equivalents.

Allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company is reimbursed for drugs sold by its pharmacies by many different payors including insurance companies, Medicare and various state Medicaid programs. The Company estimates the allowance for doubtful accounts based on the aging of receivables and additionally uses payor-specific information to assess collection risk, given its interpretation of the contract terms or applicable regulations. However, the reimbursement rates are often subject to interpretations that could result in payments that differ from the Company’s estimates. Additionally, updated regulations and contract negotiations occur frequently, necessitating the Company’s continual review and assessment of the estimation process. Senior management reviews accounts receivable on a quarterly basis to determine if any receivables are potentially uncollectible. The Company includes any accounts receivable balances that are determined to be uncollectible in its overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance account.

Inventories. Merchandise inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market using the retail first-in, first-out method for goods in our stores and the cost first-in, first-out method for goods in our distribution centers. The retail inventory method is a reverse mark-up, averaging method which has been widely used in the retail industry for many years. This method calculates a cost-to-retail ratio that is applied to the retail value of inventory to determine the cost value of inventory and the resulting cost of goods sold and gross margin. The assumption that the retail inventory method provides for valuation at lower of cost or market and the inherent uncertainties therein are discussed in the following paragraphs.

In order to assure valuation at the lower of cost or market, the retail value of our inventory is adjusted on a consistent basis to reflect current market conditions. These adjustments include increases to the retail value of inventory for initial markups to set the selling price of goods or additional markups to adjust pricing for inflation and decreases to the retail value of inventory for markdowns associated with promotional, seasonal or other declines in the market value. Because these adjustments are made on a consistent basis and are based on current prevailing market conditions, they approximate the carrying value of the inventory at net realizable value (market value). Therefore, after applying the cost to retail ratio, the cost value of our inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market as is prescribed by U.S. GAAP.

Because the approximation of net realizable value (market value) under the retail inventory method is based on estimates such as markups, markdowns and inventory losses (shrink), there exists an inherent uncertainty in the final determination of inventory cost and gross margin. In order to mitigate that uncertainty, the Company has a formal review by product class which considers such variables as current market trends, seasonality, weather patterns and age of merchandise to ensure that markdowns are taken currently, or a markdown reserve is established to cover future anticipated markdowns. This review also considers current pricing trends and inflation to ensure that markups are taken if necessary. The estimation of inventory losses (shrink) is a significant element in approximating the carrying value of inventory at net realizable value, and as such, the following paragraph describes our estimation method as well as the steps we take to mitigate the risk of this estimate in the determination of the cost value of inventory.

The Company calculates inventory losses (shrink) based on actual inventory losses occurring as a result of physical inventory counts during each fiscal period and estimated inventory losses occurring between yearly physical inventory counts. The estimate for shrink occurring in the interim period between physical counts is calculated on a store-specific basis and is based on history, as well as performance on the most recent physical count. It is calculated by multiplying each store’s shrink rate, which is based on the previously mentioned factors, by the interim period’s sales for each store. Additionally, the overall estimate for shrink is adjusted at the corporate level to a three-year historical average to ensure that the overall shrink estimate is the most accurate approximation of shrink based on the Company’s overall history of shrink. The three-year historical estimate is calculated by dividing the “book to physical” inventory adjustments for the trailing 36 months by the related sales for the same period. In order to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the shrink calculation, the Company first performs the calculation at the lowest practical level (by store) using the most current performance indicators. This ensures a more reliable number, as opposed to using a higher level aggregation or percentage method. The second portion of the calculation ensures that the extreme negative or positive performance of any particular store or group of stores does not skew the overall estimation of shrink. This portion of the calculation removes additional uncertainty by eliminating short-term peaks and valleys that could otherwise cause the underlying carrying cost of inventory to fluctuate unnecessarily. The methodology that we have applied in estimating shrink has resulted in variability that is not material to our financial statements.

