Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of:



	As of December 31, 2018						As of December 31, 2017
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Amortized Intangible Assets
License agreements ^(a)	$	305	$	168	$	137	$	281	$	140	$	141
Customer relationships ^(b)	251		141		110		242		119		123
Other ^(c)	52		21		31		51		18		33
	$	608	$	330	$	278	$	574	$	277	$	297

Unamortized Intangible Assets
Goodwill	$	1,092					$	1,073
Trademarks	$	547					$	553

_________


^(a)	Primarily amortized over a period ranging from 0 to 40 years with a weighted average life of 16 years.


^(b)	Primarily amortized over a period ranging from 3 to 20 years with a weighted average life of 12 years.


^(c)	Primarily amortized over a period ranging from 3 to 10 years with a weighted average life of 9 years.

During 2017, the Company recorded an impairment related to the unamortized Zipcar trademark of $2 million based on a combination of observable and unobservable fair value inputs (Level 3), specifically the Income approach-relief from royalty method, which considers market inputs.

Amortization expense relating to all intangible assets was as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
License agreements	$	36	$	33	$	35
Customer relationships	24		24		23
Other	5		5		7
Total	$	65	$	62	$	65

Based on the Company’s amortizable intangible assets at December 31, 2018, the Company expects related amortization expense of approximately $56 million for 2019, $48 million for 2020, $34 million for 2021, $26 million for 2022 and $23 million for 2023 excluding effects of currency exchange rates.

The carrying amounts of goodwill and related changes are as follows:



		Americas			International			Total Company

Gross goodwill as of January 1, 2017		$	2,139		$	986		$	3,125
	Accumulated impairment losses as of January 1, 2017	(1,587		)	(531		)	(2,118		)
Goodwill as of January 1, 2017		552			455			1,007
	Acquisitions	—			5			5
	Currency translation adjustments and other	—			61			61
Goodwill as of December 31, 2017		552			521			1,073
	Acquisitions	—			54			54
	Currency translation adjustments and other	(13		)	(22		)	(35		)
Goodwill as of December 31, 2018		$	539		$	553		$	1,092