Management believes that the Company’s retail inventory method provides an inventory valuation which reasonably approximates cost and results in valuing inventory at the lower of cost or market. For pharmacy department inventories, which were approximately $39.5 million, and $49.9 million at January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively, cost was determined using the retail LIFO ("last-in, first-out") method in which inventory cost is maintained using the retail inventory method, then adjusted by application of the highly inflationary Producer Price Index published by the U.S. Department of Labor for the cumulative annual periods. The current cost of inventories exceeded the LIFO cost by approximately $52.8 million at January 28, 2017 and $47.5 million at January 30, 2016. The LIFO reserve increased by approximately $5.3 million and $7.6 million during 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The Company has historically included an estimate of inbound freight and certain general and administrative costs in merchandise inventory as prescribed by U.S. GAAP. These costs include activities surrounding the procurement and storage of merchandise inventory such as merchandise planning and buying, warehousing, accounting, information technology and human resources, as well as inbound freight. The total amount of procurement and storage costs and inbound freight included in merchandise inventory at January 28, 2017 is $19.1 million compared to $21.2 million at January 30, 2016.

During 2016, the Company recorded impairment charges for inventory clearance of product that management identified as low-productive and does not fit our go-forward convenient and pharmacy healthcare services model. The Company recorded a below-cost inventory adjustment in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 330, "Inventory," of approximately $13.0 million (including $1.6 million, for the accelerated recognition of freight capitalization expense) in cost of goods sold to value inventory at the lower of cost or market on inventory identified as low-productive, which the Company began to liquidate in the fourth quarter of 2016, in accordance with our strategic plan. At the end of 2015, there were $3.0 million (including $0.4 million, for the accelerated recognition of freight capitalization expense) of impairment charges recorded for inventory clearance of product related to 2014 strategic initiatives. The Company fully utilized the $3.0 million of impairment charges related to the 2014 low productive inventory, and the Company utilized $3.8 million of the 2016 impairment charges, leaving $9.2 million in the reserve at January 28, 2017. (See Note 12 – Exit and Disposal Activity).

The following table illustrates the inventory impairment charges related to the inventory clearance initiatives discussed in the previous paragraph (in millions):

	Balance at January 30, 2016		Additions		Utilization			Ending Balance January 28, 2017
Inventory markdown on low-productive inventory (2016 initiatives)	$	-	$	11.4	$	(3.4	)	$	8.0
Inventory provision for freight capitalization expense (2016 initiatives)	$	-	$	1.6	$	(0.4	)	$	1.2
Inventory markdown on low-productive inventory (2014 initiatives)	$	2.6	$	-	$	(2.6	)	$	-
Inventory provision for freight capitalization expense (2014 initiatives)	$	0.4	$	-	$	(0.4	)	$	-
Total	$	3.0	$	13.0	$	(6.8	)	$	9.2

Property and equipment. Property and equipment are carried at cost. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets and presented in depreciation and amortization. Improvements to leased premises are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the initial term of the lease or the useful life of the improvement. Leasehold improvements added late in the lease term are amortized over the lesser of the remaining term of the lease (including the upcoming renewal option, if the renewal is reasonably assured) or the estimated useful life of the improvement. Gains or losses on the sale of assets are recorded at disposal.

The following average estimated useful lives are generally applied:

	Estimated Useful Lives
Building and building improvements	8 - 31.5 years
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	3 - 10 years
Leasehold improvements	3 - 10  years or term of lease, if shorter
Automobiles and vehicles	3 - 10 years
Airplane	9 years

Assets under capital lease are amortized in accordance with the Company’s normal depreciation policy for owned assets or over the lease term (regardless of renewal options), if shorter, and the charge to earnings is included in depreciation expense in the Consolidated Financial Statements. There was no amortization expense on assets under capital lease for 2016.

Leases. Certain operating leases include rent increases during the initial lease term. For these leases, the Company recognizes the related rental expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease (which includes the pre-opening period of construction, renovation, fixturing and merchandise placement) and records the difference between the amounts charged to operations and amounts paid as a rent liability. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, which includes any rent holiday period.

The Company recognizes contingent rental expense when the achievement of specified sales targets are considered probable in accordance with FASB ASC 840 “Leases”. The amount expensed but not paid was $0.6 million and $0.7 million at January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively, and is included in “Accrued expenses and other” in the consolidated balance sheet (See Note 2 - Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts).

The Company occasionally receives reimbursements from landlords to be used towards construction of the store the Company intends to lease. The reimbursement is primarily for the purpose of performing work required to divide a much larger location into smaller segments, one of which the Company will use for its store. This work could include the addition or demolition of walls, separation of plumbing, utilities, electrical work, entrances (front and back) and other work as required. Leasehold improvements are recorded at their gross costs including items reimbursed by landlords. The reimbursements are initially recorded as a deferred credit and then amortized as a reduction of rent expense over the initial lease term.

Based upon an overall analysis of store performance and expected trends, we periodically evaluate the need to close underperforming stores. When we determine that an underperforming store should be closed and a lease obligation still exists, we record the estimated future liability associated with the rental obligation on the date the store is closed in accordance with FASB ASC 420, “Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations.” Liabilities are computed based at the point of closure for the present value of any remaining operating lease obligations, net of estimated sublease income, and at the communication date for severance and other exit costs, as prescribed by FASB ASC 420. The assumptions in calculating the liability include the timeframe expected to terminate the lease agreement, estimates related to the sublease of potential closed locations, and estimation of other related exit costs. If the actual timing and the potential termination costs or realization of sublease income differ from our estimates, the resulting liabilities could vary from recorded amounts. We periodically review the liability for closed stores and make adjustments when necessary.

Impairment of long-lived assets. The Company’s policy is to review the carrying value of all property and equipment as well as purchased intangible assets subject to amortization for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. In accordance with FASB ASC 360, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,” we review for impairment all stores open at least 3 years or remodeled more than 2 years ago. Impairment results when the carrying value of the assets exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows over the life of the lease, or 10 years for owned stores. Our estimate of undiscounted future cash flows over the lease term is based upon historical operations of the stores and estimates of future store profitability which encompasses many factors that are subject to management’s judgment and are difficult to predict. If a long-lived asset is found to be impaired, the amount recognized for impairment is equal to the difference between the carrying value and the asset’s fair value. The fair value is based on estimated market values for similar assets or other reasonable estimates of fair market value based upon using a discounted cash flow model.

During fiscal 2016, in association with the planned closure of stores and pharmacies and the impairment of assets at the corporate headquarters, we recorded charges of $7.9 million in selling, general and administrative expenses. In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company recorded an additional charge of $0.5 million related to five stores that closed in early fiscal 2016. During 2014, in association with the planned closure of stores not meeting the Company's operational performance targets, we recorded a charge of $2.9 million in selling, general and administrative expense for the impairment of fixed assets and leasehold improvements. The Company recorded an additional charge of $0.3 million in 2015 related to the 2014 store closures. (See Note 12 – Exit and Disposal Activity).

Impairment of goodwill and other intangibles. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment in the fourth quarter each year in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”). ASC 350 provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value or that an indefinite-lived intangible is impaired, a “Step 0” analysis. Qualitative factors include industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, and other relevant events and factors affecting the fair value of the reporting unit and the indefinite-lived intangible. If, based on a review of qualitative factors, it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible is less than its carrying value we perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible with its respective carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, we measure the amount of impairment loss, if any, by comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill to its carrying amount or by comparing the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset to its carrying value.

Additionally, we make judgments about the recoverability of purchased finite-lived intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. Recoverability of finite-lived intangible assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. We perform an annual impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of each year for finite-lived intangible assets, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist, to determine whether it is more likely than not that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the future discounted cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. If we determine that an individual asset is impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. The assumptions and estimates used to determine future values and remaining useful lives of our intangible assets are complex and subjective. They can be affected by various factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our forecasts for specific product lines.

As of November 1, 2016, we concluded that there are no indicators of impairment that would cause us to believe that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting units is less than the carrying value or that the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangibles is less than the carrying value. Accordingly, we did not perform the two-step impairment test for goodwill or indefinite-lived intangibles.

Revenue recognition. The Company markets goods and services through 628 Company-owned stores, 16 franchised stores and 3 specialty pharmacy-only locations as of January 28, 2017. Net sales includes sales of merchandise from Company-owned stores, net of returns and exclusive of sales taxes. Sales to franchised stores are recorded when the merchandise is shipped from the Company’s warehouse. Revenues resulting from layaway sales are recorded upon delivery of the merchandise to the customer.

Revenue from sales of pharmaceutical products is recognized at the time the prescription is filled. This approximates when a customer picks up the prescription or when the prescription has been delivered and is recorded net of an allowance for prescriptions that were filled but not picked up by the customer. For all periods presented, there is no material difference between the revenue recognized at the time the prescription is filled and that which would be recognized when the customer picks up the prescription. Prescriptions are generally not returnable.

The Company also sells gift cards for which revenue is recognized at the time of redemption. The Company records a gift card liability on the date the gift card is issued to the customer. Revenue is recognized and the gift card liability is reduced as the customer redeems the gift card. The Company will recognize aged liabilities as revenue when the likelihood of the gift card being redeemed is remote. During 2016, we recognized $0.2 million of gift card revenue, or less than $0.01 per share. During 2015 we recognized $0.1 million of gift revenue, or less than $0.01 per share, while in 2014 we recognized $1.0 million of gift card revenue, or $0.02 per share.

In addition, the Company charges its franchised stores a fee based on a percentage of their purchases from the Company. These fees represent a reimbursement for use of the Fred's name and other administrative costs incurred on behalf of the franchised stores. Total franchise income for 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $1.2 million, $1.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

Cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold includes the purchase cost of inventory and the freight costs to the Company’s distribution centers. Warehouse and occupancy costs, are not included in cost of goods sold, but are included as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses. Depreciation and amortization related to warehouse and occupancy costs are included in depreciation and amortization.

Vendor rebates and allowances. The Company receives rebates for a variety of merchandising activities, such as volume commitment rebates, relief for temporary and permanent price reductions, cooperative advertising programs, and for the introduction of new products in our stores. FASB ASC 605-50 “Customer Payments and Incentives” addresses the accounting and income statement classification for consideration given by a vendor to a retailer in connection with the sale of the vendor’s products or for the promotion of sales of the vendor’s products. Such consideration received from vendors is reflected as a decrease in prices paid for inventory and recognized in cost of sales as the related inventory is sold, unless specific criteria are met qualifying the consideration for treatment as reimbursement of specific, identifiable incremental costs.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company includes buying, warehousing, distribution, advertising, depreciation and amortization and occupancy costs in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Advertising. In accordance with FASB ASC 720-35 “Advertising Costs”, the Company charges advertising, including production costs, to selling, general and administrative expense on the first day of the advertising period. Gross advertising expenses for 2016, 2015 and 2014, were $24.7 million, $24.0 million and $23.4 million, respectively. Gross advertising expenses were reduced by vendor cooperative advertising allowances of $3.6 million, $4.5 million and $2.2 million, for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Pre-opening costs. The Company charges to expense the pre-opening costs of new stores as incurred. These costs are primarily labor to stock the store, rent, pre-opening advertising, store supplies and other expendable items.

Intangible assets. Other identifiable intangible assets primarily represent customer lists associated with acquired pharmacies and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over seven years. Based on the Company's historical experience, seven years approximates the actual lives of these assets.

Other identifiable intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, totaled $85.7 million at January 28, 2017, and $97.2 million at January 30, 2016. Accumulated amortization at January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016 totaled $106.0 million and $85.1 million, respectively.

(in millions)	January 28, 2017		January 30, 2016		Estimated Useful Lives (years)
Customer prescription files	$	68,434	$	76,697		4 - 7
Non-compete agreements		7,875		10,417		3 - 15
Trade names		7,300		7,300		-
Software		1,845		1,765		3
Referral and relationships		117		817		2
Other		114		157		-
	$	85,685	$	97,153

Amortization expense for 2016, 2015 and 2014, was $20.9 million, $18.7 million and $12.1 million, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense for the assets recognized as of January 28, 2017, in millions for each of the next 7 years is as follows:

(in millions)	2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
Estimated amortization expense	$	20.7	$	19.4	$	14.6	$	11.5	$	7.3	$	3.5	$	1.0

Goodwill. The Company records goodwill when the purchase price exceeds the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company accounts for goodwill and intangibles under ASC Topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, which does not permit amortization, but requires the Company to test goodwill and other indefinite-lived assets for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that impairment may exist.

Fair value of financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy, as defined below, gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs.

• Level 1, defined as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date.

• Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

• Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are based on an entity’s own assumptions as there is little, if any, observable activity in identical assets or liabilities.

At January 28, 2017, the Company did not have any outstanding derivative instruments. The recorded value of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and indebtedness, approximates fair value. The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate fair value of each class of financial instrument: (1) the carrying amounts of current assets and liabilities approximate fair value because of the short maturity of those instruments and (2) the fair value of the Company’s indebtedness is estimated based on the current borrowing rates available to the Company for bank loans with similar terms and average maturities. Most of our indebtedness is under variable interest rates.

Insurance reserves. The Company is largely self-insured for workers compensation, general liability and employee medical insurance. The Company’s liability for self-insurance is determined based on claims known at the time of determination of the reserve and estimates for future payments against incurred losses and claims that have been incurred but not reported. Estimates for future claims costs include uncertainty because of the variability of the factors involved, such as the type of injury or claim, required services by the providers, healing time, age of claimant, case management costs, location of the claimant, and governmental regulations. These uncertainties or a deviation in future claims trends from recent historical patterns could result in the Company recording additional expenses or expense reductions that might be material to the Company’s results of operations. The Company’s worker's compensation and general liability insurance policy coverages run August 1 through July 31 of each fiscal year. Our employee medical insurance policy coverage runs from January 1 through December 31. The Company purchases excess insurance coverage for certain of its self-insured liabilities, or stop loss coverage. The stop loss limits for excessive or catastrophic claims for general liability remained at $350,000, worker’s compensation remained at $500,000 and employee medical remained at $175,000. The Company’s insurance reserve was $10.9 million and $9.8 million on January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively. Changes in the reserve for the year ended January 28, 2017, were attributable to additional reserve requirements of $40.6 million netted with payments of $39.5 million.

Stock-based compensation. The Company uses the fair value recognition provisions of FASB ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation”, whereby the Company recognizes share-based payments to employees and directors in the Consolidated Statements of Operations on a straight-line basis for shares that cliff vest and under the graded vesting attribution method for those shares that have graded vesting.

Effective January 29, 2006, the Company elected to adopt the alternative transition method provided in FASB ASC 718 for calculating the income tax effects of stock-based compensation. The alternative transition method includes simplified methods to establish the beginning balance of the additional paid-in-capital pool (“APIC Pool”) related to the income tax effects of stock based compensation, and for determining the subsequent impact on the APIC pool and consolidated statements of cash flows of the income tax effects of stock-based compensation awards that are outstanding upon adoption of FASB ASC 718.

FASB ASC 718 also requires the benefits of income tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost to be reported as a financing cash flow, rather than as an operating cash flow. The impact of adopting FASB ASC 718 on future results will depend on, among other things, levels of share-based payments granted in the future, actual forfeiture rates and the timing of option exercises.

Stock-based compensation expense, post adoption of FASB ASC 718, is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and therefore has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant based on the Company’s historical forfeiture experience and will be revised in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Income taxes. The Company reports income taxes in accordance with FASB ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” Under FASB ASC 740, the asset and liability method is used for computing future income tax consequences of events, which have been recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements or income tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred income tax expense or benefit is the net change during the year in the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities (see Note 5 – Income Taxes).

The Company also applies the guidance of FASB ASC 740-10-25, Income Taxes, Uncertain Tax Positions, which clarifies the accounting for uncertainties in income taxes recognized in the Company’s financial statements in accordance with FASB ASC 740 by defining the criterion that an individual tax position must meet in order to be recognized in the financial statements. FASB ASC 740 requires that the tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained based solely on the technical merits as of the reporting date (see Note 5 – Income Taxes).

Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in evaluating the need for and magnitude of appropriate valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. The realization of these assets is dependent on generating future taxable income, as well as successful implementation of various tax planning strategies.

While Fred’s believes that these judgments and estimates are appropriate and reasonable under the circumstances, actual resolution of these matters may differ from recorded estimated amounts.

Business segments. The Company manages the business on the basis of multiple operating segments that aggregate to one reportable segment. All operations are located in the United States.

Comprehensive income. Comprehensive income consists of two components, net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to gains and losses that under generally accepted accounting principles are recorded as an element of shareholders’ equity but are excluded from net income. The Company applies the guidance of FASB ASC 715 “Compensation – Retirement Benefits” to the accounting and disclosure requirements of accumulated other comprehensive income. See Note 10, Commitments and Contingencies, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Reclassifications. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2016 presentation.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements. In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This ASU is intended to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. All other goodwill impairment guidance will remain largely unchanged. This new standard will be applied prospectively and is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted after January 1, 2017. The Company does not anticipate the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. This ASU requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this ASU will have on our consolidated statement of cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This ASU addresses the classification of certain specific cash flow issues including debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, settlement of certain debt instruments, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of certain insurance claims and distributions received from equity method investees. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this ASU will have on our consolidated statement of cash flows.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-04, Liabilities – Extinguishments of Liabilities (Subtopic 405-20): Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products. The amendments in the ASU are designed to provide guidance and eliminate diversity in the accounting for derecognition of prepaid stored-value product liabilities. Typically, a prepaid stored-value product liability is to be derecognized when it is probable that a significant reversal of the recognized breakage amount will not subsequently occur. This is when the likelihood of the product holder exercising its remaining rights becomes remote. This estimate shall be updated at the end of each period. The amendments in this ASU are effective for the annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including the interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation, (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which is intended to simplify aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions. The ASU simplifies the accounting of stock compensation, including income tax implications, the balance sheet classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and the cash flow classification of employee share based payment transactions. ASU No. 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption of all the amendments for ASU 2016-09 is permitted. Amendments requiring recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the income statement must be applied prospectively. Amendments related to the presentation of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively based on the Company’s election. Amendments related to the statement of cash flows presentation of employee taxes paid when an employer withholds shares must be applied retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-09 on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The amendments in the ASU are designed to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments in this ASU are effective for the annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including the interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has identified all leases impacted by this pronouncement. Currently, the Company is evaluating different software available to maintain all leases in compliance with this pronouncement. The Company does not plan to early adopt and expects material changes to the financial position created at the inception of compliance with this standard. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on the Company’s results of operations and cash flows.

In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), an update to ASU 2014-09. This ASU amends ASU 2014-09 to defer the effective date by one year for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Subsequently, the FASB has also issued accounting standards updates which clarify the guidance. This ASU removes inconsistencies, complexities and allows transparency and comparability of revenue transactions across entities, industries, jurisdictions and capital markets by providing a single comprehensive principles-based model with additional disclosures regarding uncertainties. The principles-based revenue recognition model has a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. In transition, the ASU may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of adoption. The Company is actively working to comply with this guidance as it relates to gift cards sales, loyalty programs, coupons and discounts and other areas of the business impacted by the pronouncement. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows and disclosures.